1
|
Dong J, Su D, Zhao B, Han J, Tu M, Zhang K, Wang F, An Y. Potential Protective Factors for Allergic Rhinitis Patients Infected with COVID-19. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6633-6645. [PMID: 39057037 PMCID: PMC11275266 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, airway allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) were considered as risk factors for COVID-19, as they would aggravate symptoms. With further research, more and more literature has shown that airway allergic disease may not be a high-risk factor, but may be a protective factor for COVID-19 infection, which is closely related to its low-level expression of the ACE2 receptor and the complex cytokines network as underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms. In addition, steroid hormones and age factors could not be ignored. In this review, we have summarized some current evidence on the relationship between COVID-19 and allergic rhinitis to highlight the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 infection and provide novel insights for its prevention and treatment. The key findings show that allergic rhinitis and its related molecular mechanisms may have a protective effect against COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyue Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Dingyuan Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jiayang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Mengjie Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Kaifeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Fengling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lushington GH, Linde A, Melgarejo T. Bacterial Proteases as Potentially Exploitable Modulators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Logic from the Literature, Informatics, and Inspiration from the Dog. BIOTECH 2023; 12:61. [PMID: 37987478 PMCID: PMC10660736 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic left many intriguing mysteries. Retrospective vulnerability trends tie as strongly to odd demographics as to exposure profiles, genetics, health, or prior medical history. This article documents the importance of nasal microbiome profiles in distinguishing infection rate trends among differentially affected subgroups. (2) Hypothesis: From a detailed literature survey, microbiome profiling experiments, bioinformatics, and molecular simulations, we propose that specific commensal bacterial species in the Pseudomonadales genus confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections by expressing proteases that may interfere with the proteolytic priming of the Spike protein. (3) Evidence: Various reports have found elevated Moraxella fractions in the nasal microbiomes of subpopulations with higher resistance to COVID-19 (e.g., adolescents, COVID-19-resistant children, people with strong dietary diversity, and omnivorous canines) and less abundant ones in vulnerable subsets (the elderly, people with narrower diets, carnivorous cats and foxes), along with bioinformatic evidence that Moraxella bacteria express proteases with notable homology to human TMPRSS2. Simulations suggest that these proteases may proteolyze the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a manner that interferes with TMPRSS2 priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Linde
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Tonatiuh Melgarejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen D, Mirski MA, Chen S, Devin AP, Haddaway CR, Caton ER, Bryden WA, McLoughlin M. Human exhaled air diagnostic markers for respiratory tract infections in subjects receiving mechanical ventilation. J Breath Res 2023; 17. [PMID: 36542858 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acad92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in critical care settings is essential for appropriate antibiotic treatment and lowering mortality. The current diagnostic method, which primarily relies on clinical symptoms, lacks sensitivity and specificity, resulting in incorrect or delayed diagnoses, putting patients at a heightened risk. In this study we developed a noninvasive diagnosis method based on collecting non-volatile compounds in human exhaled air. We hypothesized that non-volatile compound profiles could be effectively used for bacterial RTI diagnosis. Exhaled air samples were collected from subjects receiving mechanical ventilation diagnosed with or without bacterial RTI in intensive care units at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Truncated proteoforms, a class of non-volatile compounds, were characterized by top-down proteomics, and significant features associated with RTI were identified using feature selection algorithms. The results showed that three truncated proteoforms, collagen type VI alpha three chain protein, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and putative homeodomain transcription factor II were independently associated with RTI with thep-values of 2.0 × 10-5, 1.1 × 10-4, and 1.7 × 10-3, respectively, using multiple logistic regression. Furthermore, a score system named 'TrunScore' was constructed by combining the three truncated proteoforms, and the diagnostic accuracy was significantly improved compared to that of individual truncated proteoforms, with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 96.9%. This study supports the ability of this noninvasive breath analysis method to provide an accurate diagnosis for RTIs in subjects receiving mechanical ventilation. The results of this study open the doors to be able to potentially diagnose a broad range of diseases using this non-volatile breath analysis technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Zeteo Tech, Inc., Sykesville, MD 21784, United States of America
| | - Marek A Mirski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
| | - Shuo Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Alese P Devin
- Zeteo Tech, Inc., Sykesville, MD 21784, United States of America
| | | | - Emily R Caton
- Zeteo Tech, Inc., Sykesville, MD 21784, United States of America
| | - Wayne A Bryden
