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Papaioannou NY, Patsali P, Naiisseh B, Papasavva PL, Koniali L, Kurita R, Nakamura Y, Christou S, Sitarou M, Mussolino C, Cathomen T, Kleanthous M, Lederer CW. High-efficiency editing in hematopoietic stem cells and the HUDEP-2 cell line based on in vitro mRNA synthesis. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1141618. [PMID: 36969374 PMCID: PMC10030607 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1141618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Genome editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas, TALE nucleases and, more recently, double-strand-break-independent editors, have been successfully used for gene therapy and reverse genetics. Among various challenges in the field, tolerable and efficient delivery of editors to target cells and sites, as well as independence from commercially available tools for flexibility and fast adoption of new editing technology are the most pressing. For many hematopoietic research applications, primary CD34+ cells and the human umbilical cord-derived progenitor erythroid 2 (HUDEP-2) cell line are highly informative substrates and readily accessible for in vitro manipulation. Moreover, ex vivo editing of CD34+ cells has immediate therapeutic relevance. Both cell types are sensitive to standard transfection procedures and reagents, such as lipofection with plasmid DNA, calling for more suitable methodology in order to achieve high efficiency and tolerability of editing with editors of choice. These challenges can be addressed by RNA delivery, either as a mixture of guide RNA and mRNA for CRISRP/Cas-based systems or as a mixture of mRNAs for TALENs. Compared to ribonucleoproteins or proteins, RNA as vector creates flexibility by removing dependence on commercial availability or laborious in-house preparations of novel editor proteins. Compared to DNA, RNA is less toxic and by obviating nuclear transcription and export of mRNA offers faster kinetics and higher editing efficiencies. Methods: Here, we detail an in vitro transcription protocol based on plasmid DNA templates with the addition of Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) using T7 RNA polymerase, and poly (A) tailing using poly (A) polymerase, combined with nucleofection of HUDEP-2 and patient-derived CD34+ cells. Our protocol for RNA-based delivery employs widely available reagents and equipment and can easily be adopted for universal in vitro delivery of genome editing tools. Results and Discussion: Drawing on a common use case, we employ the protocol to target a β-globin mutation and to reactivate γ-globin expression as two potential therapies for β-hemoglobinopathies, followed by erythroid differentiation and functional analyses. Our protocol allows high editing efficiencies and unimpaired cell viability and differentiation, with scalability, suitability for functional assessment of editing outcomes and high flexibility in the application to different editors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Y. Papaioannou
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Petros Patsali
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Basma Naiisseh
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panayiota L. Papasavva
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lola Koniali
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Research and Development Department, Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Soteroula Christou
- Thalassaemia Centre, State Health Services Organisation of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Sitarou
- Thalassaemia Centre, State Health Services Organisation of Cyprus, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kleanthous
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Carsten W. Lederer
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Ma S, Wang A, Chen X, Zhang T, Xing W, Xia Q. Deep Sequencing Reveals the Comprehensive CRISPR-Cas9 Editing Spectrum in Bombyx mori. CRISPR J 2021; 4:371-380. [PMID: 34042501 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) technology has revolutionized biology by greatly enhancing the ability to introduce mutations into DNA for research and prospective therapeutic purposes. However, the understanding of Cas9 editing outcomes is still limited. Previously, it was considered that Cas9 introduces stochastic insertions or deletions (indels) at the target site. In the current study, we performed in vivo multiplex editing, deep sequencing, and comprehensive analysis of its editing outcomes in Bombyx mori (B. mori). A total of 31161 editing events from 9 single-guide RNA (sgRNA) sites in 16 individuals were generated and analyzed, and we found that Cas9 introduces mutations with some regularity rather than via stochastic indels. The editing efficiency varies with sgRNA sequences, individuals, and orientation. Small deletions account for the vast majority of mutated sequences, followed by a small fraction of substitutions and insertions. The most likely mutations are deletions between two microhomologous sequences or single-base deletions at the cleavage site in the absence of microhomologous pairs. Insertions are formed by diverse mechanisms, including direct acquisition of free genomic fragments, duplication of broken ends, replication of adjacent sequences, or random addition of free nucleotides. The above results indicate that the Cas9 editing spectrum is reproducible and predictable. Thus, our findings enable a deeper understanding of Cas9-mediated mutagenesis and better design of genome editing experiments, as well as elucidate the DNA double-strand break repair processes in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiqing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; and Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Liu Y, Li Y, Liang Y, Wang T, Yang C, Ma S, Xia Q. Comparative analysis of genome editing systems, Cas9 and BE3, in silkworms. