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Györkei Á, Johansen FE, Qiao SW. Systematic characterization of immunoglobulin loci and deep sequencing of the expressed repertoire in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). BMC Genomics 2024; 25:663. [PMID: 38961347 PMCID: PMC11223323 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Atlantic cod is a prolific species in the Atlantic, despite its inconsistent specific antibody response. It presents a peculiar case within vertebrate immunology due to its distinct immune system, characterized by the absence of MHCII antigen presentation pathway, required for T cell-dependent antibody responses. Thorough characterisation of immunoglobulin loci and analysis of the antibody repertoire is necessary to further our understanding of the Atlantic cod's immune response on a molecular level. RESULTS A comprehensive search of the cod genome (gadmor3.0) identified the complete set of IgH genes organized into three sequential translocons on chromosome 2, while IgL genes were located on chromosomes 2 and 5. The Atlantic cod displayed a moderate germline V gene diversity, comprising four V gene families for both IgH and IgL, each with distinct chromosomal locations and organizational structures. 5'RACE sequencing revealed a diverse range of heavy chain CDR3 sequences and relatively limited CDR3 diversity in light chains. The analysis highlighted a differential impact of V-gene germline CDR3 length on receptor CDR3 length between heavy and light chains, underlining different recombination processes. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that the Atlantic cod, despite its inconsistent antibody response, maintains a level of immunoglobulin diversity comparable to other fish species. The findings suggest that the extensive recent duplications of kappa light chain genes do not result in increased repertoire diversity. This research provides a comprehensive view of the Atlantic cod's immunoglobulin gene organization and repertoire, necessary for future studies of antibody responses at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Györkei
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn-Eirik Johansen
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Etayo A, Bjørgen H, Hordvik I, Øvergård AC. Possible transport routes of IgM to the gut of teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109583. [PMID: 38657879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Fish rely on mucosal surfaces as their first defence barrier against pathogens. Maintaining mucosal homeostasis is therefore crucial for their overall well-being, and it is likely that secreted immunoglobulins (sIg) play a pivotal role in sustaining this balance. In mammals, the poly-Ig receptor (pIgR) is an essential component responsible for transporting polymeric Igs across mucosal epithelia. In teleost fish, a counterpart of pIgR has been identified and characterized, exhibiting structural differences and broader mRNA expression patterns compared to mammals. Despite supporting evidence for the binding of Igs to recombinant pIgR proteins, the absence of a joining chain (J-chain) in teleosts challenges the conventional understanding of Ig transport mechanisms. The transport of IgM to the intestine via the hepatobiliary route is observed in vertebrates and has been proposed in a few teleosts. Investigations on the stomachless fish, ballan wrasse, revealed a significant role of the hepatobiliary route and interesting possibilities for alternative IgM transport routes that might include pancreatic tissue. These findings highlight the importance of gaining a thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind Ig transport to the gut in various teleosts. This review aims to gather existing information on pIgR-mediated transport across epithelial cells and immunoglobulin transport pathways to the gut lumen in teleost fish. It provides comparative insights into the hepatobiliary transport of Igs to the gut, emphasizing the current understanding in teleost fish while exploring potential alternative pathways for Ig transport to the gut lumen. Despite significant progress in understanding various aspects, there is still much to uncover, especially concerning the diversity of mechanisms across different teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Etayo
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Fish Health group, Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Fish Health group, Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
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3
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Xu H, Wang Z, Li Y, Xu Z. The distribution and function of teleost IgT. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109281. [PMID: 38092093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Given the uniquely close relationship between fish and aquatic environments, fish mucosal tissues are constantly exposed to a wide array of pathogenic microorganisms in the surrounding water. To maintain mucosal homeostasis, fish have evolved a distinct mucosal immune system known as mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs). These MALTs consist of key effector cells and molecules from the adaptive immune system, such as B cells and immunoglobulins (Igs), which play crucial roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis and defending against external pathogen infections. Until recently, three primary Ig isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgT, have been identified in varying proportions within the mucosal secretions of teleost fish. Similar to the role of mucosal IgA in mammals and birds, teleost IgT plays a predominant role in mucosal immunity. Following the identification of the IgT gene in 2005, significant advances have been made in researching the origin, evolution, structure, and function of teleost IgT. Multiple IgT variants have been identified in various species of teleost fish, underscoring the remarkable complexity of IgT in fish. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in various aspects of teleost IgT, including its genomic and structural features, the diverse distribution patterns within various fish mucosal tissues (the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, pharyngeal, and swim bladder mucosa), its interaction with mucosal symbiotic microorganisms, and its immune responses towards diverse pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. We also highlight the existing research gaps in the study of teleost IgT, suggesting the need for further investigation into the functional aspects of IgT and IgT+ B cells. This research is aimed at providing valuable insights into the immune functions of IgT and the mechanisms underlying the immune responses of fish against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Cui Z, Zhao H, Chen X. Molecular and functional characterization of two IgM subclasses in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108581. [PMID: 36754157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As the predominant immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype, IgM plays a crucial role in the acquired immunity of vertebrates. There is only one Igμ gene in mammals, except cattle, while the number of Igμ gene varies among teleost fish. In the current study, we found two functional Igμ genes (Igμ1 and Igμ2) and a pseudo Cμ gene (ψIgμ) in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Both Igμ1 and Igμ2 genes possessed two transcript variants, which encoded the heavy chains of secreted (sIgM1 and sIgM2) and membrane-bound IgM1 and IgM2 (mIgM1 and mIgM2), respectively. Both the heavy chains of sIgM1 and sIgM2 consisted of a variable Ig domain, four constant Ig domains (CH1, CH2, CH3 and CH4) and a secretory tail, while those of mIgM1 and mIgM2 consisted of a variable Ig domain, three constant Ig domains (CH1, CH2 and CH3), a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail. Cysteine residues that are necessary for the formation of intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds and tryptophan residues that are important for the folding of the Ig superfamily domain were well conserved in large yellow croaker IgM1 and IgM2. Interestingly, large yellow croaker IgM2 had an extra cysteine (C94) in the CH1 domain compared with IgM1, which may cause the structural difference between IgM1 and IgM2. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that both IgM1 and IgM2 were present at the protein level in large yellow croaker serum. Both the Igμ1 and Igμ2 genes were mainly expressed in systemic immune tissues, such as head kidney and spleen, but the expression level of Igμ2 was much lower than that of Igμ1. After Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection, the expression levels of Igμ1 and Igμ2 in both the spleen and head kidney were significantly upregulated, with a higher upregulation of Igμ2 than that of Igμ1. These results suggested that Igμ1 and Igμ2 may play a differential role in the immune response of large yellow croaker against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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5
