1
|
Demir S, Koyu H, Yilmaz MA, Tarhan A, Ozturk SB. Antityrosinase activity and LC-MS/MS analysis of optimized ultrasound-assisted condition extracts and fractions from strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.). J Food Drug Anal 2024; 32:194-212. [PMID: 38934692 PMCID: PMC11210468 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigation of utilization possibilities of natural sources has been an important area for research. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity plays a key role in food and medicine industry. Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), a widely distributed plant among Mediterranean countries, possess fruits and leaves with rich bioactive phytochemicals, especially polyphenolic compounds. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antityrosinase activity of the fruit and leaf extracts of the plant, and to determine the phenolic compounds that contribute to the antityrosinase activity. In this regard, we evaluated the effect of solvent composition on the extraction of phenolic compounds from A. unedo and on its antityrosinase activity using a simplex centroid design approach, and used chromatographic and LC-MS/MS techniques. The leaf extracts prepared using EtOH:water (50:50) provided higher TPC (456.39 mg GAE/g extract) and acetone:EtOH:water (33:33:33) provided higher TFC (56.15 mg QE/g extract) values than of fruit extracts. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 23 phenolic/flavonoid compounds in leaf extracts (L1-8), and major metabolites were detected as quercitrin, quinic acid, catechin, tannic acid, isoquercitrin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. Among the leaf extracts, L3 (aceton:water, 50:50) exhibited 72.01% tyrosinase inhibition at 500 μg/mL. After fractionation studies guided by antityrosinase activity, its subfraction L3-Fr2 exhibited 40.06% inhibition at 50 μg/mL concentration (IC50: 146 ± 7.75 μg/mL), and catechin (113.19 mg/g), tannic acid (53.14 mg/g), ellagic acid (22.14 mg/g), gallic acid (10.27 mg/g), and epicatechin gallate (8.65 mg/g) were determined as major metabolites. Its subfraction L3-Fr2-sub7 exhibited better antityrosinase activity (IC50: 206.23 ± 9.87 μg/mL), and quantitative analysis results revealed the presence of tannic acid (127.40 mg/g), gallic acid (13.96 mg/g), ellagic acid (7.66 mg/g), quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (5.06 mg/g), and quinic acid (3.2 mg/g) as major metabolites, and correlation analysis showed that ellagic acid and quinic acid were positively correlated with antityrosinase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Demir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040, Bornova-Izmir,
Turkey
| | - Halil Koyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620, Cigli-Izmir,
Turkey
| | - Mustafa A. Yilmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280, Sur-Diyarbakir,
Turkey
- Dicle University Science and Technology Research and Application Center, 21280, Sur-Diyarbakir,
Turkey
| | - Abbas Tarhan
- Dicle University Science and Technology Research and Application Center, 21280, Sur-Diyarbakir,
Turkey
| | - Sura Baykan Ozturk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040, Bornova-Izmir,
Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu JK. Natural products in cosmetics. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:40. [PMID: 36437391 PMCID: PMC9702281 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The global cosmetics market reached US$500 billion in 2017 and is expected to exceed US$800 billion by 2023, at around a 7% annual growth rate. The cosmetics industry is emerging as one of the fastest-growing industries of the past decade. Data shows that the Chinese cosmetics market was US$60 billion in 2021. It is expected to be the world's number one consumer cosmetics market by 2050, with a size of approximately US$450 billion. The influence of social media and the internet has raised awareness of the risks associated with the usage of many chemicals in cosmetics and the health benefits of natural products derived from plants and other natural resources. As a result, the cosmetic industry is now paying more attention to natural products. The present review focus on the possible applications of natural products from various biological sources in skin care cosmetics, including topical care products, fragrances, moisturizers, UV protective, and anti-wrinkle products. In addition, the mechanisms of targets for evaluation of active ingredients in cosmetics and the possible benefits of these bioactive compounds in rejuvenation and health, and their potential role in cosmetics are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kai Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Health, Shenzhen Moore Vaporization Health & Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nam G, An SK, Park IC, Bae S, Lee JH. Daphnetin inhibits α-MSH-induced melanogenesis via PKA and ERK signaling pathways in B16F10 melanoma cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:596-609. [PMID: 35325017 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Daphnetin is a dehydroxylated derivative of coumarin isolated from Daphne species. However, the effect of daphnetin on melanogenesis has not been elucidated. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of daphnetin on melanogenesis in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-treated B16F10 cells and its potential mechanism. Melanin content analysis and cellular tyrosinase activity assay showed that daphnetin inhibited melanin biosynthesis in α-MSH-treated B16F10 cells. Immunoblotting and qRT-PCR also indicated that daphnetin suppressed the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, a mastering transcription factor of melanogenesis and its downstream melanogenic enzymes including tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related proteins. Moreover, daphnetin downregulated the phosphorylation of PKA, ERK, MSK1, and CREB. Additionally, daphnetin inhibited melanin synthesis in UVB-irradiated HaCaT conditioned medium system suggesting that daphnetin has potential as an antipigmentation activity in a physiological skin condition. Our data propose that daphnetin inhibits melanogenesis via modulating both the PKA/CREB and the ERK/MSK1/CREB pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garam Nam
