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Raut S, Singh K, Sanghvi S, Loyo-Celis V, Varghese L, Singh E, Gururaja Rao S, Singh H. Chloride ions in health and disease. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240029. [PMID: 38573803 PMCID: PMC11065649 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloride is a key anion involved in cellular physiology by regulating its homeostasis and rheostatic processes. Changes in cellular Cl- concentration result in differential regulation of cellular functions such as transcription and translation, post-translation modifications, cell cycle and proliferation, cell volume, and pH levels. In intracellular compartments, Cl- modulates the function of lysosomes, mitochondria, endosomes, phagosomes, the nucleus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. In extracellular fluid (ECF), Cl- is present in blood/plasma and interstitial fluid compartments. A reduction in Cl- levels in ECF can result in cell volume contraction. Cl- is the key physiological anion and is a principal compensatory ion for the movement of the major cations such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Over the past 25 years, we have increased our understanding of cellular signaling mediated by Cl-, which has helped in understanding the molecular and metabolic changes observed in pathologies with altered Cl- levels. Here, we review the concentration of Cl- in various organs and cellular compartments, ion channels responsible for its transportation, and recent information on its physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K. Raut
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Kulwinder Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Shridhar Sanghvi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Veronica Loyo-Celis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Liyah Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Ekam R. Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | | | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
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Alghalayini A, Hossain KR, Moghaddasi S, Turkewitz DR, D’Amario C, Wallach M, Valenzuela SM. In Vitro Enzymatic Studies Reveal pH and Temperature Sensitive Properties of the CLIC Proteins. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1394. [PMID: 37759794 PMCID: PMC10526857 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloride intracellular ion channel (CLIC) proteins exist as both soluble and integral membrane proteins, with CLIC1 capable of shifting between two distinct structural conformations. New evidence has emerged indicating that members of the CLIC family act as moonlighting proteins, referring to the ability of a single protein to carry out multiple functions. In addition to their ion channel activity, CLIC family members possess oxidoreductase enzymatic activity and share significant structural and sequence homology, along with varying overlaps in their tissue distribution and cellular localization. In this study, the 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS) assay system was used to characterize kinetic properties, as well as the temperature and pH profiles of three CLIC protein family members (CLIC1, CLIC3, CLIC4). We also assessed the effects of the drugs rapamycin and amphotericin B, on the three CLIC proteins' enzymatic activity in the HEDS assay. Our results demonstrate CLIC1 to be highly heat-sensitive, with optimal enzymatic activity observed at neutral pH7 and at a temperature of 37 °C, while CLIC3 had higher oxidoreductase activity in more acidic pH5 and was found to be relatively heat stable. CLIC4, like CLIC1, was temperature sensitive with optimal enzymatic activity observed at 37 °C; however, it showed optimal activity in more alkaline conditions of pH8. Our current study demonstrates individual differences in the enzymatic activity between the three CLIC proteins, suggesting each CLIC protein is likely regulated in discrete ways, involving changes in the subcellular milieu and microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alghalayini
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Khondker Rufaka Hossain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Saba Moghaddasi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Daniel R. Turkewitz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Claudia D’Amario
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Michael Wallach
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Stella M. Valenzuela
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (A.A.); (K.R.H.); (S.M.); (D.R.T.); (C.D.); (M.W.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Rafaqat S, Rafaqat S, Khurshid H, Rafaqat S. Electrolyte’s imbalance role in atrial fibrillation: Pharmacological management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARRHYTHMIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s42444-022-00065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe contribution of the perpetuation of atrial fibrillation is caused by electrical remodeling in which calcium, sodium and potassium channels could refer to changes in the ion channel protein expression, development of fibrosis, gene transcription and ion channel redistribution. Calcium and magnesium could influence the risk of atrial fibrillation which is the leading cause of cardiac death, heart failure and ischemic stroke. The elevated serum concentration of calcium had a higher range of in-patient’s mortality, increased total cost of hospitalization and increased length of hospital stay as compared to those without hypercalcemia in atrial fibrillation patients. Moreover, chloride channels could affect homeostasis, atrial myocardial metabolism which may participate in the development of atrial fibrillation. Up to a 50% risk of incidence of AF are higher in which left ventricular hypertrophy, sudden cardiovascular death and overall mortality relate to a low serum magnesium level. Additionally, magnesium prevents the occurrence of AF after cardiac surgery, whereas greater levels of serum phosphorus in the large population-based study and the related calcium–phosphorus products were linked with a greater incidence of AF. Numerous clinical studies had shown the high preoperative risk of AF that is linked with lower serum potassium levels. The conventional risk factor of increased risk of new onset of AF events could independently link with high dietary sodium intake which enhances the fibrosis and inflammation in the atrium but the mechanism remains unknown. Many drugs were used to maintain the electrolyte imbalance in AF patients.
