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Brunner N, Stein L, Amasheh S. Cellular Distribution Pattern of tjp1 (ZO-1) in Xenopus laevis Oocytes Heterologously Expressing Claudins. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:51-61. [PMID: 35737002 PMCID: PMC9884258 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barriers constitute a fundamental requirement in every organism, as they allow the separation of different environments and set boundaries against noxious and other adverse effectors. In many inflammatory and degenerative diseases, epithelial barrier function is impaired because of a disturbance of the paracellular seal. Recently, the Xenopus laevis oocyte has been established as a heterologous expression model for the analysis of transmembrane tight junction protein interactions and is currently considered to be a suitable screening model for barrier effectors. A prerequisite for this application is a physiological anchoring of claudins to the cytoskeleton via the major scaffolding protein tjp1 (tight junction protein 1, ZO-1). We have analyzed the oocyte model with regard to the interaction of heterologously expressed claudins and tjp1. Our experiments have revealed endogenous tjp1 expression in protein and mRNA analyses of unfertilized Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human claudin 1 (CLDN1) to claudin 5 (CLDN5). The amphibian cell model can therefore be used for the analysis of claudin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Brunner
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Stein
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Phenotypic variation in Xenopus laevis tadpoles from contrasting climatic regimes is the result of adaptation and plasticity. Oecologia 2022; 200:37-50. [PMID: 35996029 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic variations between populations often correlate with climatic variables. Determining the presence of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of a species to different environments over a large spatial scale can provide insight on the persistence of a species across its range. Amphibians, and in particular their larvae, are good models for studies of phenotypic variation as they are especially sensitive to their immediate environment. Few studies have attempted to determine the mechanisms that drive phenotypic variation between populations of a single amphibian species over a large spatial scale especially across contrasting climatic regimes. The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, occurs in two regions with contrasting rainfall regimes in southern Africa. We hypothesised that the phenotypic variation of life-history traits of X. laevis tadpoles emerges from a combination of plastic and genetic responses. We predicted that plasticity would allow the development of tadpoles from both regions in each environment. We also predicted that local adaptation of larval traits would drive the differentiation of reaction norms between populations and lower survival in tadpoles reared away from their home environment. We measured growth, time to metamorphosis, and survival in a reciprocal transplant experiment using outdoor mesocosms. Supporting our prediction, we found that the measured variation of all traits was explained by both adaptation and plasticity. However, the reaction norms differed between populations suggesting adaptive and asymmetric plasticity. All tadpoles experienced lower survival when translocated, but only translocated tadpoles from the winter rainfall region matched survival of local tadpoles. This has implications for the dynamics of translocated X. laevis into novel environments, especially from the winter rainfall region. Our discovery of their asymmetric capacity to overcome novel environmental conditions by phenotypic plasticity alone provides insight into their invasion success.
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3
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Nowotarski SH, Davies EL, Robb SMC, Ross EJ, Matentzoglu N, Doddihal V, Mir M, McClain M, Sánchez Alvarado A. Planarian Anatomy Ontology: a resource to connect data within and across experimental platforms. Development 2021; 148:271068. [PMID: 34318308 PMCID: PMC8353266 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As the planarian research community expands, the need for an interoperable data organization framework for tool building has become increasingly apparent. Such software would streamline data annotation and enhance cross-platform and cross-species searchability. We created the Planarian Anatomy Ontology (PLANA), an extendable relational framework of defined Schmidtea mediterranea (Smed) anatomical terms used in the field. At publication, PLANA contains over 850 terms describing Smed anatomy from subcellular to system levels across all life cycle stages, in intact animals and regenerating body fragments. Terms from other anatomy ontologies were imported into PLANA to promote interoperability and comparative anatomy studies. To demonstrate the utility of PLANA as a tool for data curation, we created resources for planarian embryogenesis, including a staging series and molecular fate-mapping atlas, and the Planarian Anatomy Gene Expression database, which allows retrieval of a variety of published transcript/gene expression data associated with PLANA terms. As an open-source tool built using FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reproducible) principles, our strategy for continued curation and versioning of PLANA also provides a platform for community-led growth and evolution of this resource. Summary: Description of the construction of an anatomy ontology tool for planaria with examples of its potential use to curate and mine data across multiple experimental platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Nowotarski
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Erin L Davies
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sofia M C Robb
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Eric J Ross
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Nicolas Matentzoglu
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Viraj Doddihal
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Mol Mir
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Melainia McClain
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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4
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Bertrand S, Carvalho JE, Dauga D, Matentzoglu N, Daric V, Yu JK, Schubert M, Escrivá H. The Ontology of the Amphioxus Anatomy and Life Cycle (AMPHX). Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668025. [PMID: 33981708 PMCID: PMC8107275 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An ontology is a computable representation of the different parts of an organism and its different developmental stages as well as the relationships between them. The ontology of model organisms is therefore a fundamental tool for a multitude of bioinformatics and comparative analyses. The cephalochordate amphioxus is a marine animal representing the earliest diverging evolutionary lineage of chordates. Furthermore, its morphology, its anatomy and its genome can be considered as prototypes of the chordate phylum. For these reasons, amphioxus is a very important animal model for evolutionary developmental biology studies aimed at understanding the origin and diversification of vertebrates. Here, we have constructed an amphioxus ontology (AMPHX) which combines anatomical and developmental terms and includes the relationships between these terms. AMPHX will be used to annotate amphioxus gene expression patterns as well as phenotypes. We encourage the scientific community to adopt this amphioxus ontology and send recommendations for future updates and improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bertrand
- CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - João E. Carvalho
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Vladimir Daric
- CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jr-Kai Yu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Michael Schubert
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Hector Escrivá
- CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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5
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Wang Y, Zhang B, Kropp J, Morozova N. Inference on tissue transplantation experiments. J Theor Biol 2021; 520:110645. [PMID: 33640451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We review studies on tissue transplantation experiments for various species: one piece of the donor tissue is excised and transplanted into a slit in the host tissue, then observe the behavior of this grafted tissue. Although we have known the results of some transplantation experiments, there are many more possible experiments with unknown results. We develop a penalty function-based method that uses the known experimental results to infer the unknown experimental results. Similar experiments without similar results get penalized and correspond to smaller probability. This method can provide the most probable results of a group of experiments or the probability of a specific result for each experiment. This method is also generalized to other situations. Besides, we solve a problem: how to design experiments so that such a method can be applied most efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Princeton University, 08544 Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Jérémie Kropp
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nadya Morozova
