1
|
Vella MR, Gould F, Lloyd AL. Mathematical modeling of genetic pest management through female-specific lethality: Is one locus better than two? Evol Appl 2021; 14:1612-1622. [PMID: 34178107 PMCID: PMC8210802 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many novel genetic approaches are under development to combat insect pests. One genetic strategy aims to suppress or locally eliminate a species through large, repeated releases of genetically engineered strains that render female offspring unviable under field conditions. Strains with this female-killing characteristic have been developed either with all of the molecular components in a single construct or with the components in two constructs inserted at independently assorting loci. Strains with two constructs are typically considered to be only of value as research tools and for producing solely male offspring in rearing factories which are subsequently sterilized by radiation before release. A concern with the two-construct strains is that once released, the two constructs would become separated and therefore non-functional. The only female-killing strains that have been released in the field without sterilization are single-construct strains. Here, we use a population genetics model with density dependence to evaluate the relative effectiveness of female-killing approaches based on single- and two-construct arrangements. We find that, in general, the single-construct arrangement results in slightly faster population suppression, but the two-construct arrangement can eventually cause stronger suppression and cause local elimination with a smaller release size. Based on our results, there is no a priori reason that males carrying two independently segregating constructs need to be sterilized prior to release. In some cases, a fertile release would be more efficient for population suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Vella
- Biomathematics Graduate ProgramNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Genetic Engineering and Society CenterNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Fred Gould
- Genetic Engineering and Society CenterNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Alun L. Lloyd
- Biomathematics Graduate ProgramNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Genetic Engineering and Society CenterNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of MathematicsNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scott MJ, Benoit JB, Davis RJ, Bailey ST, Varga V, Martinson EO, Hickner PV, Syed Z, Cardoso GA, Torres TT, Weirauch MT, Scholl EH, Phillippy AM, Sagel A, Vasquez M, Quintero G, Skoda SR. Genomic analyses of a livestock pest, the New World screwworm, find potential targets for genetic control programs. Commun Biol 2020; 3:424. [PMID: 32753684 PMCID: PMC7403345 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The New World Screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, is a major pest of livestock in South America and Caribbean. However, few genomic resources have been available for this species. A genome of 534 Mb was assembled from long read PacBio DNA sequencing of DNA from a highly inbred strain. Analysis of molecular evolution identified 40 genes that are likely under positive selection. Developmental RNA-seq analysis identified specific genes associated with each stage. We identify and analyze the expression of genes that are likely important for host-seeking behavior (chemosensory), development of larvae in open wounds in warm-blooded animals (heat shock protein, immune response) and for building transgenic strains for genetic control programs including gene drive (sex determination, germline). This study will underpin future experiments aimed at understanding the parasitic lifestyle of the screwworm fly and greatly facilitate future development of strains for efficient systems for genetic control of screwworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Scott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, McMicken School of Arts and Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Rebecca J Davis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Samuel T Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, McMicken School of Arts and Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Virag Varga
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, McMicken School of Arts and Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Ellen O Martinson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Paul V Hickner
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | | | - Gisele A Cardoso
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana T Torres
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Scholl
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7566, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7566, USA
| | - Adam M Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven R Skoda
- USDA-ARS, Tick and Biting Fly Research Unit, Knipling-Bushland Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX, 78028, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan G, Liu S, Schlink AC, Flematti GR, Brodie BS, Bohman B, Greeff JC, Vercoe PE, Hu J, Martin GB. Behavior and Electrophysiological Response of Gravid and Non-Gravid Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to Carrion-Associated Compounds. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:1958-1965. [PMID: 30085240 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Australian blow fly, Lucilia cuprina Wiedmann (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is a major cause of myiasis (flystrike) in Merino sheep in Australia and New Zealand and, as a primary colonizer of fresh carrion, also an important species in forensic investigations. Olfaction is considered the most important cue for insects to rapidly locate carrion over long distances, so the first carrion visitors are predicted to be very sensitive to carrion-related volatile compounds. We studied the responses of the Australian blow fly, Lucilia cuprina, to the carrion-associated compounds dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), butyric acid, 1-octen-3-ol and indole. We also tested 2-mercaptoethanol, a compound commonly used in fly traps in Australia. We investigated whether responses of the flies are affected by their ovarian status by comparing responses of gravid and non-gravid L. cuprina in electroantennography (EAG) and two-choice laboratory bioassays. All four compounds evoked an EAG response, while only DMTS evoked responses in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry electroantennographic detection (GCMS-EAD) analyses and two-choice bioassays. Gravid flies detected lower doses of the test compounds than non-gravid flies. Our results indicate that DMTS is an important semiochemical for L. cuprina to locate carrion resources, and has potential for use in fly traps for flystrike control. Our observations also suggest that the greater sensitivity of gravid L. cuprina allows them to find fresh carrion quickly to maximize reproductive success by avoiding unsuitable degraded carrion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Yan
