1
|
Xu TT, Wu X, Luo ZB, Tang LD, Gao JY, Zang LS. Light intensity differentially mediates the life cycle of lepidopteran leaf feeders and stem borers. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4216-4222. [PMID: 38619050 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf feeders, such as Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera litura, and stem borers Ostrinia furnacalis and Chilo suppressalis, occupy two different niches and are well adapted to their particular environments. Borer larvae burrow and inhabit the interior of stems, which are relatively dark. By contrast, the larvae of leaf feeders are exposed to sunlight during feeding. We therefore designed series of experiments to evaluate the effect of light intensity (0, 2000, and 10 000 lx) on these pests with different feeding modes. RESULTS The development of all four pests was significantly delayed at 0 lx. Importantly, light intensity affected the development of both male and female larvae of borers, but only significantly affected male larvae of leaf feeders. Furthermore, the proportion of female offspring of leaf feeders increased with increasing light intensity (S. frugiperda: 33.89%, 42.26%, 57.41%; S. litura: 38.90%, 51.75%, 65.08%), but no significant differences were found in stem borers. This research also revealed that the survival rate of female leaf feeders did not vary across light intensities, but that of males decreased with increasing light intensity (S. frugiperda: 97.78%, 85.86%, 61.21%; S. litura: 95.83%, 73.54%, 58.99%). CONCLUSION These results improve our understanding of how light intensity affects sex differences in important lepidopteran pests occupying different feeding niches and their ecological interactions with abiotic factors in agroecosystems. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhen-Bao Luo
- Bijie Tobacco Company of Guizhou Province, Bijie, China
| | - Liang-De Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun-Yi Gao
- Bijie Tobacco Company of Guizhou Province, Bijie, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ding C, Su C, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Nie R, He B, Ma J, Hao J. Interspecific and Intraspecific Transcriptomic Variations Unveil the Potential High-Altitude Adaptation Mechanisms of the Parnassius Butterfly Species. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1013. [PMID: 39202373 PMCID: PMC11354221 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Parnassius butterflies have significantly advanced our understanding of biogeography, insect-plant interactions, and other fields of ecology and evolutionary biology. However, to date, little is known about the gene expression patterns related to the high-altitude adaptation of Parnassius species. In this study, we obtained high-throughput RNA-seq data of 48 adult Parnassius individuals covering 10 species from 12 localities in China, and deciphered their interspecific and intraspecific expression patterns based on comparative transcriptomic analyses. Though divergent transcriptional patterns among species and populations at different altitudes were found, a series of pathways related to genetic information processing (i.e., recombination, repair, transcription, RNA processing, and ribosome biogenesis), energy metabolism (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation, thermogenesis, and the citrate cycle), and cellular homeostasis were commonly enriched, reflecting similar strategies to cope with the high-altitude environments by activating energy metabolism, enhancing immune defense, and concurrently inhibiting cell growth and development. These findings deepen our understanding about the molecular mechanisms of adaptative evolution to extreme environments, and provide us with some theoretical criteria for the biodiversity conservation of alpine insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Chengyong Su
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Yali Li
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Youjie Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Yunliang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
- College of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
- College of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Ruie Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Bo He
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| | - Junye Ma
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;
| | - Jiasheng Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (C.D.); (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.N.); (B.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weng YM, Kavanaugh DH, Schoville SD. Evidence for Admixture and Rapid Evolution During Glacial Climate Change in an Alpine Specialist. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae130. [PMID: 38935588 PMCID: PMC11247348 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The pace of current climate change is expected to be problematic for alpine flora and fauna, as their adaptive capacity may be limited by small population size. Yet, despite substantial genetic drift following post-glacial recolonization of alpine habitats, alpine species are notable for their success surviving in highly heterogeneous environments. Population genomic analyses demonstrating how alpine species have adapted to novel environments with limited genetic diversity remain rare, yet are important in understanding the potential for species to respond to contemporary climate change. In this study, we explored the evolutionary history of alpine ground beetles in the Nebria ingens complex, including the demographic and adaptive changes that followed the last glacier retreat. We first tested alternative models of evolutionary divergence in the species complex. Using millions of genome-wide SNP markers from hundreds of beetles, we found evidence that the N. ingens complex has been formed by past admixture of lineages responding to glacial cycles. Recolonization of alpine sites involved a distributional range shift to higher elevation, which was accompanied by a reduction in suitable habitat and the emergence of complex spatial genetic structure. We tested several possible genetic pathways involved in adaptation to heterogeneous local environments using genome scan and genotype-environment association approaches. From the identified genes, we found enriched functions associated with abiotic stress responses, with strong evidence for adaptation to hypoxia-related pathways. The results demonstrate that despite rapid demographic change, alpine beetles in the N. ingens complex underwent rapid physiological evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Weng