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIN RAS), 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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6
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Piccinni MZ, Watts JEM, Fourny M, Guille M, Robson SC. The skin microbiome of Xenopus laevis and the effects of husbandry conditions. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:17. [PMID: 33546771 PMCID: PMC7866774 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically the main source of laboratory Xenopus laevis was the environment. The increase in genetically altered animals and evolving governmental constraints around using wild-caught animals for research has led to the establishment of resource centres that supply animals and reagents worldwide, such as the European Xenopus Resource Centre. In the last decade, centres were encouraged to keep animals in a "low microbial load" or "clean" state, where embryos are surface sterilized before entering the housing system; instead of the conventional, "standard" conditions where frogs and embryos are kept without prior surface treatment. Despite Xenopus laevis having been kept in captivity for almost a century, surprisingly little is known about the frogs as a holobiont and how changing the microbiome may affect resistance to disease. This study examines how the different treatment conditions, "clean" and "standard" husbandry in recirculating housing, affects the skin microbiome of tadpoles and female adults. This is particularly important when considering the potential for poor welfare caused by a change in husbandry method as animals move from resource centres to smaller research colonies. RESULTS We found strong evidence for developmental control of the surface microbiome on Xenopus laevis; adults had extremely similar microbial communities independent of their housing, while both tadpole and environmental microbiome communities were less resilient and showed greater diversity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the adult Xenopus laevis microbiome is controlled and selected by the host. This indicates that the surface microbiome of adult Xenopus laevis is stable and defined independently of the environment in which it is housed, suggesting that the use of clean husbandry conditions poses little risk to the skin microbiome when transferring adult frogs to research laboratories. This will have important implications for frog health applicable to Xenopus laevis research centres throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Z. Piccinni
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Joy E. M. Watts
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636Centre for Enzyme Innovation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Marie Fourny
- grid.10400.350000 0001 2108 3034University of Rouen-Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Matt Guille
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samuel C. Robson
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636Centre for Enzyme Innovation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- grid.4701.20000 0001 0728 6636School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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7
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Bastian FB, Roux J, Niknejad A, Comte A, Fonseca Costa SS, de Farias TM, Moretti S, Parmentier G, de Laval VR, Rosikiewicz M, Wollbrett J, Echchiki A, Escoriza A, Gharib WH, Gonzales-Porta M, Jarosz Y, Laurenczy B, Moret P, Person E, Roelli P, Sanjeev K, Seppey M, Robinson-Rechavi M. The Bgee suite: integrated curated expression atlas and comparative transcriptomics in animals. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:D831-D847. [PMID: 33037820 PMCID: PMC7778977 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bgee is a database to retrieve and compare gene expression patterns in multiple animal species, produced by integrating multiple data types (RNA-Seq, Affymetrix, in situ hybridization, and EST data). It is based exclusively on curated healthy wild-type expression data (e.g., no gene knock-out, no treatment, no disease), to provide a comparable reference of normal gene expression. Curation includes very large datasets such as GTEx (re-annotation of samples as ‘healthy’ or not) as well as many small ones. Data are integrated and made comparable between species thanks to consistent data annotation and processing, and to calls of presence/absence of expression, along with expression scores. As a result, Bgee is capable of detecting the conditions of expression of any single gene, accommodating any data type and species. Bgee provides several tools for analyses, allowing, e.g., automated comparisons of gene expression patterns within and between species, retrieval of the prefered conditions of expression of any gene, or enrichment analyses of conditions with expression of sets of genes. Bgee release 14.1 includes 29 animal species, and is available at https://bgee.org/ and through its Bioconductor R package BgeeDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic B Bastian
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Niknejad
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Comte
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara S Fonseca Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tarcisio Mendes de Farias
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Moretti
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Parmentier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Rech de Laval
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Rosikiewicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Wollbrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amina Echchiki
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angélique Escoriza
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Walid H Gharib
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mar Gonzales-Porta
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yohan Jarosz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Balazs Laurenczy
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Moret
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Person
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roelli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Komal Sanjeev
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Seppey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Kruger N, Measey J, Vimercati G, Herrel A, Secondi J. Does the spatial sorting of dispersal traits affect the phenotype of the non-dispersing stages of the invasive frog Xenopus laevis through coupling? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In amphibians, spatial sorting progressively enhances the dispersal capacities of dispersing stages in expanding populations but may enhance or limit the performance of the earlier non-dispersing stages. Phenotypic traits of non-dispersing tadpoles and metamorphs can be coupled, through carry-over effects and trade-offs, or decoupled to dispersal traits in adults. We used the globally invasive amphibian, Xenopus laevis, to examine whether spatial sorting of adult phenotypes affects the phenotype of larval stages to metamorphosis in the core and at the periphery of an invasive population in France. We combined common garden laboratory and outdoor experiments to test the effect of parental pond location (core or periphery) on morphology, development and survival to metamorphosis and found no differences between tadpoles. After metamorphosis, the only difference observed in either of the experiments was the larger body size of metamorphs from the periphery, and then only when reared in the laboratory. Differences in metamorph size may indicate that a shift of dispersal traits occur after metamorphosis in X. laevis. Thus, our findings illustrate that decoupled evolution through spatial sorting can lead to changes of X. laevis adult phenotypes that would enhance dispersal without affecting the phenotype of tadpoles before metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kruger
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 Département Adaptation du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean Secondi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
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9
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Slater LT, Gkoutos GV, Hoehndorf R. Towards semantic interoperability: finding and repairing hidden contradictions in biomedical ontologies. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2020; 20:311. [PMID: 33319712 PMCID: PMC7736131 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-01336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ontologies are widely used throughout the biomedical domain. These ontologies formally represent the classes and relations assumed to exist within a domain. As scientific domains are deeply interlinked, so too are their representations. While individual ontologies can be tested for consistency and coherency using automated reasoning methods, systematically combining ontologies of multiple domains together may reveal previously hidden contradictions. Methods We developed a method that tests for hidden unsatisfiabilities in an ontology that arise when combined with other ontologies. For this purpose, we combined sets of ontologies and use automated reasoning to determine whether unsatisfiable classes are present. In addition, we designed and implemented a novel algorithm that can determine justifications for contradictions across extremely large and complicated ontologies, and use these justifications to semi-automatically repair ontologies by identifying a small set of axioms that, when removed, result in a consistent and coherent set of ontologies.
