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Liu J, Chen Y, Song Y, Xu D, Gu Y, Wang J, Song W, Sun B, Jiang Z, Xia B. Evidence of size-dependent toxicity of polystyrene nano- and microplastics in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) during the intestinal regeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124394. [PMID: 38901819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous pollutants in the global marine environment. However, few studies have adequately explored the different toxic mechanisms of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in aquatic organisms. The sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is a key organism in the marine benthic ecosystem due to its crucial roles in biogeochemical cycles and food web. This study investigated the bioaccumulation and adverse effects of polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics (PS-M/NPs) of different sizes (20 μm, 1 μm and 80 nm) in the regenerated intestine of A. japonicus using multi-omics analysis. The results showed that after 30-day exposure at the concentration of 0.1 mg L-1, PS-MPs and PS-NPs accumulated to 155.41-175.04 μg g-1 and 337.95 μg g-1, respectively. This excessive accumulation led to increased levels of antioxidases (SOD, CAT, GPx and T-AOC) and reduced activities of immune enzymes (AKP, ACP and T-NOS), indicating oxidative damage and compromised immunity in the regenerated intestine. PS-NPs had more profound negative impacts on cell proliferation and differentiation compared to PS-MPs. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PS-NPs primarily affected pathways related to cellular components, e.g., ribosome, and oxidative phosphorylation. In comparison, PS-MPs had greater influences on actin-related organization and organic compound metabolism. In the PS-M/NPs-treated groups, differentially expressed metabolites were mainly amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol phospholipid, and purine nucleosides. Additionally, microbial community reconstruction in the regenerated intestine was severely disrupted by the presence of PS-M/NPs. In the PS-NPs group, Burkholderiaceae abundance significantly increased while Rhodobacteraceae abundance decreased. Correlation analyses demonstrated that intestinal regeneration of A. japonicus was closely linked to its enteric microorganisms. These microbiota-host interactions were notably affected by different PS-M/NPs, with PS-NPs exposure causing the most remarkable disruption of mutual symbiosis. The multi-omic approaches used here provide novel insights into the size-dependent toxicity of PS-M/NPs and highlight their detrimental effects on invertebrates in M/NPs-polluted marine benthic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Yize Song
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Dongxue Xu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Yuanxue Gu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Jinye Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Wenqi Song
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Baiqin Sun
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Zitan Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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Jiao R, Wu B, Han S, Cui D, Sun J, Zhao T, Zhan Y, Chang Y. miRn-3 inhibits cutaneous wound healing by targeting gelsolin in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127801. [PMID: 37918586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The microRNA novel-3 (miRn-3) is a 23-nt small endogenous noncoding RNA of unknown function. To enrich our knowledge of the regulatory function of miRn-3 in the process of wound healing, the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was used as a target model in this study. Gelsolin (AjGSN), a potential target gene of miRn-3, was cloned and characterized, and the interaction between miRn-3 and AjGSN was verified. The function of the miRn-3/AjGSN axis in regulating cutaneous wound healing was explored in the sea cucumber A. japonicus. The results showed that 1) the full-length cDNA of AjGSN was 2935 bp, with a high level of sequence conservation across the echinoderms; 2) miRn-3 could bind to the 3'UTR of AjGSN and negatively regulate the expression of AjGSN; 3) overexpression of miRn-3 and inhibition of the expression of AjGSN suppressed cutaneous wound healing in A. japonicus. In general, all observations of this study suggest that miRn-3 plays an important role in the early process of cutaneous wound healing by negatively targeting AjGSN, and that it may be a potential biomarker in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhe Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Boqiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Senrong Han
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Dongyao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China; College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Jingxian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning 116029, PR China
| | - Tanjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning 116029, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China; College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning 116029, PR China.
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Liu R, Ren X, Wang J, Chen T, Sun X, Lin T, Huang J, Guo Z, Luo L, Ren C, Luo P, Hu C, Cao X, Yan A, Yuan L. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the early body wall regeneration mechanism of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota after artificially induced transverse fission. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:766. [PMID: 38087211 PMCID: PMC10714614 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea cucumbers exhibit a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged or lost tissues and organs, making them an outstanding model system for investigating processes and mechanisms of regeneration. They can also reproduce asexually by transverse fission, whereby the anterior and posterior bodies can regenerate independently. Despite the recent focus on intestinal regeneration, the molecular mechanisms underlying body wall regeneration in sea cucumbers still remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, transverse fission was induced in the tropical sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota, through constrainment using rubber bands. Histological examination revealed the degradation and loosening of collagen fibers on day-3, followed by increased density but disorganization of the connective tissue on day-7 of regeneration. An Illumina transcriptome analysis was performed on the H. leucospilota at 0-, 3- and 7-days after artificially induced fission. The differential expression genes were classified and enriched by GO terms and KEGG database, respectively. An upregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling was observed, while a downregulation of pluripotency factors Myc, Klf2 and Oct1 was detected, although Sox2 showed an upregulation in expression. In addition, this study also identified progressively declining expression of transcription factors in the Wnt, Hippo, TGF-β, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, changes in genes related to development, stress response, apoptosis, and cytoskeleton formation were observed. The localization of the related genes was further confirmed through in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION The early regeneration of H. leucospilota body wall is associated with the degradation and subsequent reconstruction of the extracellular matrix. Pluripotency factors participate in the regenerative process. Multiple transcription factors involved in regulating cell proliferation were found to be gradually downregulated, indicating reduced cell proliferation. Moreover, genes related to development, stress response, apoptosis, and cell cytoskeleton formation were also involved in this process. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of whole-body regeneration and uncover potential cross-species regenerative-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Ren
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Wang
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiehao Lin
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, 999040, Canada
| | - Aifen Yan
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihong Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Crespi-Abril AC, Rubilar T. Ethical Considerations for Echinoderms: New Initiatives in Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3377. [PMID: 37958130 PMCID: PMC10647474 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the ethical considerations surrounding research on echinoderms, a group of invertebrates that has recently garnered attention in the scientific community. The importance of responsible animal handling and the need for an ethical framework that encompasses echinoderms are emphasized. The 3Rs principle, advocating for the replacement of conscious living vertebrates with non-sentient material in research, is discussed as a guiding tool in current animal research practices. As invertebrates are generally classified as non-sentient animals, the replacement dimension tends to favor them as prevalent models in experimental research. While it currently lacks the means to assess the mental states of invertebrates, there is undeniable evidence of social behavior in many species, suggesting that a lack of interactions with these organisms could potentially adversely affect their wellbeing. In the last few years, considerable progress has been made in developing an ethical framework that takes invertebrates into account, particularly cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinoderms. In this context, we discuss the development of a broader conceptual framework of 5Rs that includes responsibility and respect, which may guide practices ensuring welfare in echinoderms, even in the absence of any particular normative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto César Crespi-Abril
- Instituto Patagónico del Mar (IPaM), Universidad Nacional del a Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Boulevard Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn 9120, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica (LOBio), Centro Para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR–CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn 9120, Argentina;
| | - Tamara Rubilar
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica (LOBio), Centro Para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR–CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn 9120, Argentina;
- Laboratorio de Química de Organismos Marinos (LabQuiOM), Instituto Patagónico del Mar (IPAM), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 2930, Puerto Madryn 9120, Argentina
