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Ishibashi K, Hirata E. Multifaceted interactions between cancer cells and glial cells in brain metastasis. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 38992968 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer brain metastasis has a poor prognosis, is commonly observed in clinical practice, and the number of cases is increasing as overall cancer survival improves. However, experiments in mouse models have shown that brain metastasis itself is an inefficient process. One reason for this inefficiency is the brain microenvironment, which differs significantly from that of other organs, making it difficult for cancer cells to adapt. The brain microenvironment consists of unique resident cell types such as neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Accumulating evidence over the past decades suggests that the interactions between cancer cells and glial cells can positively or negatively influence the development of brain metastasis. Nevertheless, elucidating the complex interactions between cancer cells and glial cells remains challenging, in part due to the limitations of existing experimental models for glial cell culture. In this review, we first provide an overview of glial cell culture methods and then examine recent discoveries regarding the interactions between brain metastatic cancer cells and the surrounding glial cells, with a special focus on astrocytes and microglia. Finally, we discuss future perspectives for understanding the multifaceted interactions between cancer cells and glial cells for the treatment of metastatic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Ishibashi
- Division of Tumor Cell Biology and Bioimaging, Cancer Research Institute of Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eishu Hirata
- Division of Tumor Cell Biology and Bioimaging, Cancer Research Institute of Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Galland F, Seady M, Taday J, Smaili SS, Gonçalves CA, Leite MC. Astrocyte culture models: Molecular and function characterization of primary culture, immortalized astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104538. [PMID: 31430518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the physiology of astrocytes and their role in brain function progresses continuously. Primary astrocyte culture is an alternative method to study these cells in an isolated system: in their physiologic and pathologic states. Cell lines are often used as an astrocyte model, since they are easier and faster to manipulate and cost less. However, there are a few studies evaluating the different features of these cells which may put into question the validity of using them as astrocyte models. The aim of this study was to compare primary cultures (PC) with two cell lines - immortalized astrocytes and C6 cells, in terms of protein characterization, morphology and metabolic functional activity. Our results showed, under the same culture condition, that immortalized astrocytes and C6 are positive for differentiated astrocytic markers (eg. GFAP, S100B, AQP4 and ALDH1L1), although expressing them in less quantities then primary astrocyte cultures. Glutamate metabolism and cell communication are reduced in proliferative cells. However, glucose uptake is elevated in C6 lineage cells in comparison with primary astrocytes, probably due to their tumorigenic origin and high proliferation rate. Immortalized astrocytes presented a lower growth rate than C6 cells, and a similar basal morphology as primary astrocytes. However, they did not prove to be as good reproductive models of some of the classic astrocytic functions, such as S100B secretion and GFAP content, especially while under stimulation. In contrast, C6 cells presented similar results in comparison to primary astrocytes in response to stimuli. Here we provide a functional comparison of three astrocytic models, in an attempt to select the most suitable model for the study of astrocytes, optimizing the research in this area of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Galland
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Seady
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jessica Taday
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Departamento de Farmacologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Rocchio F, Tapella L, Manfredi M, Chisari M, Ronco F, Ruffinatti FA, Conte E, Canonico PL, Sortino MA, Grilli M, Marengo E, Genazzani AA, Lim D. Gene expression, proteome and calcium signaling alterations in immortalized hippocampal astrocytes from an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:24. [PMID: 30631041 PMCID: PMC6328590 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is rapidly growing regarding a role of astroglial cells in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the hippocampus is one of the important brain regions affected in AD. While primary astroglial cultures, both from wild-type mice and from rodent models of AD, have been useful for studying astrocyte-specific alterations, the limited cell number and short primary culture lifetime have limited the use of primary hippocampal astrocytes. To overcome these limitations, we have now established immortalized astroglial cell lines from the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD and wild-type control mice (3Tg-iAstro and WT-iAstro, respectively). Both 3Tg-iAstro and WT-iAstro maintain an astroglial phenotype and markers (glutamine synthetase, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1 and aquaporin-4) but display proliferative potential until at least passage 25. Furthermore, these cell lines maintain the potassium inward rectifying (Kir) current and present transcriptional and proteomic profiles compatible with primary astrocytes. Importantly, differences between the 3Tg-iAstro and WT-iAstro cell lines in terms of calcium signaling and in terms of transcriptional changes can be re-conducted to the changes previously reported in primary astroglial cells. To illustrate the versatility of this model we performed shotgun mass spectrometry proteomic analysis and found that proteins related to RNA binding and ribosome are differentially expressed in 3Tg-iAstro vs WT-iAstro. In summary, we present here immortalized hippocampal astrocytes from WT and 3xTg-AD mice that might be a useful model to speed up research on the role of astrocytes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rocchio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinic Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Tapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy.,ISALIT S.r.l., Spin-off of Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mariangela Chisari
