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Sunde J, Larsson P, Forsman A. Adaptations of early development to local spawning temperature in anadromous populations of pike (Esox lucius). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:148. [PMID: 31331267 PMCID: PMC6647320 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the wake of climate change many environments will be exposed to increased and more variable temperatures. Knowledge about how species and populations respond to altered temperature regimes is therefore important to improve projections of how ecosystems will be affected by global warming, and to aid management. We conducted a common garden, split-brood temperature gradient (4.5 °C, 9.7 °C and 12.3 °C) experiment to study the effects of temperature in two populations (10 families from each population) of anadromous pike (Esox lucius) that normally experience different temperatures during spawning. Four offspring performance measures (hatching success, day degrees until hatching, fry survival, and fry body length) were compared between populations and among families. RESULTS Temperature affected all performance measures in a population-specific manner. Low temperature had a positive effect on the Harfjärden population and a negative effect on the Lervik population. Further, the effects of temperature differed among families within populations. CONCLUSIONS The population-specific responses to temperature indicate genetic differentiation in developmental plasticity between populations, and may reflect an adaptation to low temperature during early fry development in Harfjärden, where the stream leading up to the wetland dries out relatively early in the spring, forcing individuals to spawn early. The family-specific responses to temperature treatment indicate presence of genetic variation for developmental plasticity (G x E) within both populations. Protecting between- and within-population genetic variation for developmental plasticity and high temperature-related adaptive potential of early life history traits will be key to long-term viability and persistence in the face of continued climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sunde
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-392 31 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-392 31 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anders Forsman
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-392 31 Kalmar, Sweden
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2
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Tamario C, Sunde J, Petersson E, Tibblin P, Forsman A. Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Environmental Change and Management Actions for Migrating Fish. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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3
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Thorn MW, Morbey YE. Egg size and the adaptive capacity of early life history traits in Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Evol Appl 2018; 11:205-219. [PMID: 29387156 PMCID: PMC5775492 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring traits are greatly influenced by maternal effects, and these maternal effects may provide an important pathway through which populations can adapt to changing thermal environments. We investigated the effect of egg size on the among- and within-population variation in early life history traits among introduced Great Lakes Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations under varying thermal conditions. We reared Chinook salmon from three populations in a common-garden hatchery study at 6.5, 9.4, and 15.2°C and measured a variety of fitness-related traits during development. We found that most of the among-population variation in early life history traits was explained by egg size. However, the contribution of egg size to the among-population variation decreased with an increase in temperature suggesting that other effects, such as genetic, contribute at high temperature. Within populations, egg size explained much of the dam variance and maternal effect for traits in every temperature, whereas egg size generally had little to no influence on the sire variance and heritability. Overall, our results demonstrate the significant contribution egg size makes to shaping early life history phenotypes among and within populations, and suggest that egg size is an important pathway through which offspring phenotypes can evolve on contemporary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Thorn
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Yolanda E Morbey
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
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4
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Mäkinen H, Sävilammi T, Papakostas S, Leder E, Vøllestad LA, Primmer CR. Modularity Facilitates Flexible Tuning of Plastic and Evolutionary Gene Expression Responses during Early Divergence. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:77-93. [PMID: 29293993 PMCID: PMC5758911 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression changes have been recognized as important drivers of adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Little is known about the relative roles of plastic and evolutionary responses in complex gene expression networks during the early stages of divergence. Large gene expression data sets coupled with in silico methods for identifying coexpressed modules now enable systems genetics approaches also in nonmodel species for better understanding of gene expression responses during early divergence. Here, we combined gene coexpression analyses with population genetics to separate plastic and population (evolutionary) effects in expression networks using small salmonid populations as a model system. We show that plastic and population effects were highly variable among the six identified modules and that the plastic effects explained larger proportion of the total eigengene expression than population effects. A more detailed analysis of the population effects using a QST - FST comparison across 16,622 annotated transcripts revealed that gene expression followed neutral expectations within modules and at the global level. Furthermore, two modules showed enrichment for genes coding for early developmental traits that have been previously identified as important phenotypic traits in thermal responses in the same model system indicating that coexpression analysis can capture expression patterns underlying ecologically important traits. We suggest that module-specific responses may facilitate the flexible tuning of expression levels to local thermal conditions. Overall, our study indicates that plasticity and neutral evolution are the main drivers of gene expression variance in the early stages of thermal adaptation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica Leder
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Leif A Vøllestad
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Clark ES, Pompini M, Uppal A, Wedekind C. Genetic correlations and little genetic variance for reaction norms may limit potential for adaptation to pollution by ionic and nanoparticulate silver in a whitefish (Salmonidae). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2751-62. [PMID: 27066251 PMCID: PMC4798832 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For natural populations to adapt to anthropogenic threats, heritable variation must persist in tolerance traits. Silver nanoparticles, the most widely used engineered nanoparticles, are expected to increase in concentrations in freshwaters. Little is known about how these particles affect wild populations, and whether genetic variation persists in tolerance to permit rapid evolutionary responses. We sampled wild adult whitefish and crossed them in vitro full factorially. In total, 2896 singly raised embryos of 48 families were exposed to two concentrations (0.5 μg/L; 100 μg/L) of differently sized silver nanoparticles or ions (silver nitrate). These doses were not lethal; yet higher concentrations prompted embryos to hatch earlier and at a smaller size. The induced hatching did not vary with nanoparticle size and was stronger in the silver nitrate group. Additive genetic variation for hatching time was significant across all treatments, with no apparent environmental dependencies. No genetic variation was found for hatching plasticity. We found some treatment‐dependent heritable variation for larval length and yolk volume, and one instance of additive genetic variation for the reaction norm on length at hatching. Our assessment suggests that the effects of silver exposure on additive genetic variation vary according to trait and silver source. While the long‐term fitness consequences of low‐level silver exposure on whitefish embryos must be further investigated to determine whether it is, in fact, detrimental, our results suggest that the evolutionary potential for adaptation to these types of pollutants may be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Clark