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Rasekh P, Kameli A, Khoradmehr A, Baghban N, Mohebbi G, Barmak A, Nabipour I, Azari H, Heidari Y, Daneshi A, Bargahi A, Khodabandeh Z, Zare S, Afshar A, Shirazi R, Almasi-Turk S, Tamadon A. Proliferative Effect of Aqueous Extract of Sea Cucumber ( Holothuria parva) Body Wall on Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050267. [PMID: 37233461 DOI: 10.3390/md21050267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumber extracts and their bioactive compounds have the potential for stem cell proliferation induction and for their beneficial therapeutic properties. In this study, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hUC-MSCs) were exposed to an aqueous extract of Holothuria parva body walls. Proliferative molecules were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in an aqueous extract of H. parva. The aqueous extract concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µg/mL and 10 and 20 ng/mL of human epidermal growth factor (EGF) as positive controls were treated on hUC-MSCs. MTT, cell count, viability, and cell cycle assays were performed. Using Western blot analysis, the effects of extracts of H. parva and EGF on cell proliferation markers were detected. Computational modeling was done to detect effective proliferative compounds in the aqueous extract of H. parva. A MTT assay showed that the 10, 20, and 40 µg/mL aqueous extract of H. parva had a proliferative effect on hUC-MSCs. The cell count, which was treated with a 20 µg/mL concentration, increased faster and higher than the control group (p < 0.05). This concentration of the extract did not have a significant effect on hUC-MSCs' viability. The cell cycle assay of hUC-MSCs showed that the percentage of cells in the G2 stage of the extract was biologically higher than the control group. Expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, cyclin E, HIF-1α, and TERT was increased compared with the control group. Moreover, expression of p21 and PCNA decreased after treating hUC-MSCs with the extract. However, CDC-2/cdk-1 and ERK1/2 had almost the same expression as the control group. The expression of CDK-4 and CDK-6 decreased after treatment. Between the detected compounds, 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl phenyl)-benzene showed better affinity to CDK-4 and p21 than tetradecanoic acid. The H. parva aqueous extract showed proliferative potential on hUC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorya Rasekh
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Ali Kameli
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Neda Baghban
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Mohebbi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Alireza Barmak
- Food Lab, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7518759577, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Hossein Azari
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Yaser Heidari
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Adel Daneshi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Afshar Bargahi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Zahra Khodabandeh
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Zare
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Alireza Afshar
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Reza Shirazi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 3052, Australia
| | - Sahar Almasi-Turk
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7514633196, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- PerciaVista R&D Co., Shiraz 7167683745, Iran
- Department for Scientific Work, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan
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Rennolds CW, Bely AE. Integrative biology of injury in animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:34-62. [PMID: 36176189 PMCID: PMC10087827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical injury is a prevalent challenge in the lives of animals with myriad potential consequences for organisms, including reduced fitness and death. Research on animal injury has focused on many aspects, including the frequency and severity of wounding in wild populations, the short- and long-term consequences of injury at different biological scales, and the variation in the response to injury within or among individuals, species, ontogenies, and environmental contexts. However, relevant research is scattered across diverse biological subdisciplines, and the study of the effects of injury has lacked synthesis and coherence. Furthermore, the depth of knowledge across injury biology is highly uneven in terms of scope and taxonomic coverage: much injury research is biomedical in focus, using mammalian model systems and investigating cellular and molecular processes, while research at organismal and higher scales, research that is explicitly comparative, and research on invertebrate and non-mammalian vertebrate species is less common and often less well integrated into the core body of knowledge about injury. The current state of injury research presents an opportunity to unify conceptually work focusing on a range of relevant questions, to synthesize progress to date, and to identify fruitful avenues for future research. The central aim of this review is to synthesize research concerning the broad range of effects of mechanical injury in animals. We organize reviewed work by four broad and loosely defined levels of biological organization: molecular and cellular effects, physiological and organismal effects, behavioural effects, and ecological and evolutionary effects of injury. Throughout, we highlight the diversity of injury consequences within and among taxonomic groups while emphasizing the gaps in taxonomic coverage, causal understanding, and biological endpoints considered. We additionally discuss the importance of integrating knowledge within and across biological levels, including how initial, localized responses to injury can lead to long-term consequences at the scale of the individual animal and beyond. We also suggest important avenues for future injury biology research, including distinguishing better between related yet distinct injury phenomena, expanding the subjects of injury research to include a greater variety of species, and testing how intrinsic and extrinsic conditions affect the scope and sensitivity of injury responses. It is our hope that this review will not only strengthen understanding of animal injury but will contribute to building a foundation for a more cohesive field of 'injury biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey W Rennolds
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Alexandra E Bely
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Mittal V, Reid RW, Machado DJ, Mashanov V, Janies DA. EchinoDB: an update to the web-based application for genomic and transcriptomic data on echinoderms. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:75. [PMID: 36274129 PMCID: PMC9590158 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here we release a new version of EchinoDB, EchinoDB v2.0 ( https://echinodb.uncc.edu ). EchinoDB is a database of genomic and transcriptomic data on echinoderms. The initial database consisted of groups of 749,397 orthologous and paralogous transcripts arranged in orthoclusters by sequence similarity. RESULTS The updated version of EchinoDB includes two new major datasets: the RNA-Seq data of the brittle star Ophioderma brevispinum and the high-quality genomic assembly data of the green sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. In addition, we enabled keyword searches for annotated data and installed an updated version of Sequenceserver to allow Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) searches. The data are downloadable in FASTA format. The first version of EchinoDB appeared in 2016 and was implemented in GO on a local server. The new version has been updated using R Shiny to include new features and improvements in the application. Furthermore, EchinoDB now runs entirely in the cloud for increased reliability and scaling. CONCLUSION EchinoDB serves a user base drawn from the fields of phylogenetics, developmental biology, genomics, physiology, neurobiology, and regeneration. As use cases, we illustrate the function of EchinoDB in retrieving components of signaling pathways involved in the tissue regeneration process of different echinoderms, including the emerging model species Ophioderma brevispinum. Moreover, we use EchinoDB to shed light on the conservation of the molecular components involved in two echinoderm-specific phenomena: spicule matrix proteins involved in the formation of stereom endoskeleton and the tensilin protein that contributes to the capacity of the connective tissues to quickly change its mechanical properties. The genes involved in the former had been previously studied in echinoids, while gene sequences involved in the latter had been previously described in holothuroids. Specifically, we ask (a) if the biomineralization-related proteins previously reported only in sea urchins are also present in other, non-echinoid, echinoderms and (b) if tensilin, the protein responsible for the control of stiffness of the mutable collagenous tissue, previously described in sea cucumbers, is conserved across the phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnika Mittal
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Rd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - Robert W Reid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Rd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Denis Jacob Machado
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Rd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Vladimir Mashanov
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 91 Technology Way NE, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Daniel A Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9331 Robert D. Snyder Rd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
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Su F, Yang H, Sun L. A Review of Histocytological Events and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Intestine Regeneration in Holothurians. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081095. [PMID: 35892951 PMCID: PMC9332576 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Many species of sea cucumber in Echinodermata may eviscerate most of or even all internal organs when encountering predators or adverse environments, and can achieve regeneration within a certain time. Although regeneration time varies, the mechanism is common. This paper reviewed the intestinal regeneration process of sea cucumbers from the perspectives of histocytology and molecular mechanism. Echinodermata has a special evolutionary position between achordate and chordate, so we hope to explore the common regeneration conserved signals between invertebrates and vertebrates by recording the intestinal regeneration of sea cucumbers. Abstract Most species of the class Holothuroidea are able to regenerate most of their internal organs following a typical evisceration process, which is a unique mechanism that allows sea cucumbers to survive in adverse environments. In this review, we compare autotomy among different type of sea cucumber and summarize the histocytological events that occur during the five stages of intestinal regeneration. Multiple cytological activities, such as apoptosis and dedifferentiation, take place during wound healing and anlage formation. Many studies have focused on the molecular regulation mechanisms that underlie regeneration, and herein we describe the techniques that have been used as well as the development-related signaling pathways and key genes that are significantly expressed during intestinal regeneration. Future analyses of the underlying mechanisms responsible for intestinal regeneration should include mapping at the single-cell level. Studies of visceral regeneration in echinoderms provide a unique perspective for understanding whole-body regeneration or appendage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.S.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.S.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.S.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0532-82898645
