1
|
Yang D, Jeong Y, Ortinau L, Solidum J, Park D. Mx1 -labeled pulp progenitor cells are main contributors to postnatal odontoblasts and pulp cells in murine molars. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586156. [PMID: 38585950 PMCID: PMC10996506 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Regeneration of dentin and odontoblasts from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) is essential for permanent tooth maintenance. However, the in vivo identity and role of endogenous DPSCs in reparative dentinogenesis are elusive. Here, using pulp single-cell analysis before and after molar eruption, we revealed that endogenous DPSCs are enriched in Cxcl12- GFP + coronal papilla-like cells with Mx1- Cre labeling. These Mx1 + Cxcl12- GFP + cells are long-term repopulating cells that contribute to the majority of pulp cells and new odontoblasts after eruption. Upon molar injury, Mx1 + DPSCs localize into the injury site and differentiate into new odontoblasts, forming scleraxis -GFP + and osteocalcin -GFP + dentinal tubules and reparative dentin. Single-cell and FACS analysis showed that Mx1 + Cxcl12- GFP + DPSCs are the most primitive cells with stem cell marker expression and odontoblast differentiation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Mx1 labels postnatal DSPCs, which are the main source of pulp cells and new odontoblasts with reparative dentinogenesis in vivo .
Collapse
|
2
|
Bitard J, Grellier EK, Lourdel S, Filipe HP, Hamon A, Fenaille F, Castelli FA, Chu-Van E, Roger JE, Locker M, Perron M. Uveitic glaucoma-like features in Yap conditional knockout mice. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:48. [PMID: 38272861 PMCID: PMC10811226 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive and irreversible degeneration of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells. Despite medical advances aiming at slowing degeneration, around 40% of treated glaucomatous patients will undergo vision loss. It is thus of utmost importance to have a better understanding of the disease and to investigate more deeply its early causes. The transcriptional coactivator YAP, an important regulator of eye homeostasis, has recently drawn attention in the glaucoma research field. Here we show that Yap conditional knockout mice (Yap cKO), in which the deletion of Yap is induced in both Müller glia (i.e. the only retinal YAP-expressing cells) and the non-pigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body, exhibit a breakdown of the aqueous-blood barrier, accompanied by a progressive collapse of the ciliary body. A similar phenotype is observed in human samples that we obtained from patients presenting with uveitis. In addition, aged Yap cKO mice harbor glaucoma-like features, including deregulation of key homeostatic Müller-derived proteins, retinal vascular defects, optic nerve degeneration and retinal ganglion cell death. Finally, transcriptomic analysis of Yap cKO retinas pointed to early-deregulated genes involved in extracellular matrix organization potentially underlying the onset and/or progression of the observed phenotype. Together, our findings reveal the essential role of YAP in preserving the integrity of the ciliary body and retinal ganglion cells, thereby preventing the onset of uveitic glaucoma-like features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Bitard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France.
| | - Elodie-Kim Grellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Sophie Lourdel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Helena Prior Filipe
- West Lisbon Hospitals Center, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Annaïg Hamon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Florence Anne Castelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Emeline Chu-Van
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme E Roger
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Morgane Locker
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Muriel Perron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rivellini C, Porrello E, Dina G, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vezzoli A, Bacigaluppi M, Gullotta GS, Chaabane L, Leocani L, Marenna S, Colombo E, Farina C, Newcombe J, Nave KA, Pardi R, Quattrini A, Previtali SC. JAB1 deletion in oligodendrocytes causes senescence-induced inflammation and neurodegeneration in mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:145071. [PMID: 34874913 PMCID: PMC8803330 DOI: 10.1172/jci145071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the primary target of demyelinating disorders and progressive neurodegenerative changes may evolve in the CNS. DNA damage and oxidative stress are considered key pathogenic events, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, animal models do not fully recapitulate human diseases, complicating the path to effective treatments. Here we report that mice with cell autonomous deletion of the nuclear COP9 signalosome component CSN5 (JAB1) in oligodendrocytes develop DNA damage and defective DNA repair in myelinating glial cells. Interestingly, oligodendrocytes lacking JAB1 expression underwent a senescence-like phenotype that fostered chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. These mutants developed progressive CNS demyelination, microglia inflammation and neurodegeneration, with severe motor deficits and premature death. Notably, blocking microglia inflammation did not prevent neurodegeneration, whereas the deletion of p21CIP1 but not p16INK4a pathway ameliorated the disease. We suggest that senescence is key to sustaining neurodegeneration in demyelinating disorders and may be considered a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rivellini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Porrello
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, ICF-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council, ICF-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Serena Gullotta
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Chaabane
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marenna
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Colombo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jia Newcombe
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano C Previtali