Results We tested the mutual consistency of the OBO Foundry and the OBO ontologies and find that the combined OBO Foundry gives rise to at least 636 unsatisfiable classes, while the OBO ontologies give rise to more than 300,000 unsatisfiable classes. We also applied our semi-automatic repair algorithm to each combination of OBO ontologies that resulted in unsatisfiable classes, finding that only 117 axioms could be removed to account for all cases of unsatisfiability across all OBO ontologies. Conclusions We identified a large set of hidden unsatisfiability across a broad range of biomedical ontologies, and we find that this large set of unsatisfiable classes is the result of a relatively small amount of axiomatic disagreements. Our results show that hidden unsatisfiability is a serious problem in ontology interoperability; however, our results also provide a way towards more consistent ontologies by addressing the issues we identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke T Slater
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Georgios V Gkoutos
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,MRC Health Data Research UK (HDR UK Midlands, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert Hoehndorf
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Oliveira D, Butt AS, Haller A, Rebholz-Schuhmann D, Sahay R. Where to search top-K biomedical ontologies? Brief Bioinform 2020; 20:1477-1491. [PMID: 29579141 PMCID: PMC6781604 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Searching for precise terms and terminological definitions in the biomedical data space is problematic, as researchers find overlapping, closely related and even equivalent concepts in a single or multiple ontologies. Search engines that retrieve ontological resources often suggest an extensive list of search results for a given input term, which leads to the tedious task of selecting the best-fit ontological resource (class or property) for the input term and reduces user confidence in the retrieval engines. A systematic evaluation of these search engines is necessary to understand their strengths and weaknesses in different search requirements. Result We have implemented seven comparable Information Retrieval ranking algorithms to search through ontologies and compared them against four search engines for ontologies. Free-text queries have been performed, the outcomes have been judged by experts and the ranking algorithms and search engines have been evaluated against the expert-based ground truth (GT). In addition, we propose a probabilistic GT that is developed automatically to provide deeper insights and confidence to the expert-based GT as well as evaluating a broader range of search queries. Conclusion The main outcome of this work is the identification of key search factors for biomedical ontologies together with search requirements and a set of recommendations that will help biomedical experts and ontology engineers to select the best-suited retrieval mechanism in their search scenarios. We expect that this evaluation will allow researchers and practitioners to apply the current search techniques more reliably and that it will help them to select the right solution for their daily work. Availability The source code (of seven ranking algorithms), ground truths and experimental results are available at https://github.com/danielapoliveira/bioont-search-benchmark
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armin Haller
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Ratnesh Sahay
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, NUI Galway, Ireland
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11
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Karimi K, Fortriede JD, Lotay VS, Burns KA, Wang DZ, Fisher ME, Pells TJ, James-Zorn C, Wang Y, Ponferrada VG, Chu S, Chaturvedi P, Zorn AM, Vize PD. Xenbase: a genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic model organism database. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D861-D868. [PMID: 29059324 PMCID: PMC5753396 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenbase (www.xenbase.org) is an online resource for researchers utilizing Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, and for biomedical scientists seeking access to data generated with these model systems. Content is aggregated from a variety of external resources and also generated by in-house curation of scientific literature and bioinformatic analyses. Over the past two years many new types of content have been added along with new tools and functionalities to reflect the impact of high-throughput sequencing. These include new genomes for both supported species (each with chromosome scale assemblies), new genome annotations, genome segmentation, dynamic and interactive visualization for RNA-Seq data, updated ChIP-Seq mapping, GO terms, protein interaction data, ORFeome support, and improved connectivity to other biomedical and bioinformatic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Karimi
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Joshua D Fortriede
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vaneet S Lotay
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Kevin A Burns
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Dong Zhou Wang
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Malcom E Fisher
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Troy J Pells
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Christina James-Zorn
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - V G Ponferrada
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Stanley Chu
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Peter D Vize
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Xenbase is the Xenopus model organism database ( www.xenbase.org ), a web-accessible resource that integrates the diverse genomic and biological data for Xenopus research. It hosts a variety of content including current and archived genomes for both X. laevis and X. tropicalis, bioinformatic tools for comparative genetic analyses including BLAST and GBrowse, annotated Xenopus literature, and catalogs of reagents including antibodies, ORFeome clones, morpholinos, and transgenic lines. Xenbase compiles gene-specific pages which include manually curated gene expression images, functional information including gene ontology (GO), disease associations, and links to other major data sources such as NCBI:Entrez, UniProtKB, and Ensembl. We also maintain the Xenopus Anatomy Ontology (XAO) which describes anatomy throughout embryonic development. This chapter provides a full description of the many features of Xenbase, and offers a guide on how to use various tools to perform a variety of common tasks such as identifying nucleic acid or protein sequences, finding gene expression patterns for specific genes, stages or tissues, identifying literature on a specific gene or tissue, locating useful reagents and downloading our extensive content, including Xenopus gene-Human gene disease mapping files.
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13
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Briggs JA, Weinreb C, Wagner DE, Megason S, Peshkin L, Kirschner MW, Klein AM. The dynamics of gene expression in vertebrate embryogenesis at single-cell resolution. Science 2018; 360:science.aar5780. [PMID: 29700227 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Time series of single-cell transcriptome measurements can reveal dynamic features of cell differentiation pathways. From measurements of whole frog embryos spanning zygotic genome activation through early organogenesis, we derived a detailed catalog of cell states in vertebrate development and a map of differentiation across all lineages over time. The inferred map recapitulates most if not all developmental relationships and associates new regulators and marker genes with each cell state. We find that many embryonic cell states appear earlier than previously appreciated. We also assess conflicting models of neural crest development. Incorporating a matched time series of zebrafish development from a companion paper, we reveal conserved and divergent features of vertebrate early developmental gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Briggs
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caleb Weinreb
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel E Wagner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leonid Peshkin
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marc W Kirschner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Chiu B, Pyysalo S, Vulić I, Korhonen A. Bio-SimVerb and Bio-SimLex: wide-coverage evaluation sets of word similarity in biomedicine. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:33. [PMID: 29402212 PMCID: PMC5800055 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Word representations support a variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. The quality of these representations is typically assessed by comparing the distances in the induced vector spaces against human similarity judgements. Whereas comprehensive evaluation resources have recently been developed for the general domain, similar resources for biomedicine currently suffer from the lack of coverage, both in terms of word types included and with respect to the semantic distinctions. Notably, verbs have been excluded, although they are essential for the interpretation of biomedical language. Further, current resources do not discern between semantic similarity and semantic relatedness, although this has been proven as an important predictor of the usefulness of word representations and their performance in downstream applications. Results We present two novel comprehensive resources targeting the evaluation of word representations in biomedicine. These resources, Bio-SimVerb and Bio-SimLex, address the previously mentioned problems, and can be used for evaluations of verb and noun representations respectively. In our experiments, we have computed the Pearson’s correlation between performances on intrinsic and extrinsic tasks using twelve popular state-of-the-art representation models (e.g. word2vec models). The intrinsic–extrinsic correlations using our datasets are notably higher than with previous intrinsic evaluation benchmarks such as UMNSRS and MayoSRS. In addition, when evaluating representation models for their abilities to capture verb and noun semantics individually, we show a considerable variation between performances across all models. Conclusion Bio-SimVerb and Bio-SimLex enable intrinsic evaluation of word representations. This evaluation can serve as a predictor of performance on various downstream tasks in the biomedical domain. The results on Bio-SimVerb and Bio-SimLex using standard word representation models highlight the importance of developing dedicated evaluation resources for NLP in biomedicine for particular word classes (e.g. verbs). These are needed to identify the most accurate methods for learning class-specific representations. Bio-SimVerb and Bio-SimLex are publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Chiu
- Language Technology Laboratory, DTAL, University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB39DB, UK.
| | - Sampo Pyysalo
- Language Technology Laboratory, DTAL, University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB39DB, UK
| | - Ivan Vulić
- Language Technology Laboratory, DTAL, University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB39DB, UK
| | - Anna Korhonen
- Language Technology Laboratory, DTAL, University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB39DB, UK
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15
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Travin D, Popov I, Guler AT, Medvedev D, van der Plas-Duivesteijn S, Varela M, Kolder ICRM, Meijer AH, Spaink HP, Palmblad M. COMICS: Cartoon Visualization of Omics Data in Spatial Context Using Anatomical Ontologies. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:739-744. [PMID: 29083911 PMCID: PMC5772887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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COMICS
is an interactive and open-access web platform for integration
and visualization of molecular expression data in anatomograms of
zebrafish, carp, and mouse model systems. Anatomical ontologies are
used to map omics data across experiments and between an experiment
and a particular visualization in a data-dependent manner. COMICS
is built on top of several existing resources. Zebrafish and mouse
anatomical ontologies with their controlled vocabulary (CV) and defined
hierarchy are used with the ontoCAT R package to aggregate data for
comparison and visualization. Libraries from the QGIS geographical
information system are used with the R packages “maps”
and “maptools” to visualize and interact with molecular
expression data in anatomical drawings of the model systems. COMICS
allows users to upload their own data from omics experiments, using
any gene or protein nomenclature they wish, as long as CV terms are
used to define anatomical regions or developmental stages. Common
nomenclatures such as the ZFIN gene names and UniProt accessions are
provided additional support. COMICS can be used to generate publication-quality
visualizations of gene and protein expression across experiments.