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Ronco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Conte
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Canonico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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Abstract
Cell cycle cytometry and analysis are essential tools for studying cells of model organisms and natural populations (e.g., bone marrow). Methods have not changed much for many years. The simplest and most common protocol is DNA content analysis, which is extensively published and reviewed. The next most common protocol, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine S phase labeling detected by specific antibodies, is also well published and reviewed. More recently, S phase labeling using 5'-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation and a chemical reaction to label substituted DNA has been established as a basic, reliable protocol. Multiple antibody labeling to detect epitopes on cell cycle regulated proteins, which is what this chapter is about, is the most complex of these cytometric cell cycle assays, requiring knowledge of the chemistry of fixation, the biochemistry of antibody-antigen reactions, and spectral compensation. However, because this knowledge is relatively well presented methodologically in many papers and reviews, this chapter will present a minimal Methods section for one mammalian cell type and an extended Notes section, focusing on aspects that are problematic or not well described in the literature. Most of the presented work involves how to segment the data to produce a complete, progressive, and compartmentalized cell cycle analysis from early G1 to late mitosis (telophase). A more recent development, using fluorescent proteins fused with proteins or peptides that are degraded by ubiquitination during specific periods of the cell cycle, termed "Fucci" (fluorescent, ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicators) provide an analysis similar in concept to multiple antibody labeling, except in this case cells can be analyzed while living and transgenic organisms can be created to perform cell cycle analysis ex or in vivo (Sakaue-Sawano et al., Cell 132:487-498, 2007). This technology will not be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jacobberger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - R Michael Sramkoski
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Tammy Stefan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Philip G Woost
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Mechanism of human somatic reprogramming to iPS cell. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1152-1157. [PMID: 28530648 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) was realized in the year 2006 in mice, and in 2007 in humans, by transiently forced expression of a combination of exogenous transcription factors. Human and mouse iPSCs are distinctly reprogrammed into a 'primed' and a 'naïve' state, respectively. In the last decade, puzzle pieces of somatic reprogramming have been collected with difficulty. Collectively, dissecting reprogramming events and identification of the hallmark of sequentially activated/silenced genes have revealed mouse somatic reprogramming in fragments, but there is a long way to go toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of human somatic reprogramming, even with developing technologies. Recently, an established human intermediately reprogrammed stem cell (iRSC) line, which has paused reprogramming at the endogenous OCT4-negative/exogenous transgene-positive pre-MET (mesenchymal-to-epithelial-transition) stage can resume reprogramming into endogenous OCT4-positive iPSCs only by change of culture conditions. Genome-editing-mediated visualization of endogenous OCT4 activity with GFP in living iRSCs demonstrates the timing of OCT4 activation and entry to MET in the reprogramming toward iPSCs. Applications of genome-editing technology to pluripotent stem cells will reshape our approaches for exploring molecular mechanisms.
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Dynamic epitope expression from static cytometry data: principles and reproducibility. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30870. [PMID: 22347408 PMCID: PMC3275612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An imprecise quantitative sense for the oscillating levels of proteins and their modifications, interactions, and translocations as a function of the cell cycle is fundamentally important for a cartoon/narrative understanding for how the cell cycle works. Mathematical modeling of the same cartoon/narrative models would be greatly enhanced by an open-ended methodology providing precise quantification of many proteins and their modifications, etc. Here we present methodology that fulfills these features. Methodology Multiparametric flow cytometry was performed on Molt4 cells to measure cyclins A2 and B1, phospho-S10-histone H3, DNA content, and light scatter (cell size). The resulting 5 dimensional data were analyzed as a series of bivariate plots to isolate the data as segments of an N-dimensional “worm” through the data space. Sequential, unidirectional regions of the data were used to assemble expression profiles for each parameter as a function of cell frequency. Results Analysis of synthesized data in which the true values where known validated the approach. Triplicate experiments demonstrated exceptional reproducibility. Comparison of three triplicate experiments stained by two methods (single cyclin or dual cyclin measurements with common DNA and phospho-histone H3 measurements) supported the feasibility of combining an unlimited number of epitopes through this methodology. The sequential degradations of cyclin A2 followed by cyclin B1 followed by de-phosphorylation of histone H3 were precisely mapped. Finally, a two phase expression rate during interphase for each cyclin was robustly identified. Conclusions Very precise, correlated expression profiles for important cell cycle regulating and regulated proteins and their modifications can be produced, limited only by the number of available high-quality antibodies. These profiles can be assembled into large information libraries for calibration and validation of mathematical models.