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Bogenpohl JW, Weston RM, Foreman TN, Kitchen KE, Miles MF. Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) expression profile in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex and its regulation by ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:29-39. [PMID: 34839533 PMCID: PMC8799520 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) is a multifunctional metamorphic protein for which a growing body of evidence supports a major role in the brain's molecular and behavioral responses to ethanol (EtOH). Although key to understanding the functional biology underlying this role, little is known about the cellular and subcellular expression patterns of CLIC4 in brain and how they are affected by EtOH. METHODS We used qRT-PCR to assess Clic4 mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of C57BL/6J mice in the absence and presence of acute EtOH exposure. Two complementary immunohistochemical techniques were employed to assess the subcellular localization of the CLIC4 protein and its pattern of expression across brain cell types in the mPFC in the absence and presence of acute EtOH. RESULTS Through immunohistochemical and stereological techniques, we show that CLIC4 protein is robustly expressed by oligodendrocytes (most abundant), microglia, and astrocytes, with minimal expression in neurons. Following acute EtOH exposure, we observed a rapid increase in Clic4 mRNA expression in female but not male mice and an overall increase in the number of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes expressing the CLIC4 protein. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Clic4 functions as an early response gene for acute EtOH in brain, which likely underlies its ability to modulate EtOH behavior. Our results also suggest that the role of CLIC4 in the brain's response to EtOH is mediated through oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Bogenpohl
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher
Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA,Corresponding author: Correspondence:
James Bogenpohl PhD; Christopher Newport University; Department of Molecular
Biology and Chemistry; 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606;
757-594-8289;
| | - Rory M. Weston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Taylor N. Foreman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher
Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E. Kitchen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher
Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Michael F. Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Sigdel A, Bisinotto RS, Peñagaricano F. Genes and pathways associated with pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13329. [PMID: 34172762 PMCID: PMC8233422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy loss directly impairs reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Here, we investigated genetic factors associated with pregnancy loss following detection of a viable embryo around 42 days of gestation. The objectives of this study were to perform whole-genome scans and subsequent gene-set analyses for identifying candidate genes, functional gene-sets and gene signaling pathways implicated in pregnancy loss in US Holstein cows. Data consisted of about 58,000 pregnancy/abortion records distributed over nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous cows. Threshold models were used to assess the binary response of pregnancy loss. Whole‐genome scans identified at least seven genomic regions on BTA2, BTA10, BTA14, BTA16, BTA21, BTA24 and BTA29 associated with pregnancy loss in heifers and lactating cows. These regions harbor several candidate genes that are directly implicated in pregnancy maintenance and fetal growth, such as CHST14, IGF1R, IGF2, PSEN2, SLC2A5 and WNT4. Moreover, the enrichment analysis revealed at least seven significantly enriched processes, containing genes associated with pregnancy loss, including calcium signaling, cell–cell attachment, cellular proliferation, fetal development, immunity, membrane permeability, and steroid metabolism. Additionally, the pathway analysis revealed a number of significant gene signaling pathways that regulate placental development and fetal growth, including Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, MAPK, Hippo, mTOR and TGFβ pathways. Overall, our findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic and biological basis of pregnancy loss in dairy cattle and points out novel strategies for improving pregnancy maintenance via marker‐assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Sigdel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Rafael S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Francisco Peñagaricano
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Wang B, Zheng J, Chen Q, Wu C, Li Y, Yu XY, Liu B, Liang C, Liu SB, Ding H, Wang S, Xue T, Song D, Lei Z, Amin HM, Song YH, Zhou J. CLIC4 abrogation promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:841-849. [PMID: 31560739 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) has been implicated in different types of cancers, but the role of CLIC4 in the development of gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. We analyzed the expression of CLIC4 in 102 pairs of gastric adenocarcinomas by western blot and real-time PCR. Our data revealed that the expression of CLIC4 is reduced in GC tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. The expression levels of CLIC4 correlate inversely with the clinical stage of GC. CLIC4 expression is lowest in MKN45 cells, which have the highest tumorigenic potential and express the highest levels of cancer stem cell markers CD44 and OCT4, compared with N87 and AGS cells. Exogenous overexpression of CLIC4 downregulated the expression of CD44 and OCT4, and inhibited migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, anchorage-independent growth of GC cells was decreased and the cells became more sensitive to 5-fluorouracil and etoposide treatment when CLIC4 was overexpressed. The ability of N87 cells to form tumors in nude mice was enhanced when CLIC4 was silenced. We, for the first time, demonstrate that CLIC4 suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting cancer cell stemness and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiqing Zheng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiongyuan Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chaofan Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yangxin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Clinical Pharmacology and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Song-Bai Liu
- Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Laboratory Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuochen Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ting Xue
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - David Song
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhangni Lei
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yao-Hua Song
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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Carofino BL, Dinshaw KM, Ho PY, Cataisson C, Michalowski AM, Ryscavage A, Alkhas A, Wong NW, Koparde V, Yuspa SH. Head and neck squamous cancer progression is marked by CLIC4 attenuation in tumor epithelium and reciprocal stromal upregulation of miR-142-3p, a novel post-transcriptional regulator of CLIC4. Oncotarget 2019; 10:7251-7275. [PMID: 31921386 PMCID: PMC6944452 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) is a tumor suppressor implicated in processes including growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. CLIC4 protein expression is diminished in the tumor parenchyma during progression in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and other neoplasms, but the underlying mechanisms have not been identified. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas suggest this is not driven by genomic alterations. However, screening and functional assays identified miR-142-3p as a regulator of CLIC4. CLIC4 and miR-142-3p expression are inversely correlated in head and neck (HN) SCC and cervical SCC, particularly in advanced stage cancers. In situ localization revealed that stromal immune cells, not tumor cells, are the predominant source of miR-142-3p in HNSCC. Furthermore, HNSCC single-cell expression data demonstrated that CLIC4 is lower in tumor epithelial cells than in stromal fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Tumor-specific downregulation of CLIC4 was confirmed in an SCC xenograft model concurrent with immune cell infiltration and miR-142-3p upregulation. These findings provide the first evidence of CLIC4 regulation by miRNA. Furthermore, the distinct localization of CLIC4 and miR-142-3p within the HNSCC tumor milieu highlight the limitations of bulk tumor analysis and provide critical considerations for both future mechanistic studies and use of miR-142-3p as a HNSCC biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Carofino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kayla M. Dinshaw
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pui Yan Ho
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christophe Cataisson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aleksandra M. Michalowski
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Ryscavage
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nathan W. Wong
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vishal Koparde
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stuart H. Yuspa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ock SA, Choi I, Im GS, Yoo JG. Whole Blood Transcriptome Analysis for Lifelong Monitoring in Elite Sniffer Dogs Produced by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. Cell Reprogram 2019; 21:301-313. [PMID: 31633381 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a valuable method to propagate service dogs with desirable traits because of higher selection rates in cloned dogs. However, incomplete reprogramming is a major barrier to SCNT, and the assessment of reprogramming is limited to preimplantation embryos and tissues from dead and/or adult tissue. Thus, lifelong monitoring in SCNT dogs can be useful to evaluate the SCNT service dogs for propagation. We applied microarray and qRT-PCR to profile of mRNA and miRNA in whole blood samples collected from four cloned dogs (S), three age-matched control dogs (A), and a donor dog (D). In the analysis of differentially expressed genes in S-A, A-D, and S-D pairs, most genomes were completely reprogrammed and rejuvenated in the cloned offspring. However, several RNAs were differentially expressed. Interestingly, the altered genes are associated with aging and senescence. Furthermore, we identified potential biomarkers such as mirR-223 (NFIB; CLIC4), miRN-494 (ARHGEF12), miR-106b (PPP1R3B; CC2D1A), miR-20a (CC2D1A; PPP1R3B), miR-30e (IGJ; HIRA), and miR-19a (TNRC6A) by miRNA-target mRNA pairing for monitoring rejuvenation, aging/senescence, and reprogramming in cloned dogs. The novel comparative transcriptomic information about SCNT and age-matched dogs can be used to assess the lifelong health of cloned dogs and to facilitate the selection of training animals with minimal invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Ock
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Isero-myeon, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchul Choi
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Sun Im
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Isero-myeon, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Yoo
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Isero-myeon, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
