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Xia JY, Zeng YF, Wu XJ, Xu F. Short-term ex vivo tissue culture models help study human lung infectionsA review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32589. [PMID: 36607848 PMCID: PMC9829290 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies on human lung infection have been performed using animal models, formalin or other fixed tissues, and in vitro cultures of established cell lines. However, the experimental data and results obtained from these studies may not completely represent the complicated molecular events that take place in intact human lung tissue in vivo. The newly developed ex vivo short-term tissue culture model can mimic the in vivo microenvironment of humans and allow investigations of different cell types that closely interact with each other in intact human lung tissues. Therefore, this kind of model may be a promising tool for future studies of different human lung infections, owing to its special advantages in providing more realistic events that occur in vivo. In this review, we have summarized the preliminary applications of this novel short-term ex vivo tissue culture model, with a particular emphasis on its applications in some common human lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yi-Fei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xue-Jie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * Correspondence: Feng Xu, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China (e-mail: )
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Macrophage Plasticity and Function in the Lung Tumour Microenvironment Revealed in 3D Heterotypic Spheroid and Explant Models. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030302. [PMID: 33804204 PMCID: PMC7999110 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), stroma-resident and tumour-infiltrating macrophages may facilitate an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) and hamper immunotherapeutic responses. Analysis of tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) plasticity in NSCLC is largely lacking. We established a novel, multi-marker, dual analysis approach for assessing monocyte-derived macrophage (Mφ) polarisation and M1/M2 phenotypic plasticity. We developed a flow cytometry-based, two-marker analysis (CD64 and CD206) of CD14+ cells. The phenotype and immune function of in vitro-induced TAMs was studied in a heterotypic spheroid and tumour-derived explant model of NSCLC. Heterotypic spheroids and NSCLC explants skewed Mφs from an M1- (CD206loCD64hi) to M2-like (CD206hiCD64lo) phenotype. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IFNγ treatment reversed M2-like Mφ polarisation, indicating the plasticity of Mφs. Importantly, antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses were reduced in the presence of tumour explant-conditioned Mφs, but not spheroid-conditioned Mφs, suggesting explants are likely a more relevant model of the immune TME than cell line-derived spheroids. Our data indicates the importance of multi-marker, functional analyses within Mφ subsets and the advantages of the ex vivo NSCLC explant model in immunomodulation studies. We highlight the plasticity of the M1/M2 phenotype using the explant model and provide a tool for studying therapeutic interventions designed to reprogram M2-like Mφ-induced immunosuppression.
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Jimenez-Valdes RJ, Can UI, Niemeyer BF, Benam KH. Where We Stand: Lung Organotypic Living Systems That Emulate Human-Relevant Host-Environment/Pathogen Interactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:989. [PMID: 32903497 PMCID: PMC7438438 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are leading causes of death in humans globally. Cigarette smoking is the principal risk factor for the development of COPD, and LRTIs are caused by inhaling respiratory pathogens. Thus, a thorough understanding of host–environment/pathogen interactions is crucial to developing effective preventive and therapeutic modalities against these disorders. While animal models of human pulmonary conditions have been widely utilized, they suffer major drawbacks due to inter-species differences, hindering clinical translation. Here we summarize recent advances in generating complex 3D culture systems that emulate the microarchitecture and pathophysiology of the human lung, and how these platforms have been implemented for studying exposure to environmental factors, airborne pathogens, and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio J Jimenez-Valdes
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Uryan I Can
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian F Niemeyer
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kambez H Benam
