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Cereijo AE, Ferretti MV, Iglesias AA, Álvarez HM, Asencion Diez MD. Study of two glycosyltransferases related to polysaccharide biosynthesis in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Biol Chem 2024; 405:325-340. [PMID: 38487862 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Rhodococcus comprises organisms performing oleaginous behaviors under certain growth conditions and ratios of carbon and nitrogen availability. Rhodococci are outstanding producers of biofuel precursors, where lipid and glycogen metabolisms are closely related. Thus, a better understanding of rhodococcal carbon partitioning requires identifying catalytic steps redirecting sugar moieties to storage molecules. Here, we analyzed two GT4 glycosyl-transferases from Rhodococcus jostii (RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc) annotated as α-glucan-α-1,4-glucosyl transferases, putatively involved in glycogen synthesis. Both enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli cells, purified to homogeneity, and kinetically characterized. RjoGlgAb and RjoGlgAc presented the "canonical" glycogen synthase activity and were actives as maltose-1P synthases, although to a different extent. Then, RjoGlgAc is a homologous enzyme to the mycobacterial GlgM, with similar kinetic behavior and glucosyl-donor preference. RjoGlgAc was two orders of magnitude more efficient to glucosylate glucose-1P than glycogen, also using glucosamine-1P as a catalytically efficient aglycon. Instead, RjoGlgAb exhibited both activities with similar kinetic efficiency and preference for short-branched α-1,4-glucans. Curiously, RjoGlgAb presented a super-oligomeric conformation (higher than 15 subunits), representing a novel enzyme with a unique structure-to-function relationship. Kinetic results presented herein constitute a hint to infer on polysaccharides biosynthesis in rhodococci from an enzymological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Estefania Cereijo
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Ferretti
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto Alvaro Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Héctor Manuel Álvarez
- Instituto de Biociencias de la Patagonia (INBIOP), 28226 Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco y CONICET , Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Matías Damian Asencion Diez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, 603337 Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (UNL-CONICET) & Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas , Santa Fe, Argentina
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Cifuente JO, Colleoni C, Kalscheuer R, Guerin ME. Architecture, Function, Regulation, and Evolution of α-Glucans Metabolic Enzymes in Prokaryotes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4863-4934. [PMID: 38606812 PMCID: PMC11046441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired sophisticated mechanisms for assembling and disassembling polysaccharides of different chemistry. α-d-Glucose homopolysaccharides, so-called α-glucans, are the most widespread polymers in nature being key components of microorganisms. Glycogen functions as an intracellular energy storage while some bacteria also produce extracellular assorted α-glucans. The classical bacterial glycogen metabolic pathway comprises the action of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, whereas extracellular α-glucans are mostly related to peripheral enzymes dependent on sucrose. An alternative pathway of glycogen biosynthesis, operating via a maltose 1-phosphate polymerizing enzyme, displays an essential wiring with the trehalose metabolism to interconvert disaccharides into polysaccharides. Furthermore, some bacteria show a connection of intracellular glycogen metabolism with the genesis of extracellular capsular α-glucans, revealing a relationship between the storage and structural function of these compounds. Altogether, the current picture shows that bacteria have evolved an intricate α-glucan metabolism that ultimately relies on the evolution of a specific enzymatic machinery. The structural landscape of these enzymes exposes a limited number of core catalytic folds handling many different chemical reactions. In this Review, we present a rationale to explain how the chemical diversity of α-glucans emerged from these systems, highlighting the underlying structural evolution of the enzymes driving α-glucan bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier O. Cifuente
- Instituto
Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of
the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University
of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF -Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural
Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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3
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Reheman A, Cao X, Wang Y, Nie X, Cao G, Zhou W, Yang B, Lei Y, Zhang W, Naeem MA, Chen X. Involvement of 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein in the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis avirulent strain in macrophages. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) can replicate in the macrophage by interfering with many host protein functions. While it is far from known these host proteins for controlling M. tuberculosis infection. Herein, we infected macrophages including THP-1 and Raw264.7 cells with M. tuberculosis and identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the interferon signaling pathway. Among them, 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase-like (OASL) underwent the greatest upregulation in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Knockdown of the expression of OASL attenuated M. tuberculosis survival in macrophages. Further, bioinformatics analysis revealed the potential interaction axis of OASL-TAB3- Rv0127, which was further validated by the yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) assay and Co-IP. This interaction axis might regulate the M. tuberculosis survival and proliferation in macrophages. The study reveals a possible role of OASL during M. tuberculosis infection as a target to control its propagation.