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Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Immunity of the intestinal mucosa in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108572. [PMID: 36717066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the problem of intestinal mucosa immunity in teleost fish. The immunity of the intestinal mucosa in teleost fish depends on the elements and mechanisms with different organizational/structural and functional properties than in mammals. The organization of the elements of intestinal mucosal immunitya in these animals is associated with the presence of immune cells that fulfil the functions assigned to the induction and effector sites of mucosal immunity in mammals; they are located at various histological sites of the mucosa - in the lamina propria (LP) and in the surface epithelium. The presence of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) has not been demonstrated in teleost fish, and the terminology used in relation to the structure and function of the mucosa immunity components in teleost fish is inadequate. In this article, we review the knowledge of intestinal mucosal immunity in teleost fish, with great potential for knowledge and practical applications especially in the field of epidemiological safety. We discuss the organization and functional properties of the elements that determine this immunity, according to current data and taking into account the tissue definition and terminology adopted by the Society for Mucosal Immunology General Assembly (13th ICMI in Tokyo, 2007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
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6
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Tracing the origin of fish immunoglobulins. Mol Immunol 2023; 153:146-159. [PMID: 36502743 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the origin of immunoglobulin genes in fish. There are two evolutionary lines of bony fish, Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii. The former gave rise to most of the current fish and the latter to the animals that went to land. Non-teleost actinopterygians are significant evolutionary, sharing a common ancestor with sarcopterygians. There are three different immunoglob- ulin isotypes in ray-finned fish: IgM, IgD and IgT. We deduce that translocon formation in im- munoglobulins genes occurred already in non-teleost Actinopterygii. We establish a relationship between no teleosts and teleostean fish at the domain level of different immunoglobulins. We found two evolutionary lines of immunoglobulin. A line that starts from Immunoglobulin M and another from an ancestral Immunoglobulin W. The M line is stable, and the W line gives rise to the IgD of the fish. Immunoglobulin T emerges by recombination between both lines.
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Han L, Li J, Wang W, Luo K, Chai M, Xiang C, Luo Z, Ren L, Gu Q, Tao M, Zhang C, Wang J, Liu S. Immunoglobulin heavy-chain loci in ancient allotetraploid goldfish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104476. [PMID: 35718131 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As an ancient allotetraploid species, goldfish (Carassius auratus) have two sets of subgenomes. In this study, immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IGH) genes were cloned from the red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.), and the corresponding loci were identified in the gynogenetic diploid red crucian carp (GRCC) genome as well as the genomes of three other goldfish strains (Wakin, G-12, and CaTCV-1). Examination showed that each goldfish strain possessed two sets of parallel IGH loci: a complete IGHA locus and a degenerated IGHB locus that was nearly 40 × smaller. In the IGHA locus, multiple τ chain loci were arranged in tandem between the μ&δ chain locus and the variable genes, but no τ-like genes were found in the IGHB locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaikun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingli Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziye Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Polyploid Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Han Q, Mo Z, Lai X, Guo W, Hu Y, Chen H, He Z, Dan X, Li Y. Mucosal immunoglobulin response in Epinephelus coioides after Cryptocaryon irritans infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:436-446. [PMID: 35985626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The teleost mucosal immune system consists mainly of the skin, gills and gut, which play crucial roles in local immune responses against invading organisms. Immunoglobulins are essential molecules in adaptive immunity that perform crucial biological functions. In our study, a mucosal immunity model was constructed in Epinephelus coioides groupers after Cryptocaryon irritans infection, according to previous experience. Total IgM and IgT in the groupers increased in the serum and mucus in the immune group, whereas only pathogen-specific IgM were detected existence. More critically, pathogen-specific IgM was detected in the head kidney, gill and skin supernatants, thus suggesting that the systematic immune and mucosal immune system secreted immunoglobulins. Furthermore, an early response in the skin was observed, on the basis of the detection of pathogen-specific IgM in the skin supernatant. In conclusion, this research characterized the grouper IgM and IgT in mucosal immune responses to pathogens in the gills and skin, thus providing a theoretical basis for future studies on vaccines against C. irritans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Zequan Mo
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xueli Lai
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingtong Hu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhichang He
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xueming Dan
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yanwei Li
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Bunnoy A, Na-Nakorn U, Srisapoome P. Mystifying Molecular Structure, Expression and Repertoire Diversity of IgM Heavy Chain Genes (Ighμ) in Clarias Catfish and Hybrids: Two Novel Transcripts in Vertebrates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884434. [PMID: 35784299 PMCID: PMC9247300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel immunoglobulin heavy chain (Ighμ) transcripts encoding membrane-bound forms of IgM (mIgM) were discovered in bighead catfish, Clarias macrocephalus. The first transcript contains four constant and two transmembrane domains [Cμ1-Cμ2-Cμ3-Cμ4-TM1-TM2] that have never been reported in teleosts, and the second transcript is an unusual mIgM that has never been identified in any vertebrate [Cμ1-(Cδ2-Cδ3-Cδ4-Cδ5)-Cμ2-Cμ3-TM1-TM2]. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in bighead catfish, North African catfish (C. gariepinus) and hybrid catfish revealed a single copy of Ighμ in individual parent catfish, while two gene copies were found in diploid hybrid catfish. Intensive sequence analysis demonstrated multiple distinct structural variabilities in the VH domain in Clarias, and hybrid catfish were defined and used to generate diversity with various mechanisms. Expression analysis of Ighμ in Aeromonas hydrophila infection of the head kidney, peripheral blood leukocytes and spleen revealed significantly higher levels in North African catfish and hybrid catfish than in bighead catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurak Bunnoy
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uthairat Na-Nakorn
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetics, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Prapansak Srisapoome,
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10
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Identification and Characterization of Immunoglobulin T Heavy Chain in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Three immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes have been identified in teleosts, IgM, IgD, and IgT or IgZ. IgT, a new teleost Ig isotype, plays a vital role in mucosal immunity. However, information on molecular and functional characteristics of fish IgT is still limited. In this study, an IgT heavy chain (LcIgT) gene was cloned and characterized in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Complete cDNA of LcIgT was 1930 bp in length, encoding a protein of 554 amino acids. The deduced LcIgT contains a VH region and only three CH regions (CH1, CH2, CH4), but no transmembrane region was predicted. Phylogenetic analysis showed that IgT heavy chain sequences from all fish species are grouped together. Homology comparison showed that LcIgT shares the highest amino acid identity of 58.73% with IgT heavy chain in Scophthalmus maximus. The VH domain of LcIgT has the highest identity of 72.50% with that of Scophthalmus maximus IgT. Relatively, each constant domain of LcIgT exhibits the highest amino acid identity with that of IgT in Oreochromis niloticus (67.61% identity for CH1, 61.11% identity for CH2, and 63.74% identity for CH4). LcIgT was constitutively expressed in various tissues tested, with the highest levels in mucosa-associated tissues such as gills and skin. After Cryptocaryon irritans infection, the mRNA levels of LcIgT were significantly up-regulated in the spleen (3.27-fold) at 4 d, in the head kidney (3.98-fold) and skin (2.11-fold) at 7 d, and in gills (4.45-fold) at 14 d. The protein levels in these detected tissues were all significantly up-regulated; the peak of its up-regulation was 6.33-fold at 28d in gills, 3.44-fold at 7d in skin, and 3.72-fold at 14d in spleen. These results showed that IgT response could be simultaneously induced in both systemic and mucosal tissues after parasitic infection and that IgT may be involved in systemic immunity and mucosal immunity against parasitic infection.