Unlike previous tools that have used anatomical ontologies to interpret
imaging data in several animal models, including zebrafish, COMICS
is designed to take spatially resolved data generated by dissection
or fractionation and display this data in visually clear anatomical
representations rather than large data tables. COMICS is optimized
for ease-of-use, with a minimalistic web interface and automatic selection
of the appropriate visual representation depending on the input data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Travin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119234 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Iaroslav Popov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119234 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Arzu Tugce Guler
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Medvedev
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119234 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Monica Varela
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University , PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Iris C R M Kolder
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University , PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University , PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University , PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Magnus Palmblad
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden The Netherlands
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16
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Lukas P, Olsson L. Sequence and timing of early cranial skeletal development in Xenopus laevis. J Morphol 2017; 279:62-74. [PMID: 28960402 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis is widely used as a model organism in biological research. Morphological descriptions of the larval cartilaginous skeleton are more than half a century old and comprehensive studies of early cartilage differentiation and development are missing. A proper understanding of early cranial skeletal development in X. laevis requires a detailed description that can function as a baseline for experimental studies. This basis makes it possible to evaluate skeletal defects produced by experiments on gene interactions, such as gain- or loss-of function experiments. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the pattern and timing of early cartilage differentiation and development in the larval head of X. laevis. Methods used include antibody staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy and 3D-reconstruction. Results were than compared to earlier studies based on classical histological approaches and clearing-and-staining. The first cartilage to chondrify is, in contrast to other vertebrates investigated so far, the ceratohyal. The components of the branchial basket chondrify in anterior-to-posterior direction as reported for other amphibians. Chondrification of different cartilages begins at different stages and the majority of cartilages are fully developed at Ziermann and Olsson stage 17. Our baseline data on the pattern and timing of early cartilaginous development in X. laevis is useful for evaluation of experiments which alter head skeletal development as well as for identifying heterochronic shifts in head development in other amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lukas
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Lennart Olsson
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
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17
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Diehl AD, Meehan TF, Bradford YM, Brush MH, Dahdul WM, Dougall DS, He Y, Osumi-Sutherland D, Ruttenberg A, Sarntivijai S, Van Slyke CE, Vasilevsky NA, Haendel MA, Blake JA, Mungall CJ. The Cell Ontology 2016: enhanced content, modularization, and ontology interoperability. J Biomed Semantics 2016; 7:44. [PMID: 27377652 PMCID: PMC4932724 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-016-0088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cell Ontology (CL) is an OBO Foundry candidate ontology covering the domain of canonical, natural biological cell types. Since its inception in 2005, the CL has undergone multiple rounds of revision and expansion, most notably in its representation of hematopoietic cells. For in vivo cells, the CL focuses on vertebrates but provides general classes that can be used for other metazoans, which can be subtyped in species-specific ontologies. CONSTRUCTION AND CONTENT Recent work on the CL has focused on extending the representation of various cell types, and developing new modules in the CL itself, and in related ontologies in coordination with the CL. For example, the Kidney and Urinary Pathway Ontology was used as a template to populate the CL with additional cell types. In addition, subtypes of the class 'cell in vitro' have received improved definitions and labels to provide for modularity with the representation of cells in the Cell Line Ontology and Reagent Ontology. Recent changes in the ontology development methodology for CL include a switch from OBO to OWL for the primary encoding of the ontology, and an increasing reliance on logical definitions for improved reasoning. UTILITY AND DISCUSSION The CL is now mandated as a metadata standard for large functional genomics and transcriptomics projects, and is used extensively for annotation, querying, and analyses of cell type specific data in sequencing consortia such as FANTOM5 and ENCODE, as well as for the NIAID ImmPort database and the Cell Image Library. The CL is also a vital component used in the modular construction of other biomedical ontologies-for example, the Gene Ontology and the cross-species anatomy ontology, Uberon, use CL to support the consistent representation of cell types across different levels of anatomical granularity, such as tissues and organs. CONCLUSIONS The ongoing improvements to the CL make it a valuable resource to both the OBO Foundry community and the wider scientific community, and we continue to experience increased interest in the CL both among developers and within the user community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Diehl
- />Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA
| | - Terrence F. Meehan
- />European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Yvonne M. Bradford
- />ZFIN, the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, 5291 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA
| | - Matthew H. Brush
- />Ontology Development Group, Library, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 USA
| | - Wasila M. Dahdul
- />Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
- />National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC 27705 USA
| | - David S. Dougall
- />Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
| | - Yongqun He
- />Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - David Osumi-Sutherland
- />European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Alan Ruttenberg
- />Oral Diagnostics Sciences, University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14210 USA
| | - Sirarat Sarntivijai
- />European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Ceri E. Van Slyke
- />ZFIN, the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, 5291 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA
| | - Nicole A. Vasilevsky
- />Ontology Development Group, Library, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 USA
| | - Melissa A. Haendel
- />Ontology Development Group, Library, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 USA
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18