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Ganbat D, Seehase S, Richter E, Vollmer E, Reiling N, Fellenberg K, Gaede KI, Kugler C, Goldmann T. Mycobacteria infect different cell types in the human lung and cause species dependent cellular changes in infected cells. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:19. [PMID: 26803467 PMCID: PMC4724406 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterial infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to limitations of the currently available model systems, there are still comparably large gaps in the knowledge about the pathogenesis of these chronic inflammatory diseases in particular with regard to the human host. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the initial phase of mycobacterial infections utilizing a human ex vivo lung tissue culture model designated STST (Short-Term Stimulation of Tissues). Methods Human lung tissues from 65 donors with a size of 0.5–1 cm3 were infected each with two strains of three different mycobacterial species (M. tuberculosis, M. avium, and M. abscessus), respectively. In order to preserve both morphology and nucleic acids, the HOPE® fixation technique was used. The infected tissues were analyzed using histo- and molecular-pathological methods. Immunohistochemistry was applied to identify the infected cell types. Results Morphologic comparisons between ex vivo incubated and non-incubated lung specimens revealed no noticeable differences. Viability of ex vivo stimulated tissues demonstrated by TUNEL-assay was acceptable. Serial sections verified sufficient diffusion of the infectious agents deep into the tissues. Infection was confirmed by Ziel Neelsen-staining and PCR to detect mycobacterial DNA. We observed the infection of different cell types, including macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, and pneumocytes-II, which were critically dependent on the mycobacterial species used. Furthermore, different forms of nuclear alterations (karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis) resulting in cell death were detected in the infected cells, again with characteristic species-dependent differences. Conclusion We show the application of a human ex vivo tissue culture model for mycobacterial infections. The immediate primary infection of a set of different cell types and the characteristic morphologic changes observed in these infected human tissues significantly adds to the current understanding of the initial phase of human pulmonary tuberculosis. Further studies are ongoing to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the early onset of mycobacterial infections in the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariimaa Ganbat
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
| | - Sophie Seehase
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Elvira Richter
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Present address: Labor Limbach, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ekkehard Vollmer
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.
| | | | - Karoline I Gaede
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Christian Kugler
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany. .,Thoracic Surgery, Lungen Clinic Grosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany. .,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Gießen, Germany.
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Shevchuk O, Abidi N, Klawonn F, Wissing J, Nimtz M, Kugler C, Steinert M, Goldmann T, Jänsch L. HOPE-fixation of lung tissue allows retrospective proteome and phosphoproteome studies. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5230-9. [PMID: 24702127 DOI: 10.1021/pr500096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepes-glutamic acid buffer-mediated organic solvent protection effect (HOPE)-fixation has been introduced as an alternative to formalin fixation of clinical samples. Beyond preservation of morphological structures for histology, HOPE-fixation was demonstrated to be compatible with recent methods for RNA and DNA sequencing. However, the suitability of HOPE-fixed materials for the inspection of proteomes by mass spectrometry so far remained undefined. This is of particular interest, since proteins constitute a prime resource for drug research and can give valuable insights into the activity status of signaling pathways. In this study, we extracted proteins from human lung tissue and tested HOPE-treated and snap-frozen tissues comparatively by proteome and phosphoproteome analyses. High confident data from accurate mass spectrometry allowed the identification of 2603 proteins and 3036 phosphorylation sites. HOPE-fixation did not hinder the representative extraction of proteins, and investigating their biochemical properties, covered subcellular localizations, and cellular processes revealed no bias caused by the type of fixation. In conclusion, proteome as well as phosphoproteome data of HOPE lung samples were qualitatively equivalent to results obtained from snap-frozen tissues. Thus, HOPE-treated tissues match clinical demands in both histology and retrospective proteome analyses of patient samples by proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Shevchuk
- Research Group Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Hattar K, Savai R, Subtil FSB, Wilhelm J, Schmall A, Lang DS, Goldmann T, Eul B, Dahlem G, Fink L, Schermuly RT, Banat GA, Sibelius U, Grimminger F, Vollmer E, Seeger W, Grandel U. Endotoxin induces proliferation of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo: role of COX-2 and EGFR activation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:309-20. [PMID: 22923191 PMCID: PMC3569588 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is frequently complicated by pulmonary infections which may impair prognosis of this disease. Therefore, we investigated the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on tumor proliferation in vitro in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549, ex vivo in a tissue culture model using human NSCLC specimens and in vivo in the A549 adenocarcinoma mouse model. LPS induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in proliferation of A549 cells as quantified by MTS activity and cell counting. In parallel, an increased expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 was detected both in A549 cells and in ex vivo human NSCLC tissue. Large