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Duran CL, Howell DW, Dave JM, Smith RL, Torrie ME, Essner JJ, Bayless KJ. Molecular Regulation of Sprouting Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:153-235. [PMID: 29357127 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at first met with some opposition. Once overcome, the angiogenesis field has flourished due to studies on tumor angiogenesis and various developmental models that can be genetically manipulated, including mice and zebrafish. In addition, new discoveries have been aided by the ability to isolate primary endothelial cells, which has allowed dissection of various steps within angiogenesis. This review will summarize the molecular events that control angiogenesis downstream of biochemical factors such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and lipids. These and other stimuli have been linked to regulation of junctional molecules and cell surface receptors. In addition, the contribution of cytoskeletal elements and regulatory proteins has revealed an intricate role for mobilization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in response to cues that activate the endothelium. Activating stimuli also affect various focal adhesion proteins, scaffold proteins, intracellular kinases, and second messengers. Finally, metalloproteinases, which facilitate matrix degradation and the formation of new blood vessels, are discussed, along with our knowledge of crosstalk between the various subclasses of these molecules throughout the text. Compr Physiol 8:153-235, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Howell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie E Torrie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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10
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Jiang YY, Hou HT, Yang Q, Liu XC, He GW. Chloride Channels are Involved in the Development of Atrial Fibrillation - A Transcriptomic and proteomic Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10215. [PMID: 28860555 PMCID: PMC5579191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical and structural remodeling processes are contributors to the self-perpetuating nature of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, their correlation has not been clarified. In this study, human atrial tissues from the patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease in either sinus rhythm or persistent AF were analyzed using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach. An up-regulation in chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) 1, 4, 5 and a rise in type IV collagen were revealed. Combined with the results from immunohistochemistry and electron microscope analysis, the distribution of type IV collagen and effects of fibrosis on myocyte membrane indicated the possible interaction between CLIC and type IV collagen, confirmed by protein structure prediction and co-immunoprecipitation. These results indicate that CLICs play an important role in the development of atrial fibrillation and that CLICs and structural type IV collagen may interact on each other to promote the development of AF in rheumatic mitral valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yao Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, & Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University & Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tao Hou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, & Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, & Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, & Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Wei He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, & Nankai University, Tianjin, China. .,The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University & Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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11
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Argenzio E, Moolenaar WH. Emerging biological roles of Cl- intracellular channel proteins. J Cell Sci 2017; 129:4165-4174. [PMID: 27852828 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.189795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cl- intracellular channels (CLICs) are a family of six evolutionary conserved cytosolic proteins that exist in both soluble and membrane-associated forms; however, their functions have long been elusive. Soluble CLICs adopt a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fold, can induce ion currents in artificial membranes and show oxidoreductase activity in vitro, but there is no convincing evidence of CLICs having such activities in vivo. Recent studies have revealed a role for CLIC proteins in Rho-regulated cortical actin dynamics as well as vesicular trafficking and integrin recycling, the latter of which are under the control of Rab GTPases. In this Commentary, we discuss the emerging roles of CLIC proteins in these processes and the lessons learned from gene-targeting studies. We also highlight outstanding questions regarding the molecular function(s) of these important but still poorly understood proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Argenzio
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Moolenaar
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, The Netherlands
