1
|
Duan S, Rico K, Merchant JL. Gastrin: From Physiology to Gastrointestinal Malignancies. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 3:zqab062. [PMID: 35330921 PMCID: PMC8788842 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abetted by widespread usage of acid-suppressing proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the mitogenic actions of the peptide hormone gastrin are being revisited as a recurring theme in various gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. While pathological gastrin levels are intricately linked to hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like cells leading to carcinoid development, the signaling effects exerted by gastrin on distinct cell types of the gastric mucosa are more nuanced. Indeed, mounting evidence suggests dichotomous roles for gastrin in both promoting and suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, we review the major upstream mediators of gastrin gene regulation, including inflammation secondary to Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of PPIs. We further explore the molecular biology of gastrin in GI malignancies, with particular emphasis on the regulation of gastrin in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Finally, we highlight tissue-specific transcriptional targets as an avenue for targetable therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzann Duan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Karen Rico
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ogawa T, Wada Y, Takemura K, Board PG, Uchida K, Kitagaki K, Tamura T, Suzuki T, Tokairin Y, Nakajima Y, Eishi Y. CHAC1 overexpression in human gastric parietal cells with Helicobacter pylori infection in the secretory canaliculi. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12598. [PMID: 31111570 PMCID: PMC6618068 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cation transport regulator 1 (CHAC1), a newly discovered enzyme that degrades glutathione, is induced in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected gastric epithelial cells in culture. The CHAC1-induced decrease in glutathione leads to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and somatic mutations in TP53. We evaluated the possible correlation between H. pylori infection and CHAC1 expression in human gastric mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of gastric mucosa with or without H. pylori infection were obtained from 41 esophageal cancer patients that underwent esophago-gastrectomy. Fresh samples were used for real-time polymerase chain reaction for H. pylori DNA and CHAC1 mRNA, and formalin-fixed samples were used for immunohistochemistry with anti-CHAC1 and anti-H. pylori monoclonal antibodies. Double-enzyme or fluorescence immunohistochemistry and immuno-electron microscopy were used for further analysis. RESULTS Significant CHAC1 overexpression was detected in H. pylori-infected parietal cells that expressed the human proton pump/H,K-ATPase α subunit, whereas a constitutively low level of CHAC1 mRNA expression was observed in the other samples regardless of the H. pylori infection status, reflecting the weak CHAC1 expression detected by immunohistochemistry in the fundic-gland areas. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed intact H. pylori cells in the secretory canaliculi of infected parietal cells. Some parietal cells exhibited positive nuclear signals for Ki67 in the neck zone of the gastric fundic-gland mucosa with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSION Cation transport regulator 1 overexpression in H. pylori-infected parietal cells may cause the H. pylori-induced somatic mutations that contribute to the development of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Ogawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yuriko Wada
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kosuke Takemura
- Department of UrologyTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Philip G. Board
- The ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Group of Molecular GeneticsThe John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Keisuke Uchida
- Division of Surgical PathologyTokyo Medical and Dental University HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Keisuke Kitagaki
- Division of Surgical PathologyTokyo Medical and Dental University HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoki Tamura
- Division of Surgical PathologyTokyo Medical and Dental University HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Takashige Suzuki
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yutaka Tokairin
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuaki Nakajima
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jørgensen KM, Færgestad Mosleth E, Hovde Liland K, Hopf NB, Holdhus R, Stavrum AK, Gjertsen BT, Kirkeleit J. Global Gene Expression Response in Peripheral Blood Cells of Petroleum Workers Exposed to Sub-Ppm Benzene Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112385. [PMID: 30373255 PMCID: PMC6266895 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Altered gene expression in pathways relevant to leukaemogenesis, as well as reduced levels of circulating lymphocytes, have been reported in workers that were exposed to benzene concentrations below 1 ppm. In this study, we analysed whole blood global gene expression patterns in a worker cohort with altered levels of T cells and immunoglobulins IgM and IgA at three time points; pre-shift, post-shift (after three days), and post-recovery (12 hours later). Eight benzene exposed tank workers performing maintenance work in crude oil cargo tanks with a mean benzene exposure of 0.3 ppm (range 0.1–0.5 ppm) and five referents considered to be unexposed were examined by gene expression arrays. By using our data as independent validation, we reanalysed selected genes that were reported to be altered from previous studies of workers being exposed to sub-ppm benzene levels Four out of six genes previously proposed as marker genes in chronically exposed workers separated benzene exposed workers from unexposed referents (CLEC5, ACSL1, PRG2, IFNB1). Even better separation of benzene exposed workers and referents was observed for short-term exposure for genes in the Jak-STAT pathway, particularly elevated expression of IL6 and reduced expression of IL19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Kristian Hovde Liland
- Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1430 Ås, Norway.