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Salinas I, Fernández-Montero Á, Ding Y, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins of teleost fish: A decade of advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104079. [PMID: 33785432 PMCID: PMC8177558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are complex glycoproteins that play critical functions in innate and adaptive immunity of all jawed vertebrates. Given the unique characteristics of mucosal barriers, secretory Igs (sIgs) have specialized to maintain homeostasis and keep pathogens at bay at mucosal tissues from fish to mammals. In teleost fish, the three main IgH isotypes, IgM, IgD and IgT/Z can be found in different proportions at the mucosal secretions of the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, and pharyngeal mucosae. Similar to the role of mammalian IgA, IgT plays a predominant role in fish mucosal immunity. Recent studies in IgT have illuminated the primordial role of sIgs in both microbiota homeostasis and pathogen control at mucosal sites. Ten years ago, IgT was discovered to be an immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. Aiming at this 10-year anniversary, the goal of this review is to summarize the current status of the field of fish Igs since that discovery, while identifying knowledge gaps and future avenues that will move the field forward in both basic and applied science areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Montero
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Fu Q, Wei Z, Chen Y, Xie J, Zhang X, He T, Chen X. Development of monoclonal antibody against IgT of a perciform fish, large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and characterization of IgT + B cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:104027. [PMID: 33516899 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Teleost immunoglobulin T (IgT) is considered to be a primitive immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. In the present study, a recombinant protein containing the CH2 region of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) IgT heavy chain was expressed, purified, and used as an immunogen to produce a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against large yellow croaker IgT. Western blotting results indicated that the obtained mouse anti-IgT mAb could specifically recognize a 45 kDa protein in the skin mucus of large yellow croaker, which was identified as the IgT heavy chain by mass spectrometric analysis. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) analysis further demonstrated that this mouse anti-IgT mAb could recognize membrane-bound IgT (mIgT) molecules on large yellow croaker IgT+ leukocytes. This mAb also could be used for sorting of large yellow croaker IgT+ B cells by flow cytometry sorting technology. Then, flow cytometric immunofluorescence analysis (FCIA) results showed that the percentages of IgT+ B cells in skin, gills, gut, spleen, head kidney and peripheral blood lymphocytes were 27.553% ± 3.312%, 12.588% ± 3.538%, 12.355% ± 3.352%, 13.075 ± 2.258%, 5.552 ± 3.275%, and 2.600 ± 0.521%, respectively, indicating that mucosal tissues (skin, gills, and gut) contained a high ratio of IgT+ B cells. Accordingly, the high protein levels of IgT were also detected in these mucosal tissues, suggesting that IgT may play a role in mucosal immunity in large yellow croaker. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the mouse anti-IgT mAb developed in this study could be used for characterizing IgT+ B cells and studying the functions of IgT in large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Zuyun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jingguang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tianliang He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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13
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Li A, Thwaite R, Kellie S, Barnes AC. Serum IgM heavy chain sub-isotypes and light chain variants revealed in giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) via protein A affinity purification, mass spectrometry and genome sequencing. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:42-50. [PMID: 33794338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two IgM heavy (H) chain sub-isotypes (80 and 40 kDa) and two light (L) chain variants (25 and 30 kDa) were detected in the serum of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by protein A affinity chromatography. This method yielded 5.6 mg/mL high purity IgM from grouper serum, with efficiency estimated at 39.5% recovery from crude serum. The H and L chains were identified by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry (MS). Nanopore long-read sequencing was used to generate a genomic contig (MW768935), containing Cμ, Cδ loci, VH regions, and a H chain Joining segment. cDNA sequencing of Cμ transcripts (MW768933 and MW768934) were used to polish the genomic contig and determine the exons and introns of the corresponding locus. MS peptide mapping revealed that the 80 kDa H chain consisted of CH1-4 domains while peptides from the 40 kDa H chain only mapped to CH1-2 domains. Our genomic contig showed the Cμ locus has a Cμ1-Cμ2-Cμ3-Cμ4 arrangement on the same strand as the other Ig loci identified in this genomic sequence. Our study corrects the NCBI annotations of the opposing Cμ loci (LOC117268697 and LOC117268550) in chromosome 16 (NC_047006). Further, we identified both κ and λ L chain isotypes in serum IgM. The molecular weight differences observed may result from different combinations of CL and VL genes. Putative IgM sub-isotypes have also been reported in Epinephelus itajara and Epinephelus coioides. The presence of IgM sub-isotypes may be a conserved trait among Epinephelus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Li
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Australia
| | - Rosemary Thwaite
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Australia
| | - Stuart Kellie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Australia.
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14
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Gouania willdenowi is a teleost fish without immunoglobulin genes. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:102-107. [PMID: 33578305 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) genes encode antibodies in jawed vertebrates. They are essential elements of the adaptive immune response. Ig exists in soluble form or as part of the B cell membrane antigen receptor (BCR). Studies of Ig genes in fish genomes reveal the absence of Ig genes in Gouania willdenowi by deletion of the entire Ig locus from the canonical chromosomal region. The genes coding for integral BCR proteins, CD79a and CD79b, are also absent. Genes exist for T α/β lymphocyte receptors but not for the T γ/δ receptors. The results of the genomic analysis are independently corroborated with RNA-Seq transcriptomes from other Gobiesocidae species. From the transcriptome studies, Ig is also absent from these other Gobiesocidae species, Acyrtus sp. and Tomicodon sp. Present evidence suggests that Ig is missing from all species of the Gobiesocidae family.