amounts of COX-2-derived prostaglandin (PG)E(2) were secreted from LPS-stimulated A549 cells. Pharmacological interventions revealed that the proliferative effect of LPS was dependent on CD14 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)4. Moreover, blocking of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) also decreased LPS-induced proliferation of A549 cells. Inhibition of COX-2 activity in A549 cells severely attenuated both PGE(2) release and proliferation in response to LPS. Synthesis of PGE(2) was also reduced by inhibiting CD14, TLR4 and EGFR in A549 cells. The proliferative effect of LPS on A549 cells could be reproduced in the A549 adenocarcinoma mouse model with enhancement of tumor growth and Ki-67 expression in implanted tumors. In summary, LPS induces proliferation of NSCLC cells in vitro, ex vivo in human NSCLC specimen and in vivo in a mouse model of NSCLC. Pulmonary infection may thus directly induce tumor progression in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hattar
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/V, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Biostatistics Group, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Schmall
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Dagmar S. Lang
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Bastian Eul
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/V, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Dahlem
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/V, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ludger Fink
- Department of Pathology, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph-Theo Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Gamal-Andre Banat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/V, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulf Sibelius
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/V, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/V, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Vollmer
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich Grandel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV/V, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany
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Abdullah M, Goldmann T. Pulmonary haptoglobin (pHp) is part of the surfactant system in the human lung. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:158. [PMID: 23164167 PMCID: PMC3523029 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Since the existence of pHp was demonstrated, it has been shown that this molecule and its receptor CD163 are regulated by different stimuli. Furthermore, a comparably fast secretion of pHp was described as well as the immuno-stimulatory effects. The intention of this study was to elucidate the role of pHp in the human lungs further. Here we show, by means of confocal microscopy and immune-electron-microscopy, a clear co-localization of pHp with Surfactant protein-B in lamellar bodies of Alveolar Epithelial Cells Type II. These results are underlined by immunohistochemical stainings in differently fixed human lung tissues, which show pHp in vesicular and released form. The images of the released form resemble the intended position of surfactant in the human alveolus. pHp is secreted by Alveolar epithelial cells type II as previously shown. Moreover, pHp is co-localized with Surfactant protein-B. We conclude that the presented data shows that pHp is a native part of the surfactant system in the human lung. Virtual slides http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2563584738239912.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdullah
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Parkallee 3, D-23845, Borstel, Germany
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Peter Y, Sen N, Levantini E, Keller S, Ingenito EP, Ciner A, Sackstein R, Shapiro SD. CD45/CD11b positive subsets of adult lung anchorage-independent cells harness epithelial stem cells in culture. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:572-83. [PMID: 22585451 DOI: 10.1002/term.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Compensatory growth is mediated by multiple cell types that interact during organ repair. To elucidate the relationship between stem/progenitor cells that proliferate or differentiate and somatic cells of the lung, we used a novel organotypic ex vivo pneumoexplant system. Applying this technique, we identified a sustained culture of repopulating adult progenitors in the form of free-floating anchorage-independent cells (AICs). AICs did not express integrin proteins α5, β3 and β7, and constituted 37% of the total culture at day 14, yielding a mixed yet conservative population that recapitulated RNA expression patterns of the healthy lung. AICs exhibited rapid proliferation manifested by a marked 60-fold increase in cell numbers by day 21. More than 50% of the AIC population was c-KIT(+) or double-positive for CD45(+) and CD11b(+) antigenic determinants, consistent with cells of hematopoietic origin. The latter subset was found to be enriched with prosurfactant protein-C and SCGB1A1 expressing putative stem cells and with aquaporin-5 producing cells, characteristic of terminally differentiated alveolar epithelial type-1 pneumocytes. At the air/gel interface, AICs undergo remodeling to form a cellular lining, whereas TGF(β)1 treatment modifies protein expression properties to further imply a robust effect of the microenvironment on AIC phenotypic changes. These data confirm the active participation of clonogenic hematopoietic stem cells in a mammalian model of lung repair and validate mixed stem/somatic cell cultures, which license sustained cell viability, proliferation and differentiation, for use in studies of compensatory pulmonary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov Peter