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mitsogiannis MD, Pancho A, Aerts T, Sachse SM, Vanlaer R, Noterdaeme L, Schmucker D, Seuntjens E. Subtle Roles of Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules in Embryonic Forebrain Development and Neuronal Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:624181. [PMID: 33585465 PMCID: PMC7876293 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.624181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) Cell Adhesion Molecules (DSCAMs) are transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Human DSCAM is located within the DS critical region of chromosome 21 (duplicated in Down Syndrome patients), and mutations or copy-number variations of this gene have also been associated to Fragile X syndrome, intellectual disability, autism, and bipolar disorder. The DSCAM paralogue DSCAM-like 1 (DSCAML1) maps to chromosome 11q23, implicated in the development of Jacobsen and Tourette syndromes. Additionally, a spontaneous mouse DSCAM deletion leads to motor coordination defects and seizures. Previous research has revealed roles for DSCAMs in several neurodevelopmental processes, including synaptogenesis, dendritic self-avoidance, cell sorting, axon growth and branching. However, their functions in embryonic mammalian forebrain development have yet to be completely elucidated. In this study, we revealed highly dynamic spatiotemporal patterns of Dscam and Dscaml1 expression in definite cortical layers of the embryonic mouse brain, as well as in structures and ganglionic eminence-derived neural populations within the embryonic subpallium. However, an in-depth histological analysis of cortical development, ventral forebrain morphogenesis, cortical interneuron migration, and cortical-subcortical connectivity formation processes in Dscam and Dscaml1 knockout mice (Dscam del17 and Dscaml1 GT ) at several embryonic stages indicated that constitutive loss of Dscam and Dscaml1 does not affect these developmental events in a significant manner. Given that several Dscam- and Dscaml1-linked neurodevelopmental disorders are associated to chromosomal region duplication events, we furthermore sought to examine the neurodevelopmental effects of Dscam and Dscaml1 gain of function (GOF). In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo GOF negatively impacted neural migration processes important to cortical development, and affected the morphology of maturing neurons. Overall, these findings contribute to existing knowledge on the molecular etiology of human neurodevelopmental disorders by elucidating how dosage variations of genes encoding adhesive cues can disrupt cell-cell or cell-environment interactions crucial for neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D. Mitsogiannis
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Pancho
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sonja M. Sachse
- Neuronal Wiring Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ria Vanlaer
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Noterdaeme
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- Neuronal Wiring Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neuronal Wiring Group, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harlan De Crescenzo A, Panoutsopoulos AA, Tat L, Schaaf Z, Racherla S, Henderson L, Leung KY, Greene NDE, Green R, Zarbalis KS. Deficient or Excess Folic Acid Supply During Pregnancy Alter Cortical Neurodevelopment in Mouse Offspring. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:635-649. [PMID: 32995858 PMCID: PMC7727343 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate is an essential micronutrient required for both cellular proliferation through de novo nucleotide synthesis and epigenetic regulation of gene expression through methylation. This dual requirement places a particular demand on folate availability during pregnancy when both rapid cell generation and programmed differentiation of maternal, extraembryonic, and embryonic/fetal tissues are required. Accordingly, prenatal neurodevelopment is particularly susceptible to folate deficiency, which can predispose to neural tube defects, or when effective transport into the brain is impaired, cerebral folate deficiency. Consequently, adequate folate consumption, in the form of folic acid (FA) fortification and supplement use, is widely recommended and has led to a substantial increase in the amount of FA intake during pregnancy in some populations. Here, we show that either maternal folate deficiency or FA excess in mice results in disruptions in folate metabolism of the offspring, suggesting diversion of the folate cycle from methylation to DNA synthesis. Paradoxically, either intervention causes comparable neurodevelopmental changes by delaying prenatal cerebral cortical neurogenesis in favor of late-born neurons. These cytoarchitectural and biochemical alterations are accompanied by behavioral abnormalities in FA test groups compared with controls. Our findings point to overlooked potential neurodevelopmental risks associated with excessively high levels of prenatal FA intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Harlan De Crescenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Alexios A Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lyvin Tat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Zachary Schaaf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Shailaja Racherla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lyle Henderson
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kit-Yi Leung
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ralph Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Konstantinos S Zarbalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neuray C, Maroofian R, Scala M, Sultan T, Pai GS, Mojarrad M, Khashab HE, deHoll L, Yue W, Alsaif HS, Zanetti MN, Bello O, Person R, Eslahi A, Khazaei Z, Feizabadi MH, Efthymiou S, El-Bassyouni HT, Soliman DR, Tekes S, Ozer L, Baltaci V, Khan S, Beetz C, Amr KS, Salpietro V, Jamshidi Y, Alkuraya FS, Houlden H. Early-infantile onset epilepsy and developmental delay caused by bi-allelic GAD1 variants. Brain 2020; 143:2388-2397. [PMID: 32705143 PMCID: PMC7447512 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are the most abundant amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Its predominant isoform GAD67, contributes up to ∼90% of base-level GABA in the CNS, and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. Disruption of GAD1 results in an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, and as Gad1-/- mice die neonatally of severe cleft palate, it has not been possible to determine any potential neurological dysfunction. Furthermore, little is known about the consequence of GAD1 disruption in humans. Here we present six affected individuals from six unrelated families, carrying bi-allelic GAD1 variants, presenting with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by early-infantile onset epilepsy and hypotonia with additional variable non-CNS manifestations such as skeletal abnormalities, dysmorphic features and cleft palate. Our findings highlight an important role for GAD1 in seizure induction, neuronal and extraneuronal development, and introduce GAD1 as a new gene associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Neuray