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15
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Bilal S, Etayo A, Hordvik I. Immunoglobulins in teleosts. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:65-77. [PMID: 33439286 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins which are produced as membrane-bound receptors on B-cells or in a secreted form, known as antibodies. In teleosts, three immunoglobulin isotypes, IgM, IgT, and IgD, are present, each comprising two identical heavy and two identical light polypeptide chains. The basic mechanisms for generation of immunoglobulin diversity are similar in teleosts and higher vertebrates. The B-cell pre-immune repertoire is diversified by VDJ recombination, junctional flexibility, addition of nucleotides, and combinatorial association of light and heavy chains, while the post-immune repertoire undergoes somatic hypermutation during clonal expansion. Typically, the teleost immunoglobulin heavy chain gene complex has a modified translocon arrangement where the Dτ-Jτ-Cτ cluster of IgT is generally located between the variable heavy chain (VH) region and the Dμ/δ-Jμ/δ-Cμ-Cδ gene segments, or within the set of VH gene segments. However, multiple genome duplication and deletion events and loss of some individual genes through evolution has complicated the IgH gene organization. The IgH gene arrangement allows the expression of either IgT or IgM/IgD. Alternative splicing is responsible for the regulation of IgM/IgD expression and the secreted versus transmembrane forms of IgT, IgD, and IgM. The overall structure of IgM and IgT is usually conserved across species, whereas IgD has a large variety of structures. IgM is the main effector molecule in both systemic and mucosal immunity and shows a broad range of concentrations in different teleost species. Although IgM is usually present in higher concentrations under normal conditions, IgT is considered the main mucosal Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Bilal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Angela Etayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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16
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Mirete-Bachiller S, Olivieri DN, Gambón-Deza F. Immunoglobulin T genes in Actinopterygii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 108:86-93. [PMID: 33279606 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In teleost fishes, there are three immunoglobulin isotypes named immunoglobulin M (IgM), D (IgD), and T (IgT). IgT was the last to be described in teleost fishes, and it is specific to them. From recent fish genomes, we identified and studied the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in Actinopterygii. For this analysis, a custom bioinformatics and machine learning pipeline, we call CHfinder, was developed that identifies the exons coding for the CH domains of fish immunoglobulins. Some IgT in teleost and holostean fish found from this systematic study have not been previously described. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the IgT CH1 exons reveals they are similar to the CH1 of IgM. This analysis also shows that the other three domains (CH2, CH3, and CH4) were not the result of recent IgM duplication processes in Actinopterygii, demonstrating that it is an immunoglobulin of earlier origin. The bioinformatics program, CHfinder, is publicly available at https://github.com/compimmuno/CHfinder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David N Olivieri
- Centro de Intelixencia Artificial, Ourense, Spain; ESE Informatica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
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17
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Picchietti S, Miccoli A, Fausto AM. Gut immunity in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): a review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 108:94-108. [PMID: 33285171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and discuss the trends and supporting findings in scientific literature on the gut mucosa immune role in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Overall, the purpose is to provide an updated overview of the gastrointestinal tract functional regionalization and defence barriers. A description of the available information regarding immune cells found in two immunologically-relevant intestinal compartments, namely epithelium and lamina propria, is provided. Attention has been also paid to mucosal immunoglobulins and to the latest research investigating gut microbiota and dietary manipulation impacts. Finally, we review oral vaccination strategies, as a safe method for sea bass vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - A Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A M Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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18
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Ji J, Hu C, Shao T, Fan D, Zhang N, Lin A, Xiang L, Shao J. Differential immune responses of immunoglobulin Z subclass members in antibacterial immunity in a zebrafish model. Immunology 2021; 162:105-120. [PMID: 32979273 PMCID: PMC7730029 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin Z (IgZ) or its equivalent immunoglobulin T (IgT) is a newly identified immunoglobulin (Ig) class from teleost fish. This Ig class is characterized by its involvement in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) for mucosal defence against pathogen infection. Recently, several subclass members of IgZ/IgT, such as IgZ, IgZ2, Igτ1, Igτ2 and Igτ3, have been further identified from zebrafish, common carp and rainbow trout. However, the functional diversity and correlation among these subclasses remain uncertain. Here, we explored the differential immune reactions of the IgZ and IgZ2 subclasses in antibacterial immunity in a zebrafish model. IgZ was extensively distributed in the peripheral serum and skin/gill MALTs and showed a rapid induction upon bacterial infection. IgZ2 was specialized in skin/gill MALTs and showed a strong induction following IgZ production. Correspondingly, the IgZ+ B cells had a wider distribution in the systemic primary/secondary lymphoid tissues and MALTs than the IgZ2+ B cells, which were predominant in MALTs. IgZ and IgZ2 exhibited a complementary effect in antibacterial immunity by possessing differential abilities. That is, IgZ is preferentially involved in bactericidal reaction that is in part C1q-dependent, and IgZ2 participates in neutralization action through bacteria-coating activity. The production of IgZ largely depended on the αβ T/CD4+ T cells, whereas that of IgZ2 did not, suggesting the different dependencies of IgZ and IgZ2 on systemic immunity. Our findings demonstrate that the functional behaviour and mechanism of the IgZ/IgT family are more diverse than previously recognized and thus improve the current knowledge about this ancient Ig class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐fei Ji
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chong‐bin Hu
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Tong Shao
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dong‐dong Fan
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ai‐fu Lin
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Li‐xin Xiang
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jian‐zhong Shao
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
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19
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Bradshaw WJ, Valenzano DR. Extreme genomic volatility characterizes the evolution of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in cyprinodontiform fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200489. [PMID: 32396805 PMCID: PMC7287348 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the adaptive immune system has provided vertebrates with a uniquely sophisticated immune toolkit, enabling them to mount precise immune responses against a staggeringly diverse range of antigens. Like other vertebrates, teleost fishes possess a complex and functional adaptive immune system; however, our knowledge of the complex antigen-receptor genes underlying its functionality has been restricted to a small number of experimental and agricultural species, preventing systematic investigation into how these crucial gene loci evolve. Here, we analyse the genomic structure of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene loci in the cyprinodontiforms, a diverse and important group of teleosts present in many different habitats across the world. We reconstruct the complete IGH loci of the turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) and the southern platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) and analyse their in vivo gene expression, revealing the presence of species-specific splice isoforms of transmembrane IGHM. We further characterize the IGH constant regions of 10 additional cyprinodontiform species, including guppy, Amazon molly, mummichog and mangrove killifish. Phylogenetic analysis of these constant regions suggests multiple independent rounds of duplication and deletion of the teleost-specific antibody class IGHZ in the cyprinodontiform lineage, demonstrating the extreme volatility of IGH evolution. Focusing on the cyprinodontiforms as a model taxon for comparative evolutionary immunology, this work provides novel genomic resources for studying adaptive immunity and sheds light on the evolutionary history of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Bradshaw
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 296, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dario Riccardo Valenzano
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 296, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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20