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9
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Soto-Acabá A, Ortiz-Pineda PA, Medina-Feliciano JG, Salem-Hernández J, García-Arrarás JE. Characterization of Two Novel EF-Hand Proteins Identifies a Clade of Putative Ca 2+-Binding Protein Specific to the Ambulacraria. JOURNAL OF BIOINFORMATICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY : OPEN ACCESS 2022; 5:1-25. [PMID: 36382242 PMCID: PMC9648499 DOI: 10.26502/jbsb.5107030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, transcriptomic databases have become one of the main sources for protein discovery. In our studies of nervous system and digestive tract regeneration in echinoderms, we have identified several transcripts that have attracted our attention. One of these molecules corresponds to a previously unidentified transcript (Orpin) from the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima that appeared to be upregulated during intestinal regeneration. We have now identified a second highly similar sequence and analyzed the predicted proteins using bioinformatics tools. Both sequences have EF-hand motifs characteristic of calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) and N-terminal signal peptides. Sequence comparison analyses such as multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses only showed significant similarity to sequences from other echinoderms or from hemichordates. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that transcripts from these sequences are expressed in various tissues including muscle, haemal system, gonads, and mesentery. However, contrary to previous reports, there was no significant differential expression in regenerating tissues. Nonetheless, the identification of unique features in the predicted proteins and their presence in the holothurian draft genome suggest that these might comprise a novel subfamily of EF-hand containing proteins specific to the Ambulacraria clade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo A Ortiz-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Genómica. Fundación InnovaGen. Popayán. Colombia
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10
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Quesada-Díaz E, Figueroa-Delgado P, García-Rosario R, Sirfa A, García-Arrarás JE. Dedifferentiation of radial glia-like cells is observed in in vitro explants of holothurian radial nerve cord. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 364:109358. [PMID: 34537226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among animal phyla, some of the least studied nervous systems are those of the phylum Echinodermata. Part of the problem lies in that most of their nervous components are embedded in the body wall that has calcareous skeletal components. NEW METHOD We have developed a novel technique for the successful isolation of the radial nerve cords (RNCs) and an in vitro system where the isolated RNCs can be cultured and are amenable to experimental manipulation. Here we use this system to isolate the RNC of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima as a way to extend our studies on its regeneration capabilities. RESULTS The RNCs can be isolated from the surrounding tissues by collagenase treatment. The explants obtained following enzymatic dissociation can be kept in culture for up to 2 weeks. Histological and immunohistochemical studies show that the explants maintain a stable number of cells with little proliferation or apoptosis throughout the culture incubation period. The main change observed in RNCs in vitro is a progressive dedifferentiation of radial glia-like cells. This dedifferentiation corresponds to the first step in the regeneration response to injury that has been described in vivo. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS There are no existing methods to isolate and culture echinoderm radial nerve cord. CONCLUSIONS The described protocol provides a unique tool to obtain easily accessible RNC from holothurians to perform cellular, biochemical, and genomic experiments in the echinoderm nervous system without interference of adjacent tissues. The technique provides a unique opportunity to study the dedifferentiation response associated with the regeneration of the nervous system in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raúl García-Rosario
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, USA
| | - Angel Sirfa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, USA
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11
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Identification and localization of growth factor genes in the sea cucumber , Holothuria scabra. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08370. [PMID: 34825084 PMCID: PMC8605306 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is both an economically important species in Asian countries and an emerging experimental model for research studies in regeneration and medicinal bioactives. Growth factors and their receptors are known to be key components that guide tissue repair and renewal, yet validation of their presence in H. scabra has not been established. We performed a targeted in silico search of H. scabra transcriptome data to elucidate conserved growth factor family and receptor genes. In total, 42 transcripts were identified, of which 9 were validated by gene cloning and sequencing. The H. scabra growth factor genes, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2A (BMP 2A), bone morphogenetic protein 5-like (BMP5-like), neurotrophin (NT) and fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18), were selected for further analyses, including phylogenetic comparison and spatial gene expression using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Expression of all genes investigated were widespread in multiple tissues. However, BMP 2A, BMP5-like and NT were found extensively in the radial nerve cord cells, while FGF18 was highly expressed in connective tissue layer of the body wall. Our identification and expression analysis of the H. scabra growth factor genes provided the molecular information of growth factors in this species which may ultimately complement the research in regenerative medicine.
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12
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Rinkevich B, Ballarin L, Martinez P, Somorjai I, Ben-Hamo O, Borisenko I, Berezikov E, Ereskovsky A, Gazave E, Khnykin D, Manni L, Petukhova O, Rosner A, Röttinger E, Spagnuolo A, Sugni M, Tiozzo S, Hobmayer B. A pan-metazoan concept for adult stem cells: the wobbling Penrose landscape. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:299-325. [PMID: 34617397 PMCID: PMC9292022 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) in vertebrates and model invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster) are typically long‐lived, lineage‐restricted, clonogenic and quiescent cells with somatic descendants and tissue/organ‐restricted activities. Such ASCs are mostly rare, morphologically undifferentiated, and undergo asymmetric cell division. Characterized by ‘stemness’ gene expression, they can regulate tissue/organ homeostasis, repair and regeneration. By contrast, analysis of other animal phyla shows that ASCs emerge at different life stages, present both differentiated and undifferentiated phenotypes, and may possess amoeboid movement. Usually pluri/totipotent, they may express germ‐cell markers, but often lack germ‐line sequestering, and typically do not reside in discrete niches. ASCs may constitute up to 40% of animal cells, and participate in a range of biological phenomena, from whole‐body regeneration, dormancy, and agametic asexual reproduction, to indeterminate growth. They are considered legitimate units of selection. Conceptualizing this divergence, we present an alternative stemness metaphor to the Waddington landscape: the ‘wobbling Penrose’ landscape. Here, totipotent ASCs adopt ascending/descending courses of an ‘Escherian stairwell’, in a lifelong totipotency pathway. ASCs may also travel along lower stemness echelons to reach fully differentiated states. However, from any starting state, cells can change their stemness status, underscoring their dynamic cellular potencies. Thus, vertebrate ASCs may reflect just one metazoan ASC archetype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Ildiko Somorjai
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Oshrat Ben-Hamo
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Ilya Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, Marseille, 13007, France.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulitsa Vavilova, 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Eve Gazave
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 19, Gaustad Sykehus, Sognsvannsveien 21, Oslo, 0188, Norway
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Olga Petukhova
- Collection of Vertebrate Cell Cultures, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, 06107, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Federative Research Institute - Marine Resources (IFR MARRES), 28 Avenue de Valrose, Nice, 06103, France
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche sur Mer, Cedex, France
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr, Innsbruck, 256020, Austria
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Alicea-Delgado M, García-Arrarás JE. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation but not muscle dedifferentiation nor apoptosis during sea cucumber intestinal regeneration. Dev Biol 2021; 480:105-113. [PMID: 34481794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is a key developmental process by which organisms recover vital tissue and organ components following injury or disease. A growing interest is focused on the elucidation and characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in these regenerative processes. We have now analyzed the possible role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway on the regeneration of the intestine in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. For this we have studied the expression in vivo of Wnt-associated genes and have implemented the use of Dicer-substrate interference RNA (DsiRNA) to knockdown the expression of β-catenin transcript on gut rudiment explants. Neither cell dedifferentiation nor apoptosis were affected by the reduction of β-catenin transcripts in the gut rudiment explants. Yet, the number of proliferating cells decreased significantly following the interference, suggesting that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a significant role in cell proliferation, but not in cell dedifferentiation nor apoptosis during the regeneration of the intestine. The development of the in vitro RNAi protocol is a significant step in analyzing specific gene functions involved in echinoderm regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miosotis Alicea-Delgado
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00925, USA
| | - José E García-Arrarás
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00925, USA.