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Reza Maroofian
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcello Scala
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Genetic Center of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Heba El Khashab
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Suliman Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wyatt Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Hessa S Alsaif
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maria N Zanetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oscar Bello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Atieh Eslahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Masoumeh H Feizabadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Doaa R Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Selahattin Tekes
- Dicle University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Leyla Ozer
- Yuksek Ihtisas University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Khalda S Amr
- Molecular Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yalda Jamshidi
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute St George's, University of London, UK
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henry Houlden
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Verrier L, Davidson L, Gierliński M, Dady A, Storey KG. Neural differentiation, selection and transcriptomic profiling of human neuromesodermal progenitor-like cells in vitro. Development 2018; 145:dev166215. [PMID: 29899136 PMCID: PMC6124542 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Robust protocols for directed differentiation of human pluripotent cells are required to determine whether mechanisms operating in model organisms are relevant to our own development. Recent work in vertebrate embryos has identified neuromesodermal progenitors as a bipotent cell population that contributes to paraxial mesoderm and spinal cord. However, precise protocols for in vitro differentiation of human spinal cord progenitors are lacking. Informed by signalling in amniote embryos, we show here that transient dual-SMAD inhibition, together with retinoic acid (dSMADi-RA), provides rapid and reproducible induction of human spinal cord progenitors from neuromesodermal progenitor-like cells. Using CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer human embryonic stem cells with a GFP-reporter for neuromesodermal progenitor-associated gene Nkx1.2 we facilitate selection of this cell population. RNA-sequencing was then used to identify human and conserved neuromesodermal progenitor transcriptional signatures, to validate this differentiation protocol and to reveal new pathways/processes in human neural differentiation. This optimised protocol, novel reporter line and transcriptomic data are useful resources with which to dissect molecular mechanisms regulating human spinal cord generation and allow the scaling-up of distinct cell populations for global analyses, including proteomic, biochemical and chromatin interrogation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Verrier
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lindsay Davidson
- Human Pluripotent Cell Facility, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Marek Gierliński
- Data analysis group, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alwyn Dady
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghosh S, Hui SP. Regeneration of Zebrafish CNS: Adult Neurogenesis. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:5815439. [PMID: 27382491 PMCID: PMC4921647 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5815439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration in the animal kingdom is one of the most fascinating problems that have allowed scientists to address many issues of fundamental importance in basic biology. However, we came to know that the regenerative capability may vary across different species. Among vertebrates, fish and amphibians are capable of regenerating a variety of complex organs through epimorphosis. Zebrafish is an excellent animal model, which can repair several organs like damaged retina, severed spinal cord, injured brain and heart, and amputated fins. The focus of the present paper is on spinal cord regeneration in adult zebrafish. We intend to discuss our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) that allows formation of proliferating progenitors and controls neurogenesis, which involve changes in epigenetic and transcription programs. Unlike mammals, zebrafish retains radial glia, a nonneuronal cell type in their adult central nervous system. Injury induced proliferation involves radial glia which proliferate, transcribe embryonic genes, and can give rise to new neurons. Recent technological development of exquisite molecular tools in zebrafish, such as cell ablation, lineage analysis, and novel and substantial microarray, together with advancement in stem cell biology, allowed us to investigate how progenitor cells contribute to the generation of appropriate structures and various underlying mechanisms like reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukla Ghosh
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vastagh C, Schwirtlich M, Kwakowsky A, Erdélyi F, Margolis FL, Yanagawa Y, Katarova Z, Szabó G. The spatiotemporal segregation of GAD forms defines distinct GABA signaling functions in the developing mouse olfactory system and provides novel insights into the origin and migration of GnRH neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:249-70. [PMID: 25125027 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a dual role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system (CNS) and as a signaling molecule exerting largely excitatory actions during development. The rate-limiting step of GABA synthesis is catalyzed by two glutamic acid decarboxylase isoforms GAD65 and GAD67 coexpressed in the GABAergic neurons of the CNS. Here we report that the two GADs show virtually nonoverlapping expression patterns consistent with distinct roles in the developing peripheral olfactory system. GAD65 is expressed exclusively in undifferentiated neuronal progenitors confined to the proliferative zones of the sensory vomeronasal and olfactory epithelia In contrast GAD67 is expressed in a subregion of the nonsensory epithelium/vomeronasal organ epithelium containing the putative Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) progenitors and GnRH neurons migrating from this region through the frontonasal mesenchyme into the basal forebrain. Only GAD67+, but not GAD65+ cells accumulate detectable GABA. We further demonstrate that GAD67 and its embryonic splice variant embryonic GAD (EGAD) concomitant with GnRH are dynamically regulated during GnRH neuronal migration in vivo and in two immortalized cell lines representing migratory (GN11) and postmigratory (GT1-7) stage GnRH neurons, respectively. Analysis of GAD65/67 single and double knock-out embryos revealed that the two GADs play complementary (inhibitory) roles in GnRH migration ultimately modulating the speed and/or direction of GnRH migration. Our results also suggest that GAD65 and GAD67/EGAD characterized by distinct subcellular localization and kinetics have disparate functions during olfactory system development mediating proliferative and migratory responses putatively through specific subcellular GABA pools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vastagh