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Sun Y, Huang T, Hammarström L, Zhao Y. The Immunoglobulins: New Insights, Implications, and Applications. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:145-169. [PMID: 31846352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs), as one of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity, first arose approximately 500 million years ago with the emergence of jawed vertebrates. Two events stand out in the evolutionary history of Igs from cartilaginous fish to mammals: (a) the diversification of Ig heavy chain (IgH) genes, resulting in Ig isotypes or subclasses associated with novel functions, and (b) the diversification of genetic and structural strategies, leading to the creation of the antibody repertoire we know today. This review first gives an overview of the IgH isotypes identified in jawed vertebrates to date and then highlights the implications or applications of five new recent discoveries arising from comparative studies of Igs derived from different vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Tian Huang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Mammary Bioreactor, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China;
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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21
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Magadan S, Krasnov A, Hadi-Saljoqi S, Afanasyev S, Mondot S, Lallias D, Castro R, Salinas I, Sunyer O, Hansen J, Koop BF, Lefranc MP, Boudinot P. Standardized IMGT® Nomenclature of Salmonidae IGH Genes, the Paradigm of Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout: From Genomics to Repertoires. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2541. [PMID: 31798572 PMCID: PMC6866254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In teleost fish as in mammals, humoral adaptive immunity is based on B lymphocytes expressing highly diverse immunoglobulins (IG). During B cell differentiation, IG loci are subjected to genomic rearrangements of V, D, and J genes, producing a unique antigen receptor expressed on the surface of each lymphocyte. During the course of an immune response to infections or immunizations, B cell clones specific of epitopes from the immunogen are expanded and activated, leading to production of specific antibodies. Among teleost fish, salmonids comprise key species for aquaculture. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are especially important from a commercial point of view and have emerged as critical models for fish immunology. The growing interest to capture accurate and comprehensive antibody responses against common pathogens and vaccines has resulted in recent efforts to sequence the IG repertoire in these species. In this context, a unified and standardized nomenclature of salmonid IG heavy chain (IGH) genes is urgently required, to improve accuracy of annotation of adaptive immune receptor repertoire dataset generated by high-throughput sequencing (AIRRseq) and facilitate comparisons between studies and species. Interestingly, the assembly of salmonids IGH genomic sequences is challenging due to the presence of two large size duplicated IGH loci and high numbers of IG genes and pseudogenes. We used data available for Atlantic salmon to establish an IMGT standardized nomenclature of IGH genes in this species and then applied the IMGT rules to the rainbow trout IGH loci to set up a nomenclature, which takes into account the specificities of Salmonid loci. This unique, consistent nomenclature for Salmonid IGH genes was then used to construct IMGT sequence reference directories allowing accurate annotation of AIRRseq data. The complex issues raised by the genetic diversity of salmon and trout strains are discussed in the context of IG repertoire annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadan
- Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Biology, Center of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Saida Hadi-Saljoqi
- IMGT®, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System® (IMGT), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislas Mondot
- MICALIS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Delphine Lallias
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rosario Castro
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, Center of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Oriol Sunyer
- Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Hansen
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ben F. Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT®, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System® (IMGT), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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22
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Magadan S, Jouneau L, Boudinot P, Salinas I. Nasal Vaccination Drives Modifications of Nasal and Systemic Antibody Repertoires in Rainbow Trout. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1480-1492. [PMID: 31413108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bony fish represent the most basal vertebrate branch with a dedicated mucosal immune system, which comprises immunologically heterogeneous microenvironments armed with innate and adaptive components. In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) was recently described as a diffuse network of myeloid and lymphoid cells located in the olfactory organ of fish. Several studies have demonstrated high levels of protection conferred by nasal vaccines against viral and bacterial pathogens; however, the mechanisms underlying the observed protection are not well understood. We applied 5'RACE and a deep sequencing-based approach to investigate the clonal structure of the systemic and mucosal rainbow trout B cell repertoire. The analysis of Ig repertoire in control trout suggests different structures of IgM and IgT spleen and NALT repertoires, with restricted repertoire diversity in NALT. Nasal and injection vaccination with a bacterial vaccine revealed unique dynamics of IgM and IgT repertoires at systemic and mucosal sites and the remarkable ability of nasal vaccines to induce spleen Ig responses. Our findings provide an important immunological basis for the effectiveness of nasal vaccination in fish and other vertebrate animals and will help the design of future nasal vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadan
- Center of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.,Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Vigo, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain; and
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
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23
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Saravanan K, Rajendran KV, Gireesh-Babu P, Purushothaman CS, Makesh M. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of secretory immunoglobulin M (IgM) heavy chain gene in rohu, Labeo rohita. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 31:413-425. [PMID: 31081447 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1612411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the major isotype among teleost immunoglobulins. The present study was aimed to explore IgM heavy chain gene and its expression profile in rohu. Full-length IgM heavy chain cDNA of rohu consisted of 1994 bp encoding a polypeptide of 576 amino acid residues including a leader peptide, variable (VH) and constant (CH1-CH2-CH3-CH4) domains confirming the secretory form of IgM. The sequence carries conserved residues such as cysteine, tryptophan and amino acid motifs like 'YYCAR' and 'FDYWGKGT-VTV-S'. The predicted 3 D model confirmed various domains of rohu IgM heavy chain. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that IgM heavy chain gene of rohu shared the same cluster with that of other cyprinid fishes. Tissue distribution analysis showed the predominant level of IgM heavy chain gene expression in kidney, spleen and intestine. IgM heavy chain gene expression in rohu kidney was found to be up-regulated and reached a maximum at 7 days post-challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. These findings demonstrate the first report of full-length secretory IgM heavy chain gene in rohu. Besides, IgM heavy chain gene was highly expressed in major lymphoid tissues and bacterial challenge influenced its expression which further confirmed its role in the adaptive humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saravanan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Gireesh-Babu
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - C S Purushothaman
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - M Makesh
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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Seemann F, Peterson DR, Chiang MWL, Au DWT. The development of cellular immune defence in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 199:81-89. [PMID: 28347744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally induced alterations of the immune system during sensitive developmental stages may manifest as abnormalities in immune organ configuration and/or immune cell differentiation. These not only render the early life stages more vulnerable to pathogens, but may also affect the adult immune competence. Knowledge of these sensitive periods in fish would provide an important prognostic/diagnostic tool for aquatic risk assessment of immunotoxicants. The marine medaka Oryzias melastigma is an emerging seawater fish model for immunotoxicology. Here, the presence and onset of four potentially sensitive periods during the development of innate and adaptive cellular immune defence were revealed in O. melastigma: 1.) initiation of phagocyte differentiation, 2.) migration and expansion of lymphoid progenitor cells, 3.) colonization of immune organs through lymphocyte progenitors and 4.) establishment of immune competence in the thymus. By using an established bacterial resistance assay for O. melastigma, larval immune competence (from newly hatched 1dph to 14dph) was found concomitantly increased with advanced thymus development and the presence of mature T-lymphocytes. A comparison between the marine O. melastigma and the freshwater counterpart Oryzias latipes disclosed a disparity in the T-lymphocyte maturation pattern, resulting in differences in the length of T-lymphocyte maturation. The results shed light on a potential difference between seawater and freshwater medaka in their sensitivity to environmental immunotoxicants. Further, medaka immune system development was compared and contrasted to economically important fish. The present study has provided a strong scientific basis for advanced investigation of critical windows for immune system development in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seemann