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwan An
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Hu C, Gu Z, Dai L. Understanding of catalytic ROS generation from defect-rich graphene quantum-dots for therapeutic effects in tumor microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:340. [PMID: 34702276 PMCID: PMC8547047 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their low cost, high catalytic efficiency and biocompatibility, carbon-based metal-free catalysts (C-MFCs) have attracted intense interest for various applications, ranging from energy through environmental to biomedical technologies. While considerable effort and progress have been made in mechanistic understanding of C-MFCs for non-biomedical applications, their catalytic mechanism for therapeutic effects has rarely been investigated. In this study, defect-rich graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were developed as C-MFCs for efficient ROS generation, specifically in the H2O2-rich tumor microenvironment to cause multi-level damages of subcellular components (even in nuclei). While a desirable anti-cancer performance was achieved, the catalytic performance was found to strongly depend on the defect density. It is for the first time that the defect-induced catalytic generation of ROS by C-MFCs in the tumor microenvironment was demonstrated and the associated catalytic mechanism was elucidated. This work opens a new avenue for the development of safe and efficient catalytic nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xichu Wang
- Australian Carbon Materials Centre (A-CMC), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chuangang Hu
- Australian Carbon Materials Centre (A-CMC), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zi Gu
- Australian Carbon Materials Centre (A-CMC), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Liming Dai
- Australian Carbon Materials Centre (A-CMC), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boo YC. Arbutin as a Skin Depigmenting Agent with Antimelanogenic and Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071129. [PMID: 34356362 PMCID: PMC8301119 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbutin is a compound of hydroquinone and D-glucose, and it has been over 30 years since there have been serious studies on the skin lightening action of this substance. In the meantime, there have been debates and validation studies about the mechanism of action of this substance as well as its skin lightening efficacy and safety. Several analogs or derivatives of arbutin have been developed and studied for their melanin synthesis inhibitory action. Formulations have been developed to improve the stability, transdermal delivery, and release of arbutin, and device usage to promote skin absorption has been developed. Substances that inhibit melanin synthesis synergistically with arbutin have been explored. The skin lightening efficacy of arbutin alone or in combination with other active ingredients has been clinically evaluated. Combined therapy with arbutin and laser could give enhanced depigmenting efficacy. The use of arbutin causes dermatitis rarely, and caution is recommended for the use of arbutin-containing products, especially from the viewpoint that hydroquinone may be generated during product use. Studies on the antioxidant properties of arbutin are emerging, and these antioxidant properties are proposed to contribute to the skin depigmenting action of arbutin. It is hoped that this review will help to understand the pros and cons of arbutin as a cosmetic ingredient, and will lead to future research directions for developing advanced skin lightening and protecting cosmetic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song W, Zhao YY, Ren YJ, Liu LL, Wei SD, Yang HB. Proanthocyanidins isolated from the leaves of Photinia × fraseri block the cell cycle and induce apoptosis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells. Food Funct 2021; 12:3978-3991. [PMID: 33977989 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is considered a molecular marker of melanoma, and few natural antitumor drugs targeting tyrosinase have been identified. In this study, proanthocyanidins (PAs) were isolated from the leaves of Photinia × fraseri and their structures were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the effects of antityrosinase activity were investigated. The results showed that the basic structural units of PAs are composed of catechin and epicatechin and that oligomer is the main component. PAs exhibited better antityrosinase activity via chelation of copper ions and by disturbing o-quinone production. Furthermore, analyses of the cell cycle, apoptosis rate, and regulation of melanin protein expression revealed preliminarily that PAs could affect melanin production by downregulating microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) expression and by inhibiting the activities of tyrosinase and tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP-1), leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of melanoma cells. Collectively, our study demonstrated that PAs are potential tyrosinase inhibitors and have good antimelanoma effects. These findings provide a theoretical support for the application of tyrosinase inhibitors and for further drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan 467044, China.