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Maranha A, Costa M, Ripoll-Rozada J, Manso JA, Miranda V, Mendes VM, Manadas B, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Ventura MR, Pereira PJB, Empadinhas N. Self-recycling and partially conservative replication of mycobacterial methylmannose polysaccharides. Commun Biol 2023; 6:108. [PMID: 36707645 PMCID: PMC9883506 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The steep increase in nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections makes understanding their unique physiology an urgent health priority. NTM synthesize two polysaccharides proposed to modulate fatty acid metabolism: the ubiquitous 6-O-methylglucose lipopolysaccharide, and the 3-O-methylmannose polysaccharide (MMP) so far detected in rapidly growing mycobacteria. The recent identification of a unique MMP methyltransferase implicated the adjacent genes in MMP biosynthesis. We report a wide distribution of this gene cluster in NTM, including slowly growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium, which we reveal to produce MMP. Using a combination of MMP purification and chemoenzymatic syntheses of intermediates, we identified the biosynthetic mechanism of MMP, relying on two enzymes that we characterized biochemically and structurally: a previously undescribed α-endomannosidase that hydrolyses MMP into defined-sized mannoligosaccharides that prime the elongation of new daughter MMP chains by a rare α-(1→4)-mannosyltransferase. Therefore, MMP biogenesis occurs through a partially conservative replication mechanism, whose disruption affected mycobacterial growth rate at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maranha
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342IIIUC - Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Costa
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Ripoll-Rozada
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.507090.b0000 0004 5303 6218Present Address: Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - José A. Manso
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Miranda
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vera M. Mendes
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Rita Ventura
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342IIIUC - Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
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5
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Colpaert M, Kadouche D, Ducatez M, Pillonel T, Kebbi-Beghdadi C, Cenci U, Huang B, Chabi M, Maes E, Coddeville B, Couderc L, Touzet H, Bray F, Tirtiaux C, Ball S, Greub G, Colleoni C. Conservation of the glycogen metabolism pathway underlines a pivotal function of storage polysaccharides in Chlamydiae. Commun Biol 2021; 4:296. [PMID: 33674787 PMCID: PMC7935935 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Chlamydiales includes obligate intracellular pathogens capable of infecting mammals, fishes and amoeba. Unlike other intracellular bacteria for which intracellular adaptation led to the loss of glycogen metabolism pathway, all chlamydial families maintained the nucleotide-sugar dependent glycogen metabolism pathway i.e. the GlgC-pathway with the notable exception of both Criblamydiaceae and Waddliaceae families. Through detailed genome analysis and biochemical investigations, we have shown that genome rearrangement events have resulted in a defective GlgC-pathway and more importantly we have evidenced a distinct trehalose-dependent GlgE-pathway in both Criblamydiaceae and Waddliaceae families. Altogether, this study strongly indicates that the glycogen metabolism is retained in all Chlamydiales without exception, highlighting the pivotal function of storage polysaccharides, which has been underestimated to date. We propose that glycogen degradation is a mandatory process for fueling essential metabolic pathways that ensure the survival and virulence of extracellular forms i.e. elementary bodies of Chlamydiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Colpaert
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Derifa Kadouche
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Ducatez
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Trestan Pillonel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ugo Cenci
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Binquan Huang
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan/School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Malika Chabi
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Maes
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Bernadette Coddeville
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Loïc Couderc
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Touzet
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 - CRIStAL - Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Bray
- University of Lille, CNRS, USR 3290-MSAP-Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse et la Protéomique, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Tirtiaux
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Steven Ball
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France.
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6
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Multi-enzyme systems and recombinant cells for synthesis of valuable saccharides: Advances and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Molecular Fingerprints for a Novel Enzyme Family in Actinobacteria with Glucosamine Kinase Activity. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00239-19. [PMID: 31088917 PMCID: PMC6520443 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00239-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel enzymes involved in antibiotic biosynthesis pathways is currently a topic of utmost importance. The high levels of antibiotic resistance detected worldwide threaten our ability to combat infections and other 20th-century medical achievements, namely, organ transplantation or cancer chemotherapy. We have identified and characterized a unique family of enzymes capable of phosphorylating glucosamine to glucosamine-6-phosphate, a crucial molecule directly involved in the activation of antibiotic production pathways in Actinobacteria, nature’s main source of antimicrobials. The consensus sequence identified for these glucosamine kinases will help establish a molecular fingerprint to reveal yet-uncharacterized sequences in antibiotic producers, which should have an important impact in biotechnological and biomedical applications, including the enhancement and optimization of antibiotic production. Actinobacteria have long been the main source of antibiotics, secondary metabolites with tightly controlled biosynthesis by environmental and physiological factors. Phosphorylation of exogenous glucosamine has been suggested as a mechanism for incorporation of this extracellular material into secondary metabolite biosynthesis, but experimental evidence of specific glucosamine kinases in Actinobacteria is lacking. Here, we present the molecular fingerprints for the identification of a unique family of actinobacterial glucosamine kinases. Structural and biochemical studies on a distinctive kinase from the soil bacterium Streptacidiphilus jiangxiensis unveiled its preference for glucosamine and provided structural evidence of a phosphoryl transfer to this substrate. Conservation of glucosamine-contacting residues across a large number of uncharacterized actinobacterial proteins unveiled a specific glucosamine binding sequence motif. This family of kinases and their genetic context may represent the missing link for the incorporation of environmental glucosamine into the antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in Actinobacteria and can be explored to enhance antibiotic production.