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Drew Ryan Peterson
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Michael Wai Lun Chiang
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Doris Wai Ting Au
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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25
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Krasnov A, Jørgensen SM, Afanasyev S. Ig-seq: Deep sequencing of the variable region of Atlantic salmon IgM heavy chain transcripts. Mol Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28623734 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M plays a key role in systemic protection of Atlantic salmon against pathogens. Until recent, studies have focused on antigen-specific antibodies and little is known about the IgM repertoire: its size, developmental changes and responses to antigens. We report the development of deep sequencing protocol to characterize the repertoire of IgM heavy chain variable region. Its structure and changes were examined at the early stages of life and after infection with virus of cardiac myopathy. Clonotypes are identified by the V and J gene segments and amino acid sequences of CDR3, which determine the contribution of the heavy chain to the antigen binding properties. A major fraction of transcripts are functional while the rest are either sterile (transcribed from noncoding parts of Ig loci) or include stop codons. Despite marked difference in frequencies of combinations of V and J genes, the size of repertoire is large. The IgM diversity steadily increases after hatch followed with temporal reduction during smoltification and recovery after seawater transfer. Most clonotypes are present only in one fish. However multiple transcripts in uninfected fish are produced exclusively from a small fraction of shared clonotypes. While only 4.7% of clonotypes are detected in three and more fish, they comprise 35% of transcripts. Increased frequencies of most abundant clonotypes were detected in the head kidney and blood at ten weeks after viral infection and all were shared. Occurrence of the same clonotypes in multiple individuals can be explained with either their simple structure or exposure to common antigens. Complexity of CDR3 assessed by contents of non complementary nucleotides is slightly lower in shared clonotypes but difference is small. High nucleotide diversity of CDR3 with identical amino acid sequences suggests selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Nofima AS, PO Box 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza av. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
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26
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Buonocore F, Stocchi V, Nunez-Ortiz N, Randelli E, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Facchiano A, Bernini C, Guerra L, Scapigliati G, Picchietti S. Immunoglobulin T from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): molecular characterization, tissue localization and expression after nodavirus infection. BMC Mol Biol 2017; 18:8. [PMID: 28298204 PMCID: PMC5353873 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-017-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoglobulins (Igs) are fundamental components of the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, with the IgT/IgZ isotype specific of Teleosts. In this paper we describe the identification of an IgT heavy chain from the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), its molecular characterization and tissue mRNA localization by in situ hybridization. Results Sea bass IgT consists of 552 aa (Accession Number KM410929) and it contains a putative 19 amino acids long signal peptide and one potential N-glycosylation site. The C-region consists of four CH domains; each contains the cysteine and tryptophan residues required for their correct folding. Based on the recent sequencing of sea bass genome, we have identified five different genomic contigs bearing exons unequivocally pertaining to IgT (CH2, CH3 and CH4), but none corresponded to a complete IgH locus as IgT sequences were found in the highly fragmented assembled genomic regions which could not be assigned to any major scaffold. The 3D structure of sea bass IgT has been modelled using the crystal structure of a mouse Ig gamma as a template, thus showing that the amino acid sequence is suitable for the expected topology referred to an immunoglobulin-like architecture. The basal expression of sea bass IgT and IgM in different organs has been analysed: gut and gills, important mucosal organs, showed high IgT transcripts levels and this was the first indication of the possible involvement of sea bass IgT in mucosal immune responses. Moreover, sea bass IgT expression increased in gills and spleen after infection with nodavirus, highlighting the importance of IgT in sea bass immune responses. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of IgT transcripts in the gut and it revealed a differential expression along the intestinal tract, with a major expression in the posterior intestine, suggesting the hindgut as a site for the recruitment of IgT+ cells in this species. IgT transcripts were also found in gill filaments and parallel lamellae and, for the first time, we identified scattered IgT positive cells in the liver, with a strong signal in the hepatic parenchyma. Conclusions In conclusion, we performed a full molecular characterization of IgT in sea bass that points out its possible involvement in mucosal immune responses of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Valentina Stocchi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Noelia Nunez-Ortiz
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Elisa Randelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- Institute of Food Science, CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100, Avellino, AV, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
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27
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Bilal S, Lie KK, Karlsen OA, Hordvik I. Characterization of IgM in Norwegian cleaner fish (lumpfish and wrasses). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:9-17. [PMID: 27702679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of cleaner fish in Norwegian aquaculture has to a large extent been based on wild catches, but breeding of lumpfish and ballan wrasse is currently increasing. Due to disease problems and required vaccine development, tools to study immune responses and a better understanding of the immune system in these species is demanded. The present study comprises lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and five species of wrasses: Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta), rock cook (Centrolabrus exoletus), cuckoo wrasse (Labrus mixtus), corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops), and goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris). We present a comparison of the IgM sequences, phylogenetic relationship to other teleosts and characteristic features of IgM in the species studied. The lumpfish IgM heavy chain sequence was assembled from high throughput cDNA sequencing whereas the wrasse sequences were determined by molecular cloning. The secreted form of the IgM heavy chain from all species consisted of four constant Ig domains. IgM was purified from lumpfish and ballan wrasse sera by gel filtration followed by anion exchange chromatography, and polyclonal sera were produced against these proteins. Antisera against ballan wrasse IgM showed cross-reactivity to all analyzed species of wrasses, some cross-reactivity to lumpfish, very low reaction to salmon, and no reaction to cod. Anti- IgM sera against lumpfish cross-reacted to the light chain of all species studied. Wrasses and lumpfish IgM showed high binding affinities for protein A. IgM concentration in adult ballan wrasse (700-800 g) was measured by single radial immunodiffusion assay and found to be 13.4 mg/ml which is about 36% of the total protein concentration. The IgM concentration in lumpfish (600-3600 g) was estimated to 1-2.6 mg/ml, which corresponds to approximately 3% of the total protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Bilal
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | - Ivar Hordvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
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Mashoof S, Criscitiello MF. Fish Immunoglobulins. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:E45. [PMID: 27879632 PMCID: PMC5192425 DOI: 10.3390/biology5040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The B cell receptor and secreted antibody are at the nexus of humoral adaptive immunity. In this review, we summarize what is known of the immunoglobulin genes of jawed cartilaginous and bony fishes. We focus on what has been learned from genomic or cDNA sequence data, but where appropriate draw upon protein, immunization, affinity and structural studies. Work from major aquatic model organisms and less studied comparative species are both included to define what is the rule for an immunoglobulin isotype or taxonomic group and what exemplifies an exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mashoof
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77807, USA.