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Clarkson MD. Representation of anatomy in online atlases and databases: a survey and collection of patterns for interface design. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:18. [PMID: 27206491 PMCID: PMC4875762 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of online atlases and databases have been developed to mange the rapidly growing amount of data describing embryogenesis. As these community resources continue to evolve, it is important to understand how representations of anatomy can facilitate the sharing and integration of data. In addition, attention to the design of the interfaces is critical to make online resources useful and usable. RESULTS I first present a survey of online atlases and gene expression resources for model organisms, with a focus on methods of semantic and spatial representation of anatomy. A total of 14 anatomical atlases and 21 gene expression resources are included. This survey demonstrates how choices in semantic representation, in the form of ontologies, can enhance interface search functions and provide links between relevant information. This survey also reviews methods for spatially representing anatomy in online resources. I then provide a collection of patterns for interface design based on the atlases and databases surveyed. These patterns include methods for displaying graphics, integrating semantic and spatial representations, organizing information, and querying databases to find genes expressed in anatomical structures. CONCLUSIONS This collection of patterns for interface design will assist biologists and software developers in planning the interfaces of new atlases and databases or enhancing existing ones. They also show the benefits of standardizing semantic and spatial representations of anatomy by demonstrating how interfaces can use standardization to provide enhanced functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Clarkson
- Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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19
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Vize PD, Liu Y, Karimi K. Database and Informatic Challenges in Representing Both Diploid and Tetraploid Xenopus Species in Xenbase. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 145:278-82. [PMID: 26022975 DOI: 10.1159/000430427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At the heart of databases is a data model referred to as a schema. Relational databases store information in tables, and the schema defines the tables and provides a map of relationships that show how the different table/data types relate to one another. In Xenbase, we were tasked to represent genomic, molecular, and biological data of both a diploid and tetraploid Xenopus species. When the database model was built over a decade ago, we had very little information on the nature of the X.laevis tetraploidization, but a Chado-based data model was proposed that could deal with the various forms of data in both species. Once the X.laevis genome was sequenced and annotated, it became clear that the data schema is very like the evolutionary schema that resulted in the X.laevis genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Vize
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada
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20
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Haendel MA, Balhoff JP, Bastian FB, Blackburn DC, Blake JA, Bradford Y, Comte A, Dahdul WM, Dececchi TA, Druzinsky RE, Hayamizu TF, Ibrahim N, Lewis SE, Mabee PM, Niknejad A, Robinson-Rechavi M, Sereno PC, Mungall CJ. Unification of multi-species vertebrate anatomy ontologies for comparative biology in Uberon. J Biomed Semantics 2014; 5:21. [PMID: 25009735 PMCID: PMC4089931 DOI: 10.1186/2041-1480-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating disease and developmental dysfunction requires understanding variation in phenotype. Single-species model organism anatomy ontologies (ssAOs) have been established to represent this variation. Multi-species anatomy ontologies (msAOs; vertebrate skeletal, vertebrate homologous, teleost, amphibian AOs) have been developed to represent 'natural' phenotypic variation across species. Our aim has been to integrate ssAOs and msAOs for various purposes, including establishing links between phenotypic variation and candidate genes. RESULTS Previously, msAOs contained a mixture of unique and overlapping content. This hampered integration and coordination due to the need to maintain cross-references or inter-ontology equivalence axioms to the ssAOs, or to perform large-scale obsolescence and modular import. Here we present the unification of anatomy ontologies into Uberon, a single ontology resource that enables interoperability among disparate data and research groups. As a consequence, independent development of TAO, VSAO, AAO, and vHOG has been discontinued. CONCLUSIONS The newly broadened Uberon ontology is a unified cross-taxon resource for metazoans (animals) that has been substantially expanded to include a broad diversity of vertebrate anatomical structures, permitting reasoning across anatomical variation in extinct and extant taxa. Uberon is a core resource that supports single- and cross-species queries for candidate genes using annotations for phenotypes from the systematics, biodiversity, medical, and model organism communities, while also providing entities for logical definitions in the Cell and Gene Ontologies. THE ONTOLOGY RELEASE FILES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ONTOLOGY MERGE DESCRIBED IN THIS MANUSCRIPT ARE AVAILABLE AT: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/releases/2013-02-21/ CURRENT ONTOLOGY RELEASE FILES ARE AVAILABLE ALWAYS AVAILABLE AT: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/releases/
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Haendel
- Department of Medical Informatics & Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James P Balhoff
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA ; National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frederic B Bastian
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David C Blackburn
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Anthropology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | | | - Yvonne Bradford
- The Zebrafish Model Organism Database, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Aurelie Comte
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wasila M Dahdul
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC, USA ; Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Thomas A Dececchi
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Robert E Druzinsky
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Nizar Ibrahim
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Suzanna E Lewis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paula M Mabee
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Anne Niknejad
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul C Sereno
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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21
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Ramírez MJ, Michalik P. Calculating structural complexity in phylogenies using ancestral ontologies. Cladistics 2014; 30:635-649. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martín J. Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” - CONICET; Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Peter Michalik
- Zoologisches Institut und Museum; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität; J.-S.-Bach-Str. 11/12 D-17489 Greifswald Germany
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22
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Van Slyke CE, Bradford YM, Westerfield M, Haendel MA. The zebrafish anatomy and stage ontologies: representing the anatomy and development of Danio rerio. J Biomed Semantics 2014; 5:12. [PMID: 24568621 PMCID: PMC3944782 DOI: 10.1186/2041-1480-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Zebrafish Anatomy Ontology (ZFA) is an OBO Foundry ontology that is used in conjunction with the Zebrafish Stage Ontology (ZFS) to describe the gross and cellular anatomy and development of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, from single cell zygote to adult. The zebrafish model organism database (ZFIN) uses the ZFA and ZFS to annotate phenotype and gene expression data from the primary literature and from contributed data sets. Results The ZFA models anatomy and development with a subclass hierarchy, a partonomy, and a developmental hierarchy and with relationships to the ZFS that define the stages during which each anatomical entity exists. The ZFA and ZFS are developed utilizing OBO Foundry principles to ensure orthogonality, accessibility, and interoperability. The ZFA has 2860 classes representing a diversity of anatomical structures from different anatomical systems and from different stages of development. Conclusions The ZFA describes zebrafish anatomy and development semantically for the purposes of annotating gene expression and anatomical phenotypes. The ontology and the data have been used by other resources to perform cross-species queries of gene expression and phenotype data, providing insights into genetic relationships, morphological evolution, and models of human disease.