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abdullah M, Kähler D, Vock C, Reiling N, Kugler C, Drömann D, Rupp J, Hauber HP, Fehrenbach H, Zabel P, Vollmer E, Dalhoff K, Goldmann T. Pulmonary haptoglobin and CD163 are functional immunoregulatory elements in the human lung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 83:61-73. [PMID: 21860221 DOI: 10.1159/000329868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute-phase protein haptoglobin (Hp) and its receptor CD163 serve as immunomodulators and possess anti-inflammatory besides antioxidant functions. OBJECTIVES To further understand the role of the recently described pulmonary Hp (pHp) and its receptor CD163 in case of inflammation and infection, pHp and CD163 were investigated on mRNA and protein level to gain insight into the cellular events taking place upon stimulation with the inflammatory mediators LPS, Pam3, cytokine IL-6 and dexamethasone, and upon infection with respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcuspneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae) by use of a human ex vivo tissue culture model and cell cultures of A549 and alveolar epithelial cells type II. In addition, pHp and CD163 expression in COPD and sarcoidosis was assessed. METHODS We conducted experiments using 942 ex vivo cultured lung samples applying immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, RT-PCR, slot and Western immunoblot analyses with tissue lysates and culture supernatants as well as ELISA and cytometric bead array analyses. RESULTS This study describes for the first time the expression, regulation and secretion of pHp and its receptor CD163 in the human lung. The release of soluble mediators from A549 cell line and human monocyte-derived macrophages was observed indicating that Hp differentially activates the release of soluble mediators and major chemoattractants. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate a native function of pHp and CD163 as functional pulmonary defense elements due to local expression, regulation and secretion during lung infection and as part of the inflammatory immune response of the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdullah
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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Lee YH, Marquez AP, Mungunsukh O, Day RM. Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits apoptosis by the profibrotic factor angiotensin II via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in endothelial cells and tissue explants. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:4240-50. [PMID: 20926686 PMCID: PMC2993751 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an endogenous tissue repair factor, attenuates apoptosis in many primary cell types, but the mechanism is not completely understood. Our laboratory demonstrated that angiotensin (Ang) II activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in primary endothelial cells (ECs) via reduction of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L). Ang II decreased Bcl-x(L) mRNA half-life by reducing its binding to nucleolin, a protein that normally binds a 3' AU-rich region and stabilizes Bcl-x(L) mRNA. We hypothesized HGF may block apoptosis induced by Ang II. We used primary EC and ex vivo cultures of rat lung tissue to investigate HGF inhibition of Ang II-induced apoptosis. Our data indicated HGF abrogated Ang II-induced apoptosis by inhibiting cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation. RNA-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that HGF stabilized Bcl-x(L) mRNA by increasing nucleolin binding to the 3'-untranslated region that was associated with cytoplasmic localization of nucleolin. Cytoplasmic localization of nucleolin and Bcl-x(L) mRNA stabilization required HGF activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, but not phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. HGF also blocked Ang II-induced caspase-3 activation and lactate dehydrogenase release in tissue explants in an ERK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Ana P. Marquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Ognoon Mungunsukh
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Regina M. Day
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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Mungunsukh O, Lee YH, Marquez AP, Cecchi F, Bottaro DP, Day RM. A tandem repeat of a fragment of Listeria monocytogenes internalin B protein induces cell survival and proliferation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L905-14. [PMID: 20889677 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00094.