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - David H Kavanaugh
- California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wilmsen SM, Dzialowski EM. Chronic changes in developmental oxygen have little effect on mitochondria and tracheal density in the endothermic moth Manduca sexta. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247882. [PMID: 38873706 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen availability during development is known to impact the development of insect respiratory and metabolic systems. Drosophila adult tracheal density exhibits developmental plasticity in response to hypoxic or hyperoxic oxygen levels during larval development. Respiratory systems of insects with higher aerobic demands, such as those that are facultative endotherms, may be even more responsive to oxygen levels above or below normoxia during development. The moth Manduca sexta is a large endothermic flying insect that serves as a good study system to start answering questions about developmental plasticity. In this study, we examined the effect of developmental oxygen levels (hypoxia: 10% oxygen, and hyperoxia: 30% oxygen) on the respiratory and metabolic phenotype of adult moths, focusing on morphological and physiological cellular and intercellular changes in phenotype. Mitochondrial respiration rate in permeabilized and isolated flight muscle was measured in adults. We found that permeabilized flight muscle fibers from the hypoxic group had increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, but this was not replicated in isolated flight muscle mitochondria. Morphological changes in the trachea were examined using confocal imaging. We used transmission electron microscopy to quantify muscle and mitochondrial density in the flight muscle. The respiratory morphology was not significantly different between developmental oxygen groups. These results suggest that the developing M. sexta trachea and mitochondrial respiration have limited developmental plasticity when faced with rearing at 10% or 30% oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Wilmsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - Edward M Dzialowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Graham AM, Lavretsky P, Wilson RE, McCracken KG. High-altitude adaptation is accompanied by strong signatures of purifying selection in the mitochondrial genomes of three Andean waterfowl. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294842. [PMID: 38170710 PMCID: PMC10763953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence from a variety of organisms points to convergent evolution on the mitochondria associated with a physiological response to oxygen deprivation or temperature stress, including mechanisms for high-altitude adaptation. Here, we examine whether demography and/or selection explains standing mitogenome nucleotide diversity in high-altitude adapted populations of three Andean waterfowl species: yellow-billed pintail (Anas georgica), speckled teal (Anas flavirostris), and cinnamon teal (Spatula cyanoptera). We compared a total of 60 mitogenomes from each of these three duck species (n = 20 per species) across low and high altitudes and tested whether part(s) or all of the mitogenome exhibited expected signatures of purifying selection within the high-altitude populations of these species. Historical effective population sizes (Ne) were inferred to be similar between high- and low-altitude populations of each species, suggesting that selection rather than genetic drift best explains the reduced genetic variation found in mitochondrial genes of high-altitude populations compared to low-altitude populations of the same species. Specifically, we provide evidence that establishment of these three Andean waterfowl species in the high-altitude environment, coincided at least in part with a persistent pattern of negative purifying selection acting on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) function of the mitochondria. Our results further reveal that the extent of gene-specific purifying selection has been greatest in the speckled teal, the species with the longest history of high-altitude occupancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allie M. Graham
- Eccles Institute for Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Philip Lavretsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Wilson
- School of Natural Resources and Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. McCracken
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang X, Du Q, Wang L, Chen B. Impacts of oxygen deficiency on embryo life-history traits of migratory locust Locusta migratoria from low and high altitudes. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:867-879. [PMID: 36325760 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia challenges aerobic organisms in numerous environments, and hypoxic conditions may become more severe under future climate-change scenarios. The impact of hypoxia on the development of terrestrial insect embryos is not well understood. Here, to address this gap, embryonic life-history traits of migratory locust Locusta migratoria from low-altitude and high-altitude regions were compared under 2 oxygen levels: normoxia (i.e., 21 kPa oxygen partial pressure and mild hypoxia (i.e., 10 kPa oxygen partial pressure). Our results demonstrated that, whether reared under normoxia or mild hypoxia, L. migratoria from high-altitude populations had longer developmental times, reduced weight, and lower mean relative growth rate as compared with those from low-altitude populations. When transferred from normoxia to mild hypoxia, nearly all the tested life-history traits presented significant negative changes in the low-altitude populations, but not in the high-altitude populations. The factor 'strain' alone explained 18.26%-54.59% of the total variation for traits, suggesting that the phenotypic differences between L. migratoria populations from the 2 altitudes could be driven by genetic variation. Significant genetic correlations were found between life-history traits, and most of these showed differentiation between the 2 altitudinal gradients. G-matrix comparisons showed significant structural differences between L. migratoria from the 2 regions, as well as several negative covariances (i.e., trade-offs) between traits in the low-altitude populations. Overall, our study provides clear evidence that evolutionary divergence of embryonic traits between L. migratoria populations from different altitudes has occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Huang