| | - Ya-Ying Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan 467044, China. and College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
| | - Yuan-Jing Ren
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan 467044, China. and College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan 467044, China. and College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
| | - Shu-Dong Wei
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan 467044, China. and Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Radmard A, Saeedi M, Morteza-Semnani K, Hashemi SMH, Nokhodchi A. An eco-friendly and green formulation in lipid nanotechnology for delivery of a hydrophilic agent to the skin in the treatment and management of hyperpigmentation complaints: Arbutin niosome (Arbusome). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 201:111616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
8
|
Polouliakh N, Ludwig V, Meguro A, Kawagoe T, Heeb O, Mizuki N. Alpha-Arbutin Promotes Wound Healing by Lowering ROS and Upregulating Insulin/IGF-1 Pathway in Human Dermal Fibroblast. Front Physiol 2020; 11:586843. [PMID: 33250779 PMCID: PMC7672191 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.586843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-arbutin (4-hydroxyphenyl alpha-glucopyranoside) is a known inhibitor of tyrosinase in keratinocytes; however, its effect on other genes and pathways in other skin cells has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of alpha-arbutin activity in human dermal fibroblast cultures for 48 h. Results showed that the oxidative stress pathway was activated as alpha-arbutin reduced reactive oxygen species. In addition, we found a high possibility of wound healing and the upregulation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IFG1R) pathway. We also investigated the role of the NRF2 gene in mediating the alpha-arbutin response. In silico comparative genomics analysis conducted using our original tool, SHOE, suggested transcription factors with a role in tumor suppression and toxicity response as candidates for regulating the alpha-arbutin-mediated pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Polouliakh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsukata Kawagoe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Oliver Heeb
- Department of MAVT, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song W, Liu LL, Ren YJ, Wei SD, Yang HB. Inhibitory effects and molecular mechanism on mushroom tyrosinase by condensed tannins isolation from the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1813-1821. [PMID: 33038405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The structure of extracted condensed tannin (CT) from the fruit of Sour jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow) and the molecular mechanisms by which CT inhibits the activity of mushroom tyrosinase were investigated. The structure of CT was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The kinetic assays were used to detect inhibition effect, type and mechanism. UV scanning, fluorescence quenching, copper interacting, o-quinone interaction and molecular docking assays were also used to reveal the molecular mechanisms by which CT inhibit tyrosinase. The results showed the structural units of CT containing afzelechin/epiafzelechin, catechin/epicatechin, and gallocatechin/epigallocatechin. Kinetic analysis showed that CT inhibits both the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase and exhibits reversible, mixed type mechanism. The fruit CT interacts primarily with the copper ions and specific amino acid residue (Asn191, Thr203, Ala202, Ser206, Met201, His194, His54, Glu182 and Ile42) in the active site of tyrosinase to disturb oxidation of substrates by tyrosinase. These results suggested the sour jujube fruit is a potential natural source of tyrosinase inhibitors, and has a potential to be used in food preservation, whitening cosmetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan 467044, China.