- Division of Medical Gene Technology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Katow H, Katow T, Abe K, Ooka S, Kiyomoto M, Hamanaka G. Mesomere-derived glutamate decarboxylase-expressing blastocoelar mesenchyme cells of sea urchin larvae. Biol Open 2014; 3:94-102. [PMID: 24357228 PMCID: PMC3892164 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20136882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ontogenetic origin of blastocoelar glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-expressing cells (GADCs) in larvae of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus was elucidated. Whole-mount in situ hybridisation (WISH) detected transcription of the gene that encodes GAD in H. pulcherrimus (Hp-gad) in unfertilised eggs and all blastomeres in morulae. However, at and after the swimming blastula stage, the transcript accumulation was particularly prominent in clumps of ectodermal cells throughout the embryonic surface. During the gastrula stage, the transcripts also accumulated in the endomesoderm and certain blastocoelar cells. Consistent with the increasing number of Hp-gad transcribing cells, immunoblot analysis indicated that the relative abundance of Hp-Gad increased considerably from the early gastrula stage until the prism stage. The expression pattern of GADCs determined by immunohistochemistry was identical to the pattern of Hp-gad transcript accumulation determined using WISH. In early gastrulae, GADCs formed blastocoelar cell aggregates around the blastopore with primary mesenchyme cells. The increase in the number of blastocoelar GADCs was inversely proportional to the number of ectodermal GADCs ranging from a few percent of total GADCs in early gastrulae to 80% in late prism larvae; this depended on ingression of ectodermal GADCs into the blastocoel. Some of the blastocoelar GADCs were fluorescein-positive in the larvae that developed from the 16-cell stage chimeric embryos; these comprised fluorescein-labeled mesomeres and unlabelled macromeres and micromeres. Our finding indicates that some of the blastocoelar GADCs are derived from the mesomeres and thus they are the new group of mesenchyme cells, the tertiary mesenchyme cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Katow
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
| | - Tomoko Katow
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
| | - Kouki Abe
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
- Present address: Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Neuronal Cell Morphogenesis, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shioh Ooka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
- Present address: Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Field Science Center, Tateyama Station (Banda), Chiba 294-0308, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyomoto
- Marine and Coastal Research Center, Ochanomizu University, Tateyama, Chiba 294-0301, Japan
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Marine and Coastal Research Center, Ochanomizu University, Tateyama, Chiba 294-0301, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kimura R, Kasamatsu A, Koyama T, Fukumoto C, Kouzu Y, Higo M, Endo-Sakamoto Y, Ogawara K, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. Glutamate acid decarboxylase 1 promotes metastasis of human oral cancer by β-catenin translocation and MMP7 activation. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:555. [PMID: 24261884 PMCID: PMC3866561 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the production of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is found in the GABAergic neurons of the central nervous system. Little is known about the relevance of GAD1 to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We investigated the expression status of GAD1 and its functional mechanisms in OSCCs. Methods We evaluated GAD1 mRNA and protein expressions in OSCC-derived cells using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblotting analyses. To assess the critical functions of GAD1, i.e., cellular proliferation, invasiveness, and migration, OSCC-derived cells were treated with the shRNA and specific GAD1 inhibitor, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA). GAD1 expression in 80 patients with primary OSCCs was analyzed and compared to the clinicopathological behaviors of OSCC. Results qRT-PCR and immunoblotting analyses detected frequent up-regulation of GAD1 in OSCC-derived cells compared to human normal oral keratinocytes. Suppression of nuclear localization of β-catenin and MMP7 secretion was observed in GAD1 knockdown and 3-MPA-treated cells. We also found low cellular invasiveness and migratory abilities in GAD1 knockdown and 3-MPA-treated cells. In the clinical samples, GAD1 expression in the primary OSCCs was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in normal counterparts and was correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with regional lymph node metastasis. Conclusions Our data showed that up-regulation of GAD1 was a characteristic event in OSCCs and that GAD1 was correlated with cellular invasiveness and migration by regulating β-catenin translocation and MMP7 activation. GAD1 might play an important role in controlling tumoral invasiveness and metastasis in oral cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zarbalis K, Choe Y, Siegenthaler JA, Orosco LA, Pleasure SJ. Meningeal defects alter the tangential migration of cortical interneurons in Foxc1hith/hith mice. Neural Dev 2012; 7:2. [PMID: 22248045 PMCID: PMC3287125 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tangential migration presents the primary mode of migration of cortical interneurons translocating into the cerebral cortex from subpallial domains. This migration takes place in multiple streams with the most superficial one located in the cortical marginal zone. While a number of forebrain-expressed molecules regulating this process have emerged, it remains unclear to what extent structures outside the brain, like the