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14
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Mildenberger J, Remm M, Atanassova M. Self-assembly potential of bioactive peptides from Norwegian sea cucumber Parastichopus tremulus for development of functional hydrogels. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Mishra S, Ganguli M. Functions of, and replenishment strategies for, chondroitin sulfate in the human body. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1185-1199. [PMID: 33549530 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) belongs to a class of molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These are long, linear chains of polysaccharides comprising alternating amino sugars and hexuronic acid. Similar to other GAGs, CS is important in a multitude of biological activities. Alteration of CS levels has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA) and other inflammatory diseases, as well as physiological conditions, such as aging. Therefore, devising replenishment strategies for this molecule is an important area of research. In this review, we discuss the nature of CS, its function in different organs, and its implications in health and disease. We also describe different methods for the exogenous administration of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Mishra
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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16
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Eisapour M, Salamat N, Salari MA, Bahabadi MN, Salati AP. Digestive tract regeneration in the posteriorly eviscerating sea cucumber Holothuria parva (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Transcriptomic analysis of early stages of intestinal regeneration in Holothuria glaberrima. Sci Rep 2021; 11:346. [PMID: 33431961 PMCID: PMC7801731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms comprise a group of animals with impressive regenerative capabilities. They can replace complex internal organs following injury or autotomy. In holothurians or sea cucumbers, cellular processes of intestinal regeneration have been extensively studied. The molecular machinery behind this faculty, however, remains to be understood. Here we assembled and annotated a de novo transcriptome using RNA-seq data consisting of regenerating and non-regenerating intestinal tissues from the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Comparisons of differential expression were made using the mesentery as a reference against 24 h and 3 days regenerating intestine, revealing a large number of differentially expressed transcripts. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis showed evidence of increasing transcriptional activity. Further analysis of transcripts associated with transcription factors revealed diverse expression patterns with mechanisms involving developmental and cancer-related activity that could be related to the regenerative process. Our study demonstrates the broad and diversified gene expression profile during the early stages of the process using the mesentery as the focal point of intestinal regeneration. It also establishes the genes that are the most important candidates in the cellular processes that underlie regenerative responses.
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18
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Jo SH, Kim C, Park SH. Novel Marine Organism-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Control of Anti-Inflammation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:71-79. [PMID: 33415671 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit potential as functional biomolecules for tissue regeneration and immunomodulation as they play important roles in the physiological communication between cells. EV internal cargo contains miRNAs, proteins, lipids, and so on. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease causing disability owing to impaired joint function and pain. EVs originating from animal cells and tissue matrices are also being considered for OA, in addition to research involving non-steroidal therapeutic agents. However, there are no studies on EVs from marine organisms. Hence, we focused on sea cucumber-derived EVs and conducted experiments to set up an extraction protocol and to demonstrate their efficacy to modulate the inflammatory environment. METHODS Sea cucumber extracellular matrices (SECMs) were prepared by a decellularization process. Lyophilized SECMs were treated with collagenase and filtered to isolate sea cucumber extracellular vesicles (SEVs). After isolation, we conducted physical characterization and cell activation studies including cytotoxicity, proliferation, and anti-inflammation effect assays. RESULTS The physical characterization results showed circular SEVs in the size range of 66-480 nm. These SEVs contained large amounts of protein cargo, infiltrated the synoviocyte membrane without damage, and had a suppressive effect on inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION This study established an extraction process for EVs from sea cucumber and reported the anti-inflammatory ability of SEVs. Isolated SEVs can be further utilized for tissue regeneration studies and can be compared to various marine or animal-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Han Jo
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.,The Center for Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 PLUS), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsu Kim
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea. .,The Center for Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 PLUS), Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Mauro M, Queiroz V, Arizza V, Campobello D, Custódio MR, Chiaramonte M, Vazzana M. Humoral responses during wound healing in Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 253:110550. [PMID: 33359143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wounds in living organisms trigger tissue-repair mechanisms. The sea cucumber (Holoturia tubulosa) is an excellent model species for achieving a better understanding of the humoral and cellular aspects involved in such healing processes. Consequently, this study assesses data on its morphometric, physiological and humoral responses 1, 2, 6, 24 and 48h after wound induction. In particular, morphometric data on the weight, width, length and coelomic-fluid volume of the species were estimated at different times during our experiments. In addition, the humoral aspects related to the enzymatic activity of esterase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase, as well as the cytotoxic activity of cell lysates (CL) and cell-free coelomic fluids (CfCf) are evaluated for the first time. Our results reveal a significant decrease in body length and weight, along with time-dependent, significant changes in the esterase, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase and cytotoxic activity in both the CL and CfCf. The data obtained lead to the pioneering finding that there is an important time-dependent involvement of morphometric (changes in weight and length) and humoral (enzymatic and cytotoxic) responses in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mauro
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vinicius Queiroz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Biologia Marinha (NP-BioMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Campobello
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Márcio Reis Custódio
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Biologia Marinha (NP-BioMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Chiaramonte
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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Hossain A, Dave D, Shahidi F. Northern Sea Cucumber ( Cucumaria frondosa): A Potential Candidate for Functional Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Sector. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050274. [PMID: 32455954 PMCID: PMC7281287 DOI: 10.3390/md18050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) is the most abundant and widely distributed species in the cold waters of North Atlantic Ocean. C. frondosa contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, mainly collagen, cerebrosides, glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate, saponins, phenols, and mucopolysaccharides, which demonstrate unique biological and pharmacological properties. In particular, the body wall of this marine invertebrate is the major edible part and contains most of the active constituents, mainly polysaccharides and collagen, which exhibit numerous biological activities, including anticancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-coagulation, antimicrobial, antioxidation, and anti- osteoclastogenic properties. In particular, triterpene glycosides (frondoside A and other) are the most researched group of compounds due to their potential anticancer activity. This review summarizes the latest information on C. frondosa, mainly geographical distribution, landings specific to Canadian coastlines, processing, commercial products, trade market, bioactive compounds, and potential health benefits in the context of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Deepika Dave
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
- Marine Bioprocessing Facility, Centre of Aquaculture and Seafood Development, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (F.S.)
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The potential role of Krüppel-like factor 13 (Aj-klf13) in the intestine regeneration of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Gene 2020; 735:144407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Viera-Vera J, García-Arrarás JE. Retinoic Acid Signaling Is Associated with Cell Proliferation, Muscle Cell Dedifferentiation, and Overall Rudiment Size during Intestinal Regeneration in the Sea Cucumber, Holothuria glaberrima. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120873. [PMID: 31847189 PMCID: PMC6995554 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost every organism has the ability of repairing damaged tissues or replacing lost and worn out body parts, nevertheless the degree of the response substantially differs between each species. Adult sea cucumbers from the Holothuria glaberrima species can eviscerate various organs and the intestinal system is the first one to regenerate. This process involves the formation of a blastema-like structure that derives from the torn mesentery edges by the intervention of specific cellular processes (e.g., cell dedifferentiation and division). Still, the genetic networks controlling the regenerative response in this model system are just starting to be unraveled. In this work we examined if and how the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway is involved in the regenerative response of this deuterostome. We first identified and characterized the holothurian orthologs for short chain dehydrogenase/reductase 7 (SDR7) and aldehyde dehydrogenase family 8A1 (ALDH8A1), two enzymes respectively associated with retinaldehyde and RA anabolism. We then showed that the SDR7 transcript was differentially expressed during specific stages of intestinal regeneration while ALDH8A1 did not show significant differences in regenerating tissues when compared to those of normal (non-eviscerated) organisms. Finally, we investigated the consequences of modulating RA signaling during intestinal regeneration using pharmacological tools. We showed that application of an inhibitor (citral) of the enzyme synthesizing RA or a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist (LE135) resulted in organisms with a significantly smaller intestinal rudiment when compared to those treated with DMSO (vehicle). The two inhibitors caused a reduction in cell division and cell dedifferentiation in the new regenerate when compared to organisms treated with DMSO. Results of treatment with tazarotene (an RAR agonist) were not significantly different from the control. Taken together, these results suggest that the RA signaling pathway is regulating the cellular processes that are crucial for intestinal regeneration to occur. Thus, RA might be playing a role in echinoderm regeneration that is similar to what has been described in other animal systems.