- School of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qianli Du
- School of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Kenli Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bing Chen
- School of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He L, Chen IW, Zhang Z, Zheng W, Sayadi A, Wang L, Sang W, Ji R, Lei J, Arnqvist G, Lei C, Zhu-Salzman K. In silico promoter analysis and functional validation identify CmZFH, the co-regulator of hypoxia-responsive genes CmScylla and CmLPCAT. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 140:103681. [PMID: 34800642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) plays an essential role in aerobic organisms including terrestrial insects. Under hypoxic stress, the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) ceases feeding and growth. However, larvae, particularly 4th instar larvae exhibit very high tolerance to hypoxia and can recover normal growth once brought to normoxia. To better understand the molecular mechanism that enables insects to cope with low O2 stress, we performed RNA-seq to distinguish hypoxia-responsive genes in midguts and subsequently identified potential common cis-elements in promoters of hypoxia-induced and -repressed genes, respectively. Selected elements were subjected to gel-shift and transient transfection assays to confirm their cis-regulatory function. Of these putative common cis-elements, AREB6 appeared to regulate the expression of CmLPCAT and CmScylla, two hypoxia-induced genes. CmZFH, the putative AREB6-binding protein, was hypoxia-inducible. Transient expression of CmZFH in Drosophila S2 cells activated CmLPCAT and CmScylla, and their induction was likely through interaction of CmZFH with AREB6. Binding to AREB6 was further confirmed by bacterially expressed CmZFH recombinant protein. Deletion analyses indicated that the N-terminal zinc-finger cluster of CmZFH was the key AREB6-binding domain. Through in silico and experimental exploration, we discovered novel transcriptional regulatory components associated with gene expression dynamics under hypoxia that facilitated insect survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ivy W Chen
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wenping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ahmed Sayadi
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wen Sang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Rui Ji
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jiaxin Lei
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden
| | - Chaoliang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hypoxia Tolerant Species: The Wisdom of Nature Translated into Targets for Stroke Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011131. [PMID: 34681788 PMCID: PMC8537001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurons rapidly die after ischemia and current therapies for stroke management are limited to restoration of blood flow to prevent further brain damage. Thrombolytics and mechanical thrombectomy are the available reperfusion treatments, but most of the patients remain untreated. Neuroprotective therapies focused on treating the pathogenic cascade of the disease have widely failed. However, many animal species demonstrate that neurons can survive the lack of oxygen for extended periods of time. Here, we reviewed the physiological and molecular pathways inherent to tolerant species that have been described to contribute to hypoxia tolerance. Among them, Foxo3 and Eif5A were reported to mediate anoxic survival in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, respectively, and those results were confirmed in experimental models of stroke. In humans however, the multiple mechanisms involved in brain cell death after a stroke causes translation difficulties to arise making necessary a timely and coordinated control of the pathological changes. We propose here that, if we were able to plagiarize such natural hypoxia tolerance through drugs combined in a pharmacological cocktail it would open new therapeutic opportunities for stroke and likely, for other hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Targeting the Mild-Hypoxia Driving Force for Metabolic and Muscle Transcriptional Reprogramming of Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata) Juveniles. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050416. [PMID: 34066667 PMCID: PMC8151949 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Reduced oxygen availability generates a number of adaptive features across all the animal kingdom, and the goal of this study was targeting the mild-hypoxia driving force for metabolic and muscle transcriptional reprogramming of gilthead sea bream juveniles. Attention was focused on blood metabolic and muscle transcriptomic landmarks before and after exhaustive exercise. Our results after mild-hypoxia conditioning highlighted an increased contribution of lipid metabolism to whole energy supply to preserve the aerobic energy production, a better swimming performance regardless of changes in feed intake, as well as reduced protein turnover and improved anaerobic fitness with the restoration of normoxia. Abstract On-growing juveniles of gilthead sea bream were acclimated for 45 days to mild-hypoxia (M-HYP, 40–60% O2 saturation), whereas normoxic fish (85–90% O2 saturation) constituted two different groups, depending on if they were fed to visual satiety (control fish) or pair-fed to M-HYP fish. Following the hypoxia conditioning period, all fish were maintained in normoxia and continued to be fed until visual satiation for 3 weeks. The time course of hypoxia-induced changes was assessed by changes in blood metabolic landmarks and muscle transcriptomics before and after exhaustive exercise in a swim tunnel respirometer. In M-HYP fish, our results highlighted a higher contribution of aerobic metabolism to whole energy supply, shifting towards a higher anaerobic fitness following normoxia restoration. Despite these changes in substrate preference, M-HYP fish shared a persistent improvement in swimming performance with a higher critical speed at exercise exhaustion. The machinery of muscle contraction and protein synthesis and breakdown was also largely altered by mild-hypoxia conditioning, contributing this metabolic re-adjustment to the positive regulation of locomotion and to the catch-up growth response during the normoxia recovery period. Altogether, these results reinforce the presence of large phenotypic plasticity in gilthead sea bream, and highlights mild-hypoxia as a promising prophylactic measure to prepare these fish for predictable stressful events.