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23
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Segerdell E, Ponferrada VG, James-Zorn C, Burns KA, Fortriede JD, Dahdul WM, Vize PD, Zorn AM. Enhanced XAO: the ontology of Xenopus anatomy and development underpins more accurate annotation of gene expression and queries on Xenbase. J Biomed Semantics 2013; 4:31. [PMID: 24139024 PMCID: PMC3816597 DOI: 10.1186/2041-1480-4-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis are prominent animal model organisms. Xenopus research contributes to the understanding of genetic, developmental and molecular mechanisms underlying human disease. The Xenopus Anatomy Ontology (XAO) reflects the anatomy and embryological development of Xenopus. The XAO provides consistent terminology that can be applied to anatomical feature descriptions along with a set of relationships that indicate how each anatomical entity is related to others in the embryo, tadpole, or adult frog. The XAO is integral to the functionality of Xenbase (http://www.xenbase.org), the Xenopus model organism database. RESULTS We significantly expanded the XAO in the last five years by adding 612 anatomical terms, 2934 relationships between them, 640 synonyms, and 547 ontology cross-references. Each term now has a definition, so database users and curators can be certain they are selecting the correct term when specifying an anatomical entity. With developmental timing information now asserted for every anatomical term, the ontology provides internal checks that ensure high-quality gene expression and phenotype data annotation. The XAO, now with 1313 defined anatomical and developmental stage terms, has been integrated with Xenbase expression and anatomy term searches and it enables links between various data types including images, clones, and publications. Improvements to the XAO structure and anatomical definitions have also enhanced cross-references to anatomy ontologies of other model organisms and humans, providing a bridge between Xenopus data and other vertebrates. The ontology is free and open to all users. CONCLUSIONS The expanded and improved XAO allows enhanced capture of Xenopus research data and aids mechanisms for performing complex retrieval and analysis of gene expression, phenotypes, and antibodies through text-matching and manual curation. Its comprehensive references to ontologies across taxa help integrate these data for human disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Segerdell
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Virgilio G Ponferrada
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christina James-Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin A Burns
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua D Fortriede
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wasila M Dahdul
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter D Vize
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Vogt L, Nickel M, Jenner RA, Deans AR. The need for data standards in zoomorphology. J Morphol 2013; 274:793-808. [PMID: 23508988 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
eScience is a new approach to research that focuses on data mining and exploration rather than data generation or simulation. This new approach is arguably a driving force for scientific progress and requires data to be openly available, easily accessible via the Internet, and compatible with each other. eScience relies on modern standards for the reporting and documentation of data and metadata. Here, we suggest necessary components (i.e., content, concept, nomenclature, format) of such standards in the context of zoomorphology. We document the need for using data repositories to prevent data loss and how publication practice is currently changing, with the emergence of dynamic publications and the publication of digital datasets. Subsequently, we demonstrate that in zoomorphology the scientific record is still limited to published literature and that zoomorphological data are usually not accessible through data repositories. The underlying problem is that zoomorphology lacks the standards for data and metadata. As a consequence, zoomorphology cannot participate in eScience. We argue that the standardization of morphological data requires i) a standardized framework for terminologies for anatomy and ii) a formalized method of description that allows computer-parsable morphological data to be communicable, compatible, and comparable. The role of controlled vocabularies (e.g., ontologies) for developing respective terminologies and methods of description is discussed, especially in the context of data annotation and semantic enhancement of publications. Finally, we introduce the International Consortium for Zoomorphology Standards, a working group that is open to everyone and whose aim is to stimulate and synthesize dialog about standards. It is the Consortium's ultimate goal to assist the zoomorphology community in developing modern data and metadata standards, including anatomy ontologies, thereby facilitating the participation of zoomorphology in eScience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Vogt
- Abteilung Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, Fachgruppe Biologie, Universität Bonn; An der Immenburg 1, Bonn D-53121, Germany.
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From ontology to semantic similarity: calculation of ontology-based semantic similarity. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:793091. [PMID: 23533360 PMCID: PMC3603583 DOI: 10.1155/2013/793091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput experimental techniques in the past decade have enabled the explosive increase of omics data, while effective organization, interpretation, and exchange of these data require standard and controlled vocabularies in the domain of biological and biomedical studies. Ontologies, as abstract description systems for domain-specific knowledge composition, hence receive more and more attention in computational biology and bioinformatics. Particularly, many applications relying on domain ontologies require quantitative measures of relationships between terms in the ontologies, making it indispensable to develop computational methods for the derivation of ontology-based semantic similarity between terms. Nevertheless, with a variety of methods available, how to choose a suitable method for a specific application becomes a problem. With this understanding, we review a majority of existing methods that rely on ontologies to calculate semantic similarity between terms. We classify existing methods into five categories: methods based on semantic distance, methods based on information content, methods based on properties of terms, methods based on ontology hierarchy, and hybrid methods. We summarize characteristics of each category, with emphasis on basic notions, advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Further, we extend our review to software tools implementing these methods and applications using these methods.
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Bowes JB, Snyder KA, James-Zorn C, Ponferrada VG, Jarabek CJ, Burns KA, Bhattacharyya B, Zorn AM, Vize PD. The Xenbase literature curation process. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2013; 2013:bas046. [PMID: 23303299 PMCID: PMC3540419 DOI: 10.1093/database/bas046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Xenbase (www.xenbase.org) is the model organism database for Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis, two frog species used as model systems for developmental and cell biology. Xenbase curation processes centre on associating papers with genes and extracting gene expression patterns. Papers from PubMed with the keyword ‘Xenopus’ are imported into Xenbase and split into two curation tracks. In the first track, papers are automatically associated with genes and anatomy terms, images and captions are semi-automatically imported and gene expression patterns found in those images are manually annotated using controlled vocabularies. In the second track, full text of the same papers are downloaded and indexed by a number of controlled vocabularies and made available to users via the Textpresso search engine and text mining tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff B Bowes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N1N4.
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27
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Abstract
Background Ontologies have increasingly been used in the biomedical domain, which has prompted the emergence of different initiatives to facilitate their development and integration. The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry consortium provides a repository of life-science ontologies, which are developed according to a set of shared principles. This consortium has developed an ontology called OBO Relation Ontology aiming at standardizing the different types of biological entity classes and associated relationships. Since ontologies are primarily intended to be used by humans, the use of graphical notations for ontology development facilitates the capture, comprehension and communication of knowledge between its users. However, OBO Foundry ontologies are captured and represented basically using text-based notations. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides a standard and widely-used graphical notation for modeling computer systems. UML provides a well-defined set of modeling elements, which can be extended using a built-in extension mechanism named Profile. Thus, this work aims at developing a UML profile for the OBO Relation Ontology to provide a domain-specific set of modeling elements that can be used to create standard UML-based ontologies in the biomedical domain. Results We have studied the OBO Relation Ontology, the UML metamodel and the UML profiling mechanism. Based on these studies, we have proposed an extension to the UML metamodel in conformance with the OBO Relation Ontology and we have defined a profile that implements the extended metamodel. Finally, we have applied the proposed UML profile in the development of a number of fragments from different ontologies. Particularly, we have considered the Gene Ontology (GO), the PRotein Ontology (PRO) and the Xenopus Anatomy and Development Ontology (XAO). Conclusions The use of an established and well-known graphical language in the development of biomedical ontologies provides a more intuitive form of capturing and representing knowledge than using only text-based notations. The use of the profile requires the domain expert to reason about the underlying semantics of the concepts and relationships being modeled, which helps preventing the introduction of inconsistencies in an ontology under development and facilitates the identification and correction of errors in an already defined ontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela D A Guardia
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, DCM/FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo Av Bandeirantes, 3900 Monte Alegre Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil.