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Mohamed AS, Mahmoud SA, Soliman AM, Fahmy SR. Antitumor activity of saponin isolated from the sea cucumber, holothuria arenicola against ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in swiss albino mice. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1928-1932. [PMID: 31343268 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1644633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation attempted study the potential use of the Holothuria arenicola saponin (HaS) against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) tumor model in female Swiss albino mice. The HPLC studies of the extracted saponin showed the peak at retention time 5.19 min. was is matched with the standard saponin with total amount 34.87%. Significant improvements were detected in the tumor markers, complete blood count, antioxidant system, liver function and kidney function of HaS-treated mice. The present study demonstrated that HaS is a potent natural product that has promising antineoplastic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Saber Mohamed
- Zoology Department - Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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Dolmatov IY, Shulga AP, Ginanova TT, Eliseikina MG, Lamash NE. Metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 delays regeneration in holothurians. Tissue Cell 2019; 59:1-9. [PMID: 31383283 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the GM6001 metalloproteinase inhibitor on the regeneration of ambulacral structures in Eupentacta fraudatrix has been investigated. Inhibition of proteinase activity exerts a marked effect on regeneration, being dependent on the time when GM6001 is injected. When administration of the inhibitor begins on day 3 post-injury, regeneration is completely abolished, and the animals die. This means that early activation of proteinases is crucial for triggering the regenerative process in holothurians. When GM6001 in first injected on day 7 post-injury, the regeneration rate decreases. However, this effect has proven to be reversible: when inhibition ceases, the regeneration resumes. The effect of the inhibitor is manifested as a retarded degradation of the extracellular matrix, the lack of cell dedifferentiation, and, probably, a slower cell migration. The gelatinase activity is detected in all the regenerating organs of E. fraudatrix. In the holothurian Cucumaria japonica, which is not capable of healing skin wounds and ambulacrum reparation, no gelatinase activity was observed at the site of damage. A suggestion is made that proteinases play an important role in regeneration in holothurians. The most probable morphogenesis regulators are matrix metalloproteinases with gelatinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yu Dolmatov
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russia.
| | - A P Shulga
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - T T Ginanova
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - M G Eliseikina
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - N E Lamash
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia; Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, 152742, Nekouzskii raion, Yaroslavl oblast, Russia
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Ricci L, Srivastava M. Wound-induced cell proliferation during animal regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:e321. [PMID: 29719123 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many animal species are capable of replacing missing tissues that are lost upon injury or amputation through the process of regeneration. Although the extent of regeneration is variable across animals, that is, some animals can regenerate any missing cell type whereas some can only regenerate certain organs or tissues, regulated cell proliferation underlies the formation of new tissues in most systems. Notably, many species display an increase in proliferation within hours or days upon wounding. While different cell types proliferate in response to wounding in various animal taxa, comparative molecular data are beginning to point to shared wound-induced mechanisms that regulate cell division during regeneration. Here, we synthesize current insights about early molecular pathways of regeneration from diverse model and emerging systems by considering these species in their evolutionary contexts. Despite the great diversity of mechanisms underlying injury-induced cell proliferation across animals, and sometimes even in the same species, similar pathways for proliferation have been implicated in distantly related species (e.g., small diffusible molecules, signaling from apoptotic cells, growth factor signaling, mTOR and Hippo signaling, and Wnt and Bmp pathways). Studies that explicitly interrogate molecular and cellular regenerative mechanisms in understudied animal phyla will reveal the extent to which early pathways in the process of regeneration are conserved or independently evolved. This article is categorized under: Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricci
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mansi Srivastava
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Molecular characterization and gene expression patterns of retinoid receptors, in normal and regenerating tissues of the sea cucumber, Holothuria glaberrima. Gene 2018; 654:23-35. [PMID: 29425825 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR) are ligand-mediated transcription factors that synchronize intricate signaling networks in metazoans. Dimer formation between these two nuclear receptors mediates the recruitment of co-regulatory complexes coordinating the progression of signaling cascades during developmental and regenerative events. In the present study we identified and characterized the receptors for retinoic acid in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima; a model system capable of regenerative organogenesis during adulthood. Molecular characterizations revealed the presence of three isoforms of RAR and two of RXR as a consequence of alternative splicing events. Various analyses including: primary structure sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, protein domain prediction, and multiple sequence alignment further confirmed their identity. Semiquantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis of each receptor isoform herein identified showed that the retinoid receptors are expressed in all tissues sampled: the mesenteries, respiratory trees, muscles, gonads, and the digestive tract. During regenerative organogenesis two of the receptors (RAR-L and RXR-T) showed differential expression in the posterior segment while RAR-S is differentially expressed in the anterior segment of the intestine. This work presents the first description of the components relaying the signaling for retinoic acid within this model system.
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Lai AG, Aboobaker AA. EvoRegen in animals: Time to uncover deep conservation or convergence of adult stem cell evolution and regenerative processes. Dev Biol 2018; 433:118-131. [PMID: 29198565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
How do animals regenerate specialised tissues or their entire body after a traumatic injury, how has this ability evolved and what are the genetic and cellular components underpinning this remarkable feat? While some progress has been made in understanding mechanisms, relatively little is known about the evolution of regenerative ability. Which elements of regeneration are due to lineage specific evolutionary novelties or have deeply conserved roots within the Metazoa remains an open question. The renaissance in regeneration research, fuelled by the development of modern functional and comparative genomics, now enable us to gain a detailed understanding of both the mechanisms and evolutionary forces underpinning regeneration in diverse animal phyla. Here we review existing and emerging model systems, with the focus on invertebrates, for studying regeneration. We summarize findings across these taxa that tell us something about the evolution of adult stem cell types that fuel regeneration and the growing evidence that many highly regenerative animals harbor adult stem cells with a gene expression profile that overlaps with germline stem cells. We propose a framework in which regenerative ability broadly evolves through changes in the extent to which stem cells generated through embryogenesis are maintained into the adult life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina G Lai
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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García-Arrarás JE, Lázaro-Peña MI, Díaz-Balzac CA. Holothurians as a Model System to Study Regeneration. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 65:255-283. [PMID: 30083924 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92486-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms possess an incredible regenerative capacity. Within this phylum, holothurians, better known as sea cucumbers, can regenerate most of their internal and external organs. While regeneration has been studied in several species, the most recent and extensive studies have been done in the species Holothuria glaberrima, the focus of most of our discussion. This chapter presents the model system and integrates the work that has been done to determine the major steps that take place, during regeneration of the intestinal and nervous system, from wound healing to the reestablishment of original function. We describe the cellular and molecular events associated with the regeneration processes and also describe the techniques that have been used, discuss the results, and explain the gaps in our knowledge that remain. We expect that the information provided here paves the road for new and young investigators to continue the study of the amazing potential of regeneration in members of the Echinodermata and how these studies will shed some light into the mechanisms that are common to many regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E García-Arrarás
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - María I Lázaro-Peña
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Carlos A Díaz-Balzac
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
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Barca A, Vacca F, Vizioli J, Drago F, Vetrugno C, Verri T, Pagliara P. Molecular and expression analysis of the Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1) in the coelomocytes of the common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:136-143. [PMID: 28986218 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1) is a highly conserved gene involved in inflammation, cloned and characterized in several evolutionary distant animal species. Here, we report the molecular identification, characterization and expression of AIF-1 from the common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. In this species, AIF-1 encodes a predicted 151 amino acid protein with high similarity to vertebrate AIF-1 proteins. Immunocytochemical analyses on coelomocytes reveal localization of the AIF-1 protein in amoebocytes (perinuclear cytoplasmic zone) and red sphaerulocytes (inside granules), but not in vibratile cells and colorless sphaerula cells. The significant increase of AIF-1 expression (mRNA and protein) found in the coelomocytes of the sea urchin after Gram + bacterial challenge suggests the involvement of AIF-1 in the inflammatory response. Our analysis on P. lividus AIF-1 contributes to elucidate AIF-1 function along the evolutionary scale and consolidate the key evolutionary position of echinoderms throughout metazoans with respect to the common immune paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilcare Barca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- Laboratoire PRISM (Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse), INSERM U1192 Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Bât. SN3, Cité Scientifique, 59650 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France.