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:486-492. [PMID: 32344085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system and the Cas9-derived proteins have been applied to genome editing in various organisms. Traditional Cas9 is typically used to knockout genes or specific DNA fragments based on the generation of double-stranded breaks, whereas nCas9 and dCas9 are fused with effectors to perform base pair transitions or epigenetic modification and regulation. However, this system has off-target effects and can cause genomic structure variations. Here, we comparatively analyzed Cas9 and BE3, an initial base editor based on the nCas9 fusion protein, in silkworms. Our results showed that base editing was superior to Cas9 in silkworm cultured cells. BE3 introduced accurate termination codons, whereas Cas9 did not. Moreover, Cas9 induced chromosome translocation, chromosome fragment repetition, and chromosome fragment deletion, with the deletion frequency reaching up to 4.29%. BE3 was not able to induce these changes in our study. Furthermore, Cas9-derived proteins blocked ribosome advance and mRNA transcription for 9 days, with a 9.40% repression effect by combining with double-stranded DNA when single guide RNAs were targeted in the coding region in silkworms. Overall, our findings established a strategy for choosing suitable editing tools for various applications in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chengfei Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Sanyuan Ma
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Ma SY, Smagghe G, Xia QY. Genome editing in Bombyx mori: New opportunities for silkworm functional genomics and the sericulture industry. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:964-972. [PMID: 29845729 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, research in life sciences has been remarkably revolutionized owing to the establishment, development and application of genome editing technologies. Genome editing has not only accelerated fundamental research but has also shown promising applications in agricultural breeding and therapy. In particular, the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology has become an indispensable tool in molecular biology owing to its high efficacy and simplicity. Genome editing tools have also been established in silkworm (Bombyx mori), a model organism of Lepidoptera insects with high economic importance. This has remarkably improved the level and scope of silkworm research and could reveal new mechanisms or targets in basic entomology and pest management studies. In this review, we summarize the progress and potential of genome editing in silkworm and its applications in functional genomic studies for generating novel genetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qing-You Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Li Y, Ma S, Sun L, Zhang T, Chang J, Lu W, Chen X, Liu Y, Wang X, Shi R, Zhao P, Xia Q. Programmable Single and Multiplex Base-Editing in Bombyx mori Using RNA-Guided Cytidine Deaminases. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:1701-1709. [PMID: 29555822 PMCID: PMC5940161 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing using standard tools (ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9) rely on double strand breaks to edit the genome. A series of new CRISPR tools that convert cytidine to thymine (C to T) without the requirement for DNA double-strand breaks was developed recently and quickly applied in a variety of organisms. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-dependent base editor (BE3) converts C to T with a high frequency in the invertebrate Bombyx mori silkworm. Using BE3 as a knock-out tool, we inactivated exogenous and endogenous genes through base-editing-induced nonsense mutations with an efficiency of up to 66.2%. Furthermore, genome-scale analysis showed that 96.5% of B. mori genes have one or more targetable sites that can be edited by BE3 for inactivation, with a median of 11 sites per gene. The editing window of BE3 reached up to 13 bases (from C1 to C13 in the range of gRNA) in B. mori Notably, up to 14 bases were substituted simultaneously in a single DNA molecule, with a low indel frequency of 0.6%, when 32 gRNAs were co-transfected. Collectively, our data show for the first time that RNA-guided cytidine deaminases are capable of programmable single and multiplex base editing in an invertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Sanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Le Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Jiasong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Zhang K, Tan J, Su J, Liang H, Shen L, Li C, Pan G, Yang L, Cui H. Integrin β3 plays a novel role in innate immunity in silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 77:307-317. [PMID: 28826989 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that play essential roles in many physiological and pathological processes through cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. In the current study, a 2653-bp full-length cDNA of a novel integrin β subunit (designated Bmintegrin β3) was obtained from silkworm hemocytes. Bmintegrin β3 has the typical conserved structure of the integrin β family. The qRT-PCR results showed