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), Universities of Lausanne and Geneva, CH-1066 Lausanne-Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Rita Holdhus
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, P.O. Box 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anne-Kristin Stavrum
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, P.O. Box 1400, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, Precision Oncology Research Group, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jorunn Kirkeleit
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang X, Yue R, Zhang J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen C, Wang X, Luo H, Wang WE, Chen X, Wang HJ, Jose PA, Wang H, Zeng C. Gastrin Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Activation of RISK (Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase) and SAFE (Survivor Activating Factor Enhancement) Pathways. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e005171. [PMID: 30005556 PMCID: PMC6064830 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the most predominant complications of ischemic heart disease. Gastrin has emerged as a regulator of cardiovascular function, playing a key protective role in hypoxia. Serum gastrin levels are increased in patients with myocardial infarction, but the pathophysiogical significance of this finding is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether and how gastrin protects cardiac myocytes from IRI. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the experiments. The hearts in living rats or isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to ischemia followed by reperfusion to induce myocardial IRI. Gastrin, alone or with an antagonist, was administered before the induction of myocardial IRI. We found that gastrin improved myocardial function and reduced the expression of myocardial injury markers, infarct size, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by IRI. Gastrin increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2), AKT (protein kinase B), and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), indicating its ability to activate the RISK (reperfusion injury salvage kinase) and SAFE (survivor activating factor enhancement) pathways. The presence of inhibitors of ERK1/2, AKT, or STAT3 abrogated the gastrin-mediated protection. The protective effect of gastrin was via CCK2R (cholecystokinin 2 receptor) because the CCK2R blocker CI988 prevented the gastrin-mediated protection of the heart with IRI. Moreover, we found a negative correlation between serum levels of cardiac troponin I and gastrin in patients with unstable angina pectoris undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, suggesting a protective effect of gastrin in human cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that gastrin can reduce myocardial IRI by activation of the RISK and SAFE pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongchuan Yue
- Department of Cardiology, North Sichuan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yukai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Eric Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiongwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center & Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Huixia Judy Wang
- Department of Statistics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione degradation has for long been thought to occur only on noncytosolic pools. This is because there has been only one enzyme known to degrade glutathione (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) and this localizes to either the plasma membrane (mammals, bacteria) or the vacuolar membrane (yeast, plants) and acts on extracellular or vacuolar pools. The last few years have seen the discovery of several new enzymes of glutathione degradation that function in the cytosol, throwing new light on glutathione degradation. Recent Advances: The new enzymes that have been identified in the last few years that can initiate glutathione degradation include the Dug enzyme found in yeast and fungi, the ChaC1 enzyme found among higher eukaryotes, the ChaC2 enzyme found from bacteria to man, and the RipAY enzyme found in some bacteria. These enzymes play roles ranging from housekeeping functions to stress responses and are involved in processes such as embryonic neural development and pathogenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES In addition to delineating the pathways of glutathione degradation in detail, a critical issue is to find how these new enzymes impact cellular physiology and homeostasis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Glutathione degradation plays a far greater role in cellular physiology than previously envisaged. The differential regulation and differential specificities of various enzymes, each acting on distinct pools, can lead to different consequences to the cell. It is likely that the coming years will see these downstream effects being unraveled in greater detail and will lead to a better understanding and appreciation of glutathione degradation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1200-1216.