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Abstract
Background To obtain non-relative measures of cell proteins, purified preparations of the same proteins are used as standards in Western blots. We have previously quantified SV40 large T antigen expressed over a several fold range in different cell lines and correlated the average number of molecules to average fluorescence obtained by cytometry and determined cell cycle phase related expression by calculation from multi-parametric cytometry data. Using a modified approach, we report quantification of endogenous cyclin B1 and generation of the cell cycle time related expression profile. Methodology Recombinant cyclin B1 was purified from a baculovirus lysate using an antibody affinity column and concentrated. We created fixed cell preparations from nocodazole-treated (high cyclin B1) and serum starved (low cyclin B1) PC3 cells that were either lyophilized (for preservation) or solubilized. The lysates and purified cyclin B1 were subjected to Western blotting; the cell preparations were subjected to cytometry, and fluorescence was correlated to molecules. Three untreated cell lines (K562, HeLa, and RKO) were prepared for cytometry without lyophilization and also prepared for Western blotting. These were quantified by Western blotting and by cytometry using the standard cell preparations. Results The standard cell preparations had 1.5×105 to 2.5×106 molecules of cyclin B1 per cell on average (i.e., 16-fold range). The average coefficient of variation was 24%. Fluorescence varied 12-fold. The relationship between molecules/cell (Western blot) and immunofluorescence (cytometry) was linear (r2 = 0.87). Average cyclin B1 levels for the three untreated cell lines determined by Western blotting and cytometry agreed within a factor of 2. The non-linear rise in cyclin B1 in S phase was quantified from correlated plots of cyclin B1 and DNA content. The peak levels achieved in G2 were similar despite differences in lineage, growth conditions, and rates of increase through the cell cycle (range: 1.6–2.2×106 molecules per cell). Conclusions Net cyclin B1 expression begins in G1 in human somatic cells lines; increases non-linearly with variation in rates of accumulation, but peaks at similar peak values in different cell lines growing under different conditions. This suggests tight quantitative end point control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis S. Frisa
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James W. Jacobberger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bogoch Y, Linial M. Coordinated expression of cytoskeleton regulating genes in the accelerated neurite outgrowth of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2007; 314:677-90. [PMID: 18201697 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The embryonal carcinoma P19 cells provide a model to study neuronal differentiation. Cells that are exposed to retinoic acid become mature neurons within a few days with a pronounced axonal and dendritic polarity. Notably, an accelerated rate of neurite extension characterizes densely but not sparsely plated cells. DNA microarray experiments show maximal differences in gene expression of the dense compared to sparse plated cultures at 18 h after plating. The differentially expressed genes are enriched by functions of cell adhesion and cytoskeletal regulation. Doublecortin, Lis1, Reelin, Map2 and dozens of proteins that regulate cytoskeleton dynamics increase in concordance with a rapid neurite extension. A brief elevation in intracellular cAMP via PKA is sufficient to instigate the phenotype of accelerated neurite extension with no effect on P19 cell fate. Furthermore, we show that the cAMP dependent changes in the expression of cytoskeleton regulators such as doublecortin are restricted to a short time window prior to the establishment of functional neurons. We propose that the wave of gene expression of cytoskeletal regulators that is accompanied by accelerated neurite extension acts in remodeling young developing neurons in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Bogoch
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Israel
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Chaw KC, Manimaran M, Tay FEH, Swaminathan S. A quantitative observation and imaging of single tumor cell migration and deformation using a multi-gap microfluidic device representing the blood vessel. Microvasc Res 2006; 72:153-60. [PMID: 17081570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic device was developed for quantifying the migratory and deformability capabilities of a single tumor cell using direct imaging. It was fabricated using photolithography and is made of polydimethysiloxane. Chemotaxis approach was used for directing cell movement, using 10 microm microgaps to restrict the migration to a single cell. Each cell's migration rate is quantified as a measure of its distance traveled over time taken. Real-time recording of cell deformation under physiological flow was performed, and the elongation index and surface area change of the cells were compared. Three human tumor cell lines viz. HepG2, HeLa and MDA-MB-435S were used to verify the operation and methodology of the device. Their migration rates ranged from 5 to 15 microm/h, consistent with other scientific reports. By reducing the microgap width to 3 microm, it was found that the cells moved along the row of microgaps but were unable to migrate across the microgaps. Subsequent deformation of the cells through the gaps further showed that their migratory capability might be governed by their deformation ability and the deformation stress on their membranes. The strategy of targeting cancer cell membrane for rupture may provide a therapy for metastasis. Being a valuable tool for rapid quantification of a single cell's migratory capability, this device should be helpful for pharmacologic and drug screening, investigation of factors that regulate cell migration and deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Chaw
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #04-01, 138669, Singapore
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Li JG, Chen YK, Wang YM. Splicing of SV40T gene exons and construction of a retroviral vector pLLTSN. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1104-1107. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i5.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct an immortalization vector for hepatocytes immortalization, and two exons of simian virus 40 large T antigen gene (SV40T) were spliced and a retroviral vector pLLTSN without intron was constructed.