Collapse
|
10
|
Miocene Diversification and High-Altitude Adaptation of Parnassius Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Revealed by Large-Scale Transcriptomic Data. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110754. [PMID: 33153157 PMCID: PMC7693471 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Parnassius butterflies have contributed to fundamental studies in biogeography, insect–plant interactions, and other fields of conservation biology and ecology. However, the early evolutionary pattern and molecular adaptation mechanism of this alpine butterfly group to high altitudes in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau are poorly understood up to now. In this study, we report for the first time, a relatively large-scale transcriptomic dataset of eight Parnassius species and their two closely related papilionid species, a dated phylogeny based on hundreds of gene sequences, and potential genetic mechanisms underlying the high-altitude adaptation by investigating changes in evolutionary rates and positively selected genes. Overall, our findings indicate that the transcriptome data sets reported here can provide some new insights into the spatiotemporally evolutionary pattern and high altitude adaptation of Parnassius butterflies from the extrinsic and intrinsic view, and will support further expressional and functional studies that will help interested researchers to address evolution, biodiversity and conservation questions concerning Parnassius and other butterfly species. Abstract The early evolutionary pattern and molecular adaptation mechanism of alpine Parnassius butterflies to high altitudes in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau are poorly understood up to now, due to difficulties in sampling, limited sequence data, and time calibration issues. Here, we present large-scale transcriptomic datasets of eight representative Parnassius species to reveal the phylogenetic timescale and potential genetic basis for high-altitude adaptation with multiple analytic strategies using 476 orthologous genes. Our phylogenetic results strongly supported that the subgenus Parnassius formed a well-resolved basal clade, and the subgenera Tadumia and Kailasius were closely related in the phylogenetic trees. In addition, molecular dating analyses showed that the Parnassius began to diverge at about 13.0 to 14.3 million years ago (middle Miocene), correlated with their hostplant’s spatiotemporal distributions, as well as geological and palaeoenvironmental changes of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Moreover, the accelerated evolutionary rate, candidate positively selected genes and their potentially functional changes were detected, probably contributed to the high-altitude adaptation of Parnassius species. Overall, our study provided some new insights into the spatiotemporally evolutionary pattern and high altitude adaptation of Parnassius butterflies from the extrinsic and intrinsic view, which will help to address evolution, biodiversity, and conservation questions concerning Parnassius and other butterfly species.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang QL, Li HW, Dong ZX, Yang XJ, Lin LB, Chen JY, Yuan ML. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) to explore the molecular adaptations to fresh water. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2676-2691. [PMID: 32512643 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic insects are well adapted to freshwater environments, but the molecular basis of these adaptations remains largely unknown. Most firefly species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are terrestrial, but the larvae of several species are aquatic. Here, larval and adult transcriptomes from Aquatica leii (freshwater) and Lychnuris praetexta (terrestrial) were generated to test whether the genes associated with metabolic efficiency and morphology have undergone adaptive evolution to fresh water. The aquatic fireflies had a significantly lower ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions than the terrestrial insects, indicating a genomewide evolutionary constraint in the aquatic fireflies. We identified 341 fast-evolving genes and 116 positively selected genes in the aquatic fireflies. Of these, 76 genes exhibiting both fast evolution and positive selection were primarily involved in ATP production, energy metabolism and the hypoxia response. We identified 7,271 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in A. leii (adults versus larvae) and 8,309 DEGs in L. praetexta (adults versus larvae). DEGs specific to the aquatic firefly (n = 1,445) were screened via interspecific comparisons (A. leii versus L. praetexta) and were significantly enriched for genes involved in metabolic efficiency (e.g., ATP production, hypoxia, and immune responses) and certain aspects of morphology (e.g., cuticle chitin, tracheal and compound eye morphology). These results indicate that sequence and expression-level changes in genes associated with both metabolic efficiency and morphological attributes related to the freshwater lifestyle contributed to freshwater adaptation in fireflies. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of aquatic adaptation in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Wei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Dong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Yuan Chen