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Dahdul WM, Balhoff JP, Blackburn DC, Diehl AD, Haendel MA, Hall BK, Lapp H, Lundberg JG, Mungall CJ, Ringwald M, Segerdell E, Van Slyke CE, Vickaryous MK, Westerfield M, Mabee PM. A unified anatomy ontology of the vertebrate skeletal system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51070. [PMID: 23251424 PMCID: PMC3519498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is of fundamental importance in research in comparative vertebrate morphology, paleontology, biomechanics, developmental biology, and systematics. Motivated by research questions that require computational access to and comparative reasoning across the diverse skeletal phenotypes of vertebrates, we developed a module of anatomical concepts for the skeletal system, the Vertebrate Skeletal Anatomy Ontology (VSAO), to accommodate and unify the existing skeletal terminologies for the species-specific (mouse, the frog Xenopus, zebrafish) and multispecies (teleost, amphibian) vertebrate anatomy ontologies. Previous differences between these terminologies prevented even simple queries across databases pertaining to vertebrate morphology. This module of upper-level and specific skeletal terms currently includes 223 defined terms and 179 synonyms that integrate skeletal cells, tissues, biological processes, organs (skeletal elements such as bones and cartilages), and subdivisions of the skeletal system. The VSAO is designed to integrate with other ontologies, including the Common Anatomy Reference Ontology (CARO), Gene Ontology (GO), Uberon, and Cell Ontology (CL), and it is freely available to the community to be updated with additional terms required for research. Its structure accommodates anatomical variation among vertebrate species in development, structure, and composition. Annotation of diverse vertebrate phenotypes with this ontology will enable novel inquiries across the full spectrum of phenotypic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasila M Dahdul
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
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James-Zorn C, Ponferrada VG, Jarabek CJ, Burns KA, Segerdell EJ, Lee J, Snyder K, Bhattacharyya B, Karpinka JB, Fortriede J, Bowes JB, Zorn AM, Vize PD. Xenbase: expansion and updates of the Xenopus model organism database. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 41:D865-70. [PMID: 23125366 PMCID: PMC3531164 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenbase (http://www.xenbase.org) is a model organism database that provides genomic, molecular, cellular and developmental biology content to biomedical researchers working with the frog, Xenopus and Xenopus data to workers using other model organisms. As an amphibian Xenopus serves as a useful evolutionary bridge between invertebrates and more complex vertebrates such as birds and mammals. Xenbase content is collated from a variety of external sources using automated and semi-automated pipelines then processed via a combination of automated and manual annotation. A link-matching system allows for the wide variety of synonyms used to describe biological data on unique features, such as a gene or an anatomical entity, to be used by the database in an equivalent manner. Recent updates to the database include the Xenopus laevis genome, a new Xenopus tropicalis genome build, epigenomic data, collections of RNA and protein sequences associated with genes, more powerful gene expression searches, a community and curated wiki, an extensive set of manually annotated gene expression patterns and a new database module that contains data on over 700 antibodies that are useful for exploring Xenopus cell and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina James-Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, S3.620, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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30
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Abstract
Ontologies are now pervasive in biomedicine, where they serve as a means to standardize terminology, to enable access to domain knowledge, to verify data consistency and to facilitate integrative analyses over heterogeneous biomedical data. For this purpose, research on biomedical ontologies applies theories and methods from diverse disciplines such as information management, knowledge representation, cognitive science, linguistics and philosophy. Depending on the desired applications in which ontologies are being applied, the evaluation of research in biomedical ontologies must follow different strategies. Here, we provide a classification of research problems in which ontologies are being applied, focusing on the use of ontologies in basic and translational research, and we demonstrate how research results in biomedical ontologies can be evaluated. The evaluation strategies depend on the desired application and measure the success of using an ontology for a particular biomedical problem. For many applications, the success can be quantified, thereby facilitating the objective evaluation and comparison of research in biomedical ontology. The objective, quantifiable comparison of research results based on scientific applications opens up the possibility for systematically improving the utility of ontologies in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hoehndorf
- Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB, UK.
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31
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Powers TR, Virk SM, Trujillo-Provencio C, Serrano EE. Probing the Xenopus laevis inner ear transcriptome for biological function. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:225. [PMID: 22676585 PMCID: PMC3532188 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The senses of hearing and balance depend upon mechanoreception, a process that originates in the inner ear and shares features across species. Amphibians have been widely used for physiological studies of mechanotransduction by sensory hair cells. In contrast, much less is known of the genetic basis of auditory and vestibular function in this class of animals. Among amphibians, the genus Xenopus is a well-characterized genetic and developmental model that offers unique opportunities for inner ear research because of the amphibian capacity for tissue and organ regeneration. For these reasons, we implemented a functional genomics approach as a means to undertake a large-scale analysis of the Xenopus laevis inner ear transcriptome through microarray analysis. Results Microarray analysis uncovered genes within the X. laevis inner ear transcriptome associated with inner ear function and impairment in other organisms, thereby supporting the inclusion of Xenopus in cross-species genetic studies of the inner ear. The use of gene categories (inner ear tissue; deafness; ion channels; ion transporters; transcription factors) facilitated the assignment of functional significance to probe set identifiers. We enhanced the biological relevance of our microarray data by using a variety of curation approaches to increase the annotation of the Affymetrix GeneChip® Xenopus laevis Genome array. In addition, annotation analysis revealed the prevalence of inner ear transcripts represented by probe set identifiers that lack functional characterization. Conclusions We identified an abundance of targets for genetic analysis of auditory and vestibular function. The orthologues to human genes with known inner ear function and the highly expressed transcripts that lack annotation are particularly interesting candidates for future analyses. We used informatics approaches to impart biologically relevant information to the Xenopus inner ear transcriptome, thereby addressing the impediment imposed by insufficient gene annotation. These findings heighten the relevance of Xenopus as a model organism for genetic investigations of inner ear organogenesis, morphogenesis, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- TuShun R Powers
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA
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32
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Mc Manus F. Development and mechanistic explanation. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 43:532-541. [PMID: 22520202 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Within modern philosophy of biology the topic of mechanistic explanation has become a central theme for critical discussion. The neo-mechanical philosophers have developed accounts that emphasize intervention and manipulation as the central epistemic tools that allow gaining epistemic access upon the mechanisms and have argued that the processes of inter-field integration across disciplines can be understood through the analysis of mechanisms spanning multiple levels. In this paper I revisit current proposals on mechanistic explanation in order to show some of their limitations when dealing with developmental mechanisms. I basically argue that (i) developmental mechanisms cannot be accommodated within a framework centered upon the mutual manipulation principle, (ii) the distinction between causal relations vs. constitutive relations cannot be easily demarcated within developmental biology and (iii) the notion of "part" underlying the neo-mechanical accounts on explanation is not suitable for developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizzio Mc Manus
- Faculty of Sciences, UNAM, Av. Universidad Nacional 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Deleg. Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Herrel A, Gonwouo LN, Fokam EB, Ngundu WI, Bonneaud C. Intersexual differences in body shape and locomotor performance in the aquatic frog, Xenopus tropicalis. J Zool (1987) 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; Paris; France
| | - L. N. Gonwouo
- Faculty of Science; Laboratory of Zoology; University of Yaoundé I; Yaoundé; Cameroon
| | - E. B. Fokam
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences; University of Buea; Buea; Cameroon
| | - W. I. Ngundu
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences; University of Buea; Buea; Cameroon
| | - C. Bonneaud
- Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis; Saint-Girons; France