that Bmintegrin β3 was specifically expressed in the hematological system and that its expression was significantly increased after challenge with different types of PAMPs and bacteria. The recombinant Bmintegrin β3 protein displayed increased aggregation with S. aureus, suggesting that Bmintegrin β3 might directly bind to PAMPs. Interestingly, Bmintegrin β3 knockdown promoted PPO1, PPO2, BAEE, SPH78, SPH125, and SPH127 expression and accelerated the melanization process. Unexpectedly, the expression of genes related to phagocytosis, the Toll pathway, and the IMD pathway was also up-regulated after Bmintegrin β3 knockdown. Thus, Bmintegrin β3 might be a pattern recognition protein (PRP) for PAMPs and might directly bind to bacteria and enhance the phagocytosis activity of hemocytes. Moreover, Bmintegrin β3 and its ligand might negatively regulate the expression of immune-related genes through an unknown mechanism. In summary, our studies provide new insights into the immune functions of Bmintegrin β3 from the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Juan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jingjing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hanghua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Li Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guangzhao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, The Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Bm-muted , orthologous to mouse muted and encoding a subunit of the BLOC-1 complex, is responsible for the otm translucent mutation of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Gene 2017; 629:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Takasu Y, Kobayashi I, Tamura T, Uchino K, Sezutsu H, Zurovec M. Precise genome editing in the silkworm Bombyx mori using TALENs and ds- and ssDNA donors - A practical approach. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 78:29-38. [PMID: 27569417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nucleases are able to introduce double stranded breaks at desired genomic locations. The breaks can be repaired by an error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) mechanism, or the repair process can be exploited to introduce precise DNA modifications by homology-directed repair (HDR) when provided with a suitable donor template. We designed a series of DNA donors including long dsDNA plasmids as well as short ssDNA oligonucleotides and compared the effectiveness of their utilization during gene targeting with highly efficient transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). While the use of long dsDNA donors for the incorporation of larger DNA fragments in Bombyx is still a problem, short single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) are incorporated quite efficiently. We show that appropriately designed ssODNs were integrated into germ cells in up to 79% of microinjected individuals and describe in more detail the conditions for the precise genome editing of Bombyx genes. We specify the donor sequence requirements that affected knock-in efficiency, and demonstrate the successful applications of this method of sequence deletion, insertion and replacement in the Bombyx genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Takasu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Keiro Uchino
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the ASCR, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Park CY, Sung JJ, Kim DW. Genome Editing of Structural Variations: Modeling and Gene Correction. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:548-561. [PMID: 27016031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of chromosomal structural variations (SVs), such as inversions and translocations, was made possible by the completion of the human genome project and the development of genome-wide sequencing technologies. SVs contribute to genetic diversity and evolution, although some SVs can cause diseases such as hemophilia A in humans. Genome engineering technology using programmable nucleases (e.g., ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9) has been rapidly developed, enabling precise and efficient genome editing for SV research. Here, we review advances in modeling and gene correction of SVs, focusing on inversion, translocation, and nucleotide repeat expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Yong Park
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jin Jea Sung
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology and Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Xu H, O'Brochta DA. Advanced technologies for genetically manipulating the silkworm Bombyx mori, a model Lepidopteran insect. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.0487. [PMID: 26108630 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic technologies based on transposon-mediated transgenesis along with several recently developed genome-editing technologies have become the preferred methods of choice for genetically manipulating many organisms. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is a Lepidopteran insect of great economic importance because of its use in silk production and because it is a valuable model insect that has greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of insects, including many agricultural pests. In the past 10 years, great advances have been achieved in the development of genetic technologies in B. mori, including transposon-based technologies that rely on piggyBac-mediated transgenesis and genome-editing technologies that rely on protein- or RNA-guided modification of chromosomes. The successful development and application of these technologies has not only facilitated a better understanding of B. mori and its use as a silk production system, but also provided valuable experiences that have contributed to the development of similar technologies in non-model insects. This review summarizes the technologies currently available for use in B. mori, their application to the study of gene function and their use in genetically modifying B. mori for biotechnology applications. The challenges, solutions and future prospects associated with the development and application of genetic technologies in B. mori are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - David A O'Brochta