- Zeteo Tech, Inc., Sykesville, MD 21784, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Domingo JL, Rovira J. Effects of air pollutants on the transmission and severity of respiratory viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109650. [PMID: 32416357 PMCID: PMC7211639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the outdoor air pollutants that are major factors in diseases, causing especially adverse respiratory effects in humans. On the other hand, the role of respiratory viruses in the pathogenesis of severe respiratory infections is an issue of great importance. The present literature review was aimed at assessing the potential effects of air pollutants on the transmission and severity of respiratory viral infections. We have reviewed the scientific literature regarding the association of outdoor air pollution and respiratory viruses on respiratory diseases. Evidence supports a clear association between air concentrations of some pollutants and human respiratory viruses interacting to adversely affect the respiratory system. Given the undoubted importance and topicality of the subject, we have paid special attention to the association between air pollutants and the transmission and severity of the effects caused by the coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, which causes the COVID-19. Although to date, and by obvious reasons, the number of studies on this issue are still scarce, most results indicate that chronic exposure to air pollutants delays/complicates recovery of patients of COVID-19 and leads to more severe and lethal forms of this disease. This deserves immediate and in-depth experimental investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorens 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avd. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hosoki K, Chakraborty A, Sur S. Molecular mechanisms and epidemiology of COVID-19 from an allergist's perspective. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:285-299. [PMID: 32624257 PMCID: PMC7331543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by the newly described severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused worldwide suffering and death of unimaginable magnitude from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus is transmitted through aerosol droplets, and causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 uses the receptor-binding domain of its spike protein S1 to attach to the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in lung and airway cells. Binding requires the help of another host protein, transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2. Several factors likely contribute to the efficient transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 has a 10- to 20-fold higher receptor-binding capacity compared with previous pandemic coronaviruses. In addition, because asymptomatic persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 have high viral loads in their nasal secretions, they can silently and efficiently spread the disease. PCR-based tests have emerged as the criterion standard for the diagnosis of infection. Caution must be exercised in interpreting antibody-based tests because they have not yet been validated, and may give a false sense of security of being "immune" to SARS-CoV-2. We discuss how the development of some symptoms in allergic rhinitis can serve as clues for new-onset COVID-19. There are mixed reports that asthma is a risk factor for severe COVID-19, possibly due to differences in asthma endotypes. The rapid spread of COVID-19 has focused the efforts of scientists on repurposing existing Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs that inhibit viral entry, endocytosis, genome assembly, translation, and replication. Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies. As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koa Hosoki
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Abhijit Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Sanjiv Sur
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gengler I, Wang JC, Speth MM, Sedaghat AR. Sinonasal pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systematic review of the current evidence. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2020; 5:354-359. [PMID: 32587887 PMCID: PMC7262250 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease (2019 coronavirus disease [COVID-19]), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, is highly contagious with high morbidity and mortality. The role of the nasal and paranasal sinus cavities is increasingly recognized for COVID-19 symptomatology and transmission. We therefore conducted a systematic review, synthesizing existing scientific evidence about sinonasal pathophysiology in COVID-19. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS Systematic searches were performed of all indexed studies in PubMed/Medline and Cochrane databases through 28 March 2020 and studies searchable on preprints.com (including ArXiv and Scilit repositories) through 30 March 2020. Data extraction focused on sinonasal pathophysiology in COVID-19. RESULTS A total of 19 studies were identified. The sinonasal cavity may be a major site of infection by SARS-CoV-2, where susceptibility genes required for infection are expressed at high levels and may be modulated by environmental and host factors. Viral shedding appears to be highest from the nose, therefore reflecting a major source for transmission. This has been highlighted by multiple reports of health care-associated infection (HAI) during rhinologic procedures, which are now consequently considered to be high risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission to health care workers. While sinonasal symptomatology, such as rhinorrhea or congestion, appears to be a rarer symptom of COVID-19, anosmia without nasal obstruction is reported as highly specific predictor of COVID-19+ patients. CONCLUSION Sinonasal pathophysiology is increasingly important in our understanding of COVID-19. The sinonasal tract may be an important site of infection while sinonasal viral shedding may be an important transmission mechanism-including HAI. Anosmia without nasal obstruction may be a highly specific indicator of COVID-19. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gengler