| | - Francesco Drago
- Laboratoire PRISM (Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse), INSERM U1192 Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Bât. SN3, Cité Scientifique, 59650 Villeneuve D'Ascq, France.
| | - Carla Vetrugno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Pagliara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Complesso Ecotekne Pal. A, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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31
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An integrated view of asteroid regeneration: tissues, cells and molecules. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:13-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hernández-Pasos J, Valentín-Tirado G, García-Arrarás JE. Melanotransferrin: New Homolog Genes and Their Differential Expression during Intestinal Regeneration in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:259-274. [PMID: 28229527 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melanotransferrin (MTf) is a protein associated with oncogenetic, developmental, and immune processes which function remains unclear. The MTf gene has been reported in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate species, including echinoderms. We now report the finding of four different MTfs in the transcriptome of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Sequence studies and phylogenetic analyses were done to ascertain the similarities among the putative proteins and their relationship with other transferrin family members. The genes were shown to be differentially expressed in various holothurian organs and to respond differently when the animals were challenged with the immune system activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, the four genes were found to be highly overexpressed during the early stages of intestinal regeneration. The finding of four different genes in the holothurian is particularly surprising, because only one MTf gene has been reported in all other animal species sequenced to date. This finding, combined with the increase expression during intestinal regeneration, suggests a new possible function of MTf in organ regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Hernández-Pasos
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - José E García-Arrarás
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Sun L, Sun J, Xu Q, Li X, Zhang L, Yang H. Metabolic responses to intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 22:32-38. [PMID: 28189056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are excellent models for studying organ regeneration due to their striking capacity to regenerate most of their viscera after evisceration. In this study, we applied NMR-based metabolomics to determine the metabolite changes that occur during the process of intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis showed that there was significant differences in metabolism between regenerative intestines at 3, 7, and 14days post evisceration (dpe) and normal intestines. Changes in the concentration of 13 metabolites related to regeneration were observed and analyzed. These metabolites included leucine, isoleucine, valine, arginine, glutamate, hypotaurine, dimethylamine, N,N-dimethylglycine, betaine, taurine, inosine, homarine, and histidine. Three important genes (betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1, and dimethylglycine dehydrogenase) were differentially expressed to regulate the levels of betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine during intestine regeneration. These results provide an important basis for studying regenerative mechanisms and developing regenerative matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science and Engineering, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoni Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Cytotoxic Activity of Holothuria leucospilota Extract against Leishmania infantum In Vitro. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2016; 2016:8195381. [PMID: 27022392 PMCID: PMC4789066 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8195381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical parasitic infection. The resistance and toxicity issues are the major complications and remain significant consequences related to the treatment of leishmaniasis with the recent and classical drugs. Thus there is an immediate requirement to develop new compounds for the treatment of this protozoan disease. Sea cucumbers or holothurians are potentially presented as the marine sources of antimicrobial and cytotoxic compounds. The aim of this study was investigation of in vitro antileishmanial activity of methanol extract of body wall, coelomic fluid, and cuvierian organs of Holothuria leucospilota obtained from coastal parts of Persian Gulf against Leishmania infantum promastigotes and axenic amastigotes. The colorimetric MTT assay was used to determine L. infantum promastigotes and axenic amastigotes viability at different concentrations of the extracts and drug control (Glucantime®) at time dependent manner and the results are represented as IC50 (50% of inhibitory concentration). Coelomic fluid was the most active extract among the three different extracts of H. leucospilota against L. infantum promastigotes and axenic amastigotes with IC50s of 62.33 μg/mL and 22.4 μg/mL and 73 μg/mL and 46 μg/mL at 48 and 72 hours after treatment, respectively. Cuvierian organs extract showed less toxicity with IC50s more than 1000 μg/mL for both Leishmania infantum axenic amastigotes and promastigotes forms after 48 and 72 hours of exposure. Results acquired from the present study propose that the sea cucumber H. leucospilota may be a provoking source of antileishmanial compounds and could be a lead source in the development of the potent antileishmanial and cytotoxic drugs.
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FOROUTAN-RAD M, KHADEMVATAN S, SAKI J, HASHEMITABAR M. Holothuria leucospilota Extract Induces Apoptosis in Leishmania major Promastigotes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 11:339-349. [PMID: 28127339 PMCID: PMC5256050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to survey antileishmanial activity of methanolic Holothuria leucospilota extract against Leishmania major promastigotes in vitro. METHODS Promastigotes were cultured in RPMI 1640 and after reaching the stationary phase, the study was conducted with different concentrations of the extract. Afterwards, MTT colorimetric assay for the obtaining of 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was utilized. Furthermore, in order to determine the possible induction of apoptosis in L. major promastigotes, flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation methods were employed using annexin-V FLUOS staining kit and DNA ladder kit, respectively. RESULTS The IC50 value of H. leucospilota extract at three time points of 24, 48, and 72 h was estimated 2000, 300 and 85 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, the extract revealed a dose and time-dependent antileishmanial activity. Furthermore, various characteristics of apoptosis appeared after L. major promastigotes treatment, which included cell shrinkage, formation of apoptotic bodies, blebbing of the cell membrane, and externalization of phosphatidylserine, although no laddering pattern was observed. CONCLUSION The methanolic extract of H. leucospilota possesses lethal effect on L. major promastigotes and induces the apoptosis in parasites. Further studies are required to address the apoptosis mechanism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud FOROUTAN-RAD
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahram KHADEMVATAN
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jasem SAKI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Mahmoud HASHEMITABAR
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Reinardy HC, Emerson CE, Manley JM, Bodnar AG. Tissue regeneration and biomineralization in sea urchins: role of Notch signaling and presence of stem cell markers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133860. [PMID: 26267358 PMCID: PMC4534296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms represent a phylum with exceptional regenerative capabilities that can reconstruct both external appendages and internal organs. Mechanistic understanding of the cellular pathways involved in regeneration in these animals has been hampered by the limited genomic tools and limited ability to manipulate regenerative processes. We present a functional assay to investigate mechanisms of tissue regeneration and biomineralization by measuring the regrowth of amputated tube feet (sensory and motor appendages) and spines in the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. The ability to manipulate regeneration was demonstrated by concentration-dependent inhibition of regrowth of spines and tube feet by treatment with the mitotic inhibitor, vincristine. Treatment with the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of regrowth, indicating that both tube feet and spine regeneration require functional Notch signaling. Stem cell markers (Piwi and Vasa) were expressed in tube feet and spine tissue, and Vasa-positive cells were localized throughout the epidermis of tube feet by immunohistochemistry, suggesting the existence of multipotent progenitor cells in these highly regenerative appendages. The presence of Vasa protein in other somatic tissues (e.g. esophagus, radial nerve, and a sub-population of coelomocytes) suggests that multipotent cells are present throughout adult sea urchins and may contribute to normal homeostasis in addition to regeneration. Mechanistic insight into the cellular pathways governing the tremendous regenerative capacity of echinoderms may reveal processes that can be modulated for regenerative therapies, shed light on the evolution of regeneration, and enable the ability to predict how these processes will respond to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C. Reinardy
- Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s GE 01, Bermuda
| | - Chloe E. Emerson
- Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s GE 01, Bermuda
| | - Jason M. Manley
- Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s GE 01, Bermuda
| | - Andrea G. Bodnar
- Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s GE 01, Bermuda
- * E-mail:
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Ben Khadra Y, Ferrario C, Di Benedetto C, Said K, Bonasoro F, Carnevali MDC, Sugni M. Wound repair during arm regeneration in the red starfish Echinaster sepositus. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:611-22. [PMID: 26111373 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starfish can regenerate entire arms following their loss by both autotomic and traumatic amputation. Although the overall regenerative process has been studied several times in different asteroid species, there is still a considerable gap of knowledge as far as the detailed aspects of the repair phase at tissue and cellular level are concerned, particularly in post-traumatic regeneration. The present work is focused on the arm regeneration model in the Mediterranean red starfish Echinaster sepositus; to describe the early cellular mechanisms of arm regeneration following traumatic amputation, different microscopy techniques were employed. In E. sepositus, the repair phase was characterized by prompt wound healing by a syncytial network of phagocytes and re-epithelialisation followed by a localized subepidermal oedematous area formation. Scattered and apparently undifferentiated cells, intermixed with numerous phagocytes, were frequently found in the wound area during these first stages of regeneration and extensive dedifferentiation phenomena were seen at the level of the stump, particularly in the muscle bundles. A true localized blastema did not form. Our results confirm that regeneration in asteroids mainly relies on morphallactic processes, consisting in extensive rearrangement of the existing tissues which contribute to the new tissues through cell dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, and/or migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra Ben Khadra
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Cinzia Ferrario
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiano Di Benedetto
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Said
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Myc regulates programmed cell death and radial glia dedifferentiation after neural injury in an echinoderm. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:24. [PMID: 26025619 PMCID: PMC4448152 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Adult echinoderms can completely regenerate major parts of their central nervous system even after severe injuries. Even though this capacity has long been known, the molecular mechanisms that drive fast and complete regeneration in these animals have remained uninvestigated. The major obstacle for understanding these molecular pathways has been the lack of functional genomic studies on regenerating adult echinoderms. Results Here, we employ RNA interference-mediated gene knockdown to characterize the role of Myc during the early (first 48 hours) post-injury response in the radial nerve cord of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Our previous experiments identified Myc as the only pluripotency-associated factor, whose expression significantly increased in the wounded CNS. The specific function(s) of this gene, however, remained unknown. Here we demonstrate that knockdown of Myc inhibits dedifferentiation of radial glia and programmed cell death, the two most prominent cellular events that take place in the regenerating sea cucumber nervous system shortly after injury. Conclusions In this study, we show that Myc overexpression is required for proper dedifferentiation of radial glial cells and for triggering the programmed cell death in the vicinity of the injury. Myc is thus the first transcription factor, whose functional role has been experimentally established in echinoderm regeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-015-0071-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ba H, Yao F, Yang L, Qin T, Luan H, Li Z, Zou X, Hou L. Identification and expression patterns of extracellular matrix-associated genes fibropellin-ia and tenascin involved in regeneration of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Gene 2015; 565:96-105. [PMID: 25841990 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have a strong regenerative capacity. Many important genes involved in the molecular mechanism of regeneration and associated with intercellular signaling pathways of regeneration have been identified. The product of the fibropellin-ia gene forms a layer known as the apical lamina that surrounds the sea cucumber embryo throughout development. Meanwhile, the tenascin gene displays highly restricted and dynamic patterns of expression in the embryo and is expressed in the adult during normal processes such as wound healing, nerve regeneration and tissue involution. In this study, we cloned for the first time full-length cDNAs of fibropellin-ia (1390 bp, encoding a 199 amino acid protein) and tenascin (1366 bp, encoding a 179 amino acid protein) from Apostichopus japonicus (designated Aj-fnia and Aj-tenascin, respectively) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The structures and characteristics of these two genes were analyzed bioinformatically, and their expression patterns associated with extracellular matrix remodeling in regeneration of A. japonicus were investigated by real-time PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH). Expression levels of Aj-fnia and Aj-tenascin in the regeneration tissues were higher than those in normal tissues. The highest expression levels of Aj-fnia and Aj-tenascin were shown in the intestine and respiratory tree on the 15th and 20th days after sea cucumbers were eviscerated. In the body wall, the highest expression levels of Aj-fnia and Aj-tenascin occurred at 35 and 45 min during early regeneration and then emerged between 5 and 7 days again during late regeneration after the body wall was injured. ISH analysis revealed expression of these genes in the body wall, longitudinal muscle, intestine and respiratory tree. These findings suggest that Aj-fnia and Aj-tenascin are crucial genes that play important roles in the regeneration of the sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhong Ba
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, 1, Liushu South Street, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116081, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, 1, Liushu South Street, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, 1, Liushu South Street, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, 1, Liushu South Street, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, 1, Liushu South Street, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengmin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, 1, Liushu South Street, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Zou
- Department of Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, 1, Liushu South Street, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116081, People's Republic of China.
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Vazzana M, Siragusa T, Arizza V, Buscaino G, Celi M. Cellular responses and HSP70 expression during wound healing in Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:306-315. [PMID: 25463287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wound repair is a key event in the regeneration mechanisms of echinoderms. We studied, at the behavioural, cellular and molecular levels, the wound healing processes in Holothuria tubulosa after injuries to the body wall. The experiments were performed for periods of up to 72 h, and various coelomocyte counts, as well as the expression of heat shock proteins (HS27, HSP70 and HSP90), were recorded. Dermal wound healing was nearly complete within 72 h. In the early stages, we observed the injured animals twisting their bodies to keep their injuries on the surface of the water for the extrusion of the buccal pedicles. At the cellular level, we found time-dependent variations in the circulating coelomocyte counts. After injury, in particular, we observed a significant increase in spherule cells at 2.5 h post-injury. Using the western blot method, we observed and reported that the wounds produced, compared with controls, a significant increase in HSP27 and HSP70 expression in coelomocytes, whereas HSP70 was increased in scar tissue and HSP90 was increased only in cell-free coelomic fluid. These results highlight that the wounds were responsible for the stress condition with the induction of cellular and biochemical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Siragusa
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy; IEMEST - Istituto Euromediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppa Buscaino
- IAMC - Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero U.O. di Capo Granitola - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Mare, 3, 91021 Torretta Granitola, TP, Italy
| | - Monica Celi
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy; IAMC - Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero U.O. di Capo Granitola - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Mare, 3, 91021 Torretta Granitola, TP, Italy
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Lisse TS, Brochu EA, Rieger S. Capturing tissue repair in zebrafish larvae with time-lapse brightfield stereomicroscopy. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25742070 PMCID: PMC4330669 DOI: 10.3791/52654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish larval tail fin is ideal for studying tissue regeneration due to the simple architecture of the larval fin-fold, which comprises of two layers of skin that enclose undifferentiated mesenchyme, and because the larval tail fin regenerates rapidly within 2-3 days. Using this system, we demonstrate a method for capturing the repair dynamics of the amputated tail fin with time-lapse video brightfield stereomicroscopy. We demonstrate that fin amputation triggers a contraction of the amputation wound and extrusion of cells around the wound margin, leading to their subsequent clearance. Fin regeneration proceeds from proximal to distal direction after a short delay. In addition, developmental growth of the larva can be observed during all stages. The presented method provides an opportunity for observing and analyzing whole tissue-scale behaviors such as fin development and growth in a simple microscope setting, which is easily adaptable to any stereomicroscope with time-lapse capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Lisse
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory
| | - Elizabeth A Brochu
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory
| | - Sandra Rieger
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory;
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Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, García-Arrarás JE. Transcriptomic changes during regeneration of the central nervous system in an echinoderm. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:357. [PMID: 24886271 PMCID: PMC4229883 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinoderms are emerging as important models in regenerative biology. Significant amount of data are available on cellular mechanisms of post-traumatic repair in these animals, whereas studies of gene expression are rare. In this study, we employ high-throughput sequencing to analyze the transcriptome of the normal and regenerating radial nerve cord (a homolog of the chordate neural tube), in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. RESULTS Our de novo assembly yielded 70,173 contigs, of which 24,324 showed significant similarity to known protein-coding sequences. Expression profiling revealed large-scale changes in gene expression (4,023 and 3,257 up-regulated and down-regulated transcripts, respectively) associated with regeneration. Functional analysis of sets of differentially expressed genes suggested that among the most extensively over-represented pathways were those involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and ECM-cell interactions, indicating a key role of the ECM in regeneration. We also searched the sea cucumber transcriptome for homologs of factors known to be involved in acquisition and/or control of pluripotency. We identified eleven genes that were expressed both in the normal and regenerating tissues. Of these, only Myc was present at significantly higher levels in regeneration, whereas the expression of Bmi-1 was significantly reduced. We also sought to get insight into which transcription factors may operate at the top of the regulatory hierarchy to control gene expression in regeneration. Our analysis yielded eleven putative transcription factors, which constitute good candidates for further functional studies. The identified candidate transcription factors included not only known regeneration-related genes, but also factors not previously implicated as regulators of post-traumatic tissue regrowth. Functional annotation also suggested that one of the possible adaptations contributing to fast and efficient neural regeneration in echinoderms may be related to suppression of excitotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptomic analysis corroborates existing data on cellular mechanisms implicated in regeneration in sea cucumbers. More importantly, however, it also illuminates new aspects of echinoderm regeneration, which have been scarcely studied or overlooked altogether. The most significant outcome of the present work is that it lays out a roadmap for future studies of regulatory mechanisms by providing a list of key candidate genes for functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Mashanov