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8
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Kermani AA, Roy R, Gopalasingam C, Kocurek KI, Patel TR, Alderwick LJ, Besra GS, Fütterer K. Crystal structure of the TreS:Pep2 complex, initiating α-glucan synthesis in the GlgE pathway of mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7348-7359. [PMID: 30877199 PMCID: PMC6509496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence implicates the mycobacterial capsule, the outermost layer of the mycobacterial cell envelope, in modulation of the host immune response and virulence of mycobacteria. Mycobacteria synthesize the dominant capsule component, α(1→4)-linked glucan, via three interconnected and potentially redundant metabolic pathways. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Mycobacterium smegmatis TreS:Pep2 complex, containing trehalose synthase (TreS) and maltokinase (Pep2), which converts trehalose to maltose 1-phosphate as part of the TreS:Pep2–GlgE pathway. The structure, at 3.6 Å resolution, revealed that a diamond-shaped TreS tetramer forms the core of the complex and that pairs of Pep2 monomers bind to opposite apices of the tetramer in a 4 + 4 configuration. However, for the M. smegmatis orthologues, results from isothermal titration calorimetry and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments indicated that the prevalent stoichiometry in solution is 4 TreS + 2 Pep2 protomers. The observed discrepancy between the crystallized complex and the behavior in the solution state may be explained by the relatively weak affinity of Pep2 for TreS (Kd 3.5 μm at mildly acidic pH) and crystal packing favoring the 4 + 4 complex. Proximity of the ATP-binding site in Pep2 to the complex interface provides a rational basis for rate enhancement of Pep2 upon binding to TreS, but the complex structure appears to rule out substrate channeling between the active sites of TreS and Pep2. Our findings provide a structural model for the trehalose synthase:maltokinase complex in M. smegmatis that offers critical insights into capsule assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Kermani
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Roy
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Chai Gopalasingam
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Klaudia I Kocurek
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Trushar R Patel
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Fütterer
- From the Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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9
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Koliwer-Brandl H, Syson K, van de Weerd R, Chandra G, Appelmelk B, Alber M, Ioerger TR, Jacobs WR, Geurtsen J, Bornemann S, Kalscheuer R. Metabolic Network for the Biosynthesis of Intra- and Extracellular α-Glucans Required for Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005768. [PMID: 27513637 PMCID: PMC4981310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis synthesizes intra- and extracellular α-glucans that were believed to originate from separate pathways. The extracellular glucose polymer is the main constituent of the mycobacterial capsule that is thought to be involved in immune evasion and virulence. However, the role of the α-glucan capsule in pathogenesis has remained enigmatic due to an incomplete understanding of α-glucan biosynthetic pathways preventing the generation of capsule-deficient mutants. Three separate and potentially redundant pathways had been implicated in α-glucan biosynthesis in mycobacteria: the GlgC-GlgA, the Rv3032 and the TreS-Pep2-GlgE pathways. We now show that α-glucan in mycobacteria is exclusively assembled intracellularly utilizing the building block α-maltose-1-phosphate as the substrate for the maltosyltransferase GlgE, with subsequent branching of the polymer by the branching enzyme GlgB. Some α-glucan is exported to form the α-glucan capsule. There is an unexpected convergence of the TreS-Pep2 and GlgC-GlgA pathways that both generate α-maltose-1-phosphate. While the TreS-Pep2 route from trehalose was already known, we have now established that GlgA forms this phosphosugar from ADP-glucose and glucose 1-phosphate 1000-fold more efficiently than its hitherto described glycogen synthase activity. The two routes are connected by the common precursor ADP-glucose, allowing compensatory flux from one route to the other. Having elucidated this unexpected configuration of the metabolic pathways underlying α-glucan biosynthesis in mycobacteria, an M. tuberculosis double mutant devoid of α-glucan could be constructed, showing a direct link between the GlgE