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yuan-Jing Ren
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Shu-Dong Wei
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan 467044, China; Forestry College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dimitrova PA, Alipieva K, Grozdanova T, Leseva M, Gerginova D, Simova S, Marchev AS, Bankova V, Georgiev MI, Popova MP. Veronica austriaca L. Extract and Arbutin Expand Mature Double TNF-α/IFN-γ Neutrophils in Murine Bone Marrow Pool. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153410. [PMID: 32731392 PMCID: PMC7435612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants from the Veronica genus are used across the world as traditional remedies. In the present study, extracts from the aerial part of the scarcely investigated Veronica austriaca L., collected from two habitats in Bulgaria—the Balkan Mountains (Vau-1) and the Rhodopi Mountains (Vau-2), were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The secondary metabolite, arbutin, was identified as a major constituent in both extracts, and further quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while catalpol, aucubin and verbascoside were detected at lower amounts. The effect of the extracts and of pure arbutin on the survival of neutrophils isolated from murine bone marrow (BM) were determined by colorimetric assay. The production of cytokines—tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ was evaluated by flowcytometry. While Vau-1 inhibited neutrophil vitality in a dose-dependent manner, arbutin stimulated the survival of neutrophils at lower concentrations, and inhibited cell density at higher concentrations. The Vau-1 increased the level of intracellular TNF-α, while Vau-2 and arbutin failed to do so, and expanded the frequency of mature double TNF-α+/IFN-γhi neutrophils within the BM pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petya A. Dimitrova
- Department of Immunology, The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl. 26 Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Kalina Alipieva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl. 9 Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.G.); (D.G.); (S.S.); (V.B.); (M.P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-2-960-6137
| | - Tsvetinka Grozdanova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl. 9 Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.G.); (D.G.); (S.S.); (V.B.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Milena Leseva
- Department of Immunology, The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl. 26 Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Dessislava Gerginova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl. 9 Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.G.); (D.G.); (S.S.); (V.B.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Svetlana Simova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl. 9 Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.G.); (D.G.); (S.S.); (V.B.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Andrey S. Marchev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.S.M.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Vassya Bankova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl. 9 Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.G.); (D.G.); (S.S.); (V.B.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Milen I. Georgiev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 139 Ruski Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (A.S.M.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Milena P. Popova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl. 9 Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.G.); (D.G.); (S.S.); (V.B.); (M.P.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ebadollahi SH, Pouramir M, Zabihi E, Golpour M, Aghajanpour-Mir M. The Effect of Arbutin on The Expression of Tumor Suppressor P53, BAX/BCL-2 Ratio and Oxidative Stress Induced by Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide in Fibroblast and LNcap Cell Lines. CELL JOURNAL 2020; 22:532-541. [PMID: 32347047 PMCID: PMC7211292 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.6902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective Arbutin (p-hydroxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) possesses beneficial functions including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-tumoral activities. Due to the important role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in the successful treatment of cancer, understanding mechanisms that lead to apoptosis in cancer cells, is essential. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of arbutin on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative stress and the related mechanisms in fibroblast and Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate (LNCaP) cells. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, the LNCaP and fibroblast cell lines were pre-treated with arbutin (50, 250 and 1000 μM). After 24 hours, t-BHP (30 and 35 μM) was added to the cells. Viability was measured (at 24 and 48 hours) using MTT assay. The antioxidant effect of arbutin was measured by FRAP assay. The mRNA expression of P53 and BAX/BCL-2 ratio were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The percentage of apoptotic or necrotic cells was determined using a double staining annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection kit. Results Arbutin pre-treatment increased the total antioxidative power and cell viability in the MTT assay and reduced BAX/BCL-2 ratio, P53 mRNA expression and necrosis in fibroblasts exposed to the oxidative agent (P<0.001). In addition, our results showed that arbutin can decrease cell viability, induce apoptosis and increase BAX/BCL-2 ratio in LNCaP cells at some specific concentrations (P<0.001). Conclusion Arbutin as a potential functional β-D-glucopyranoside has strong ability to selectively protect fibroblasts against t-BHP-induced cell damage and induce apoptosis in LNCaP cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hima Ebadollahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahdi Pouramir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Electronic Address: .,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Monireh Golpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aghajanpour-Mir