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, PR 00936-8377 San Juan, USA
| | - Olga R Zueva
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, PR 00936-8377 San Juan, USA
| | - José E García-Arrarás
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, PR 00936-8377 San Juan, USA
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Mei Y, Yao F, Wu Y, Chu B, Cheng C, Liu Y, Li X, Zou X, Hou L. Identification and expression of the elongator protein 2 (Ajelp2) gene, a novel regeneration-related gene from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4985-96. [PMID: 24748431 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Elongator proteins comprise six subunits (ELP1-ELP6) and form protein complexes. The elongator protein 2 gene (elp2) encodes a protein with a WD40 repeats domain that acts as a scaffold for complex assembly. It also plays an important role in growth and development. In this study, the full-length cDNA of elongator protein 2 (Ajelp2) was cloned from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (A. japonicus) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR techniques and comprised 3,058 bp, including a 54 bp 5' untranslated (UTR), a 526 bp 3' UTR and a 2,478 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 825 amino acids. The Ajelp2 sequence showed high homology to 12 other species. The molecular weight and isoelectric of point the presumptive protein were 91.6 kDa and 5.84, respectively. In situ hybridization indicated that the gene is expressed in the body wall, intestine, respiratory tree and longitudinal muscle. The expression level of Ajelp2 increased in recovering of organs in sea cucumber and showed it's the highest expression level at the 15th day in the intestine and respiratory tree. Its expression then gradually decreased to normal levels. In the body wall, the expression level of Ajelp2 was up-regulated and then down-regulated. These results indicated that Ajelp2 is involved in protein regulation during the regeneration process in the sea cucumber A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Mei
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, 1, Liushu South Street, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116081, People's Republic of China
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Mohammadizadeh F, Ehsanpor M, Afkhami M, Mokhlesi A, Khazaali A, Montazeri S. Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects of Holothuria scabra from the North Coast of the Persian Gulf. J Mycol Med 2013; 23:225-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kale V, Freysdottir J, Paulsen BS, Friðjónsson ÓH, Óli Hreggviðsson G, Omarsdottir S. Sulphated polysaccharide from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa affect maturation of human dendritic cells and their activation of allogeneic CD4(+) T cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sun L, Yang H, Chen M, Ma D, Lin C. RNA-Seq reveals dynamic changes of gene expression in key stages of intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. [corrected]. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69441. [PMID: 23936330 PMCID: PMC3735544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea; Echinodermata) have the capacity to regenerate lost tissues and organs. Although the histological and cytological aspects of intestine regeneration have been extensively studied, little is known of the genetic mechanisms involved. There has, however, been a renewed effort to develop a database of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) in Apostichopus japonicus, an economically-important species that occurs in China. This is important for studies on genetic breeding, molecular markers and special physiological phenomena. We have also constructed a library of ESTs obtained from the regenerative body wall and intestine of A. japonicus. The database has increased to ~30000 ESTs. RESULTS We used RNA-Seq to determine gene expression profiles associated with intestinal regeneration in A. japonicus at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post evisceration (dpe). This was compared to profiles obtained from a normally-functioning intestine. Approximately 5 million (M) reads were sequenced in every library. Over 2400 up-regulated genes (>10%) and over 1000 down-regulated genes (~5%) were observed at 3 and 7dpe (log2Ratio ≥ 1, FDR ≤ 0.001). Specific "Go terms" revealed that the DEGs (Differentially Expressed Genes) performed an important function at every regeneration stage. Besides some expected pathways (for example, Ribosome and Spliceosome pathway term), the "Notch signaling pathway," the "ECM-receptor interaction" and the "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" were significantly enriched. We also investigated the expression profiles of developmental genes, ECM-associated genes and Cytoskeletal genes. Twenty of the most important differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were verified by Real-time PCR, which resulted in a trend concordance of almost 100% between the two techniques. CONCLUSION Our studies demonstrated dynamic changes in global gene expression during intestine regeneration and presented a series of candidate genes and enriched pathways that contribute to intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers. This provides a foundation for future studies on the genetics/molecular mechanisms associated with intestine regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Muyan Chen
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Deyou Ma
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chenggang Lin
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, García-Arrarás JE. Radial glial cells play a key role in echinoderm neural regeneration. BMC Biol 2013; 11:49. [PMID: 23597108 PMCID: PMC3652774 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the CNS of echinoderms is capable of fast and efficient regeneration following injury and constitutes one of the most promising model systems that can provide important insights into evolution of the cellular and molecular events involved in neural repair in deuterostomes. So far, the cellular mechanisms of neural regeneration in echinoderm remained obscure. In this study we show that radial glial cells are the main source of new cells in the regenerating radial nerve cord in these animals. Results We demonstrate that radial glial cells of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima react to injury by dedifferentiation. Both glia and neurons undergo programmed cell death in the lesioned CNS, but it is the dedifferentiated glial subpopulation in the vicinity of the injury that accounts for the vast majority of cell divisions. Glial outgrowth leads to formation of a tubular scaffold at the growing tip, which is later populated by neural elements. Most importantly, radial glial cells themselves give rise to new neurons. At least some of the newly produced neurons survive for more than 4 months and express neuronal markers typical of the mature echinoderm CNS. Conclusions A hypothesis is formulated that CNS regeneration via activation of radial glial cells may represent a common capacity of the Deuterostomia, which is not invoked spontaneously in higher vertebrates, whose adult CNS does not retain radial glial cells. Potential implications for biomedical research aimed at finding the cure for human CNS injuries are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Mashanov
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-8377, USA.
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Posttraumatic regeneration involves differential expression of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1625-36. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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García-Arrarás JE, Valentín-Tirado G, Flores JE, Rosa RJ, Rivera-Cruz A, San Miguel-Ruiz JE, Tossas K. Cell dedifferentiation and epithelial to mesenchymal transitions during intestinal regeneration in H. glaberrima. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:61. [PMID: 22004330 PMCID: PMC3207902 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the type and source of cells involved in regenerative processes has been one of the most important goals of researchers in the field of regeneration biology. We have previously used several cellular markers to characterize the cells involved in the regeneration of the intestine in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. RESULTS We have now obtained a monoclonal antibody that labels the mesothelium; the outer layer of the gut wall composed of peritoneocytes and myocytes. Using this antibody we studied the role of this tissue layer in the early stages of intestinal regeneration. We have now shown that the mesothelial cells of the mesentery, specifically the muscle component, undergo dedifferentiation from very early on in the regeneration process. Cell proliferation, on the other hand, increases much later, and mainly takes place in the mesothelium or coelomic epithelium of the regenerating intestinal rudiment. Moreover, we have found that the formation of the intestinal rudiment involves a novel regenerative mechanism where epithelial cells ingress into the connective tissue and acquire mesenchymal phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that the dedifferentiating mesothelium provides the initial source of cells for the formation of the intestinal rudiment. At later stages, cell proliferation supplies additional cells necessary for the increase in size of the regenerate. Our data also shows that the mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition provides many of the connective tissue cells found in the regenerating intestine. These results present some new and important information as to the cellular basis of organ regeneration and in particular to the process of regeneration of visceral organs.
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