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29
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Parra D, Korytář T, Takizawa F, Sunyer JO. B cells and their role in the teleost gut. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:150-66. [PMID: 26995768 PMCID: PMC5125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the main route of entry for pathogens in all living organisms. In the case of teleost fish, mucosal surfaces cover the vast majority of the animal. As these surfaces are in constant contact with the environment, fish are perpetually exposed to a vast number of pathogens. Despite the potential prevalence and variety of pathogens, mucosal surfaces are primarily populated by commensal non-pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, a fine balance between these two populations of microorganisms is crucial for animal survival. This equilibrium, controlled by the mucosal immune system, maintains homeostasis at mucosal tissues. Teleost fish possess a diffuse mucosa-associated immune system in the intestine, with B cells being one of the main responders. Immunoglobulins produced by these lymphocytes are a critical line of defense against pathogens and also prevent the entrance of commensal bacteria into the epithelium. In this review we will summarize recent literature regarding the role of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins in gut immunity in teleost fish, with specific focus on immunoglobulin isotypes and the microorganisms, pathogenic and non-pathogenic that interact with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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30
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Estevez O, Garet E, Olivieri D, Gambón-Deza F. Amphibians have immunoglobulins similar to ancestral IgD and IgA from Amniotes. Mol Immunol 2016; 69:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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31
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New insights into evolution of IgT genes coming from Antarctic teleosts. Mar Genomics 2015; 24 Pt 1:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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32
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Magadan S, Sunyer OJ, Boudinot P. Unique Features of Fish Immune Repertoires: Particularities of Adaptive Immunity Within the Largest Group of Vertebrates. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 57:235-64. [PMID: 26537384 PMCID: PMC5124013 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Fishes (i.e., teleost fishes) are the largest group of vertebrates. Although their immune system is based on the fundamental receptors, pathways, and cell types found in all groups of vertebrates, fishes show a diversity of particular features that challenge some classical concepts of immunology. In this chapter, we discuss the particularities of fish immune repertoires from a comparative perspective. We examine how allelic exclusion can be achieved when multiple Ig loci are present, how isotypic diversity and functional specificity impact clonal complexity, how loss of the MHC class II molecules affects the cooperation between T and B cells, and how deep sequencing technologies bring new insights about somatic hypermutation in the absence of germinal centers. The unique coexistence of two distinct B-cell lineages respectively specialized in systemic and mucosal responses is also discussed. Finally, we try to show that the diverse adaptations of immune repertoires in teleosts can help in understanding how somatic adaptive mechanisms of immunity evolved in parallel in different lineages across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadan
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Oriol J Sunyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Abstract
As in mammals, cartilaginous and teleost fishes possess adaptive immune systems based on antigen recognition by immunoglobulins (Ig), T cell receptors (TCR), and major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC) I and MHC II molecules. Also it is well established that fish B cells and mammalian B cells share many similarities, including Ig gene rearrangements, and production of membrane Ig and secreted Ig forms. This chapter provides an overview of the IgH and IgL chains in cartilaginous and bony fish, including their gene organizations, expression, diversity of their isotypes, and development of the primary repertoire. Furthermore, when possible, we have included summaries of key studies on immune mechanisms such as allelic exclusion, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, class switching, and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
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34
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Xia H, Wu K, Liu W, Gul Y, Wang W, Zhang X. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of immunoglobulin M heavy chain gene of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:129-135. [PMID: 24979225 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs), which bind antigens with high specificity, are essential molecules in adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates. In this study, cDNA encoding the secreted form of the immunoglobulin heavy chain of IgM (sIgM) was cloned from the mesonephros of blunt snout bream (Megalabrama amblycephala) using RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of sIgM heavy chain gene has 1961 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 569 amino acids, constant region shares high amino acid identity with that of Ctenopharyngodon idella (80%), Carassius auratus langsdorfii (65%) and Danio rerio (59%). Multiple protein sequence alignment revealed that blunt snout bream sIgM was clustered with the homologues of cyprinid fish and constructed one clade. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, the level of sIgM mRNA was determined, with a V-shape change pattern: decreased initially from unfertilized egg stage to 4 cells stage and increased from 16 cells stage to prelarva. This sharp drop indicates that sIgM mRNA is maternally transferred, and was continuously degraded until 16 cells stage. The drastic rising in sIgM level from blastula stage to prelarva might be attributed to embryonic stem cell differentiation procedure. Compared with juvenile fish, the expression of sIgM was significantly higher in pronephros, liver, spleen, gill and muscle of adult fish. After the injection of Aeromonas hydrophila, the expression pattern of sIgM was found first down-regulated at 4 h, then up-regulated and reached the peak at 7 d and 21 d in mesonephros, spleen, liver and gill, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Xia
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Wu
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasmeen Gul
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Weimin Wang
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Coevolution of Mucosal Immunoglobulins and the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor: Evidence That the Commensal Microbiota Provided the Driving Force. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/541537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) in mucosal secretions contribute to immune homeostasis by limiting access of microbial and environmental antigens to the body proper, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier and shaping the composition of the commensal microbiota. The emergence of IgM in cartilaginous fish represented the primordial mucosal Ig, which is expressed in all higher vertebrates. Expansion and diversification of the mucosal Ig repertoire led to the emergence of IgT in bony fishes, IgX in amphibians, and IgA in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Parallel evolution of cellular receptors for the constant (Fc) regions of Igs provided mechanisms for their transport and immune effector functions. The most ancient of these Fc receptors is the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), which first appeared in an ancestor of bony fishes. The pIgR transports polymeric IgM, IgT, IgX, and IgA across epithelial cells into external secretions. Diversification and refinement of the structure of mucosal Igs during tetrapod evolution were paralleled by structural changes in pIgR, culminating in the multifunctional secretory IgA complex in mammals. In this paper, evidence is presented that the mutualistic relationship between the commensal microbiota and the vertebrate host provided the driving force for coevolution of mucosal Igs and pIgR.