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, China
| | - Shimin Liu
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development, Livestock Industries, Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony C Schlink
- Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development, Livestock Industries, Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Bekka S Brodie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Bjorn Bohman
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Johan C Greeff
- Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development, Livestock Industries, Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Philip E Vercoe
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, China
| | - Graeme B Martin
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith JL, Wells JD. Isolation of the Male-Specific Transformer Exon as a Method for Immature Specimen Sex Identification in Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:496-500. [PMID: 28031348 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Being able to efficiently differentiate between male and female individuals in the immature forms of insects allows for investigations into sexually dimorphic patterns of growth rates and gene expression. For species lacking sex-specific morphological characteristics during these periods, alternative methods must be devised. Commonly, isolation of sex determination genes reveals sex-specific band patterns and allows for markers that can be used in insect control. For blow flies, a family that includes flies of medical and forensic importance, sex has previously been identified in some members using the male-specific exon in the transformer gene. This gene is relatively conserved between members of the genera Cochliomyia and Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and we isolated a portion of this gene in an additional forensically and medically important blow fly genus using the widespread Chrysomya megacephala (F.). We found a relatively high level of conservation between exons 1 and 2 of transformer and were able to amplify a region containing the male-specific exon in C. megacephala. A sex-specific molecular diagnostic test based on the presence of sexually dimorphic PCR product bands showed the expected genotype for adults and intrapuparial period specimens of known sex. The same result could be obtained from single third-instar larval specimens, opening up the possibility to not only determine if development rates are sex dependent, but also to investigate the development of sexually dimorphic traits of interest in C. megacephala.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, OE 167, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199 (; )
| | - J D Wells
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, OE 167, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199 (; )
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anstead CA, Batterham P, Korhonen PK, Young ND, Hall RS, Bowles VM, Richards S, Scott MJ, Gasser RB. A blow to the fly — Lucilia cuprina draft genome and transcriptome to support advances in biology and biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:605-620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
More than one rabbit out of the hat: Radiation, transgenic and symbiont-based approaches for sustainable management of mosquito and tsetse fly populations. Acta Trop 2016; 157:115-30. [PMID: 26774684 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are bloodsucking vectors of human and animal pathogens. Mosquito-borne diseases (malaria, filariasis, dengue, zika, and chikungunya) cause severe mortality and morbidity annually, and tsetse fly-borne diseases (African trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock) cost Sub-Saharan Africa an estimated US$ 4750 million annually. Current reliance on insecticides for vector control is unsustainable: due to increasing insecticide resistance and growing concerns about health and environmental impacts of chemical control there is a growing need for novel, effective and safe biologically-based methods that are more sustainable. The integration of the sterile insect technique has proven successful to manage crop pests and disease vectors, particularly tsetse flies, and is likely to prove effective against mosquito vectors, particularly once sex-separation methods are improved. Transgenic and symbiont-based approaches are in development, and more advanced in (particularly Aedes) mosquitoes than in tsetse flies; however, issues around stability, sustainability and biosecurity have to be addressed, especially when considering population replacement approaches. Regulatory issues and those relating to intellectual property and economic cost of application must also be overcome. Standardised methods to assess insect quality are required to compare and predict efficacy of the different approaches. Different combinations of these three approaches could be integrated to maximise their benefits, and all have the potential to be used in tsetse and mosquito area-wide integrated pest management programmes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Linger RJ, Belikoff EJ, Yan Y, Li F, Wantuch HA, Fitzsimons HL, Scott MJ. Towards next generation maggot debridement therapy: transgenic Lucilia sericata larvae that produce and secrete a human growth factor. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:30. [PMID: 27006073 PMCID: PMC4804476 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes and its concurrent complications impact a significant proportion of the population of the US and create a large financial burden on the American health care system. FDA-approved maggot debridement therapy (MDT), the application of sterile laboratory-reared Lucilia sericata (green bottle fly) larvae to wounds, is a cost-effective and successful treatment for diabetic foot ulcers and other medical conditions. Human platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is a secreted dimeric peptide growth factor that binds the PDGF receptor. PDGF-BB stimulates cell proliferation and survival, promotes wound healing, and has been investigated as a possible topical treatment for non-healing wounds. Genetic engineering has allowed for expression and secretion of human growth factors and other proteins in transgenic insects. Here, we present a novel concept in MDT technology that combines the established benefits of MDT with the power of genetic engineering to promote healing. The focus of this study is to create and characterize strains of transgenic L. sericata that express and secrete PDGF-BB at detectable levels in adult hemolymph, whole larval lysate, and maggot excretions/ secretions (ES), with potential for clinical utility in wound healing. RESULTS We have engineered and confirmed transgene insertion in several strains of L. sericata that express human PDGF-BB. Using a heat-inducible promoter to control the pdgf-b gene, pdgf-b mRNA was detected via semi-quantitative PCR upon heat shock. PDGF-BB protein was also detectable in larval lysates and adult hemolymph but not larval ES. An alternative, tetracycline-repressible pdgf-b system mediated expression of pdgf-b mRNA when maggots were raised on diet that lacked tetracycline. Further, PDGF-BB protein was readily detected in whole larval lysate as well as larval ES. CONCLUSIONS Here we show robust, inducible expression and production of human PDGF-BB protein from two conditional expression systems in transgenic L. sericata larvae. The tetracycline-repressible system appears to be the most promising as PDGF-BB protein was detectable in larval ES following induction. Our system could potentially be used to deliver a variety of growth factors and anti-microbial peptides to the wound environment with the aim of enhancing wound healing, thereby improving patient outcome in a cost-effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Linger