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Bachhawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jahn B, Arvandi M, Rochau U, Fiegl H, Goebel G, Marth C, Siebert U. Development of a novel prognostic score for breast cancer patients using mRNA expression of CHAC1. J Comp Eff Res 2017; 6:563-574. [PMID: 29091014 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a prognostic score for primary breast cancer patients integrating conventional predictors and the novel biomarker CHAC1 to aid adjuvant chemotherapy decisions. PATIENTS & METHODS A prognostic score for overall survival was developed using: conventional predictors from a dataset of 1777 patients and the weight of CHAC1 mRNA expression from an independent dataset of 106 patients using multivariate Cox regression. RESULTS The new score includes: CHAC1 mRNA expression, age, tumor size, HER2 neu status, lymph node status and degree of malignancy. Using a cut-off value of 11 score points, 10-year survival was 82% in low-risk (n = 34) and 43% in high-risk patients (n = 72). The addition of CHAC1 resulted in 16% reclassification. CONCLUSION Including CHAC1 in prognostic prediction may aid (and change) personalized treatment selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Jahn
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making & Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research & Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics & Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Marjan Arvandi
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making & Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research & Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics & Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Ursula Rochau
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making & Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research & Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics & Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.,ONCOTYROL, Division of Health Technology Assessment & Bioinformatics, ONCOTYROL - Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heidi Fiegl
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Goebel
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics & Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Marth
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Uwe Siebert
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making & Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research & Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics & Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.,ONCOTYROL, Division of Health Technology Assessment & Bioinformatics, ONCOTYROL - Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy & Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute for Technology Assessment & Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The cytoprotective protein clusterin is overexpressed in hypergastrinemic rodent models of oxyntic preneoplasia and promotes gastric cancer cell survival. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184514. [PMID: 28902909 PMCID: PMC5597207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoprotective protein clusterin is often dysregulated during tumorigenesis, and in the stomach, upregulation of clusterin marks emergence of the oxyntic atrophy (loss of acid-producing parietal cells)-associated spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). The hormone gastrin is important for normal function and maturation of the gastric oxyntic mucosa and hypergastrinemia might be involved in gastric carcinogenesis. Gastrin induces expression of clusterin in adenocarcinoma cells. In the present study, we examined the expression patterns and gastrin-mediated regulation of clusterin in gastric tissue from: humans; rats treated with proton pump (H+/K+-ATPase) inhibitors and/or a gastrin receptor (CCK2R) antagonist; H+/K+-ATPase β-subunit knockout (H/K-β KO) mice; and Mongolian gerbils infected with Helicobacter pylori and given a CCK2R antagonist. Biological function of secretory clusterin was studied in human gastric cancer cells. Clusterin was highly expressed in neuroendocrine cells in normal oxyntic mucosa of humans and rodents. In response to hypergastrinemia, expression of clusterin increased significantly and its localization shifted to basal groups of proliferative cells in the mucous neck cell-chief cell lineage in all animal models. That shift was partially inhibited by antagonizing the CCK2R in rats and gerbils. The oxyntic mucosa of H/K-β KO mice contained areas with clusterin-positive mucous cells resembling SPEM. In gastric adenocarcinomas, clusterin mRNA expression was higher in diffuse tumors containing signet ring cells compared with diffuse tumors without signet ring cells, and clusterin seemed to be secreted by tumor cells. In gastric cancer cell lines, gastrin increased secretion of clusterin, and both gastrin and secretory clusterin promoted survival after starvation- and chemotherapy-induced stress. Overall, our results indicate that clusterin is overexpressed in hypergastrinemic rodent models of oxyntic preneoplasia and stimulates gastric cancer cell survival.