forebrain meninges, are involved. Results We studied a unique Foxc1 hypomorph mouse model (Foxc1hith/hith) with meningeal defects and impaired tangential migration of cortical interneurons. We identified a territorial correlation between meningeal defects and disruption of interneuron migration along the adjacent marginal zone in these animals, suggesting that impaired meningeal integrity might be the primary cause for the observed migration defects. Moreover, we postulate that the meningeal factor regulating tangential migration that is affected in homozygote mutants is the chemokine Cxcl12. In addition, by using chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, we provide evidence that the Cxcl12 gene is a direct transcriptional target of Foxc1 in the meninges. Further, we observe migration defects of a lesser degree in Cajal-Retzius cells migrating within the cortical marginal zone, indicating a less important role for Cxcl12 in their migration. Finally, the developmental migration defects observed in Foxc1hith/hith mutants do not lead to obvious differences in interneuron distribution in the adult if compared to control animals. Conclusions Our results suggest a critical role for the forebrain meninges to promote during development the tangential migration of cortical interneurons along the cortical marginal zone and Cxcl12 as the factor responsible for this property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Zarbalis
- Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, 2425 Stockton Blvd., CA 95817, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei Q, Manley NR, Condie BG. Whole mount in situ hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 mouse embryos. J Vis Exp 2011:2797. [PMID: 22005971 DOI: 10.3791/2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures are lengthy and technically demanding with multiple important steps that collectively contribute to the quality of the final result. This protocol describes in detail several key quality control steps for optimizing probe labeling and performance. Overall, our protocol provides a detailed description of the critical steps necessary to reproducibly obtain high quality results. First, we describe the generation of digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probes via in vitro transcription of DNA templates generated by PCR. We describe three critical quality control assays to determine the amount, integrity and specific activity of the DIG-labeled probes. These steps are important for generating a probe of sufficient sensitivity to detect endogenous mRNAs in a whole mouse embryo. In addition, we describe methods for the fixation and storage of E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos for in situ hybridization. Then, we describe detailed methods for limited proteinase K digestion of the rehydrated embryos followed by the details of the hybridization conditions, post-hybridization washes and RNase treatment to remove non-specific probe hybridization. An AP-conjugated antibody is used to visualize the labeled probe and reveal the expression pattern of the endogenous transcript. Representative results are shown from successful experiments and typical suboptimal experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhi Wei
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oh WJ, Westmoreland JJ, Summers R, Condie BG. Cleft palate is caused by CNS dysfunction in Gad1 and Viaat knockout mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9758. [PMID: 20333300 PMCID: PMC2841638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that disruption of GABA signaling in mice via mutations in the Gad1, Gabrb3 or Viaat genes leads to the development of non-neural developmental defects such as cleft palate. Studies of the Gabrb3 and Gad1 mutant mice have suggested that GABA function could be required either in the central nervous system or in the palate itself for normal palatogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings To further examine the role of GABA signaling in palatogenesis we used three independent experimental approaches to test whether Gad1 or Viaat function is required in the fetal CNS for normal palate development. We used oral explant cultures to demonstrate that the Gad1 and Viaat mutant palates were able to undergo palatogenesis in culture, suggesting that there is no defect in the palate tissue itself in these mice. In a second series of experiments we found that the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol could rescue the cleft palate phenotype in Gad1 and Viaat mutant embryos. This suggested that normal multimeric GABAA receptors in the CNS were necessary for normal palatogenesis. In addition, we showed that CNS-specific inactivation of Gad1 was sufficient to disrupt palate development. Conclusions/Significance Our results are consistent with a role for Gad1 and Viaat in the central nervous system for normal development of the palate. We suggest that the alterations in GABA signaling lead to non-neural defects such as cleft palate as a secondary effect due to alterations in or elimination of fetal movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jong Oh
- Developmental Biology Group, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joby J. Westmoreland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ryan Summers
- Developmental Biology Group, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Condie
- Developmental Biology Group, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Role for TGF-beta superfamily signaling in telencephalic GABAergic neuron development. J Neurodev Disord 2009; 2:48-60. [PMID: 20339443 PMCID: PMC2834772 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-009-9035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling mechanisms mediated by the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily regulate a variety of developmental processes. Here we show that components of both bone morphogenetic protein/growth differentiation factor and TGF-β/activin/Nodal branches of TGF-β superfamily signaling are expressed in the developing subpallium. Furthermore, Smad proteins, transcriptional effectors of TGF-β signaling, are co-expressed and physically interact in the basal ganglia with Dlx homeodomain transcription factors, which are critical regulators of the differentiation, migration and survival of telencephalic GABAergic neurons. We also show that Dlx and Smad proteins localize to promoters/enhancers of a number of common telencephalic genes in vivo and that Smad proteins co-activate transcription with Dlx family members, except with certain mutated human DLX proteins identified in autistic individuals. In agreement with these observations, expression of dominant-negative Smads in the developing basal ganglia