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Li XD, Jiang GF, Yan LY, Li R, Mu Y, Deng WA. Positive Selection Drove the Adaptation of Mitochondrial Genes to the Demands of Flight and High-Altitude Environments in Grasshoppers. Front Genet 2018; 9:605. [PMID: 30568672 PMCID: PMC6290170 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular evolution of mitochondrial genes responds to changes in energy requirements and to high altitude adaptation in animals, but this has not been fully explored in invertebrates. The evolution of atmospheric oxygen content from high to low necessarily affects the energy requirements of insect movement. We examined 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) of grasshoppers to test whether the adaptive evolution of genes involved in energy metabolism occurs in changes in atmospheric oxygen content and high altitude adaptation. Our molecular evolutionary analysis of the 13 PCGs in 15 species of flying grasshoppers and 13 related flightless grasshoppers indicated that, similar to previous studies, flightless grasshoppers have experienced relaxed selection. We found evidence of significant positive selection in the genes ATP8, COX3, ND2, ND4, ND4L, ND5, and ND6 in flying lineages. This results suggested that episodic positive selection allowed the mitochondrial genes of flying grasshoppers to adapt to increased energy demands during the continuous reduction of atmospheric oxygen content. Our analysis of five grasshopper endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and 13 non-Tibetan grasshoppers indicated that, due to positive selection, more non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions accumulated in Tibetan grasshoppers than in non-Tibetan grasshoppers. We also found evidence for significant positive selection in the genes ATP6, ND2, ND3, ND4, and ND5 in Tibetan lineages. Our results thus strongly suggest that, in grasshoppers, positive selection drives mitochondrial genes to better adapt both to the energy requirements of flight and to the high altitude of the Tibetan Plateau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, China
| | - Guo-Fang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Li-Yun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-An Deng
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ding D, Liu G, Hou L, Gui W, Chen B, Kang L. Genetic variation in PTPN1 contributes to metabolic adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in Tibetan migratory locusts. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4991. [PMID: 30478313 PMCID: PMC6255802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and human highlanders have evolved distinct traits to enhance tissue oxygen delivery and utilization. Unlike vertebrates, insects use their tracheal system for efficient oxygen delivery. However, the genetic basis of insect adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia remains unexplored. Here, we report a potential mechanism of metabolic adaptation of migratory locusts in the Tibetan Plateau, through whole-genome resequencing and functional investigation. A genome-wide scan revealed that the positively selected genes in Tibetan locusts are predominantly involved in carbon and energy metabolism. We observed a notable signal of natural selection in the gene PTPN1, which encodes PTP1B, an inhibitor of insulin signaling pathway. We show that a PTPN1 coding mutation regulates the metabolism of Tibetan locusts by mediating insulin signaling activity in response to hypoxia. Overall, our findings provide evidence for the high-altitude hypoxia adaptation of insects at the genomic level and explore a potential regulatory mechanism underlying the evolved metabolic homeostasis. Vertebrate adaptation to high-altitude life has been extensively investigated, while invertebrates are less well-studied. Here, the authors find signals of adaptive evolution in genomes of migratory locusts from the Tibetan Plateau, and implicate a PTPN1 coding mutation in their hypoxia response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangjian Liu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Wanying Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deng Y, Hu F, Ren L, Gao X, Wang Y. Effects of anoxia on survival and gene expression in Bactrocera dorsalis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:186-196. [PMID: 29630918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) larvae may commonly experience a hypoxia microenvironment and have evolved the ability to survive in the low oxygen condition with some physiological and biochemical mechanisms. However, little is known about the response of B. dorsalis to hypoxia or anoxia. In this study, the effect of anoxia on the survival of B. dorsalis was investigated. The results showed that the B. dorsalis larvae were quite tolerant to anoxia conditions and can tolerate up to 24 h of anoxia exposure without a significant reduction in survival, 100% mortality was reached after 84 h of anoxia exposure. The cDNA of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α and HIF-1β is 2912 and 3618 bp in length, encoding 766 and 648 amino acid residues, respectively. Both HIF-1α and HIF-1β contain conserved basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain and Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain. HIF-1α can be induced by hypoxia, whereas HIF-1β expression was not significantly changed with the oxygen concentration. Three major heat shock proteins (Hsps) expression increased significantly during anoxia and recovery and Hsp70 was the most responsive to anoxia. Four superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes expression were also up-regulated during anoxia exposure. These data suggest that B. dorsalis has a strategy to induce HIF-1α and HIF-1-responsive genes to survive in the low oxygen condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Deng