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Tavasoli M, Al-Momany A, Wang X, Li L, Edwards JC, Ballermann BJ. Both CLIC4 and CLIC5A activate ERM proteins in glomerular endothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F945-F957. [PMID: 27582103 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00353.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) 5A is expressed at very high levels in renal glomeruli, in both endothelial cells (EC) and podocytes. CLIC5A stimulates Rac1- and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate-dependent ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) activation. ERM proteins, in turn, function in lumen formation and in the development of actin-based cellular projections. In mice lacking CLIC5A, ERM phosphorylation is profoundly reduced in podocytes, but preserved in glomerular EC. Since glomerular EC also express CLIC4, we reasoned that, if CLIC4 activates ERM proteins like CLIC5A, then CLIC4 could compensate for the CLIC5A loss in glomerular EC. In glomeruli of CLIC5-deficient mice, CLIC4 expression was upregulated and colocalized with moesin and ezrin in glomerular EC, but not in podocytes. In cultured glomerular EC, CLIC4 silencing reduced ERM phosphorylation and cytoskeletal association, and expression of exogenous CLIC4 or CLIC5A rescued ERM de-phosphorylation due to CLIC4 silencing. In mice lacking either CLIC4 or CLIC5, ERM phosphorylation was retained in glomerular EC, but, in mice lacking both CLIC4 and CLIC5, glomerular EC ERM phosphorylation was profoundly reduced. Although glomerular EC fenestrae developed normally in dual CLIC4/CLIC5-deficient mice, the density of fenestrae declined substantially by 8 mo of age, along with the deposition of subendothelial electron-lucent material. The dual CLIC4/CLIC5-deficient mice developed spontaneous proteinuria, glomerular cell proliferation, and matrix deposition. Thus CLIC4 stimulates ERM activation and can compensate for CLIC5A in glomerular EC. The findings indicate that CLIC4/CLIC5A-mediated ERM activation is required for maintenance of the glomerular capillary architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Tavasoli
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abass Al-Momany
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laiji Li
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John C Edwards
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Barbara J Ballermann
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
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Ponnalagu D, Gururaja Rao S, Farber J, Xin W, Hussain AT, Shah K, Tanda S, Berryman M, Edwards JC, Singh H. Molecular identity of cardiac mitochondrial chloride intracellular channel proteins. Mitochondrion 2016; 27:6-14. [PMID: 26777142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidences demonstrate significance of chloride channels in cardiac function and cardioprotection from ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Unlike mitochondrial potassium channels sensitive to calcium (BKCa) and ATP (KATP), molecular identity of majority of cardiac mitochondrial chloride channels located at the inner membrane is not known. In this study, we report the presence of unique dimorphic chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) proteins namely CLIC1, CLIC4 and CLIC5 as abundant CLICs in the rodent heart. Further, CLIC4, CLIC5, and an ortholog present in Drosophila (DmCLIC) localize to adult cardiac mitochondria. We found that CLIC4 is enriched in the outer mitochondrial membrane, whereas CLIC5 is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Also, CLIC5 plays a direct role in regulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Our study highlights that CLIC5 is localized to the cardiac mitochondria and directly modulates mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasena Ponnalagu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Shubha Gururaja Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Jason Farber
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Wenyu Xin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Ahmed Tafsirul Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Kajol Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Soichi Tanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Mark Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - John C Edwards
- Division of Nephrology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
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Geng X, Chang C, Zang X, Sun J, Li P, Guo J, Xu C. Integrative proteomic and microRNA analysis of the priming phase during rat liver regeneration. Gene 2015; 575:224-32. [PMID: 26341052 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The partial hepatectomy (PH) model provides an effective medium for study of liver regeneration (LR). Considering that LR is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), investigation of the regulatory role of miRNAs is critical for revealing how regenerative processes are initiated and controlled. Using high-throughput sequencing technology, we examined miRNA expression profiles of the regenerating rat liver after PH, and found that 23 miRNAs were related to rat LR. Among them, several miRNAs were significantly altered at 2h and 6h after PH, corresponding to the priming phase of LR. Furthermore, we examined the protein profiles in the regenerating rat liver at 2h and 6h after PH by iTRAQ coupled with LC-MS/MS, and found that 278 proteins were significantly changed. Subsequently, an integrative proteomic and microRNA analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis 9.0 (IPA) software showed that miR-125a, miR-143, miR-150, miR-181c, miR-182, miR-183, miR-199a, miR-429 regulated the priming phase of rat LR by modulating the expression of proteins involved in networks critical for cell apoptosis, cell survival, cell cycle, inflammatory response, metabolism, etc. Thus, our studies provide novel evidence for a functional molecular network populated by the down-regulated targets of the up-regulated miRNAs in the priming phase of rat LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Geng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiayan Zang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Jingyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianli Guo
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan Province, China.