pathway, α-glucan biosynthesis and virulence in a mouse infection model. Capsule formation is critical for the virulence of many bacterial and fungal pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells are known to be surrounded by a capsule layer that is mainly composed of an α-glucan glucose polymer that resembles glycogen. Progress in understanding its role in the virulence of this important human pathogen has been held back by a lack of knowledge of its biosynthesis, preventing the generation of α-glucan-deficient mutants that could be tested in animal infection models. In this work, we unraveled an unexpected metabolic network configuration revealing the exclusive production of both intracellular and capsular α-glucans by the maltosyltransferase GlgE in mycobacteria. GlgE polymerizes an α-maltose 1-phosphate building block, which is generated by two alternative pathways that are connected by a common intermediate allowing rechanneling of flux from one route to the other. Elucidation of this unexpected configuration of the metabolic pathways underlying α-glucan biosynthesis allowed the rational construction of an M. tuberculosis mutant strain devoid of α-glucan, showing a direct link between the GlgE pathway, α-glucan biosynthesis and virulence in a mouse infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Koliwer-Brandl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Syson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert van de Weerd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govind Chandra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Appelmelk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Alber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeroen Geurtsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Bornemann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Abstract
This article summarizes what is currently known of the structures, physiological roles, involvement in pathogenicity, and biogenesis of a variety of noncovalently bound cell envelope lipids and glycoconjugates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other Mycobacterium species. Topics addressed in this article include phospholipids; phosphatidylinositol mannosides; triglycerides; isoprenoids and related compounds (polyprenyl phosphate, menaquinones, carotenoids, noncarotenoid cyclic isoprenoids); acyltrehaloses (lipooligosaccharides, trehalose mono- and di-mycolates, sulfolipids, di- and poly-acyltrehaloses); mannosyl-beta-1-phosphomycoketides; glycopeptidolipids; phthiocerol dimycocerosates, para-hydroxybenzoic acids, and phenolic glycolipids; mycobactins; mycolactones; and capsular polysaccharides.
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11
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Abstract
Trehalose [alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside] is a highly abundant disaccharide in mycobacteria that fulfills many biological roles and has a plethora of possible metabolic fates. Trehalose is synthesized in mycobacteria de novo either from glycolytic intermediates or from alpha-glucans via two alternative routes, the OtsA-OtsB and the TreY-TreZ pathways, respectively. Intracellular trehalose can serve as an endogenous remobilizable carbon storage compound and as a biocompatible stress protectant. Furthermore, trehalose functions as the sugar core of many glycolipids with important structural or immunomodulatory functions such as the cord factor trehalose dimycolate, sulfolipids, and polyacyltrehalose. Moreover, trehalose plays a central role in the formation of the mycolic acid cell wall layer because it serves as a carrier molecule that shuttles mycolic acids in the form of the glycolipid trehalose monomycolate between the cytoplasm and the periplasm. In this process, a specific importer recycles the free trehalose that is extracellularly released as a by-product during mycolate processing via the antigen 85 complex, which might represent a specific adaptation to the intracellular lifestyle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with limited carbohydrate availability. Finally, trehalose is converted to glycogen-like branched alpha-glucans by a four-step metabolic pathway involving the essential maltosyltransferase GlgE, which may be further processed to derivatives with intracellular or extracellular destinations such as polymethylated lipopolysaccharides or capsular alpha-glucans, respectively. In this article we summarize the current knowledge of the genetic basis of trehalose biosynthesis and metabolism in mycobacteria, the biological functions of trehalose-based molecules, and their roles in virulence of the human pathogen M. tuberculosis.