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park JJ, Hwang SJ, Kang YS, Jung J, Park S, Hong JE, Park Y, Lee HJ. Synthesis of arbutin-gold nanoparticle complexes and their enhanced performance for whitening. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:977-989. [PMID: 31144234 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arbutin, a natural polyphenol, possesses numerous biological activities including whitening, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, as well as strong reducing power, making it an ideal bioactive ingredient for preparing gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Previously, we developed a novel green, mild synthetic method for GNPs using glycosides such as arbutin as reducing agents and stabilizers. Herein, we optimized the synthetic method for glycoside-GNPs using arbutin, methyl β-D-glucoside, and phenyl β-D-glucoside and validated their whitening efficacy in vitro and in vivo. The resulting glycoside-GNPs were predominantly mono-dispersed and spherical (10.30-17.13 nm diameter). Compared with arbutin itself, arbutin-GNP complexes (GNP-A1 and GNP-P2) displayed enhanced whitening capabilities. Furthermore, GNP-P2 exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory activity and lacked the toxicity associated with arbutin. Bioactive glycoside-GNP complexes may open new directions for cosmeceuticals, and GNP-P2 may serve as a useful whitening ingredient in future cosmeceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 50834, South Korea
| | - Su Jung Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 50834, South Korea
| | - Yu Sun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 50834, South Korea
| | - Jisung Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 50834, South Korea
| | - Suryeon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 50834, South Korea
| | - Jee Eun Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 50834, South Korea
| | - Yohan Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 50834, South Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 50834, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lim J, Nam S, Jeong JH, Kim MJ, Yang Y, Lee MS, Lee HG, Ryu JH, Lim JS. Kazinol U inhibits melanogenesis through the inhibition of tyrosinase-related proteins via AMP kinase activation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:737-750. [PMID: 30579288 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kazinol U is a prenylated flavan isolated from an extract of Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb (Moraceae). Kazinol U has shown cytoprotective effects against cytokine-induced apoptotic cell death and induces AMP kinase (AMPK) activation through LKB1 activation. However, kazinol U has not been tested as a regulator of melanogenesis, although bark extract of B. kazinoki has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for skin conditioning. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We cultured mouse, human melanoma cells and normal human melanocytes to demonstrate anti-melanogenic effects of kazinol U. A tyrosinase activity assay, Western blot, RT-qPCR and a luciferase reporter gene assay were performed to determine the anti-melanogenic mechanisms of kazinol U. We confirmed its effect on melanogenesis in vivo using zebrafish. KEY RESULTS Kazinol U inhibited the expression and activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis, and reduced tyrosinase expression and activity in response to cAMP-inducing agents. Kazinol U reduced the expression of other melanogenic enzymes, such as tyrosinase-related protein (Tyrp) 1 and Tyrp2, and down-regulated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), the master regulator of the tyrosinase gene family. Moreover, kazinol U induced phosphorylation of AMPK and MAPK proteins, which are MITF inhibitors. It also exhibited anti-melanogenic effects in zebrafish, a recently developed in vivo model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that kazinol U reduces melanogenesis via its inhibitory effect on MITF and its downstream target genes, tyrosinase, Tyrp1 and Tyrp2. This work may provide a basis for the application of kazinol U for the treatment of hyperpigmentation skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lim
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sorim Nam
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Jeong
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control and College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Science and Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cho K, Parveen A, Kang MC, Subedi L, Lee JH, Park SY, Jin MR, Yoon H, Son YK, Kim SY. Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. leaves extract ameliorates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in NC/Nga mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 48:76-83. [PMID: 30195883 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. has been reported to treat the fever, cough, asthma, and chronic skin disease in Korean Medicine. However, there is no scientific evidence for the use of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. Leaves (PUL) extract or its mechanism of action in atopic dermatitis (AD). This study was performed to find the potential therapeutic effects of PUL on the progression of AD using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. METHODS We examined the effects of PUL on the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7, Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) -induced HaCaT cells, respectively. The PUL extract was topically administered to the 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) -treated NC/Nga mice. The potential effects of PUL extract were evaluated by measuring the dermatitis score, scratching behavior and serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE). The Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and Interleukin 13 (IL-13) cytokines levels were also measured in the splenocytes. In addition, the major components from PUL were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS PUL extract significantly reduced the level of NO in RAW 264.7 cells, as well as IL-6 and IL-1β in TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells. It also reduced IL-4 and IL-13 levels in splenocytes. In DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice, PUL extract significantly ameliorated the dermatitis severity, scratching tendency and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) compared to the negative control. Also, it normalized skin barriers with decreased production of IgE in mice serum. The arbutin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin were identified as major constituents of the extract by HPLC analysis. These constituents may be involved either alone or together in the regulation of atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSION Our studies indicate that PUL ameliorates atopic dermatitis-like symptoms by suppressing the proinflammatory cytokines and immune stimuli in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. Therefore, these data suggest that PUL might be an effective natural resource for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KyoHee Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Amna Parveen