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Lucitti JL, Tarte NJ, Faber JE. Chloride intracellular channel 4 is required for maturation of the cerebral collateral circulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1141-50. [PMID: 26276819 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00451.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number and diameter of native collaterals in tissues of healthy mice vary widely, resulting in large differences in tissue injury in occlusive diseases. Recent studies suggest similar variation may exist in humans. Collateral variation in mice is determined by genetic background-dependent differences in embryonic collateral formation, by variation in maturation of the nascent collaterals, and by environmental factors such as aging that cause collateral rarefaction in the adult. Recently, formation of the collateral circulation in the brain was found to involve a unique VEGF-A-dependent "arteriolar" angiogenic sprouting-like mechanism. Elsewhere, chloride intracellular protein 4 (CLIC4) was implicated but not investigated directly, prompting the present study. Deletion of Clic4 had no effect on embryonic collaterogenesis. However, during collateral maturation from embryonic day 18.5 to postnatal day 7, reduced mural cell investment was observed and excessive pruning of collaterals occurred. Growth in collateral diameter was reduced. This resulted in 50% fewer collaterals of smaller diameter in the adult and thus larger infarct volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion. During collateral maturation, CLIC4 deficiency resulted in reduced expression of Vegfr2, Vegfr1, Vegfc, and mural cell markers, but not notch-pathway genes. Overexpression of VEGF-A in Clic4(-/-) mice had no effect on collaterogenesis, but rescued the above defects in collateral maturation by preventing mural cell loss and collateral pruning, thus restoring collateral number and diameter and reducing stroke severity in the adult. CLIC4 is not required for collaterogenesis but is essential for perinatal maturation of nascent collaterals through a mechanism that supports VEGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Lucitti
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natalie J Tarte
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Calderón-González KG, Valero Rustarazo ML, Labra-Barrios ML, Bazán-Méndez CI, Tavera-Tapia A, Herrera-Aguirre ME, Sánchez del Pino MM, Gallegos-Pérez JL, González-Márquez H, Hernández-Hernández JM, León-Ávila G, Rodríguez-Cuevas S, Guisa-Hohenstein F, Luna-Arias JP. Determination of the protein expression profiles of breast cancer cell lines by quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ labelling and tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2015; 124:50-78. [PMID: 25918110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Breast cancer is the principal cancer in women worldwide. Although there are serum tumor markers such as CEA and HER2, they are detected in advanced stages of the disease and used as progression and recurrence markers. Therefore, there is a necessity for the identification of new markers that might lead to an early detection and also provide evidence of an effective treatment. The aim of this work was to determine the differential protein expression profiles of four breast cancer cell lines in comparison to a normal control cell line by iTRAQ labelling and tandem mass spectrometry, in order to identify putative biomarkers of the disease. We identified 1,020 iTRAQ-labelled polypeptides with at least one peptide identified with more than 95% in confidence. Overexpressed polypeptides in all cancer cell lines were 78, whilst the subexpressed were 128. We categorised them with PANTHER program into biological processes, being the metabolic pathways the most affected. We detected six groups of proteins with the STRING program involved in DNA topology, glycolysis, translation initiation, splicing, pentose pathway, and proteasome degradation. The main subexpressed protein network included mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. We propose BAG6, DDX39, ANXA8 and COX4 as putative biomarkers in breast cancer. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE We report a set of differentially expressed proteins in the MCF7 and T47D (Luminal A), MDA-MB-231 (Claudin low) and SK-BR-3 (HER2(+)) breast cancer cell lines that have not been previously reported in breast cancer disease. From these proteins, we propose BAG6, DDX39, ANXA8 and COX4 as putative biomarkers in breast cancer. On the other hand, we propose sets of unique polypeptides in each breast cancer cell line that can be useful in the classification of different subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Grisel Calderón-González
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, México, D. F., México.
| | - Ma Luz Valero Rustarazo
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/Rambla del Saler 16, 46012 Valencia, España.
| | - Maria Luisa Labra-Barrios
- Departmento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360, México, D. F., México.
| | - César Isaac Bazán-Méndez
- Departmento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360, México, D. F., México.
| | - Alejandra Tavera-Tapia
- Departmento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360, México, D. F., México.
| | - Maria Esther Herrera-Aguirre
- Departmento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360, México, D. F., México.
| | - Manuel M Sánchez del Pino
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/Rambla del Saler 16, 46012 Valencia, España.
| | | | - Humberto González-Márquez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, México, D. F., México.
| | - Jose Manuel Hernández-Hernández
- Departmento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360, México, D. F., México.
| | - Gloria León-Ávila
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, México, D. F., México.
| | - Sergio Rodríguez-Cuevas
- Instituto de Enfermedades de la Mama, Fundación del Cáncer de Mama (FUCAM A.C.), Av. Bordo No. 100, Col. Viejo Ejido de Santa Ursula Coapa, Coyoacán, C.P. 04980, México, D. F., México.
| | - Fernando Guisa-Hohenstein
- Instituto de Enfermedades de la Mama, Fundación del Cáncer de Mama (FUCAM A.C.), Av. Bordo No. 100, Col. Viejo Ejido de Santa Ursula Coapa, Coyoacán, C.P. 04980, México, D. F., México.
| | - Juan Pedro Luna-Arias
- Departmento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360, México, D. F., México.
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