- Department of Entomology, The Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Rivera-Torres N, Kmiec EB. Genetic spell-checking: gene editing using single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:463-470. [PMID: 26402400 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-stranded oligonucleotides (ssODNs) can be used to direct the exchange of a single nucleotide or the repair of a single base within the coding region of a gene in a process that is known, generically, as gene editing. These molecules are composed of either all DNA residues or a mixture of RNA and DNA bases and utilize inherent metabolic functions to execute the genetic alteration within the context of a chromosome. The mechanism of action of gene editing is now being elucidated as well as an understanding of its regulatory circuitry, work that has been particularly important in establishing a foundation for designing effective gene editing strategies in plants. Double-strand DNA breakage and the activation of the DNA damage response pathway play key roles in determining the frequency with which gene editing activity takes place. Cellular regulators respond to such damage and their action impacts the success or failure of a particular nucleotide exchange reaction. A consequence of such activation is the natural slowing of replication fork progression, which naturally creates a more open chromatin configuration, thereby increasing access of the oligonucleotide to the DNA template. Herein, how critical reaction parameters influence the effectiveness of gene editing is discussed. Functional interrelationships between DNA damage, the activation of DNA response pathways and the stalling of replication forks are presented in detail as potential targets for increasing the frequency of gene editing by ssODNs in plants and plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rivera-Torres
- Gene Editing Institute, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Eric B Kmiec
- Gene Editing Institute, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA
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12
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Zhu L, Mon H, Xu J, Lee JM, Kusakabe T. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of factors in non-homologous end joining pathway enhances gene targeting in silkworm cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18103. [PMID: 26657947 PMCID: PMC4674802 DOI: 10.1038/srep18103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting can be achieved by precise genetic modifications through homology-directed repair (HDR) after DNA breaks introduced by genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 system. The most common form of HDR is homologous recombination (HR). Binding to the DNA breaks by HR factors is thought to compete with non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), an alternative DNA repair pathway. Here, we knocked out the factors in NHEJ by CRISPR/Cas9 system in silkworm cells, so that increased the activities of HR up to 7-fold. Also efficient HR-mediated genome editing events occurred between the chromosomal BmTUDOR-SN gene and donor DNA sequences with an EGFP gene in the middle of two homologous arms for the target gene. Utilizing the NHEJ-deficient silkworm cells, we found that homologous arms as short as 100 bp in donor DNA could be designed to perform precise genome editing. These studies should greatly accelerate investigations into genome editing of silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mon
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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13
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Bao Z, Cobb RE, Zhao H. Accelerated genome engineering through multiplexing. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 8:5-21. [PMID: 26394307 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the biological sciences, the past 15 years have seen a push toward the analysis and engineering of biological systems at the organism level. Given the complexity of even the simplest organisms, though, to elicit a phenotype of interest often requires genotypic manipulation of several loci. By traditional means, sequential editing of genomic targets requires a significant investment of time and labor, as the desired editing event typically occurs at a very low frequency against an overwhelming unedited background. In recent years, the development of a suite of new techniques has greatly increased editing efficiency, opening up the possibility for multiple editing events to occur in parallel. Termed as multiplexed genome engineering, this approach to genome editing has greatly expanded the scope of possible genome manipulations in diverse hosts, ranging from bacteria to human cells. The enabling technologies for multiplexed genome engineering include oligonucleotide-based and nuclease-based methodologies, and their application has led to the great breadth of successful examples described in this review. While many technical challenges remain, there also exists a multiplicity of opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Bao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan E Cobb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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14