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12
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Mendes V, Blaszczyk M, Maranha A, Empadinhas N, Blundell TL. Structure of Mycobacterium thermoresistibile GlgE defines novel conformational states that contribute to the catalytic mechanism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17144. [PMID: 26616850 PMCID: PMC4663749 DOI: 10.1038/srep17144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GlgE, an enzyme of the pathway that converts trehalose to α-glucans, is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inhibition of GlgE, which transfers maltose from a maltose-1-phosphate donor to α-glucan/maltooligosaccharide chain acceptor, leads to a toxic accumulation of maltose-1-phosphate that culminates in cellular death. Here we describe the first high-resolution mycobacterial GlgE structure from Mycobacterium thermoresistibile at 1.96 Å. We show that the structure resembles that of M. tuberculosis and Streptomyces coelicolor GlgEs, reported before, with each protomer in the homodimer comprising five domains. However, in M. thermoresistibile GlgE we observe several conformational states of the S domain and provide evidence that its high flexibility is important for enzyme activity. The structures here reported shed further light on the interactions between the N-terminal domains and the catalytic domains of opposing chains and how they contribute to the catalytic reaction. Importantly this work identifies a useful surrogate system to aid the development of GlgE inhibitors against opportunistic and pathogenic mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.,Molecular Mycobacteriology Group, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Michal Blaszczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Ana Maranha
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Group, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Group, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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13
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Thanna S, Sucheck SJ. Targeting the trehalose utilization pathways of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 7:69-85. [PMID: 26941930 PMCID: PMC4770839 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an epidemic disease and the growing burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB world wide underlines the need to discover new drugs to treat the disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the etiological agent of most cases of TB. Mtb is difficult to treat, in part, due to the presence of a sturdy hydrophobic barrier that prevents penetration of drugs through the cell wall. Mtb can also survive in a non-replicative state for long periods of time avoiding the action of common antibiotics. Trehalose is an essential metabolite in mycobacteria since it plays key roles in cell wall synthesis, transport of cell wall glycolipids, and energy storage. It is also known for its stress protective roles such as: protection from desiccation, freezing, starvation and osmotic stress in bacteria. In this review we discuss the drug discovery efforts against enzymes involved in the trehalose utilization pathways (TUPs) and their likelihood of becoming drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Thanna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH, USA 43606
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH, USA 43606
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14
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Yassin AF, Lapidus A, Han J, Reddy TBK, Huntemann M, Pati A, Ivanova N, Markowitz V, Woyke T, Klenk HP, Kyrpides NC. High quality draft genome sequence of Corynebacterium ulceribovis type strain IMMIB-L1395(T) (DSM 45146(T)). Stand Genomic Sci 2015; 10:50. [PMID: 26380638 PMCID: PMC4572677 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-015-0036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium ulceribovis strain IMMIB L-1395(T) (= DSM 45146(T)) is an aerobic to facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile rod-shaped bacterium that was isolated from the skin of the udder of a cow, in Schleswig Holstein, Germany. The cell wall of C. ulceribovis contains corynemycolic acids. The cellular fatty acids are those described for the genus Corynebacterium, but tuberculostearic acid is not present. Here we describe the features of C. ulceribovis strain IMMIB L-1395(T), together with genome sequence information and its annotation. The 2,300,451 bp long genome containing 2,104 protein-coding genes and 54 RNA-encoding genes and is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Type Strains, Phase I: the one thousand microbial genomes (KMG) project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atteyet F Yassin
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Immunologie der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alla Lapidus
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia ; Algorithmic Biology Lab, St. Petersburg Academic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - James Han
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Genome Biology Program, Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - T B K Reddy
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Genome Biology Program, Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - Marcel Huntemann
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Genome Biology Program, Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - Amrita Pati
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Genome Biology Program, Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - Natalia Ivanova
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Genome Biology Program, Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - Victor Markowitz
- Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Genome Biology Program, Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nikos C Kyrpides