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan Hu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Han R. A Saliva Protein of Varroa Mites Contributes to the Toxicity toward Apis cerana and the DWV Elevation in A. mellifera. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3387. [PMID: 29467400 PMCID: PMC5821841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor mites express strong avoidance of the Apis cerana worker brood in the field. The molecular mechanism for this phenomenon remains unknown. We identified a Varroa toxic protein (VTP), which exhibited toxic activity toward A. cerana worker larvae, in the saliva of these mites, and expressed VTP in an Escherichia coli system. We further demonstrated that recombinant VTP killed A. cerana worker larvae and pupae in the absence of deformed-wing virus (DWV) but was not toxic to A. cerana worker adults and drones. The recombinant VTP was safe for A. mellifera individuals, but resulted in elevated DWV titers and the subsequent development of deformed-wing adults. RNAi-mediated suppression of vtp gene expression in the mites partially protected A. cerana larvae. We propose a modified mechanism for Varroa mite avoidance of worker brood, due to mutual destruction stress, including the worker larvae blocking Varroa mite reproduction and Varroa mites killing worker larvae by the saliva toxin. The discovery of VTP should provide a better understanding of Varroa pathogenesis, facilitate host-parasite mechanism research and allow the development of effective methods to control these harmful mites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang QL, Zhang L, Yang XZ, Wang XT, Li XP, Wang J, Chen JY, Yuan ML. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Tibetan Gynaephora to explore the genetic basis of insect adaptation to divergent altitude environments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16972. [PMID: 29208990 PMCID: PMC5717227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of insects to different altitudes remain largely unknown, especially those endemic to the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Here, we generated the transcriptomes of Gynaephora menyuanensis and G. alpherakii, inhabiting different high altitudes on the TP, and used these and the previously available transcriptomic and genomic sequences from low-altitude insects to explore potential genetic basis for divergent high-altitude adaptation in Gynaephora. An analysis of 5,869 orthologous genes among Gynaephora and other three low-altitude insects uncovered that fast-evolving genes and positively selected genes (PSGs) in the two Gynaephora species were enriched in energy metabolism and hypoxia response categories (e.g. mitochondrion, oxidation-reduction process, and response to oxidative stress). Particularly, mTOR signaling pathway involving hypoxia was enriched by PSGs, indicating this well-known pathway in mammal hypoxia adaptation may be an important signaling system in Gynaephora. Furthermore, some PSGs were associated with response to hypoxia (e.g. cytochrome proteins), cold (e.g. dehydrogenase) and DNA repair (e.g. DNA repair proteins). Interestingly, several insect-specific genes that were associated with exoskeleton and cuticle development (e.g. chitinase and ecdysteroids) had experienced positive selection, suggesting the specific adaptive mechanisms in insects. This study is favourable for understanding the adaptive evolution of Gynaephora and even TP insects to divergent altitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.,Evo-devo Institute, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of, Agriculture, China
| | - Xing-Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of, Agriculture, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Jun-Yuan Chen
- Evo-devo Institute, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China. .,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of, Agriculture, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang L, Zhang QL, Wang XT, Yang XZ, Li XP, Yuan ML. Selection of reference genes for qRT-PCR and expression analysis of high-altitude-related genes in grassland caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Gynaephora) along an altitude gradient. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9054-9065. [PMID: 29152197 PMCID: PMC5677504 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in gene expression patterns can reflect the adaptation of organisms to divergent environments. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) is an important tool for ecological adaptation studies at the gene expression level. The quality of the results of qRT‐PCR analysis largely depends on the availability of reliable reference genes (RGs). To date, reliable RGs have not been determined for adaptive evolution studies in insects using a standard approach. Here, we evaluated the reliability of 17 candidate RGs for five Gynaephora populations inhabiting various altitudes of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) using four independent (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and the deltaCt method) and one comprehensive (RefFinder) algorithms. Our results showed that EF1‐α, RPS15, and RPS13 were the top three most suitable RGs, and a combination of these three RGs was the most optimal for normalization. Conversely, RPS2,ACT, and RPL27 were the most unstable RGs. The expression profiles of two target genes (HSP70 and HSP90) were used to confirm the reliability of the chosen RGs. Additionally, the expression patterns of four other genes (GPI,HIF1A,HSP20, and USP) associated with