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rao SV, Solum G, Niederdorfer B, Nørsett KG, Bjørkøy G, Thommesen L. Gastrin activates autophagy and increases migration and survival of gastric adenocarcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:68. [PMID: 28109268 PMCID: PMC5251222 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peptide hormone gastrin exerts a growth-promoting effect in both normal and malignant gastrointestinal tissue. Gastrin mediates its effect via the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCKBR/CCK2R). Although a substantial part of the gastric adenocarcinomas express gastrin and CCKBR, the role of gastrin in tumor development is not completely understood. Autophagy has been implicated in mechanisms governing cytoprotection, tumor growth, and contributes to chemoresistance. This study explores the role of autophagy in response to gastrin in gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines. METHODS Immunoblotting, survival assays and the xCELLigence system were used to study gastrin induced autophagy. Chemical inhibitors of autophagy were utilized to assess the role of this process in the regulation of cellular responses induced by gastrin. Further, knockdown studies using siRNA and immunoblotting were performed to explore the signaling pathways that activate autophagy in response to gastrin treatment. RESULTS We demonstrate that gastrin increases the expression of the autophagy markers MAP1LC3B-II and SQSTM1 in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Gastrin induces autophagy via activation of the STK11-PRKAA2-ULK1 and that this signaling pathway is involved in increased migration and cell survival. Furthermore, gastrin mediated increase in survival of cells treated with cisplatin is partially dependent on induced autophagy. CONCLUSION This study reveals a novel role of gastrin in the regulation of autophagy. It also opens up new avenues in the treatment of gastric cancer by targeting CCKBR mediated signaling and/or autophagy in combination with conventional cytostatic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini V Rao
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Guri Solum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Barbara Niederdorfer
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin G Nørsett
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- Department of Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,CEMIR (Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research), NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Thommesen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Translational and post-translational regulation of mouse cation transport regulator homolog 1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28016. [PMID: 27302742 PMCID: PMC4908420 DOI: 10.1038/srep28016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cation transport regulator homolog 1 (Chac1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducible gene that has a function as a γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase involved in the degradation of glutathione. To characterize the translation and stability of Chac1, we found that the Kozak-like sequence present in the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) of the Chac1 mRNA was responsible for Chac1 translation. In addition, the short form (ΔChac1), which translated from the second ATG codon, was generated in the absence of the 5′UTR. The proteasome pathway predominantly participated in the stability of the Chac1 protein; however, its expression was remarkably up-regulated by co-transfection with ubiquitin genes. Using an immunoprecipitation assay, we revealed that ubiquitin molecule was directly conjugated to Chac1, and that mutated Chac1 with all lysine residues replaced by arginine was also ubiquitinated. Finally, we showed that WT Chac1 but not ΔChac1 reduced the intracellular level of glutathione. Taken together, our results suggest that the Chac1 protein expression is regulated in translational and post-translational fashion due to the Kozak-like sequence in the 5′UTR and the ubiquitin-mediated pathways. The bidirectional roles of ubiquitination in regulating Chac1 stabilization might give us a new insight into understanding the homeostasis of glutathione under pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fossmark R, Rao S, Mjønes P, Munkvold B, Flatberg A, Varro A, Thommesen L, Nørsett KG. PAI-1 deficiency increases the trophic effects of hypergastrinemia in the gastric corpus mucosa. Peptides 2016; 79:83-94. [PMID: 27038741 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gastric hormone gastrin plays a role in organizing the gastric mucosa. Gastrin also regulates the expression of genes that have important actions in extracellular matrix modelling, including plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 which is part of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system. The uPA system (including PAI-1) is associated with cancer progression, fibrosis and thrombosis. Its biological role in the stomach and molecular mechanisms of action are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of PAI-1 on the trophic changes observed in gastric corpus mucosa in hypergastrinemia using PAI-1 and/or HK-ATPase beta subunit knockout (KO) mice. HK-ATPase beta subunit KO mice were used as a model of hypergastrinemia. In 12 month old female mice, intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin were measured. The stomachs were examined for macroscopic and histological changes. In mice null for both PAI-1 and HK-ATPase beta (double KO), there was exaggerated hypergastrinemia, increased stomach weight and corpus mucosal thickness, and more pronounced trophic and architectural changes in the corpus compared with HK-ATPase beta KO mice. Genome-wide microarray expression data for the gastric corpus mucosa showed a distinct gene expression profile for the HK-ATPase beta KO mice; moreover, enrichment analysis revealed changes in expression of genes regulating intracellular processes including cytoskeleton remodelling, cell adhesion, signal transduction and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Genes differentially expressed in the double KO compared with HK-ATPase beta KO mice included the transcription factor Barx2 and the chromatin remodeler gene Tet2, which may be involved in both normal gastric physiology and development of gastric cancer. Based on the present data, we suggest that PAI-1 plays a role in maintaining gastric mucosal organization in hypergastrinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Shalini Rao