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Genome Biology Program, Walnut Creek, CA USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Maranha A, Moynihan PJ, Miranda V, Correia Lourenço E, Nunes-Costa D, Fraga JS, José Barbosa Pereira P, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Ventura MR, Clarke AJ, Empadinhas N. Octanoylation of early intermediates of mycobacterial methylglucose lipopolysaccharides. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13610. [PMID: 26324178 PMCID: PMC4555173 DOI: 10.1038/srep13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria synthesize unique intracellular methylglucose lipopolysaccharides (MGLP) proposed to modulate fatty acid metabolism. In addition to the partial esterification of glucose or methylglucose units with short-chain fatty acids, octanoate was invariably detected on the MGLP reducing end. We have identified a novel sugar octanoyltransferase (OctT) that efficiently transfers octanoate to glucosylglycerate (GG) and diglucosylglycerate (DGG), the earliest intermediates in MGLP biosynthesis. Enzymatic studies, synthetic chemistry, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry approaches suggest that, in contrast to the prevailing consensus, octanoate is not esterified to the primary hydroxyl group of glycerate but instead to the C6 OH of the second glucose in DGG. These observations raise important new questions about the MGLP reducing end architecture and about subsequent biosynthetic steps. Functional characterization of this unique octanoyltransferase, whose gene has been proposed to be essential for M. tuberculosis growth, adds new insights into a vital mycobacterial pathway, which may inspire new drug discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maranha
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrick J. Moynihan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Miranda
- ITQB – Instituto de Tecnologia Química Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Correia Lourenço
- ITQB – Instituto de Tecnologia Química Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Nunes-Costa
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Fraga
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Rita Ventura
- ITQB – Instituto de Tecnologia Química Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anthony J. Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- III/UC– Instituto de Investigação Interdisciplinar, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Structure of mycobacterial maltokinase, the missing link in the essential GlgE-pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8026. [PMID: 25619172 PMCID: PMC4306142 DOI: 10.1038/srep08026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel four-step pathway identified recently in mycobacteria channels trehalose to glycogen synthesis and is also likely involved in the biosynthesis of two other crucial polymers: intracellular methylglucose lipopolysaccharides and exposed capsular glucan. The structures of three of the intervening enzymes - GlgB, GlgE, and TreS - were recently reported, providing the first templates for rational drug design. Here we describe the structural characterization of the fourth enzyme of the pathway, mycobacterial maltokinase (Mak), uncovering a eukaryotic-like kinase (ELK) fold, similar to methylthioribose kinases and aminoglycoside phosphotransferases. The 1.15 Å structure of Mak in complex with a non-hydrolysable ATP analog reveals subtle structural rearrangements upon nucleotide binding in the cleft between the N- and the C-terminal lobes. Remarkably, this new family of ELKs has a novel N-terminal domain topologically resembling the cystatin family of protease inhibitors. By interfacing with and restraining the mobility of the phosphate-binding region of the N-terminal lobe, Mak's unusual N-terminal domain might regulate its phosphotransfer activity and represents the most likely anchoring point for TreS, the upstream enzyme in the pathway. By completing the gallery of atomic-detail models of an essential pathway, this structure opens new avenues for the rational design of alternative anti-tubercular compounds.
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17
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Homotypic dimerization of a maltose kinase for molecular scaffolding. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6418. [PMID: 25245657 PMCID: PMC4171701 DOI: 10.1038/srep06418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) uses maltose-1-phosphate to synthesize α-glucans that make up the major component of its outer capsular layer. Maltose kinase (MaK) catalyzes phosphorylation of maltose. The molecular basis for this phosphorylation is currently not understood. Here, we describe the first crystal structure of MtbMaK refined to 2.4 Å resolution. The bi-modular architecture of MtbMaK reveals a remarkably unique N-lobe. An extended sheet protrudes into ligand binding pocket of an adjacent monomer and contributes residues critical for kinase activity. Structure of the complex of MtbMaK bound with maltose reveals that maltose binds in a shallow cavity of the C-lobe. Structural constraints permit phosphorylation of α-maltose only. Surprisingly, instead of a Gly-rich loop, MtbMaK employs 'EQS' loop to tether ATP. Notably, this loop is conserved across all MaK homologues. Structures of MtbMaK presented here unveil features that are markedly different from other kinases and support the scaffolding role proposed for this kinase.
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18
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Angala SK, Belardinelli JM, Huc-Claustre E, Wheat WH, Jackson M. The cell envelope glycoconjugates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:361-99. [PMID: 24915502 PMCID: PMC4436706 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.925420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the second most common cause of death due to a single infectious agent. The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of the disease in humans, is a source of unique glycoconjugates and the most distinctive feature of the biology of this organism. It is the basis of much of Mtb pathogenesis and one of the major causes of its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. At the same time, the unique structures of Mtb cell envelope glycoconjugates, their antigenicity and essentiality for mycobacterial growth provide opportunities for drug, vaccine, diagnostic and biomarker development, as clearly illustrated by recent advances in all of these translational aspects. This review focuses on our current understanding of the structure and biogenesis of Mtb glycoconjugates with particular emphasis on one of the most intriguing and least understood aspect of the physiology of mycobacteria: the translocation of these complex macromolecules across the different layers of the cell envelope. It further reviews the rather impressive progress made in the last 10 years in the discovery and development of novel inhibitors targeting their biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Kumar Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
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19