adaptation to extreme environments were assessed to explore the adaptive mechanisms of TP Gynaephora species to divergent environments. Each of these six target genes showed discrepant expression patterns among the five populations, suggesting that the observed expression differences may be associated with the local adaptation of Gynaephora to divergent altitudinal environments. This study is a useful resource for studying the adaptive evolution of TP Gynaephora to divergent environments using qRT‐PCR, and it also acts as a guide for selecting suitable RGs for ecological and evolutionary studies in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology School of Life Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Xing-Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen B, Ma R, Ding D, Wei L, Kang L. Aerobic respiration by haemocyanin in the embryo of the migratory locust. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:461-468. [PMID: 28452426 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It remains unresolved how insect embryos acquire sufficient oxygen to sustain high rates of respiratory metabolism during embryogenesis in the absence of a fully developed tracheal system. Our previous work showed that the two distinct subunits (Hc1 and Hc2) of haemocyanin (Hc), a copper-containing protein, display embryo-specific high expression that is essential for embryonic development and survival in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. Here we investigated the role of haemocyanins in oxygen sensing and supply in the embryo of this locust. Putative binding sites for hypoxia-regulated transcription factors were identified in the promoter region of all of the Hc1 and Hc2 genes. Embryonic expression of haemocyanins was highly upregulated by ambient O2 deprivation, up to 10-fold at 13% O2 content. The degree of upregulation of haemocyanins increased with increasing levels of hypoxia. Compared with low-altitude locusts, embryonic expression of haemocyanins in high-altitude locusts from Tibetan plateau was constitutively higher and more robust to oxygen deprivation. These findings strongly suggest an active involvement of haemocyanins in oxygen exchange in embryos. We thus propose a mechanistic model for embryo respiration in which haemocyanin plays a key role by complementing the tracheal system for oxygen transport during embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - L Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li S, Hafeez A, Noorulla F, Geng X, Shao G, Ren C, Lu G, Zhao H, Ding Y, Ji X. Preconditioning in neuroprotection: From hypoxia to ischemia. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:79-91. [PMID: 28110083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal hypoxic or ischemic events can improve the tolerance of tissues, organs, and even organisms from subsequent lethal injury caused by hypoxia or ischemia. This phenomenon has been termed hypoxic or ischemic preconditioning (HPC or IPC) and is well established in the heart and the brain. This review aims to discuss HPC and IPC with respect to their historical development and advancements in our understanding of the neurochemical basis for their neuroprotective role. Through decades of collaborative research and studies of HPC and IPC in other organ systems, our understanding of HPC and IPC-induced neuroprotection has expanded to include: early- (phosphorylation targets, transporter regulation, interfering RNA) and late- (regulation of genes like EPO, VEGF, and iNOS) phase changes, regulators of programmed cell death, members of metabolic pathways, receptor modulators, and many other novel targets. The rapid acceleration in our understanding of HPC and IPC will help facilitate transition into the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Hafeez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fatima Noorulla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guowei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis Reveals the Protection against Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Injury in the Intestine of Tibetans via the Inhibition of GRB2/EGFR/PTPN11 Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6967396. [PMID: 27594973 PMCID: PMC4993941 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6967396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms for hypoxic environment causing the injury of intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB) are widely unknown. To address the issue, Han Chinese from 100 m altitude and Tibetans from high altitude (more than 3650 m) were recruited. Histological and transcriptome analyses were performed. The results showed intestinal villi were reduced and appeared irregular, and glandular epithelium was destroyed in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2573 genes with altered expression. The levels of 1137 genes increased and 1436 genes decreased in Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated most immunological responses were reduced in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. Gene microarray showed that there were 25-, 22-, and 18-fold downregulation for growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11) in the IMB of Tibetans when compared with Han Chinese. The downregulation of EGFR, GRB2, and PTPN11 will reduce the production of reactive oxygen species and protect against oxidative stress-induced injury for intestine. Thus, the transcriptome analysis showed the protecting functions of IMB patients against hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in the intestine of Tibetans via affecting GRB2/EGFR/PTPN11 pathways.