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is critical for tissue homeostasis and repair in many organs including the lung, heart, kidney, liver, nervous system, and skin. HGF is a heterodimeric protein containing 20 disulfide bonds distributed among an amino-terminal hairpin, four kringle domains, and a serine protease-like domain. Due to its complex structure, recombinant production of HGF in prokaryotes requires denaturation and refolding, processes that are impractical for large-scale manufacture. Thus, pharmaceutical quantities of HGF are not available despite its potential applications. A fragment of the Listeria monocytogenes internalin B protein from amino acids 36-321 (InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁) was demonstrated to bind to and partially activate the HGF receptor Met. InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ has a stable β-sheet structure and is easily produced in its native conformation by Escherichia coli. We cloned InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ (1×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁) and engineered a head-to-tail repeat of InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ with a linker peptide (2×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁); 1×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ and 2×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ were purified from E. coli. Both 1× and 2×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ activated the Met tyrosine kinase. We subsequently compared signal transduction of the two proteins in primary lung endothelial cells. 2×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ activated ERK1/2, STAT3, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways, whereas 1×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ activated only STAT3 and ERK1/2. The 2×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ promoted improved motility compared with 1×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ and additionally stimulated proliferation equivalent to full-length HGF. Both the 1× and 2×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ prevented apoptosis by the profibrotic peptide angiotensin II in cell culture and ex vivo lung slice cultures. The ease of large-scale production and capacity of 2×InlB₃₆₋₃₂₁ to mimic HGF make it a potential candidate as a pharmaceutical agent for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognoon Mungunsukh
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Grigsby CL, Leong KW. Balancing protection and release of DNA: tools to address a bottleneck of non-viral gene delivery. J R Soc Interface 2009; 7 Suppl 1:S67-82. [PMID: 19734186 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering polymeric gene-delivery vectors to release an intact DNA payload at the optimal time and subcellular compartment remains a formidable challenge. An ideal vector would provide total protection of complexed DNA from degradation prior to releasing it efficiently near or within the nucleus of a target cell. While optimization of polymer properties, such as molecular weight and charge density, has proved largely inadequate in addressing this challenge, applying polymeric carriers that respond to temperature, light, pH and redox environment to trigger a switch from a tight, protective complex to a more relaxed interaction favouring release at the appropriate time and place has shown promise. Currently, a paucity of gene carriers able to satisfy the contrary requirements of adequate DNA protection and efficient release contributes to the slow progression of non-viral gene therapy towards clinical translation. This review highlights the promising carrier designs that may achieve an optimal balance of DNA protection and release. It also discusses the imaging techniques and three-dimensional in vitro models that can help study these two barriers in the non-viral gene transfer process. Ultimately, efficacious non-viral gene therapy will depend on the combination of intelligent material design, innovative imaging techniques and sophisticated in vitro model systems to facilitate the rational design of polymeric gene-delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Grigsby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Marwitz S, Zeiser T, Schultz H, Kähler D, Abdullah M, Hauber HP, Zabel P, Vollmer E, Goldmann T. The human placenta releases substances that drive lung cancer into apoptosis. Diagn Pathol 2009; 4:27. [PMID: 19698096 PMCID: PMC2733300 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-4-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As there is no optimal treatment of non small cell lung cancer due to its resistance to common chemotherapeutics, we investigated the effect of human placenta-conditioned medium on tumor tissue. The human placenta constitutes a mixture of maternal and fetal origin and displays a variety of immunomodulatory aspects. Methods Freshly resected non small cell lung cancer tissues were incubated with placenta-conditioned medium in a short-term tissue culture model and A549 cells were challenged, respectively. Term placenta was used for producing conditioned medium and HOPE-fixed stimulated tumor tissue was analyzed for expression of caspase-3 and Ki67 via immunohistochemistry. The effects of conditioned medium on squamous cell carcinoma were further compared to physiological concentrations of Carboplat/Gemzar. Results Conditioned medium caused in 2 of 3 cases elevated expression of caspase-3 and reduced expression of Ki67 in 3 out of 3 cases, while the chemotherapeutic agents caused no comparable expression of caspase-3 or reduction of Ki67. In cell culture up to 50% of karyopyknosis was investigated and even sterile-filtrated medium caused widespread reduction of Ki67 on protein level. Conclusion Human placenta releases substances that mediate apoptosis and reduce proliferation in tumor tissue and cell culture. As even sterile-filtrated medium caused the mentioned effects we hypothesize one or more soluble mediators. The detailed way of promoting apoptosis and nature of these mediators need to be elucidated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Marwitz
- Research Center Borstel, Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Parkallee 3a, Borstel, Germany.