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Zheng Q, Jiang D, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Zhao Q, Jin J, Li X, Yang H, Bartlam M, Shaw N, Zhou W, Rao Z. Mechanism of dephosphorylation of glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate by a histidine phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21242-51. [PMID: 24914210 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) synthesizes polymethylated polysaccharides that form complexes with long chain fatty acids. These complexes, referred to as methylglucose lipopolysaccharides (MGLPs), regulate fatty acid biosynthesis in vivo, including biosynthesis of mycolic acids that are essential for building the cell wall. Glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (GpgP, EC 5.4.2.1), encoded by Rv2419c gene, catalyzes the second step of the pathway for the biosynthesis of MGLPs. The molecular basis for this dephosphorylation is currently not understood. Here, we describe the crystal structures of apo-, vanadate-bound, and phosphate-bound MtbGpgP, depicting unliganded, reaction intermediate mimic, and product-bound views of MtbGpgP, respectively. The enzyme consists of a single domain made up of a central β-sheet flanked by α-helices on either side. The active site is located in a positively charged cleft situated above the central β-sheet. Unambiguous electron density for vanadate covalently bound to His(11), mimicking the phosphohistidine intermediate, was observed. The role of residues interacting with the ligands in catalysis was probed by site-directed mutagenesis. Arg(10), His(11), Asn(17), Gln(23), Arg(60), Glu(84), His(159), and Leu(209) are important for enzymatic activity. Comparison of the structures of MtbGpgP revealed conformational changes in a key loop region connecting β1 with α1. This loop regulates access to the active site. MtbGpgP functions as dimer. L209E mutation resulted in monomeric GpgP, rendering the enzyme incapable of dephosphorylation. The structures of GpgP reported here are the first crystal structures for histidine-phosphatase-type GpgPs. These structures shed light on a key step in biosynthesis of MGLPs that could be targeted for development of anti-tuberculosis therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dunquan Jiang
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114
| | - Jin Jin
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Li
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- the College of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300073, China
| | - Mark Bartlam
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Neil Shaw
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, the National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weihong Zhou
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China,
| | - Zihe Rao
- From the College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, the National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China, the Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and
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20
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Nobre A, Alarico S, Maranha A, Mendes V, Empadinhas N. The molecular biology of mycobacterial trehalose in the quest for advanced tuberculosis therapies. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:1547-1570. [PMID: 24858083 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a natural glucose disaccharide identified in the 19th century in fungi and insect cocoons, and later across the three domains of life. In members of the genus Mycobacterium, which includes the tuberculosis (TB) pathogen and over 160 species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), many of which are opportunistic pathogens, trehalose has been an important focus of research over the last 60 years. It is a crucial player in the assembly and architecture of the remarkable mycobacterial cell envelope as an element of unique highly antigenic glycolipids, namely trehalose dimycolate ('cord factor'). Free trehalose has been detected in the mycobacterial cytoplasm and occasionally in oligosaccharides with unknown function. TB and NTM infection statistics and death toll, the decline in immune responses in the aging population, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS or other debilitating conditions, and the proliferation of strains with different levels of resistance to the dated drugs in use, all merge into a serious public-health threat urging more effective vaccines, efficient diagnostic tools and new drugs. This review deals with the latest findings on mycobacterial trehalose biosynthesis, catabolism, processing and recycling, as well with the ongoing quest for novel trehalose-related mechanisms to be targeted by novel TB therapeutics. In this context, the drug-discovery pipeline has recently included new lead compounds directed toward trehalose-related targets highlighting the potential of these pathways to stem the tide of rising drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nobre
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Alarico
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maranha
- Biosciences PhD Program, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vitor Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- III/UC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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Miah F, Koliwer-Brandl H, Rejzek M, Field RA, Kalscheuer R, Bornemann S. Flux through trehalose synthase flows from trehalose to the alpha anomer of maltose in mycobacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:487-93. [PMID: 23601637 PMCID: PMC3918855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose synthase (TreS) was thought to catalyze flux from maltose to trehalose, a precursor of essential trehalose mycolates in mycobacterial cell walls. However, we now show, using a genetic approach, that TreS is not required for trehalose biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis, whereas two alternative trehalose-biosynthetic pathways (OtsAB and TreYZ) are crucial. Consistent with this direction of flux, trehalose levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis decreased when TreS was overexpressed. In addition, TreS was shown to interconvert the α anomer of maltose and trehalose using (1)H and (19)F-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies using its normal substrates and deoxyfluoromaltose analogs, with the nonenzymatic mutarotation of α/β-maltose being slow. Therefore, flux through TreS in mycobacteria flows from trehalose to α-maltose, which is the appropriate anomer for maltose kinase of the GlgE α-glucan pathway, which in turn contributes to intracellular and/or capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Miah