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Esther J Belikoff
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Holly A Wantuch
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Helen L Fitzsimons
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Maxwell J Scott
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li F, Scott MJ. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the white and Sex lethal loci in the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:911-6. [PMID: 26721433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (commonly called spotted wing Drosophila) is an invasive pest of soft-skinned fruit (e.g. blueberries, strawberries). A high quality reference genome sequence is available but functional genomic tools, such as used in Drosophila melanogaster, remain to be developed. In this study we have used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to introduce site-specific mutations in the D. suzukii white (w) and Sex lethal (Sxl) genes. Hemizygous males with w mutations develop white eyes and the mutant genes are transmissible to the next generation. Somatic mosaic females that carry mutations in the Sxl gene develop abnormal genitalia and reproductive tissue. The D. suzukii Sxl gene could be an excellent target for a Cas9-mediated gene drive to suppress populations of this highly destructive pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh 27695-7613, NC, USA
| | - Maxwell J Scott
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh 27695-7613, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hall MJR, Wall RL, Stevens JR. Traumatic Myiasis: A Neglected Disease in a Changing World. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 61:159-76. [PMID: 26667275 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic myiasis, the parasitic infestation by fly larvae in traumatic lesions of the tissues of living vertebrates, is a serious medical condition in humans and a welfare and economic issue in domestic animals. New molecular studies are providing insights into its evolution and epidemiology. Nevertheless, its incidence in humans is generally underreported, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Myiasis in domestic animals has been studied more extensively, but continuous management is difficult and expensive. A key concern is the inadvertent introduction and global spread of agents of myiasis into nonendemic areas, facilitated by climate change and global transport. The incursion of the New World screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax) into Libya is the most notable of many such range shifts and demonstrates the potential risks of these parasites and the costs of removing them once established in a geographic area. Nevertheless, the insect agents of myiasis can be of societal benefit to forensic science and in medicine as an aid to wound treatment (larval therapy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J R Hall
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;
| | - Richard L Wall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Jamie R Stevens
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Linger RJ, Belikoff EJ, Scott MJ. Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Muller Element F Genes but Not X-Linked Transgenes in the Australian Sheep Blowfly. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141544. [PMID: 26506426 PMCID: PMC4624761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In most animals that have X and Y sex chromosomes, chromosome-wide mechanisms are used to balance X-linked gene expression in males and females. In the fly Drosophila melanogaster, the dosage compensation mechanism also generally extends to X-linked transgenes. Over 70 transgenic lines of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina have been made as part of an effort to develop male-only strains for a genetic control program of this major pest of sheep. All lines carry a constitutively expressed fluorescent protein marker gene. In all 12 X-linked lines, female larvae show brighter fluorescence than male larvae, suggesting the marker gene is not dosage compensated. This has been confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR for selected lines. To determine if endogenous X-linked genes are dosage compensated, we isolated 8 genes that are orthologs of genes that are on the fourth chromosome in D. melanogaster. Recent evidence suggests that the D. melanogaster fourth chromosome, or Muller element F, is the ancestral X chromosome in Diptera that has reverted to an autosome in Drosophila species. We show by quantitative PCR of male and female DNA that 6 of the 8 linkage group F genes reside on the X chromosome in L. cuprina. The other two Muller element F genes were found to be autosomal in L. cuprina, whereas two Muller element B genes were found on the same region of the X chromosome as the L. cuprina orthologs of the D. melanogaster Ephrin and gawky genes. We find that the L. cuprina X chromosome genes are equally expressed in males and females (i.e., fully dosage compensated). Thus, unlike in Drosophila, it appears that the Lucilia dosage compensation system is specific for genes endogenous to the X chromosome and cannot be co-opted by recently arrived transgenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Linger
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695–7613, United States of America
| | - Esther J. Belikoff
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695–7613, United States of America
| | - Maxwell J. Scott
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, 27695–7613, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bourtzis K, Hendrichs J. Preface: development and evaluation of improved strains of insect pests for sterile insect technique (SIT) applications. BMC Genet 2014; 15 Suppl 2:I1. [PMID: 25472848 PMCID: PMC4255763 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-s2-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|