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An efficient strategy for producing a stable, replaceable, highly efficient transgene expression system in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8802. [PMID: 25739894 DOI: 10.1038/srep08802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an efficient strategy that combines a method for the post-integration elimination of all transposon sequences, a site-specific recombination system, and an optimized fibroin H-chain expression system to produce a stable, replaceable, highly efficient transgene expression system in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) that overcomes the disadvantages of random insertion and post-integration instability of transposons. Here, we generated four different transgenic silkworm strains, and of one the transgenic strains, designated TS1-RgG2, with up to 16% (w/w) of the target protein in the cocoons, was selected. The subsequent elimination of all the transposon sequences from TS1-RgG2 was completed by the heat-shock-induced expression of the transposase in vivo. The resulting transgenic silkworm strain was designated TS3-g2 and contained only the attP-flanked optimized fibroin H-chain expression cassette in its genome. A phiC31/att-system-based recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) method could be used to integrate other genes of interest into the same genome locus between the attP sites in TS3-g2. Controlling for position effects with phiC31-mediated RMCE will also allow the optimization of exogenous protein expression and fine gene function analyses in the silkworm. The strategy developed here is also applicable to other lepidopteran insects, to improve the ecological safety of transgenic strains in biocontrol programs.
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15
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Sommer D, Peters AE, Baumgart AK, Beyer M. TALEN-mediated genome engineering to generate targeted mice. Chromosome Res 2015; 23:43-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-014-9457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Gao J, Wang G, Ma S, Xie X, Wu X, Zhang X, Wu Y, Zhao P, Xia Q. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:99-110. [PMID: 25344637 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing is one of the most powerful tools for revealing gene function and improving crop plants. Recently, RNA-guided genome editing using the type II clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) system has been used as a powerful and efficient tool for genome editing in various organisms. Here, we report genome editing in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mediated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Two genes, NtPDS and NtPDR6, were used for targeted mutagenesis. First, we examined the transient genome editing activity of this system in tobacco protoplasts, insertion and deletion (indel) mutations were observed with frequencies of 16.2-20.3% after transfecting guide RNA (gRNA) and the nuclease Cas9 in tobacco protoplasts. The two genes were also mutated using multiplexing gRNA at a time. Additionally, targeted deletions and inversions of a 1.8-kb fragment between two target sites in the NtPDS locus were demonstrated, while indel mutations were also detected at both the sites. Second, we obtained transgenic tobacco plants with NtPDS and NtPDR6 mutations induced by Cas9/gRNA. The mutation percentage was 81.8% for NtPDS gRNA4 and 87.5% for NtPDR6 gRNA2. Obvious phenotypes were observed, etiolated leaves for the psd mutant and more branches for the pdr6 mutant, indicating that highly efficient biallelic mutations occurred in both transgenic lines. No significant off-target mutations were obtained. Our results show that the CRISPR/Cas9 system is a useful tool for targeted mutagenesis of the tobacco genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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17
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Kim HS, Bernitz JM, Lee DF, Lemischka IR. Genomic editing tools to model human diseases with isogenic pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2673-86. [PMID: 25075441 PMCID: PMC4216528 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are considered a versatile resource in the field of biomedicine. As iPSCs are generated on an individual basis, iPSCs may be the optimal cellular material to use for disease modeling, drug discovery, and the development of patient-specific cellular therapies. Recently, to gain an in-depth understanding of human pathologies, patient-specific iPSCs have been used to model human diseases with some iPSC-derived cells recapitulating pathological phenotypes in vitro. However, complex multigenic diseases generally have not resulted in concise conclusions regarding the underlying mechanisms of disease, in large part due to genetic variations between disease-state and control iPSCs. To circumvent this, the use of genomic editing tools to generate perfect isogenic controls is gaining momentum. To date, DNA binding domain-based zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases have been utilized to create genetically defined conditions in patient-specific iPSCs, with some examples leading to the successful identification of novel mechanisms of disease. As the feasibility and utility of genomic editing tools in iPSCs improve, along with the introduction of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat system, understanding the features and limitations of genomic editing tools and their applications to iPSC technology is critical to expending the field of human disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huen Suk Kim