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Cincinnati Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - James C. Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Cincinnati Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Marlene M. Speth
- Klinik für Hals‐, Nasen‐, Ohren‐ Krankheiten, Hals‐und GesichtschirurgieKantonsspital AarauAarauSwitzerland
| | - Ahmad R. Sedaghat
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Cincinnati Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Samsuzzaman M, Uddin MS, Shah MA, Mathew B. Natural inhibitors on airway mucin: Molecular insight into the therapeutic potential targeting MUC5AC expression and production. Life Sci 2019; 231:116485. [PMID: 31116959 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Airway mucin overproduction is the hallmark risk factor of asthma, which is associated with the reduction of lung function. An aberrant mucin expression is responsible for airway obstruction due to its high viscous characteristics. Among the mucins discovered, MUC5AC is the prime mucin of airway epithelia. Nowadays, mucins induced asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a great concern all over the world. This review focuses on the effects of natural compounds that can be beneficial to explore new drugs to halt MUC5AC secretion and production in airway epithelial, and also their underlying molecular mechanisms based on recent studies. Several researchers are seeking natural sources to identify a new potent MUC5AC inhibitory agent for clinical applications, because of countable limitations of existing synthetic drugs. Currently, flavonoids, glycoside and steroids like natural compounds have acquired great attention due to their anti-inflammatory and mucoregulatory effects. Most importantly, many natural compounds have shown their potential effects as the modulator of mucin expression, secretion, and production. Therefore, targeting airway MUC5AC expression and production represents an auspicious area of research for the development of drugs against various respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Samsuzzaman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, South Korea; Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mueller SK, Nocera AL, Dillon ST, Libermann TA, Wendler O, Bleier BS. Tissue and Exosomal Serine Protease Inhibitors Are Significantly Overexpressed in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2019; 33:359-368. [PMID: 30810048 DOI: 10.1177/1945892419831108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background The fibrinolysis pathway has been previously implicated in the etiopathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Objective The purpose of this study was (1) to explore protein derangements of selected protease inhibitors of the serpin superfamily in CRSwNP and (2) to correlate the protease inhibitor derangements of the fibrinolysis pathway in tissue with exosomal samples to evaluate the potential of an exosomal noninvasive “liquid biopsy” for CRSwNP. Methods Institutional review board approved study in which matched tissue and mucus exosomal proteins (SerpinB2, SerpinF2, SerpinG1, and SerpinE1) were compared between control and CRSwNP patients using Western Blot analysis (n = 6/group) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Transcriptome analysis (n = 10/group) on the same proteins was performed using whole transcriptome sequencing. Semiquantitative analysis of the Western Blots was performed using the Whitney–Mann U test. Results The transcriptomic data set showed multiple differentially expressed genes including SerpinB2 (fold changes [FC] 7.38), SerpinE1 (FC 1.42), SerpinF2 (FC 2.03), and SerpinG1 (FC 0.72). Western Blot and IHC analysis showed an overexpression of the Serpin protease inhibitors in tissue (SerpinB2, P < .01; SerpinE1, P < .01; SerpinF2, P < .01; and SerpinG1, P < .01) indicating a downregulation of the fibrinolysis cascade. The mucus exosomal serpin proteins exhibited similar findings. Conclusion Our analysis supported that protease inhibitors of the fibrinolysis pathway, especially SerpinB2, SerpinF2, and SerpinG1, are highly deranged in patients with CRSwNP. These findings suggest a downregulation of the fibrinolysis pathway via proteolytic cascade imbalance leading to excessive polyp fibrin deposition. Our data further supported our hypothesis that exosomal proteomic analyses may be used as noninvasive “liquid biopsy” for CRSwNP and a novel method to study chronic sinonasal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Mueller
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,2 Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A L Nocera
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S T Dillon
- 3 Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,5 BIDMD Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - T A Libermann
- 3 Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,5 BIDMD Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - O Wendler
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - B S Bleier
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu D, Wei Y, Bleier BS. Emerging Role of Proteases in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:538. [PMID: 29376037 PMCID: PMC5770401 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous upper airway disease with multiple etiologies. Clinically, CRSwNP can be classified into either eosinophilic or non-eosinophilic subtypes. The eosinophilic phenotype of CRSwNP is widely thought to be highly associated with recurrence of nasal polyps or surgical failure. Epithelial cells have a crucial role in the development of Th2-biased airway diseases. Recent studies have shown that a wide range of external stimuli such as allergens and microorganisms can elicit the release of epithelial-derived Th2-driving cytokines and chemokines. Protease activity is a feature common to these multiple environmental insults and there is growing evidence for the concept that an imbalance of proteases and protease inhibitors in the epithelial barrier leads to both the initiation and maintenance of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. In this review, we analyze recent work on the role of proteases in the development of the sinonasal mucosal type 2 immune response with an emphasis on the molecular pathways promoting adaptive Th2 cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wu