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pompini
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Anshu Uppal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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Mäkinen H, Papakostas S, Vøllestad LA, Leder EH, Primmer CR. Plastic and Evolutionary Gene Expression Responses Are Correlated in European Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) Subpopulations Adapted to Different Thermal Environments. J Hered 2015; 107:82-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Haddeland PJ, Junge C, Serbezov D, Vøllestad LA. Genetic parentage analysis confirms a polygynandrous breeding system in the European grayling (Thymallus thymallus). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122032. [PMID: 25793629 PMCID: PMC4368113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing the breeding system of a species is important in order to understand individual variation in reproductive success. Large variation in reproductive success and thus reproductive skew strongly impacts on the effective number of breeders and thus the long-term effective population size (Ne). Fishes, in particular species belonging to the salmonid family, exhibit a wide diversity of breeding systems. In general, however, breeding systems are rarely studied in detail in the wild. Here we examine the breeding system of the spring-spawning European grayling Thymallus thymallus from a small Norwegian stream using parentage assignment based on the genotyping of 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci. In total 895 individual grayling fry and 154 mature grayling (57 females and 97 males) were genotyped. A total of 466 offspring were assigned a father, a mother, or a parent pair with a confidence of 90% or higher. Successfully reproducing males had on average 11.9 ± 13.3 (SD) offspring with on average 2.1 ± 1.2 partners, whereas successful females had on average 9.5 ± 12.8 offspring and 2.3 ± 1.5 partners. Parents with more partners also produced more offspring. Thus the grayling breeding system within this small stream revealed a polygynandrous breeding system, similar to what has been observed for many other salmonid fish species. The present study thus unambiguously corroborates a polygynadrous breeding system in the European grayling. This knowledge is critical for managing populations of this species, which has suffered significant local population declines throughout its range over the last several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jørgen Haddeland
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Genetic Kinship and Identity, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 4040, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Junge
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, DP418, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Dimitar Serbezov
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- National Agency of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 17 Hristo Botev Blvd, 1606, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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Bruneaux M, Nikinmaa M, Laine VN, Lindström K, Primmer CR, Vasemägi A. Differences in the metabolic response to temperature acclimation in nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) populations from contrasting thermal environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 321:550-65. [PMID: 25389079 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic responses to temperature changes are crucial for maintaining the energy balance of an individual under seasonal temperature fluctuations. To understand how such responses differ in recently isolated populations (<11,000 years), we studied four Baltic populations of the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius L.) from coastal locations (seasonal temperature range, 0-29°C) and from colder, more thermally stable spring-fed ponds (1-19°C). Salinity and predation pressure also differed between these locations. We acclimatized wild-caught fish to 6, 11, and 19°C in common garden conditions for 4-6 months and determined their aerobic scope and hepatosomatic index (HSI). The freshwater fish from the colder (2-14°C), predator-free pond population exhibited complete temperature compensation for their aerobic scope, whereas the coastal populations underwent metabolic rate reduction during the cold treatment. Coastal populations had higher HSI than the colder pond population at all temperatures, with cold acclimation accentuating this effect. The metabolic rates and HSI for freshwater fish from the pond with higher predation pressure were more similar to those of the coastal ones. Our results suggest that ontogenic effects and/or genetic differentiation are responsible for differential energy storage and metabolic responses between these populations. This work demonstrates the metabolic versatility of the nine-spined stickleback and the pertinence of an energetic framework to better understand potential local adaptations. It also demonstrates that instead of using a single acclimation temperature thermal reaction norms should be compared when studying individuals originating from different thermal environments in a common garden setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Bruneaux
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Papakostas S, Vøllestad LA, Bruneaux M, Aykanat T, Vanoverbeke J, Ning M, Primmer CR, Leder EH. Gene pleiotropy constrains gene expression changes in fish adapted to different thermal conditions. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4071. [PMID: 24892934 PMCID: PMC4059932 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that shape the evolution of gene expression is a central goal in biology, but the molecular mechanisms behind this remain controversial. A related major goal is ascertaining how such factors may affect the adaptive potential of a species or population. Here we demonstrate that temperature-driven gene expression changes in fish adapted to differing thermal environments are constrained by the level of gene pleiotropy estimated by either the number of protein interactions or gene biological processes. Genes with low pleiotropy levels were the main drivers of both plastic and evolutionary global expression profile changes, while highly pleiotropic genes had limited expression response to temperature treatment. Our study provides critical insights into the molecular mechanisms by which natural populations can adapt to changing environments. In addition to having important implications for climate change adaptation, these results suggest that gene pleiotropy should be considered more carefully when interpreting expression profiling data. The factors that shape the evolution of gene expression and their role in adaptation are poorly understood. Here, Papakostas et al. show that gene pleiotropy constrains protein expression evolution in freshwater salmonids adapted to different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Papakostas
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Pharmacity, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - L Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthieu Bruneaux
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Pharmacity, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tutku Aykanat
- Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Pharmacity, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Joost Vanoverbeke
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mei Ning
- 1] Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Pharmacity, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland [2]
| | - Craig R Primmer
- 1] Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Pharmacity, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland [2]
| | - Erica H Leder
- 1] Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Pharmacity, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland [2]
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10
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Clark ES, Pompini M, Marques da Cunha L, Wedekind C. Maternal and paternal contributions to pathogen resistance dependent on development stage in a whitefish (
S
almonidae). Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Clark
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pompini
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Lucas Marques da Cunha
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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