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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18
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Ma S, Shi R, Wang X, Liu Y, Chang J, Gao J, Lu W, Zhang J, Zhao P, Xia Q. Genome editing of BmFib-H gene provides an empty Bombyx mori silk gland for a highly efficient bioreactor. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6867. [PMID: 25359576 PMCID: PMC4215353 DOI: 10.1038/srep06867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution has produced some remarkable creatures, of which silk gland is a fascinating organ that exists in a variety of insects and almost half of the 34,000 spider species. The impressive ability to secrete huge amount of pure silk protein, and to store proteins at an extremely high concentration (up to 25%) make the silk gland of Bombyx mori hold great promise to be a cost-effective platform for production of recombinant proteins. However, the extremely low production yields of the numerous reported expression systems greatly hindered the exploration and application of silk gland bioreactors. Using customized zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), we successfully performed genome editing of Bmfib-H gene, which encodes the largest and most abundant silk protein, in B. mori with efficiency higher than any previously reported. The resulted Bmfib-H knocked-out B. mori showed a smaller and empty silk gland, abnormally developed posterior silk gland cells, an extremely thin cocoon that contain only sericin proteins, and a slightly heavier pupae. We also showed that removal of endogenous Bmfib-H protein could significantly increase the expression level of exogenous protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the bioreactor is suitable for large scale production of protein-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiasong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianduo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Liu Y, Ma S, Wang X, Chang J, Gao J, Shi R, Zhang J, Lu W, Liu Y, Zhao P, Xia Q. Highly efficient multiplex targeted mutagenesis and genomic structure variation in Bombyx mori cells using CRISPR/Cas9. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 49:35-42. [PMID: 24698835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori is an economically important insect and a model organism for studying lepidopteran and arthropod biology. Using a highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9 system, we showed that this system could mediate highly efficient targeted genome editing of a single gene locus, large chromosomal deletion or inversion, and also multiplex genome editing of 6 genes simultaneously in BmNs cell line derived from B. mori. The simplicity and high efficiency of our system provide unprecedented possibilities for researchers to implement precise and sophisticated manipulation of a chosen B. mori gene in BmNs cells easily in a limited time course, and perhaps new opportunities for functional genomics of B. mori and other lepidopteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Sanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Jiasong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Jianduo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
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20
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Ma S, Chang J, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Lu W, Gao J, Shi R, Zhao P, Xia Q. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated multiplex genome editing and heritable mutagenesis of BmKu70 in Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4489. [PMID: 24671069 PMCID: PMC3967148 DOI: 10.1038/srep04489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9, a bacterial adaptive immune system derived genome-editing technique, has become to be one of the most compelling topics in biotechnology. Bombyx mori is an economically important insect and a model organism for studying lepidopteran and arthropod biology. Here we reported highly efficient and multiplex genome editing in B. mori cell line and heritable site-directed mutagenesis of Bmku70, which is required for NHEJ pathway and also related to antigen diversity, telomere length maintenance and subtelomeric gene silencing, using CRISPR/Cas9 system. We established a simple and practicable method and obtained several Bmku70 knockout B. mori lines, and showed that the frequency of HR was increased in embryos of the Bmku70 knockout B. mori. The mutant lines obtained in this study could be a candidate genetic resource for efficient knock-in and fundamental research of DNA repair in B. mori. We also provided a strategy and procedure to perform heritable genome editing of target genes with no significant phenotype effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyuan Ma
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China [2]
| | - Jiasong Chang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China [2]
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Jianduo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 P. R. China
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