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de Bono B, Grenon P, Sammut SJ. ApiNATOMY: A novel toolkit for visualizing multiscale anatomy schematics with phenotype-related information. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:837-48. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mungall CJ, Torniai C, Gkoutos GV, Lewis SE, Haendel MA. Uberon, an integrative multi-species anatomy ontology. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R5. [PMID: 22293552 PMCID: PMC3334586 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-1-r5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We present Uberon, an integrated cross-species ontology consisting of over 6,500 classes representing a variety of anatomical entities, organized according to traditional anatomical classification criteria. The ontology represents structures in a species-neutral way and includes extensive associations to existing species-centric anatomical ontologies, allowing integration of model organism and human data. Uberon provides a necessary bridge between anatomical structures in different taxa for cross-species inference. It uses novel methods for representing taxonomic variation, and has proved to be essential for translational phenotype analyses. Uberon is available at http://uberon.org
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Mungall
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cycltotron Road MS 64-121, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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36
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Bowes J. On-line resources for Xenopus. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 917:541-562. [PMID: 22956109 PMCID: PMC4300944 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-992-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of computational methods in biology, the quantity of biological data has grown exponentially. These data support genomic, genetic, developmental, and other forms of biological experimentation. The number of on-line resources has kept pace with the growth in data. Xenopus has perhaps lagged some of the other model organisms in developing resources, but is now quickly catching up. There are now a number of well-established and developing resources for Xenopus. This chapter looks beyond the widely known public databases, Genbank and the EBI, and describes how the researcher can use a number of central sites such as Xenbase, UniProtKB, and major genome browsers to navigate to a variety of different resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Bowes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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37
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Ormestad M, Martindale MQ, Röttinger E. A comparative gene expression database for invertebrates. EvoDevo 2011; 2:17. [PMID: 21861937 PMCID: PMC3180427 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-2-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As whole genome and transcriptome sequencing gets cheaper and faster, a great number of 'exotic' animal models are emerging, rapidly adding valuable data to the ever-expanding Evo-Devo field. All these new organisms serve as a fantastic resource for the research community, but the sheer amount of data, some published, some not, makes detailed comparison of gene expression patterns very difficult to summarize - a problem sometimes even noticeable within a single lab. The need to merge existing data with new information in an organized manner that is publicly available to the research community is now more necessary than ever. Description In order to offer a homogenous way of storing and handling gene expression patterns from a variety of organisms, we have developed the first web-based comparative gene expression database for invertebrates that allows species-specific as well as cross-species gene expression comparisons. The database can be queried by gene name, developmental stage and/or expression domains. Conclusions This database provides a unique tool for the Evo-Devo research community that allows the retrieval, analysis and comparison of gene expression patterns within or among species. In addition, this database enables a quick identification of putative syn-expression groups that can be used to initiate, among other things, gene regulatory network (GRN) projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Ormestad
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, PBRC, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 41, Ahui Street, Honolulu, 96734, HI, USA.
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38
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Hoehndorf R, Oellrich A, Rebholz-Schuhmann D. Interoperability between phenotype and anatomy ontologies. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:3112-8. [PMID: 20971987 PMCID: PMC2995119 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Phenotypic information is important for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease. A formal ontological representation of phenotypic information can help to identify, interpret and infer phenotypic traits based on experimental findings. The methods that are currently used to represent data and information about phenotypes fail to make the semantics of the phenotypic trait explicit and do not interoperate with ontologies of anatomy and other domains. Therefore, valuable resources for the analysis of phenotype studies remain unconnected and inaccessible to automated analysis and reasoning. RESULTS We provide a framework to formalize phenotypic descriptions and make their semantics explicit. Based on this formalization, we provide the means to integrate phenotypic descriptions with ontologies of other domains, in particular anatomy and physiology. We demonstrate how our framework leads to the capability to represent disease phenotypes, perform powerful queries that were not possible before and infer additional knowledge. AVAILABILITY http://bioonto.de/pmwiki.php/Main/PheneOntology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hoehndorf
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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39
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Dahdul WM, Lundberg JG, Midford PE, Balhoff JP, Lapp H, Vision TJ, Haendel MA, Westerfield M, Mabee PM. The teleost anatomy ontology: anatomical representation for the genomics age. Syst Biol 2010; 59:369-83. [PMID: 20547776 PMCID: PMC2885267 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syq013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rich knowledge of morphological variation among organisms reported in the systematic literature has remained in free-text format, impractical for use in large-scale synthetic phylogenetic work. This noncomputable format has also precluded linkage to the large knowledgebase of genomic, genetic, developmental, and phenotype data in model organism databases. We have undertaken an effort to prototype a curated, ontology-based evolutionary morphology database that maps to these genetic databases (http://kb.phenoscape.org) to facilitate investigation into the mechanistic basis and evolution of phenotypic diversity. Among the first requirements in establishing this database was the development of a multispecies anatomy ontology with the goal of capturing anatomical data in a systematic and computable manner. An ontology is a formal representation of a set of concepts with defined relationships between those concepts. Multispecies anatomy ontologies in particular are an efficient way to represent the diversity of morphological structures in a clade of organisms, but they present challenges in their development relative to single-species anatomy ontologies. Here, we describe the Teleost Anatomy Ontology (TAO), a multispecies anatomy ontology for teleost fishes derived from the Zebrafish Anatomical Ontology (ZFA) for the purpose of annotating varying morphological features across species. To facilitate interoperability with other anatomy ontologies, TAO uses the Common Anatomy Reference Ontology as a template for its upper level nodes, and TAO and ZFA are synchronized, with zebrafish terms specified as subtypes of teleost terms. We found that the details of ontology architecture have ramifications for querying, and we present general challenges in developing a multispecies anatomy ontology, including refinement of definitions, taxon-specific relationships among terms, and representation of taxonomically variable developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasila M Dahdul
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Vertebrate eyes begin as a small patch of cells at the most anterior end of the early brain called the eye field. If these cells are removed from an amphibian embryo, the eyes do not form. If the eye field is transplanted to another location on the embryo or cultured in a dish, it forms eyes. These simple cut and paste experiments were performed at the beginning of the last century and helped to define the embryonic origin of the vertebrate eye. The genes necessary for eye field specification and eventual eye formation, by contrast, have only recently been identified. These genes and the molecular mechanisms regulating the initial formation of the Xenopus laevis eye field are the subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Zuber
- Center for Vision Research, SUNY Eye Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Bowes JB, Snyder KA, Segerdell E, Jarabek CJ, Azam K, Zorn AM, Vize PD. Xenbase: gene expression and improved integration. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:D607-12. [PMID: 19884130 PMCID: PMC2808955 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenbase (www.xenbase.org), the model organism database for Xenopus laevis and X. (Silurana) tropicalis, is the principal centralized resource of genomic, development data and community information for Xenopus research. Recent improvements include the addition of the literature and interaction tabs to gene catalog pages. New content has been added including a section on gene expression patterns that incorporates image data from the literature, large scale screens and community submissions. Gene expression data are integrated into the gene catalog via an expression tab and is also searchable by multiple criteria using an expression search interface. The gene catalog has grown to contain over 15 000 genes. Collaboration with the European Xenopus Research Center (EXRC) has resulted in a stock center section with data on frog lines supplied by the EXRC. Numerous improvements have also been made to search and navigation. Xenbase is also the source of the Xenopus Anatomical Ontology and the clearinghouse for Xenopus gene nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff B Bowes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Prosdocimi F, Chisham B, Pontelli E, Stoltzfus A, Thompson JD. Knowledge Standardization in Evolutionary Biology: The Comparative Data Analysis Ontology. Evol Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00952-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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