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Patricia Mjønes
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Pathology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Munkvold
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Liv Thommesen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kristin G Nørsett
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vange P, Bruland T, Beisvag V, Erlandsen SE, Flatberg A, Doseth B, Sandvik AK, Bakke I. Genome-wide analysis of the oxyntic proliferative isthmus zone reveals ASPM as a possible gastric stem/progenitor cell marker over-expressed in cancer. J Pathol 2015; 237:447-59. [PMID: 26178168 PMCID: PMC5049620 DOI: 10.1002/path.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxyntic proliferative isthmus zone contains the main stem/progenitor cells that provide for physiological renewal of the distinct mature cell lineages in the oxyntic epithelium of the stomach. These cells are also proposed to be the potential cells-of-origin of gastric cancer, although little is known about their molecular characteristics and specific biological markers are lacking. In this study, we developed a method for serial section-navigated laser microdissection to isolate cells from the proliferative isthmus zone of rat gastric oxyntic mucosa for genome-wide microarray gene expression analysis. Enrichment analysis showed a distinct gene expression profile for the isthmus zone, with genes regulating intracellular processes such as the cell cycle and ribosomal activity. The profile was also related to stem cell transcriptional networks and stomach neoplasia. Genes expressed uniquely in the isthmus zone were associated with E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), which participates in the self-renewal of stem cells and in gastric carcinogenesis. One of the unique genes was Aspm [Asp (abnormal spindle) homologue, microcephaly-associated (Drosophila)]. Here we show ASPM in single scattered epithelial cells located in the proliferative isthmus zone of rat, mouse and human oxyntic mucosa, which do not seem to be actively dividing. The ASPM-expressing cells are mainly mature cell marker-deficient, except for a limited overlap with cells with neuroendocrine and tuft cell features. Further, both ASPM and E2F1 were expressed in human gastric cancer cell lines and increased and correlated in human gastric adenocarcinomas compared to non-tumour mucosa, as shown by expression profile analyses and immunohistochemistry. The association between ASPM and the transcription factor E2F1 in gastric tissue is relevant, due to their common involvement in crucial cell fate-regulatory mechanisms. Our results thus introduce ASPM as a novel possible oxyntic stem/progenitor cell marker that may be involved in both normal gastric physiology and gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Vange
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvag
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sten Even Erlandsen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Doseth
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Arne K Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Crawford RR, Prescott ET, Sylvester CF, Higdon AN, Shan J, Kilberg MS, Mungrue IN. Human CHAC1 Protein Degrades Glutathione, and mRNA Induction Is Regulated by the Transcription Factors ATF4 and ATF3 and a Bipartite ATF/CRE Regulatory Element. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15878-15891. [PMID: 25931127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an unbiased systems genetics approach, we previously predicted a role for CHAC1 in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, linked functionally to activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) following treatment with oxidized phospholipids, a model for atherosclerosis. Mouse and yeast CHAC1 homologs have been shown to degrade glutathione in yeast and a cell-free system. In this report, we further defined the ATF4-CHAC1 interaction by cloning the human CHAC1 promoter upstream of a luciferase reporter system for in vitro assays in HEK293 and U2OS cells. Mutation and deletion analyses defined two major cis DNA elements necessary and sufficient for CHAC1 promoter-driven luciferase transcription under conditions of ER stress or ATF4 coexpression: the -267 ATF/cAMP response element (CRE) site and a novel -248 ATF/CRE modifier (ACM) element. We also examined the ability of the CHAC1 ATF/CRE and ACM sequences to bind ATF4 and ATF3 using immunoblot-EMSA and confirmed ATF4, ATF3, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β binding at the human CHAC1 promoter in the proximity of the ATF/CRE and ACM using ChIP. To further validate the function of CHAC1 in a human cell model, we measured glutathione levels in HEK293 cells with enhanced CHAC1 expression. Overexpression of CHAC1 led to a robust depletion of glutathione, which was alleviated in a CHAC1 catalytic mutant. These results suggest an important role for CHAC1 in oxidative stress and apoptosis with implications for human health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Eugenia T Prescott