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Marioni G, Koussis H, Gaio E, Giacomelli L, Bertolin A, D'Alessandro E, Scola A, Ottaviano G, de Filippis C, Jirillo A, Staffieri A, Blandamura S. MASPIN's prognostic role in patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma treated with primary chemotherapy (carboplatin plus vinorelbine) and radiotherapy: preliminary evidence. Acta Otolaryngol 2009; 129:786-92. [PMID: 18819022 DOI: 10.1080/00016480802412789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Our very preliminary results support the hypothesis that MASPIN expression in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) may be a valuable parameter for predicting patients' responses to a treatment based on carboplatin plus vinorelbine combined with radiotherapy. OBJECTIVES The roles of induction chemotherapy and combined chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced unresectable HNSCCs have evolved rapidly. MASPIN has a unique tumour-suppressing activity. Experimental evidence has shown that MASPIN suppresses tumour growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. We investigated the potential prognostic roles of MASPIN and p53 in a series of HNSCCs treated with carboplatin plus vinorelbine combined with radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nineteen consecutive stage III or IV HNSCC patients were recruited. The treatment plan consisted of the administration of carboplatin on day 1 and vinorelbine on days 1 and 8. Four weeks later, carboplatin was administered concomitantly with radiation therapy. Expression of MASPIN and p53 was determined immunohistochemically in HNSCC diagnostic biopsies. RESULTS A significant inverse relation was found between MASPIN expression and cN staging (p = 0.003). From a prognostic viewpoint, MASPIN expression was directly correlated with chemoradiotherapy response (p = 0.041). Moreover, the log-rank test showed a significant relationship between higher MASPIN expression and longer disease-free survival (p = 0.03), overall survival (p = 0.006) and disease-specific survival (p = 0.007).
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Precision-cut slice cultures of tumors from MMTV-neu mice for the study of the ex vivo response to cytokines and cytotoxic drugs. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:442-50. [PMID: 19533258 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo analysis of signaling pathways operating in tumor tissue is complicated by the three-dimensional structure, in particular by stroma-epithelial interactions. Studies performed with pure populations of tumor cells usually do not take into account this issue. One possibility to preserve the tissue architecture is the use of tumor slices. However, diffusion of oxygen and nutrients may become limiting factors, resulting in decreased cell viability and change of tissue morphology, especially after long-term incubation of slices. By using precision cut slices of defined thickness, we were able to establish culture conditions for tumor material obtained from MMTV-neu transgenic mice, which allow the study of the action of cytokines and cytotoxic drugs for up to 24 h. A slice thickness of 160 mum was found to be optimal for viability and handling of material. These slices were highly responsive to the action of the cytokine IFN-gamma, as evident form the increase of pY701 STAT1, detected by both immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and by the increase of mRNA levels of the IFN-gamma response genes IRF-1, SOCS-1, and STAT1, analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, induction of apoptosis and increase of DNA damage could be monitored after treatment with IFN-gamma or doxorubicin. The slices were also a convenient source for the establishment of explant cultures of tumor epithelial cells. It is concluded that cultivation of precision-cut tumor slices provides a convenient way for the ex vivo molecular analysis of MMTV-neu tumor tissue under conditions which closely simulate the situation in vivo and can provide an alternative to in vivo experiments.
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Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer Affects the Expression of Certain Biomarkers Including ERCC1. Pathol Oncol Res 2009; 15:445-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Goodman TT, Ng CP, Pun SH. 3-D tissue culture systems for the evaluation and optimization of nanoparticle-based drug carriers. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1951-9. [PMID: 18788773 DOI: 10.1021/bc800233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle carriers are attractive vehicles for a variety of drug delivery applications. In order to evaluate nanoparticle formulations for biological efficacy, monolayer cell cultures are typically used as in vitro testing platforms. However, these studies sometimes poorly predict the efficacy of the drug in vivo. The poor in vitro and in vivo correlation may be attributed in part to the inability of two-dimensional cultures to reproduce extracellular barriers, and may also be due to differences in cell phenotype between cells cultured as monolayers and cells in native tissue. In order to more accurately predict in vivo results, it is desirable to test nanoparticle therapeutics in cells cultured in three-dimensional (3-D) models that mimic in vivo conditions. In this review, we discuss some 3-D culture systems that have been used to assess nanoparticle delivery and highlight several implications for nanoparticle design garnered from studies using these systems. While our focus will be on nanoparticle drug formulations, many of the systems discussed here could, or have been, used for the assessment of small molecule or peptide/protein drugs. We also offer some examples of advancements in 3-D culture that could provide even more highly predictive data for designing nanoparticle therapeutics for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tyrel Goodman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Goldmann T, Drömann D, Radtke J, Marwitz S, Lang DS, Schultz H, Vollmer E. CXCR7 transcription in human non-small cell lung cancer and tumor-free lung tissues; possible regulation upon chemotherapy. Virchows Arch 2008; 452:347-8. [PMID: 18214534 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carboplatin/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Gemcitabine
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