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK
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22
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Roy R, Usha V, Kermani A, Scott DJ, Hyde EI, Besra GS, Alderwick LJ, Fütterer K. Synthesis of α-glucan in mycobacteria involves a hetero-octameric complex of trehalose synthase TreS and Maltokinase Pep2. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2245-55. [PMID: 23901909 PMCID: PMC3805332 DOI: 10.1021/cb400508k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Recent evidence established that
the cell envelope of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, the bacillus causing tuberculosis (TB), is
coated by an α-glucan-containing capsule that has been implicated
in persistence in a mouse infection model. As one of three known metabolic
routes to α-glucan in mycobacteria, the cytoplasmic GlgE-pathway
converts trehalose to α(1 → 4),α(1 → 6)-linked
glucan in 4 steps. Whether individual reaction steps, catalyzed by
trehalose synthase TreS, maltokinase Pep2, and glycosyltransferases
GlgE and GlgB, occur independently or in a coordinated fashion is
not known. Here, we report the crystal structure of M. tuberculosis TreS, and show by small-angle X-ray scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation
that TreS forms tetramers in solution. Together with Pep2, TreS forms
a hetero-octameric complex, and we demonstrate that complex formation
markedly accelerates maltokinase activity of Pep2. Thus, complex formation
may act as part of a regulatory mechanism of the GlgE pathway, which
overall must avoid accumulation of toxic pathway intermediates, such
as maltose-1-phosphate, and optimize the use of scarce nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Roy
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Veeraraghavan Usha
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Ali Kermani
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - David J. Scott
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus,
Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, U.K
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxon OX11
0FA, U.K
| | - Eva I. Hyde
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Luke J. Alderwick
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Klaus Fütterer
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
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23
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Ruhal R, Kataria R, Choudhury B. Trends in bacterial trehalose metabolism and significant nodes of metabolic pathway in the direction of trehalose accumulation. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 6:493-502. [PMID: 23302511 PMCID: PMC3918152 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary The current knowledge of trehalose biosynthesis under stress conditions is incomplete and needs further research. Since trehalose finds industrial and pharmaceutical applications, enhanced accumulation of trehalose in bacteria seems advantageous for commercial production. Moreover, physiological role of trehalose is a key to generate stress resistant bacteria by metabolic engineering. Although trehalose biosynthesis requires few metabolites and enzyme reactions, it appears to have a more complex metabolic regulation. Trehalose biosynthesis in bacteria is known through three pathways – OtsAB, TreYZ and TreS. The interconnections of in vivo synthesis of trehalose, glycogen or maltose were most interesting to investigate in recent years. Further, enzymes at different nodes (glucose-6-P, glucose-1-P and NDP-glucose) of metabolic pathways influence enhancement of trehalose accumulation. Most of the study of trehalose biosynthesis was explored in medically significant Mycobacterium, research model Escherichia coli, industrially applicable Corynebacterium and food and probiotic interest Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Therefore, the present review dealt with the trehalose metabolism in these bacteria. In addition, an effort was made to recognize how enzymes at different nodes of metabolic pathway can influence trehalose accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Ruhal
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Biotechnology, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
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Mendes V, Maranha A, Alarico S, Empadinhas N. Biosynthesis of mycobacterial methylglucose lipopolysaccharides. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:834-44. [PMID: 22678749 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial pathogenesis is closely associated with a unique cell envelope rich in complex carbohydrates and unique lipids, among which are the mycolic acids. Mycobacteria also synthesize unique intracellular polymethylated polysaccharides (PMPSs), namely methylglucose lipopolysaccharides (MGLPs), which are acylated with short-chain fatty acids, and methylmannose polysaccharides (MMPs). Since PMPSs modulate the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids in vitro, the possibility of a similar role in vivo and the regulation of mycolic acids assembly have been anticipated. Unlike MGLPs, MMPs have been identified in M. smegmatis and other fast-growing mycobacteria but not in M. tuberculosis, implying an essential role for MGLPs in this pathogen and turning the biosynthetic enzymes into attractive drug targets. The genome of M. tuberculosis was decoded 14 years ago but only recently has the identity of the genes involved in MGLPs biosynthesis been investigated. Two gene clusters (Rv1208-Rv1213 and Rv3030-Rv3037c) containing a few genes considered to be essential for M. tuberculosis growth, have initially been proposed to coordinate MGLPs biosynthesis. Among these genes, only the product of Rv1208 for the first step in the MGLPs pathway has, so far, been crystallized and its three-dimensional structure been determined. However, recent results indicate that at least three additional clusters may be involved in this pathway. The functional assignment of authentic roles to some of these M. tuberculosis H37Rv genes sheds new light on the intricacy of MGLPs biogenesis and renewed interest on their biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Mendes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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