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Charity F Sylvester
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Ashlee N Higdon
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Jixiu Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Imran N Mungrue
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Venkatesan A, Tripathi S, Sanz de Galdeano A, Blondé W, Lægreid A, Mironov V, Kuiper M. Finding gene regulatory network candidates using the gene expression knowledge base. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:386. [PMID: 25490885 PMCID: PMC4279962 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-014-0386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Network-based approaches for the analysis of large-scale genomics data have become well established. Biological networks provide a knowledge scaffold against which the patterns and dynamics of ‘omics’ data can be interpreted. The background information required for the construction of such networks is often dispersed across a multitude of knowledge bases in a variety of formats. The seamless integration of this information is one of the main challenges in bioinformatics. The Semantic Web offers powerful technologies for the assembly of integrated knowledge bases that are computationally comprehensible, thereby providing a potentially powerful resource for constructing biological networks and network-based analysis. Results We have developed the Gene eXpression Knowledge Base (GeXKB), a semantic web technology based resource that contains integrated knowledge about gene expression regulation. To affirm the utility of GeXKB we demonstrate how this resource can be exploited for the identification of candidate regulatory network proteins. We present four use cases that were designed from a biological perspective in order to find candidate members relevant for the gastrin hormone signaling network model. We show how a combination of specific query definitions and additional selection criteria derived from gene expression data and prior knowledge concerning candidate proteins can be used to retrieve a set of proteins that constitute valid candidates for regulatory network extensions. Conclusions Semantic web technologies provide the means for processing and integrating various heterogeneous information sources. The GeXKB offers biologists such an integrated knowledge resource, allowing them to address complex biological questions pertaining to gene expression. This work illustrates how GeXKB can be used in combination with gene expression results and literature information to identify new potential candidates that may be considered for extending a gene regulatory network. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-014-0386-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Venkatesan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Sushil Tripathi
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7489, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Ward Blondé
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Astrid Lægreid
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7489, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Martin Kuiper
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Selvik LKM, Rao S, Steigedal TS, Haltbakk I, Misund K, Bruland T, Prestvik WS, Lægreid A, Thommesen L. Salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) is induced by gastrin and inhibits migration of gastric adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112485. [PMID: 25384047 PMCID: PMC4226541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1/Snf1lk) belongs to the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family of kinases, all of which play major roles in regulating metabolism and cell growth. Recent studies have shown that reduced levels of SIK1 are associated with poor outcome in cancers, and that this involves an invasive cellular phenotype with increased metastatic potential. However, the molecular mechanism(s) regulated by SIK1 in cancer cells is not well explored. The peptide hormone gastrin regulates cellular processes involved in oncogenesis, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. The aim of this study was to examine the role of SIK1 in gastrin responsive adenocarcinoma cell lines AR42J, AGS-GR and MKN45. We show that gastrin, known to signal through the Gq/G11-coupled CCK2 receptor, induces SIK1 expression in adenocarcinoma cells, and that transcriptional activation of SIK1 is negatively regulated by the Inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER). We demonstrate that gastrin-mediated signalling induces phosphorylation of Liver Kinase 1B (LKB1) Ser-428 and SIK1 Thr-182. Ectopic expression of SIK1 increases gastrin-induced phosphorylation of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and enhances gastrin-induced transcription of c-fos and CRE-, SRE-, AP1- and NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter plasmids. We also show that gastrin induces phosphorylation and nuclear export of HDACs. Next we find that siRNA mediated knockdown of SIK1 increases migration of the gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS-GR. Evidence provided here demonstrates that SIK1 is regulated by gastrin and influences gastrin elicited signalling in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. The results from the present study are relevant for the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in gastric adenocarcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linn-Karina M. Selvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shalini Rao
