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Cruaud A, Rønsted N, Chantarasuwan B, Chou LS, Clement WL, Couloux A, Cousins B, Genson G, Harrison RD, Hanson PE, Hossaert-Mckey M, Jabbour-Zahab R, Jousselin E, Kerdelhué C, Kjellberg F, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Peebles J, Peng YQ, Pereira RAS, Schramm T, Ubaidillah R, van Noort S, Weiblen GD, Yang DR, Yodpinyanee A, Libeskind-Hadas R, Cook JM, Rasplus JY, Savolainen V. An extreme case of plant-insect codiversification: figs and fig-pollinating wasps. Syst Biol 2012; 61:1029-47. [PMID: 22848088 PMCID: PMC3478567 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/sys068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that speciation in phytophagous insects is often due to colonization of novel host plants, because radiations of plant and insect lineages are typically asynchronous. Recent phylogenetic comparisons have supported this model of diversification for both insect herbivores and specialized pollinators. An exceptional case where contemporaneous plant-insect diversification might be expected is the obligate mutualism between fig trees (Ficus species, Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera). The ubiquity and ecological significance of this mutualism in tropical and subtropical ecosystems has long intrigued biologists, but the systematic challenge posed by >750 interacting species pairs has hindered progress toward understanding its evolutionary history. In particular, taxon sampling and analytical tools have been insufficient for large-scale cophylogenetic analyses. Here, we sampled nearly 200 interacting pairs of fig and wasp species from across the globe. Two supermatrices were assembled: on an average, wasps had sequences from 77% of 6 genes (5.6 kb), figs had sequences from 60% of 5 genes (5.5 kb), and overall 850 new DNA sequences were generated for this study. We also developed a new analytical tool, Jane 2, for event-based phylogenetic reconciliation analysis of very large data sets. Separate Bayesian phylogenetic analyses for figs and fig wasps under relaxed molecular clock assumptions indicate Cretaceous diversification of crown groups and contemporaneous divergence for nearly half of all fig and pollinator lineages. Event-based cophylogenetic analyses further support the codiversification hypothesis. Biogeographic analyses indicate that the present-day distribution of fig and pollinator lineages is consistent with a Eurasian origin and subsequent dispersal, rather than with Gondwanan vicariance. Overall, our findings indicate that the fig-pollinator mutualism represents an extreme case among plant-insect interactions of coordinated dispersal and long-term codiversification. [Biogeography; coevolution; cospeciation; host switching; long-branch attraction; phylogeny.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Cruaud
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Nina Rønsted
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Bhanumas Chantarasuwan
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Lien Siang Chou
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Wendy L. Clement
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Arnaud Couloux
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Benjamin Cousins
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Gwenaëlle Genson
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Rhett D. Harrison
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Paul E. Hanson
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Martine Hossaert-Mckey
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Roula Jabbour-Zahab
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Jousselin
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Carole Kerdelhué
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Finn Kjellberg
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - John Peebles
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo Pereira
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Tselil Schramm
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Rosichon Ubaidillah
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Simon van Noort
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - George D. Weiblen
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Da-Rong Yang
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Anak Yodpinyanee
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Ran Libeskind-Hadas
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - James M. Cook
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Vincent Savolainen
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France; Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 55108-1095 MN, USA; The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, DK-1307 Denmark; National Herbarium of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106, USA; Centre National de Séquençage, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 , USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XTBG, Kunming 650223, China; Escuela de Biología. Universidad de Costa Rica. A.P. 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca. 2060 San José, Costa Rica; CNRS—UMR 5175 CEFE, Montpellier, France; INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France; Department of Computer Science, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont 91711-5901, CA, USA; Depto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901 SP, Brazil; Research Center for Biology, LIPI, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia; Natural History Division, Iziko Museums, P.O. Box 61 Cape Town 8000, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH Reading, UK and Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
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