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu G, Qiu X, Cao L, Zhang Y, Zhan Z, Han R. Evaluation of Reference Genes for Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR Studies of Physiological Responses in the Ghost Moth, Thitarodes armoricanus (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159060. [PMID: 27392023 PMCID: PMC4938418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the sensitive method to quantify the expression levels of target genes on the basis of endogenous control. An appropriate reference gene set for normalization is essential for reliable results. The ghost moth, Thitarodes armoricanus, a host species of a medicinal fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, is an economically important member of the Lepidoptera. Recent studies have focused on the mechanism of adaptation of this species to its high-altitude environment and host immune response to O. sinensis infection and RT-qPCR is commonly used in these studies to decipher the genetic basis of physiological functions. However, a thorough assessment of candidate reference genes in the genus Thitarodes is lacking. Here, the expression levels of eight candidate reference genes (ACT, EF, EIF4A, GAPDH, G6PDH, RPL13A, TUB and 18S) in T. armoricanus at different developmental stages and in different body parts of the seventh instar larvae were analyzed, along with larvae kept under low temperatures, larvae exposed to two fungal infections and larvae fed different diets. Three established software programs–Bestkeeper, geNorm and NormFinder–were employed to calculate variation among the treatments. The results revealed that the best-suited reference genes differed across the treatments, with EF, EIF4A and GAPDH found to be the best suited for the different developmental stages and larvae body parts; EF, EIF4A and RPL13A found to be the best suited for low-temperature challenge; and EF, EIF4A and TUB found to be the best suited for the fungal infections and dietary treatments. This study thus further contributes to the establishment of an accurate method for normalizing RT-qPCR results for T. armoricanus and serves as a reference for gene expression studies of related insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuehong Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zubing Zhan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu W, Sun H, Guo J, Jiang F, Liu X, Zhang G. De novo transcriptome characterization of the ghost moth, Thitarodes pui, and elevation-based differences in the gene expression of its larvae. Gene 2015; 574:95-105. [PMID: 26235680 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thitarodes pui larvae are the hosts of a medicinal fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, and are naturally distributed at an altitude of 4100-4650 m on Segrila Mountain of the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we conducted transcriptome profiling of T. pui larvae based on the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform. Subsequently, we explored elevation-based differences of T. pui by comparing gene expression profiles between larvae at high-altitude (natural conditions) and larvae exposed to short-term (2months) low-altitude conditions. A total of 105,935,208 clean reads were assembled into 70,048 unigenes with a mean length of 639 bp. All unigenes were searched against public databases, with 51.26% unigenes being successfully annotated in the NR, SWISS-PROT, EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) databases. A total of 11,846 unigenes were functionally classified into 239 KEGG pathways. Metabolism was the most represented pathway, with 4271 unigenes (36.05%). Using the transcriptome data as a reference, 629 (311 up-regulated/318 down-regulated) genes were differentially expressed by low-altitude larvae when compared with those of high-altitude larvae. The most significantly differentially expressed genes were annotated in the processes of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and respiration. This report provides valuable information about the T. pui transcriptome for future genomic studies, including how gene expression is altered in larvae reared at different elevations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China
| | - Hongxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China
| | - Jixing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China
| | - Fengze Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China
| | - Guren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hou N, Armstrong GAB, Chakraborty-Chatterjee M, Sokolowski MB, Robertson RM. Na+-K+-ATPase trafficking induced by heat shock pretreatment correlates with increased resistance to anoxia in locusts. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:814-23. [PMID: 24848469 PMCID: PMC4122745 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00201.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of insect nervous systems to anoxia can be modulated genetically and pharmacologically, but the cellular mechanisms responsible are poorly understood. We examined the effect of a heat shock pretreatment (HS) on the sensitivity of the locust (Locusta migratoria) nervous system to anoxia induced by water immersion. Prior HS made locusts more resistant to anoxia by increasing the time taken to enter a coma and by reducing the time taken to recover the ability to stand. Anoxic comas were accompanied by surges of extracellular potassium ions in the neuropile of the metathoracic ganglion, and HS reduced the time taken for clearance of excess extracellular potassium ions. This could not be attributed to a decrease in the activity of protein kinase G, which was increased by HS. In homogenates of the metathoracic ganglion, HS had only a mild effect on the activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase. However, we demonstrated that HS caused a threefold increase in the immunofluorescent localization of the α-subunit of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in metathoracic neuronal plasma membranes relative to background labeling of the nucleus. We conclude that HS induced trafficking of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase into neuronal plasma membranes and suggest that this was at least partially responsible for the increased resistance to anoxia and the increased rate of recovery of neural function after a disturbance of K(+) homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hou
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Gary A B Armstrong
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and
| | | | - Marla B Sokolowski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wynant N, Santos D, Vanden Broeck J. Biological mechanisms determining the success of RNA interference in insects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 312:139-67. [PMID: 25262241 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insects constitute the largest group of animals on this planet, having a huge impact on our environment, as well as on our quality of life. RNA interference (RNAi) is a posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism triggered by double-stranded (ds)RNA fragments. This process not only forms the basis of a widely used reverse genetics research method in many different eukaryotes but also holds great promise to contribute to the species-specific control of agricultural pests and to combat viral infections in beneficial and disease vectoring insects. However, in many economically important insect species, such as flies, mosquitoes, and caterpillars, systemic delivery of naked dsRNA does not trigger effective gene silencing. Although many components of the RNAi pathway have initially been deciphered in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, it will be of major importance to investigate this process in a wider variety of species, including dsRNA-sensitive insects such as locusts and beetles, to elucidate the factors responsible for the remarkable variability in RNAi efficiency, as observed in different insects. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge on the RNAi pathway, as well as the most recent insights into the mechanisms that might determine successful RNAi in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Wynant
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dulce Santos
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|