phenocopies the cell migration defects observed in Dlx1/2-deficient mice. Together, these results suggest that TGF-β superfamily signaling plays a role in telencephalic GABAergic neuron development through functional interactions with Dlx transcription factors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kwakowsky A, Schwirtlich M, Zhang Q, Eisenstat DD, Erdélyi F, Baranyi M, Katarova ZD, Szabó G. GAD isoforms exhibit distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns in the developing mouse lens: correlation with Dlx2 and Dlx5. Dev Dyn 2008; 236:3532-44. [PMID: 17969168 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the adult nervous system and its biosynthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are abundantly expressed in the embryonic nervous system and are involved in the modulation of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Here we describe for the first time the expression of GABA and embryonic and adult GAD isoforms in the developing mouse lens. We show that the GAD isoforms are sequentially induced with specific spatiotemporal profiles: GAD65 and embryonic GAD isoforms prevail in primary fibers, while GAD67 is the predominant GAD expressed in the postnatal secondary fibers. This pattern correlates well with the expression of Dlx2 and Dlx5, known as upstream regulators of GAD. GABA and GAD are most abundant at the tips of elongating fibers and are absent from organelle-free cells, suggesting their involvement is primarily in shaping of the cytoskeleton during fiber elongation stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kwakowsky
- Department of Gene Technology and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li M, Sipe CW, Hoke K, August LL, Wright MA, Saha MS. The role of early lineage in GABAergic and glutamatergic cell fate determination in Xenopus laevis. J Comp Neurol 2006; 495:645-57. [PMID: 16506195 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proper functioning of the adult nervous system is critically dependent on neurons adopting the correct neurotransmitter phenotype during early development. Whereas the importance of cell-cell communication in fate determination is well documented for a number of neurotransmitter phenotypes, the contributions made by early lineage to this process remain less clear. This is particularly true for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic neurons, which are present as the most abundant inhibitory and excitatory neurons, respectively, in the central nervous system of all vertebrates. In the present study, we have investigated the role of early lineage in the determination of these two neurotransmitter phenotypes by constructing a fate map of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons for the 32-cell stage Xenopus embryo with the goal of determining whether early lineage influences the acquisition of these two neurotransmitter phenotypes. To examine these phenotypes, we have cloned xGAT-1, a molecular marker for the GABAergic phenotype in Xenopus, and described its expression pattern over the course of development. Although we have identified isolated examples of a blastomere imparting a statistically significant bias, when taken together, our results suggest that blastomere lineage does not impart a widespread bias for subsequent GABAergic or glutamatergic fate determination. In addition, the fate map presented here suggests a general dorsal-anterior to ventral-posterior patterning progression of the nervous system for the 32-cell stage Xenopus embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Oh WJ, Noggle SA, Maddox DM, Condie BG. The mouse vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter gene: Expression during embryogenesis, analysis of its core promoter in neural stem cells and a reconsideration of its alternate splicing. Gene 2005; 351:39-49. [PMID: 15826867 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter, VIAAT (also known as vesicular GABA transporter VGAT) transports GABA or glycine into synaptic vesicles. To initiate an analysis of the expression and regulation of VIAAT during neurogenesis we have cloned and characterized the mouse Viaat gene. We find that the mouse Viaat coding sequence is encoded by two exons spanning 5.3 kb. A survey of expression by whole mount in situ hybridization of mouse embryos indicates that Viaat is activated early in neuron differentiation and is expressed widely within the developing CNS; however, we did not detect expression in the superficial non-neural structures that express the GABA synthase Gad1. Analysis of the Viaat promoter indicates that a minimal promoter region containing a CG rich sequence is sufficient for efficient expression in neural stem and precursor cells. Our analysis of the Viaat sequence and splicing does not support the existence of two Viaat isoforms as previously proposed [Ebihara et al., Brain Res. Mol Brain Res. 110 (2003), 126-139]. Instead, the alternative isoform Viaat-a appears to be due to PCR artifacts that have occurred independently in multiple labs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jong Oh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, 30912, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jelitai M, Madarasz E. The role of GABA in the early neuronal development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 71:27-62. [PMID: 16512345 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)71002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jelitai
- Laboratory of Neural Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zarbalis K, May SR, Shen Y, Ekker M, Rubenstein JLR, Peterson AS. A focused and efficient genetic screening strategy in the mouse: identification of mutations that disrupt cortical development. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:E219. [PMID: 15314648 PMCID: PMC509294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanisms that regulate development of the cerebral cortex have begun to emerge, in large part through the analysis of mutant mice (Boncinelli et al. 2000; Molnar and Hannan 2000; Walsh and Goffinet 2000), many questions remain unanswered. To provide resources for further dissecting cortical development, we have carried out a focused screen for recessive mutations that disrupt cortical development. One aim of the screen was to identify mutants that disrupt the tangential migration of interneurons into the cortex. At the same time, we also screened for mutations that altered the growth or morphology of the cerebral cortex. We report here the identification of thirteen mutants with defects in aspects of cortical development ranging from the establishment of epithelial polarity to the invasion of thalamocortical axons. Among the collection are three novel alleles of genes for which mutant alleles had already been used to explore forebrain development, and four mutants with defects in interneuron migration. The mutants that we describe here will aid in deciphering the molecules and mechanisms that regulate cortical development. Our results also highlight the utility of focused screens in the mouse, in addition to the large-scale and broadly targeted screens that are being carried out at mutagenesis centers. A novel screen uncovers thirteen mutants with defects ranging from the establishment of epithelial polarity in the cortex to the invasion of axons from the thalamus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Zarbalis