- The Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- The Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonser LR, Erle DJ. Airway Mucus and Asthma: The Role of MUC5AC and MUC5B. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6120112. [PMID: 29186064 PMCID: PMC5742801 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by mucus abnormalities. Airway epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia result in changes in stored and secreted mucin and the production of a pathologic mucus gel. Mucus transport is impaired, culminating in mucus plugging and airway obstruction—a major cause of morbidity in asthma. The polymeric mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B are integral components of airway mucus. MUC5AC and MUC5B gene expression is altered in asthma, and recent work sheds light on their contribution to asthma pathogenesis. Herein, we review our current understanding of the role of MUC5AC and MUC5B in mucus dysfunction in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Bonser
- Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - David J Erle
- Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Magnen M, Gueugnon F, Guillon A, Baranek T, Thibault VC, Petit-Courty A, de Veer SJ, Harris J, Humbles AA, Si-Tahar M, Courty Y. Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 5 Contributes to H3N2 Influenza Virus Infection in Human Lungs. J Virol 2017; 91:e00421-17. [PMID: 28615200 PMCID: PMC5533929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00421-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus must be activated by proteolysis before the virus can become infectious. Previous studies indicated that HA cleavage is driven by membrane-bound or extracellular serine proteases in the respiratory tract. However, there is still uncertainty as to which proteases are critical for activating HAs of seasonal influenza A viruses (IAVs) in humans. This study focuses on human KLK1 and KLK5, 2 of the 15 serine proteases known as the kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs). We find that their mRNA expression in primary human bronchial cells is stimulated by IAV infection. Both enzymes cleaved recombinant HA from several strains of the H1 and/or H3 virus subtype in vitro, but only KLK5 promoted the infectivity of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Scotland/20/74 (H3N2) virions in MDCK cells. We assessed the ability of treated viruses to initiate influenza in mice. The nasal instillation of only the KLK5-treated virus resulted in weight loss and lethal outcomes. The secretion of this protease in the human lower respiratory tract is enhanced during influenza. Moreover, we show that pretreatment of airway secretions with a KLK5-selective inhibitor significantly reduced the activation of influenza A/Scotland/20/74 virions, providing further evidence of its importance. Differently, increased KLK1 secretion appeared to be associated with the recruitment of inflammatory cells in human airways regardless of the origin of inflammation. Thus, our findings point to the involvement of KLK5 in the proteolytic activation and spread of seasonal influenza viruses in humans.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause acute infection of the respiratory tract that affects millions of people during seasonal outbreaks every year. Cleavage of the hemagglutinin precursor by host proteases is a critical step in the life cycle of these viruses. Consequently, host proteases that activate HA can be considered promising targets for the development of new antivirals. However, the specific proteases that activate seasonal influenza viruses, especially H3N2 viruses, in the human respiratory tract have remain undefined despite many years of work. Here we demonstrate that the secreted, extracellular protease KLK5 (kallikrein-related peptidase 5) is efficient in promoting the infectivity of H3N2 IAV in vitro and in vivo Furthermore, we found that its secretion was selectively enhanced in the human lower respiratory tract during a seasonal outbreak dominated by an H3N2 virus. Collectively, our data support the clinical relevance of this protease in human influenza pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélia Magnen
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Fabien Gueugnon
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Virginie C Thibault
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Agnès Petit-Courty
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Yves Courty
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kouzaki H, Matsumoto K, Kikuoka H, Kato T, Tojima I, Shimizu S, Kita H, Shimizu T. Endogenous Protease Inhibitors in Airway Epithelial Cells Contribute to Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:737-747. [PMID: 27779422 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201603-0529oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cystatin A and SPINK5 are endogenous protease inhibitors (EPIs) that may play key roles in epithelial barrier function. OBJECTIVES To investigate the roles of EPIs in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS We examined the expression of cystatin A and SPINK5 in the nasal epithelial cells of patients with CRS. Additionally, the in vitro effects of recombinant EPIs on the secretion of the epithelial-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in airway epithelial cells, and the in vivo effects of recombinant EPIs in the nasal epithelium of mice exposed to multiple airborne allergens (MAA) were examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Compared with control subjects and patients with noneosinophilic CRS, patients with eosinophilic CRS showed significantly lower protein and mRNA expression of cystatin A and SPINK5 in the nasal epithelium. Allergen-induced production of IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in normal human bronchial epithelial cells was inhibited by treatment with recombinant cystatin A or SPINK5. Conversely, the production of these cytokines was increased when cystatin A or SPINK5 were knocked down with small interfering RNA. Chronic MAA exposure induced goblet cell metaplasia and epithelial disruption in mouse nasal epithelium and decreased the tissue expression and nasal lavage levels of cystatin A and SPINK5. Intranasal instillations of recombinant EPIs attenuated this MAA-induced pathology. CONCLUSIONS Cystatin A and SPINK5 play an important role in protecting the airway epithelium from exogenous proteases. The preservation of EPIs may have a therapeutic benefit in intractable airway inflammation, such as eosinophilic CRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kouzaki