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Min Cheol Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Lalita Subedi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Rim Jin
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Yoon
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Son
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tůmová L, Dolečková I, Hendrychová H, Kašparová M. Arbutin Content and Tyrosinase Activity of Bergenia Extracts. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The total arbutin content in the leaves of all the studied Bergenia plants ( B. crassifolia, B. ciliata and B. x ornata) was determined. The highest values of the arbutin content have been established for B. crassifolia (58.9 ± 0.7 mg.g−1 DW) and B. x ornata (51.0 ± 1.21 mg.g−1 DW), and the lowest for B. ciliata (5.9 ± 0.6 mg.g−1 DW). Arbutin concentration in the Bergenia leaves was the lowest in spring, in the autumn, on the contrary it increased. All the tested aqueous extracts caused a dose-dependent increase in diphenolase activity of fungal tyrosinase in a similar way as arbutin. On the other hand, all the ethanol extracts inhibited the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tůmová
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dolečková
- Contipro a.s., Dolní Dobrouč 401, 561 02 Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Hendrychová
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kašparová
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tada M, Niwano Y, Kohno M. Generation Mechanism of Deferoxamine Radical by Tyrosine-Tyrosinase Reaction. ANAL SCI 2016; 31:911-6. [PMID: 26353957 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxide radical formations of deferoxamine mesylate (DFX) that is used clinically to treat iron-overload patients was examined by a tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction system as models of the H-atom transfer or proton-coupled electron transfer. When DFX was exposed to the tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction, nine-line ESR spectrum (g = 2.0063, hfcc; aN = 0.78 mT, aH(2) = 0.63 mT) was detected, indicating that the oxidation of DFX leads to a nitroxide radical. The signal intensity of the DFX radical increased dependently on the concentrations of tyrosine and tyrosinase. The amounts of DMPO-OH spin adducts via the tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction declined with DFX. Furthermore, mass spectra of an extra removed from the tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction mixture showed that the enzyme reactions might not be degradations of DFX. Therefore, there might be two types of DFX reaction passways, which could be through an internal electron transfer from tyrosine and hydrogen absorptions by ·OH directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Tada
- Center for General Education, Tohoku Institute of Technology
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
miR-196a-2 rs11614913 polymorphism is associated with vitiligo by affecting heterodimeric molecular complexes of Tyr and Tyrp1. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:683-92. [PMID: 25896941 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyr-Tyrp1) complex plays a critical role in the synthesis of melanin intermediates, which involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and contributes to the development of vitiligo. Based on our previous observation that rs11614913 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in miR-196a-2 could affect the risk of vitiligo by influencing Tyrp1, we hypothesized that the same SNP could also regulate the level of Tyr in vitiligo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential association between rs11614913 SNP in miR-196a-2 and serum Tyr level in vitiligo and the regulatory role of miR-196a-2 in the expression of Tyr in melanocytes. The serum Tyr level was detected in 116 patients with vitiligo and 116 controls by ELISA plate assay. The expression level of Tyrp1 and Tyr in PIG1(normal melanocyte cell lines) cells was analyzed by western blotting. The ROS level and apoptosis rate in PIG1 cells transfected with si-Tyr or control siRNA were tested by flow cytometry. The results show that the individuals with TT+TC genotypes in miR-196a-2 and higher Tyr level in serum had an increased risk of vitiligo compared with those who had the CC genotype and lower Tyr level (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the rs11614913 C allele in miR-196a-2 enhanced its inhibitory regulation on the expression of Tyr, the down-regulation of which in melanocytes successfully reduced the intracellular ROS levels and the apoptosis rate. In conclusion, our findings suggest that miR-196a-2 polymorphisms can regulate the Tyr levels, which influences the susceptibility of vitiligo.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gonçalves I, Botelho CM, Teixeira A, Abreu AS, Hilliou L, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A. Antimicrobial lubricant formulations containing poly(hydroxybenzene)-trimethoprim conjugates synthesized by tyrosinase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4225-35. [PMID: 25761624 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(hydroxybenzene)-trimethoprim conjugates were prepared using methylparaben as substrate of the oxidative enzyme tyrosinase. MALDI-TOF MS analysis showed that the enzymatic oxidation of methylparaben alone leads to the poly(hydroxybenzene) formation. In the presence of trimethoprim, the methylparaben tyrosinase oxidation leads poly(hydroxybenzene)-trimethoprim conjugates. All of these compounds were incorporated into lubricant hydroxyethyl cellulose/glycerol mixtures. Poly(hydroxybenzene)-trimethoprim conjugates were the most effective phenolic structures against the bacterial growth reducing by 96 and 97% of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis suspensions, respectively (after 24 h). A novel enzymatic strategy to produce antimicrobial poly(hydroxybenzene)-antibiotic conjugates is proposed here for a wide range of applications on the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idalina Gonçalves
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|