- 1Department of Neurology and the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California at San FranciscoEmeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Scott R May
- 1Department of Neurology and the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California at San FranciscoEmeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Yiguo Shen
- 1Department of Neurology and the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California at San FranciscoEmeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Ekker
- 2Loeb Medical Research Institute, University of OttawaOttawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L. R Rubenstein
- 3Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of PsychiatryLangley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Andrew S Peterson
- 1Department of Neurology and the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California at San FranciscoEmeryville, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jelitai M, Anderová M, Markó K, Kékesi K, Koncz P, Syková E, Madarász E. Role of γ-aminobutyric acid in early neuronal development: Studies with an embryonic neuroectodermal stem cell clone. J Neurosci Res 2004; 76:801-11. [PMID: 15160392 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been known to function as an autocrine/paracrine signal molecule in addition to its well-known inhibitory neurotransmitter function. Studies on the developing brain and on primary brain cell cultures provided evidence for a variety of GABA functions in periods preceding the formation of synapses. The exact role of GABA in the early neural development, however, is still not well understood. In this study, one-cell-derived NE-4C neuroectodermal stem cells were induced to form neurons and astrocytes in vitro, and the role of GABA was investigated in defined phases of neurogenesis. Noninduced NE-4C cells contained GABA, expressed GABA(A)R alpha subunits, and carried functional GABA(A) ion channels. A moderate cytoplasmic GABA content was detected during the entire period of differentiation. By the time of the formation of differentiated neurons, neuron-like cells with both high and low GABA content were clearly distinguishable. HPLC analysis indicated that NE-4C cells released GABA into their fluid environment during all stages of neuronal development. By using the patch-clamp technique, GABA-evoked currents were recorded during the entire proliferation/differentiation period, whereas a GABA-evoked increase in intracellular Ca(2+) was detected only during the maturation of postmitotic neuronal precursors. Bicuculline blocked both the ion currents and the [Ca(2+)](i) increase in response to GABA. Neuron formation was facilitated by GABA through GABA(A) ion channels during postmitotic differentiation, but not earlier during the phases of cell fate commitment. Although the data clearly demonstrate an early responsiveness to GABA, understanding the significance of GABA influence in early neural cell fate decisions will require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jelitai
- Department of Neural Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Martin DM, Skidmore JM, Philips ST, Vieira C, Gage PJ, Condie BG, Raphael Y, Martinez S, Camper SA. PITX2 is required for normal development of neurons in the mouse subthalamic nucleus and midbrain. Dev Biol 2004; 267:93-108. [PMID: 14975719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Revised: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pitx2, a homeodomain transcription factor, is essential for normal development of the pituitary gland, craniofacial region, eyes, heart, abdominal viscera, and limbs. Complete loss of Pitx2 in mice (Pitx2(-/-)) results in embryonic lethality by approximately e15 due to cardiac defects, whereas embryos with partial loss of function (Pitx2(neo/-) or Pitx2(neo/neo)) survive until later in development (e17-e19). Pitx2 is expressed in discrete populations of postmitotic neurons in the mouse brain, but its role in mammalian central nervous system (CNS) development is not known. We undertook an analysis of Pitx2-deficient embryos to determine whether loss of Pitx2 affects CNS development. The CNS is normal in hypomorphic e16.5 Pitx2(neo/-) and e18.5 Pitx2(neo/neo) embryos, with no evidence of midline or other defects. Midgestation (e10.5) Pitx2(-/-) embryos have normally formed neural tube structures and cerebral vesicles, whereas older (e14.5) Pitx2(-/-) embryos exhibit loss of gene expression and axonal projections in the subthalamic nucleus (a group of cells in the ventrolateral thalamus) and in the developing superior colliculus of dorsal midbrain. Our results suggest a role for Pitx2 in regulating regionally specific terminal neuronal differentiation in the developing ventrolateral thalamus and midbrain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tamamaki N, Yanagawa Y, Tomioka R, Miyazaki JI, Obata K, Kaneko T. Green fluorescent protein expression and colocalization with calretinin, parvalbumin, and somatostatin in the GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse. J Comp Neurol 2004; 467:60-79. [PMID: 14574680 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1012] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the central nervous system regulate the activity of other neurons and play a crucial role in information processing. To assist an advance in the research of GABAergic neurons, here we produced two lines of glutamic acid decarboxylase-green fluorescence protein (GAD67-GFP) knock-in mouse. The distribution pattern of GFP-positive somata was the same as that of the GAD67 in situ hybridization signal in the central nervous system. We encountered neither any apparent ectopic GFP expression in GAD67-negative cells nor any apparent lack of GFP expression in GAD67-positive neurons in the two GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse lines. The timing of GFP expression also paralleled that of GAD67 expression. Hence, we constructed a map of GFP distribution in the knock-in mouse brain. Moreover, we used the knock-in mice to investigate the colocalization of GFP with