METHODS: The two exons of SV40T were amplified respectively by high fidelity polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using the plasmid pUC19-SV40T as the template. Then SV40T gene was spliced by overlapping extension (SOE), and cloned into theEcoRⅠand BamHⅠsites of the retroviral vector pLXSN. The positive recombinant clones were screened and identified by PCR by using colonies directly as templates, and by restriction endonuclease digestion analysis, and DNA sequence analysis.
RESULTS: The 2.1 kb SV40T gene was spliced. Among the ten colonies randomly screened, four were proved positive, and one of them was verified by plasmid DNA sequencing.
CONCLUSION: The retroviral vector pLLTSN containing SV40T without intron is successfully constructed.
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Dolnikov A, Wotherspoon S, Millington M, Symonds G. Retrovirus vector production and transduction: modulation by the cell cycle. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:3131-3141. [PMID: 14573819 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the cell cycle modulation of retrovirus vector production and transduction was analysed. Retrovirus vector expression was found to be similar in all phases of the cell cycle and, in contrast to some other virus promoters shown previously to be upregulated by G(2)/M arrest, Moloney murine leukaemia virus LTR-driven expression was upregulated neither by G(2)/M growth arrest nor by G(1)/S growth arrest. In contrast, cultures enriched for S phase cells produced more infectious virions, apparently by modulation of stages consequent to provirus expression. In terms of retrovirus transduction, limitations appear to be slow progression through the cell cycle and short half-life of the virus. Synchronization of cells prior to mitosis can increase transduction efficiency. Cell cycle modulation can be used to modify retrovirus vector production and transduction and can allow short transduction periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Dolnikov
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia and Children's Cancer Institute, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Simon Wotherspoon
- Johnson and Johnson Research Laboratories, The Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 1430, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2053, Australia
| | - Michelle Millington
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia and Children's Cancer Institute, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Geoff Symonds
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia and Children's Cancer Institute, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Johnson and Johnson Research Laboratories, The Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 1430, Australia
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Liu J, Rothermund CA, Ayala-Sanmartin J, Vishwanatha JK. Nuclear annexin II negatively regulates growth of LNCaP cells and substitution of ser 11 and 25 to glu prevents nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of annexin II. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 4:10. [PMID: 12962548 PMCID: PMC200965 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annexin II heavy chain (also called p36, calpactin I) is lost in prostate cancers and in a majority of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Loss of annexin II heavy chain appears to be specific for prostate cancer since overexpression of annexin II is observed in a majority of human cancers, including pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and brain tumors. Annexin II exists as a heterotetramer in complex with a protein ligand p11 (S100A10), and as a monomer. Diverse cellular functions are proposed for the two forms of annexin II. The monomer is involved in DNA synthesis. A leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) in the N-terminus of annexin II regulates its nuclear export by the CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway. Mutation of the NES sequence results in nuclear retention of annexin II. RESULTS Annexin II localized in the nucleus is phosphorylated, and the appearance of nuclear phosphorylated annexin II is cell cycle dependent, indicating that phosphorylation may play a role in nuclear entry, retention or export of annexin II. By exogenous expression of annexin II in the annexin II-null LNCaP cells, we show that wild-type annexin II is excluded from the nucleus, whereas the NES mutant annexin II localizes in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nuclear retention of annexin II results in reduced cell proliferation and increased doubling time of cells. Expression of annexin II, both wild type and NES mutant, causes morphological changes of the cells. By site-specific substitution of glutamic acid in the place of serines 11 and 25 in the N-terminus, we show that simultaneous phosphorylation of both serines 11 and 25, but not either one alone, prevents nuclear localization of annexin II. CONCLUSION Our data show that nuclear annexin II is phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner and that substitution of serines 11 and 25 inhibit nuclear entry of annexin II. Aberrant accumulation of nuclear annexin II retards proliferation of LNCaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christy A Rothermund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin
- INSERM U538, Trafic membranaire et signalisation dans les cellules épithéliales, CHU Saint Antoine, 27, rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jamboor K Vishwanatha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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