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Mashoof S, Pohlenz C, Chen PL, Deiss TC, Gatlin D, Buentello A, Criscitiello MF. Expressed IgH μ and τ transcripts share diversity segment in ranched Thunnus orientalis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:76-86. [PMID: 24231183 PMCID: PMC7039072 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that in addition to the immunoglobulin (Ig)M and D isotypes fish also make the mucosal IgT. In this study we sequenced the full length of Ig τ as well as μ in the commercially important Thunnus orientalis (Pacific bluefin tuna), the first molecular analysis of these two Ig isotypes in a member of the order Perciformes. Tuna IgM and IgT are each composed of four constant (CH) domains. We cloned and sequenced 48 different variable (VH) domain gene rearrangements of tuna immunoglobulins and grouped the VH gene sequences to four VH gene segment families based on 70% nucleotide identity. Three VH gene families were used by both IgM and IgT but one group was only found to be used by IgM. Most interestingly, both μ and τ clones appear to use the same diversity (DH) segment, unlike what has been described in other species, although they have dedicated IgT and IgM joining (JH) gene segments. We complemented this repertoire study with phylogenetic and tissue expression analysis. In addition to supporting the development of humoral vaccines in this important aquaculture species, these data suggest that the DH-JH recombination rather than the VH-DH recombination may be instructive for IgT versus IgM/D bearing lymphocyte lineages in some fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mashoof
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Patricia L Chen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Delbert Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alejandro Buentello
- Schillinger Genetics, 4401 Westown Parkway Suite 225, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Abstract
The development and function of B lymphocytes critically depend on the non-germline B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). In addition to the diverse antigen-recognition regions, whose coding sequences are generated by the somatic DNA rearrangement, the variety of the constant domains of the Heavy Chain (HC) portion contributes to the multiplicity of the BCR types. The functions of particular classes of the HC, particularly in the context of the membrane BCR, are not completely understood. The expression of the various classes of the HC correlates with the distinct stages of B-cell development, types of B-cell subsets, and their effector functions. In this chapter, we summarize and discuss the accumulated knowledge on the role of the μ, δ, and γ HC isotypes of the conventional and precursor BCR in B-cell differentiation, selection, and engagement with (auto)antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Surova
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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38
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An automated algorithm for extracting functional immunologic V-genes from genomes in jawed vertebrates. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:691-702. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Magadán-Mompó S, Zimmerman AM, Sánchez-Espinel C, Gambón-Deza F. Immunoglobulin light chains in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Immunogenetics 2013; 65:387-96. [PMID: 23417322 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gene segments encoding antibodies have been studied in many capacities and represent some of the best-characterized gene families in traditional animal disease models (mice and humans). To date, multiple immunoglobulin light chain (IgL) isotypes have been found in vertebrates and it is unclear as to which isotypes might be more primordial in nature. Sequence data emerging from an array of fish genome projects is a valuable resource for discerning complex multigene assemblages in this critical branch point of vertebrate phylogeny. Herein, we have analyzed the genomic organization of medaka (Oryzias latipes) IgL gene segments based on recently released genome data. The medaka IgL locus located on chromosome 11 contains at least three clusters of IgL gene segments comprised of multiple gene assemblages of the kappa light chain isotype. These data suggest that medaka IgL gene segments may undergo both intra- and inter-cluster rearrangements as a means to generate additional diversity. Alignments of expressed sequence tags to concordant gene segments which revealed each of the three IgL clusters are expressed. Collectively, these data provide a genomic framework for IgL genes in medaka and indicate that Ig diversity in this species is achieved from at least three distinct chromosomal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadán-Mompó
- Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Fillatreau S, Six A, Magadan S, Castro R, Sunyer JO, Boudinot P. The astonishing diversity of Ig classes and B cell repertoires in teleost fish. Front Immunol 2013; 4:28. [PMID: 23408183 PMCID: PMC3570791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With lymphoid tissue anatomy different than mammals, and diverse adaptations to all aquatic environments, fish constitute a fascinating group of vertebrate to study the biology of B cell repertoires in a comparative perspective. Fish B lymphocytes express immunoglobulin (Ig) on their surface and secrete antigen-specific antibodies in response to immune challenges. Three antibody classes have been identified in fish, namely IgM, IgD, and IgT, while IgG, IgA, and IgE are absent. IgM and IgD have been found in all fish species analyzed, and thus seem to be primordial antibody classes. IgM and IgD are normally co-expressed from the same mRNA through alternative splicing, as in mammals. Tetrameric IgM is the main antibody class found in serum. Some species of fish also have IgT, which seems to exist only in fish and is specialized in mucosal immunity. IgM/IgD and IgT are expressed by two different sub-populations of B cells. The tools available to investigate B cell responses at the cellular level in fish are limited, but the progress of fish genomics has started to unravel a rich diversity of IgH and immunoglobulin light chain locus organization, which might be related to the succession of genome remodelings that occurred during fish evolution. Moreover, the development of deep sequencing techniques has allowed the investigation of the global features of the expressed fish B cell repertoires in zebrafish and rainbow trout, in steady state or after infection. This review provides a description of the organization of fish Ig loci, with a particular emphasis on their heterogeneity between species, and presents recent data on the structure of the expressed Ig repertoire in healthy and infected fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Leibniz Institute Berlin, Germany
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