NeuN, calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), and somatostatin (SS) in the frontal motor cortex. The proportion of GFP-positive cells among NeuN-positive cells (neocortical neurons) was approximately 19.5%. All the CR-, PV-, and SS-positive cells appeared positive for GFP. The CR-, PV, and SS-positive cells emitted GFP fluorescence at various intensities characteristics to them. The proportions of CR-, PV-, and SS-positive cells among GFP-positive cells were 13.9%, 40.1%, and 23.4%, respectively. Thus, the three subtypes of GABAergic neurons accounted for 77.4% of the GFP-positive cells. They accounted for 6.5% in layer I. In accord with unidentified GFP-positive cells, many medium-sized spherical somata emitting intense GFP fluorescence were observed in layer I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maddox DM, Manlapat A, Roon P, Prasad P, Ganapathy V, Smith SB. Reduced-folate carrier (RFC) is expressed in placenta and yolk sac, as well as in cells of the developing forebrain, hindbrain, neural tube, craniofacial region, eye, limb buds and heart. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2003; 3:6. [PMID: 12887734 PMCID: PMC184426 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2003] [Accepted: 07/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate is essential for cellular proliferation and tissue regeneration. As mammalian cells cannot synthesize folates de novo, tightly regulated cellular uptake processes have evolved to sustain sufficient levels of intracellular tetrahydrofolate cofactors to support biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and some amino acids (serine, methionine). Though reduced-folate carrier (RFC) is one of the major proteins mediating folate transport, knowledge of the developmental expression of RFC is lacking. We utilized in situ hybridization and immunolocalization to determine the developmental distribution of RFC message and protein, respectively. RESULTS In the mouse, RFC transcripts and protein are expressed in the E10.0 placenta and yolk sac. In the E9.0 to E11.5 mouse embryo RFC is widely detectable, with intense signal localized to cell populations in the neural tube, craniofacial region, limb buds and heart. During early development, RFC is expressed throughout the eye, but by E12.5, RFC protein becomes localized to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). CONCLUSIONS Clinical studies show a statistical decrease in the number of neural tube defects, craniofacial abnormalities, cardiovascular defects and limb abnormalities detected in offspring of female patients given supplementary folate during pregnancy. The mechanism, however, by which folate supplementation ameliorates the occurrence of developmental defects is unclear. The present work demonstrates that RFC is present in placenta and yolk sac and provides the first evidence that it is expressed in the neural tube, craniofacial region, limb buds and heart during organogenesis. These findings suggest that rapidly dividing cells in the developing neural tube, craniofacial region, limb buds and heart may be particularly susceptible to folate deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Maddox
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Anna Manlapat
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Penny Roon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Puttur Prasad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hagiwara N, Katarova Z, Siracusa LD, Brilliant MH. Nonneuronal expression of the GABA(A) beta3 subunit gene is required for normal palate development in mice. Dev Biol 2003; 254:93-101. [PMID: 12606284 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(02)00030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common birth defects in humans, in which both genetic and environmental factors are involved. In mice, loss of the GABA(A) receptor beta3 subunit gene (Gabrb3) or the targeted mutagenesis of the GABA synthetic enzyme (Gad1) leads to cleft palate. These observations indicate that a GABAergic system is important in normal palate development. To determine what cell types, neuronal or nonneuronal, are critical for GABA signaling in palate development, we used the neuron-specific enolase promoter to express the beta3 subunit in Gabrb3 mutant mice. Expression of this construct was able to rescue the neurological phenotype, but not the cleft palate phenotype. Combined with the previous observation demonstrating that ubiquitous expression of the beta3 subunit rescued the cleft palate phenotype, a nonneuronal GABAergic system is implicated in palate development. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected GABA in the developing palate, initially in the nasal aspect of palatal epithelium of the vertical shelves; later in the medial edge epithelium of the horizontally oriented palatal shelves and in the epithelial seam during fusion. Based on these observations, we propose that GABA, synthesized by the palatal epithelium, acts as a signaling molecule during orientation and fusion of the palate shelves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Hagiwara
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Martin DM, Skidmore JM, Fox SE, Gage PJ, Camper SA. Pitx2 distinguishes subtypes of terminally differentiated neurons in the developing mouse neuroepithelium. Dev Biol 2002; 252:84-99. [PMID: 12453462 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2002.0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pitx2, a homeodomain transcription factor, is essential for normal development of pituitary, eyes, heart, and teeth. In the developing mouse brain, Pitx2 (Rieg, Ptx2, Otlx2, Brx1) mRNA is expressed in discrete regions of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. While prior reports have provided an overview of the temporal and regional specificity of Pitx2 mRNA expression in the brain, the precise cell types that express PITX2 are not known. In this study, we analyzed Pitx2 mRNA and PITX2 protein expression in individual cells of the developing e10.5-e14.5 mouse CNS using multiple markers of cellular proliferation and differentiation. We identified Pitx2 expression in nestin-positive neural progenitors and in postmitotic, developing neurons. In the diencephalon, PITX2 is expressed in neurons of the zona limitans intrathalamica and mammillary region and in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing neurons of the zona incerta. In the mesencephalon, PITX2-labeled nuclei also appear in differentiated neurons, some of which are GABAergic and destined to occupy superior colliculus. Our results suggest that PITX2 expression in postmitotic neurons may contribute to development of GABAergic and other differentiated neuronal phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|