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tonje S. Steigedal
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ildri Haltbakk
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Misund
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wenche S. Prestvik
- Department of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Lægreid
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Thommesen
- Department of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Doni Jayavelu N, Bar N. Dynamics of regulatory networks in gastrin-treated adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e78349. [PMID: 24416123 PMCID: PMC3885390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding gene transcription regulatory networks is critical to deciphering the molecular mechanisms of different cellular states. Most studies focus on static transcriptional networks. In the current study, we used the gastrin-regulated system as a model to understand the dynamics of transcriptional networks composed of transcription factors (TFs) and target genes (TGs). The hormone gastrin activates and stimulates signaling pathways leading to various cellular states through transcriptional programs. Dysregulation of gastrin can result in cancerous tumors, for example. However, the regulatory networks involving gastrin are highly complex, and the roles of most of the components of these networks are unknown. We used time series microarray data of AR42J adenocarcinoma cells treated with gastrin combined with static TF-TG relationships integrated from different sources, and we reconstructed the dynamic activities of TFs using network component analysis (NCA). Based on the peak expression of TGs and activity of TFs, we created active sub-networks at four time ranges after gastrin treatment, namely immediate-early (IE), mid-early (ME), mid-late (ML) and very late (VL). Network analysis revealed that the active sub-networks were topologically different at the early and late time ranges. Gene ontology analysis unveiled that each active sub-network was highly enriched in a particular biological process. Interestingly, network motif patterns were also distinct between the sub-networks. This analysis can be applied to other time series microarray datasets, focusing on smaller sub-networks that are activated in a cascade, allowing better overview of the mechanisms involved at each time range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Doni Jayavelu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Nadav Bar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Misund K, Selvik LKM, Rao S, Nørsett K, Bakke I, Sandvik AK, Lægreid A, Bruland T, Prestvik WS, Thommesen L. NR4A2 is regulated by gastrin and influences cellular responses of gastric adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76234. [PMID: 24086717 PMCID: PMC3785466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin is known to play a role in differentiation, growth and apoptosis of cells in the gastric mucosa. In this study we demonstrate that gastrin induces Nuclear Receptor 4A2 (NR4A2) expression in the adenocarcinoma cell lines AR42J and AGS-GR, which both possess the gastrin/CCK2 receptor. In vivo, NR4A2 is strongly expressed in the gastrin responsive neuroendocrine ECL cells in normal mucosa, whereas gastric adenocarcinoma tissue reveals a more diffuse and variable expression in tumor cells. We show that NR4A2 is a primary early transient gastrin induced gene in adenocarcinoma cell lines, and that NR4A2 expression is negatively regulated by inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) and zinc finger protein 36, C3H1 type-like 1 (Zfp36l1), suggesting that these gastrin regulated proteins exert a negative feedback control of NR4A2 activated responses. FRAP analyses indicate that gastrin also modifies the nucleus-cytosol shuttling of NR4A2, with more NR4A2 localized to cytoplasm upon gastrin treatment. Knock-down experiments with siRNA targeting NR4A2 increase migration of gastrin treated adenocarcinoma AGS-GR cells, while ectopically expressed NR4A2 increases apoptosis and hampers gastrin induced invasion, indicating a tumor suppressor function of NR4A2. Collectively, our results uncover a role of NR4A2 in gastric adenocarcinoma cells, and suggest that both the level and the localization of NR4A2 protein are of importance regarding the cellular responses of these cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Butyrate Response Factor 1/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Feedback, Physiological/physiology
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
- Gastrins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Misund
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Linn-Karina Myrland Selvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shalini Rao
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Nørsett
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne K. Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Clinic, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Lægreid
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wenche S. Prestvik
- Faculty of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Thommesen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|