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Hirotaka Kikuoka
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Tomohisa Kato
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Ichiro Tojima
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Shino Shimizu
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| | - Hirohito Kita
- 2 Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; and
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although there are several known methods by which to sample the upper and lower airways in asthmatic patients, new endpoints have emerged over the past few years from these sampling techniques that may be useful biomarkers. It is both timely and relevant that these endpoints be reviewed in the context of their role in asthma and hence as potential biomarkers in asthma. RECENT FINDINGS This article will cover various upper and lower airway sampling methods, and the standard and specialized endpoints that can be derived from those methods. For the nasal airways, this will include nasal lavage, exhaled nasal nitric oxide and acoustic rhinometry. For the lower airways this will include induced sputum, bronchoscopy-based methods and exhaled breath. SUMMARY Some methodologies such as bronchoscopy remain limited in their widespread clinical application due to their invasive nature. Less invasive techniques such as electronic nose and breath condensate have potential biomarker application but still require standardization and additional study. It is clear, however, that despite the applicability of a given sampling technique, both routine (cells and cytokines) and specialized (genomic, phenotypic, hydration) endpoints are measurable and should be combined in clinical trial studies to yield maximum results in asthma.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jaspers I. Cigarette smoke effects on innate immune mechanisms in the nasal mucosa. Potential effects on the microbiome. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11 Suppl 1:S38-42. [PMID: 24437404 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201306-154mg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that exposure to cigarette smoke (CS), through active smoking and through exposure to secondhand smoke, has immunosuppressive effects, yet how this might affect the microbiome is not known. In this manuscript we focus on the effects of CS on innate host defense response, with particular emphasis on the role of epithelial cells and mucosal immune responses in the nose and the potential effects on the microbiome. The studies described here briefly summarize the effects of CS on specific innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. A detailed description of how CS affects epithelial cells and why we consider this to be a central defect in the overall immunosuppressive effects of CS in the lung is provided. We summarize data on the role of the "epimmunome" in the context of CS exposure, including the effects on soluble mediator production, such as cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial defense mediators. Separate emphasis is put on the expression of ligands on epithelial cells, which directly interact with receptors on immune cells, and the effects of CS on these interactions. We introduce the nose and nasal mucosa as a model to study the effects of CS exposure on host defense responses and changes in the microbiome in humans in vivo. Understanding the dynamics of a healthy microbiome and how CS affects this balance is important to uncovering the mechanisms of CS-induced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Jaspers
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lapidus N, de Lamballerie X, Salez N, Setbon M, Delabre RM, Ferrari P, Moyen N, Gougeon ML, Vely F, Leruez-Ville M, Andreoletti L, Cauchemez S, Boëlle PY, Vivier E, Abel L, Schwarzinger M, Legeas M, Le Cann P, Flahault A, Carrat F. Factors associated with post-seasonal serological titer and risk factors for infection with the pandemic A/H1N1 virus in the French general population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60127. [PMID: 23613718 PMCID: PMC3629047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CoPanFlu-France cohort of households was set up in 2009 to study the risk factors for infection by the pandemic influenza virus (H1N1pdm) in the French general population. The authors developed an integrative data-driven approach to identify individual, collective and environmental factors associated with the post-seasonal serological H1N1pdm geometric mean titer, and derived a nested case-control analysis to identify risk factors for infection during the first season. This analysis included 1377 subjects (601 households). The GMT for the general population was 47.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 45.1, 49.2). According to a multivariable analysis, pandemic vaccination, seasonal vaccination in 2009, recent history of influenza-like illness, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, social contacts at school and use of public transports by the local population were associated with a higher GMT, whereas history of smoking was associated with a lower GMT. Additionally, young age at inclusion and risk perception of exposure to the virus at work were identified as possible risk factors, whereas presence of an air humidifier in the living room was a possible protective factor. These findings will be interpreted in light of the longitudinal analyses of this ongoing cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Lapidus
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 707, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|