1
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Zarate-Sanchez E, George SC, Moya ML, Robertson C. Vascular dysfunction in hemorrhagic viral fevers: opportunities for organotypic modeling. Biofabrication 2024; 16:032008. [PMID: 38749416 PMCID: PMC11151171 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad4c0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) cause severe or fatal infections in humans. Named after their common symptom hemorrhage, these viruses induce significant vascular dysfunction by affecting endothelial cells, altering immunity, and disrupting the clotting system. Despite advances in treatments, such as cytokine blocking therapies, disease modifying treatment for this class of pathogen remains elusive. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of these infections could provide new avenues to treatment. While animal models and traditional 2D cell cultures have contributed insight into the mechanisms by which these pathogens affect the vasculature, these models fall short in replicatingin vivohuman vascular dynamics. The emergence of microphysiological systems (MPSs) offers promising avenues for modeling these complex interactions. These MPS or 'organ-on-chip' models present opportunities to better mimic human vascular responses and thus aid in treatment development. In this review, we explore the impact of HFV on the vasculature by causing endothelial dysfunction, blood clotting irregularities, and immune dysregulation. We highlight how existing MPS have elucidated features of HFV pathogenesis as well as discuss existing knowledge gaps and the challenges in modeling these interactions using MPS. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of vascular dysfunction caused by HFV is crucial in developing therapies not only for these infections, but also for other vasculotropic conditions like sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Zarate-Sanchez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Monica L Moya
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Claire Robertson
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
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2
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Guito JC, Arnold CE, Schuh AJ, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Spengler JR, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Palacios GF, Towner JS, Prescott JB. Peripheral immune responses to filoviruses in a reservoir versus spillover hosts reveal transcriptional correlates of disease. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1306501. [PMID: 38259437 PMCID: PMC10800976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1306501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Several filoviruses, including Marburg virus (MARV), cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, the Egyptian rousette bat (ERB, Rousettus aegyptiacus), the only known MARV reservoir, shows no overt illness upon natural or experimental infection, which, like other bat hosts of zoonoses, is due to well-adapted, likely species-specific immune features. Despite advances in understanding reservoir immune responses to filoviruses, ERB peripheral blood responses to MARV and how they compare to those of diseased filovirus-infected spillover hosts remain ill-defined. We thus conducted a longitudinal analysis of ERB blood gene responses during acute MARV infection. These data were then contrasted with a compilation of published primate blood response studies to elucidate gene correlates of filovirus protection versus disease. Our work expands on previous findings in MARV-infected ERBs by supporting both host resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms, offers insight into the peripheral immunocellular repertoire during infection, and provides the most direct known cross-examination between reservoir and spillover hosts of the most prevalently-regulated response genes, pathways and activities associated with differences in filovirus pathogenesis and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Guito
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Catherine E. Arnold
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD, United States
- RD-CBR, Research and Development Directorate, Chemical and Biological Technologies Directorate, Research Center of Excellence, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA, United States
| | - Amy J. Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brian R. Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica R. Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joann D. Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, Molecular Biology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Gustavo F. Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph B. Prescott
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Tranberg M, Brodin EM. Physicians' Lived Experience of Breaking Bad News in Clinical Practice: Five Essentials of a Relational Process. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:1349-1359. [PMID: 37793062 PMCID: PMC10666517 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231197534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop deeper knowledge about physicians' lived experiences of breaking bad news by identifying their common meanings and interrelatedness along with their potential alignment with process-oriented and relational aspects. Based on the methodology of descriptive phenomenology, in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 physicians from a wide variety of specialties. The participants were invited to freely reflect upon their experiences of breaking bad news by describing situations that had worked well and less well. Results showed that breaking bad news was fundamentally experienced as a relational process constituted by the five essentials of Becoming the bad messenger, Expecting the unpredictable, Being on stage, Professionally managing hope, and Mindfulness of the emotional relationship. In line with recent research, this study confirms that clinical communication involves much more than just delivering the message. However, it also contributes to existing knowledge by focusing on the phenomenology of physicians' experiences, which enables deeper understanding of the medical profession and the relational process of breaking bad news. As such, our findings are important to enable broader learning in, for example, medical education and continuing courses for clinical staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Tranberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- The Institute for Palliative Care at Lund University and Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva M. Brodin
- Department of Educational Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Higher and Adult Education (CHAE), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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4
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Michel M, Malergue F, Ait Belkacem I, Bourgoin P, Morange PE, Arnoux I, Miloud T, Million M, Tissot-Dupont H, Mege JL, Vitte J, Busnel JM. A rapid, easy, and scalable whole blood monocyte CD169 assay for outpatient screening during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, and potentially other emerging disease outbreaks. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221115483. [PMID: 35959245 PMCID: PMC9358337 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221115483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The COVID-19 corona virus disease outbreak is globally challenging health
systems and societies. Its diagnosis relies on molecular methods, with
drawbacks revealed by mass screening. Upregulation of neutrophil CD64 or
monocyte CD169 has been abundantly reported as markers of bacterial or acute
viral infection, respectively. We evaluated the sensitivity of an easy,
one-step whole blood flow cytometry assay to measure these markers within
10 min, as a potential screening test for COVID-19 patients. Methods: Patients (n = 177) with confirmed severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were tested on 10 µL blood and
results were compared with reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase
chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: We observed 98% and 100% sensitivity in early-stage (n = 52)
and asymptomatic patients (n = 9), respectively. Late-stage
patients, who presented for a second control RT-qPCR, were negative for both
assays in most cases. Conversely, neutrophil CD64 expression was unchanged
in 75% of cases, without significant differences between groups. Conclusion: Monocyte CD169 evaluation was highly sensitive for detecting SARS-CoV-2
infection in first-presentation patients; and it returns to basal level upon
infection clearance. The potential ease of fingerprick collection, minimal
time-to-result, and low cost rank this biomarker measurement as a potential
viral disease screening tool, including COVID-19. When the virus prevalence
in the tested population is usually low (1%−10%), such an approach could
increase the testing capacity 10 to 100-fold, with the same limited
molecular testing resources, which could focus on confirmation purposes
only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moïse Michel
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,APHM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabelle Arnoux
- APHM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Matthieu Million
- APHM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Tissot-Dupont
- APHM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Joana Vitte
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,APHM Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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5
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Davis S, Milechin L, Patel T, Hernandez M, Ciccarelli G, Samsi S, Hensley L, Goff A, Trefry J, Johnston S, Purcell B, Cabrera C, Fleischman J, Reuther A, Claypool K, Rossi F, Honko A, Pratt W, Swiston A. Detecting Pathogen Exposure During the Non-symptomatic Incubation Period Using Physiological Data: Proof of Concept in Non-human Primates. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691074. [PMID: 34552498 PMCID: PMC8451540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Early warning of bacterial and viral infection, prior to the development of overt clinical symptoms, allows not only for improved patient care and outcomes but also enables faster implementation of public health measures (patient isolation and contact tracing). Our primary objectives in this effort are 3-fold. First, we seek to determine the upper limits of early warning detection through physiological measurements. Second, we investigate whether the detected physiological response is specific to the pathogen. Third, we explore the feasibility of extending early warning detection with wearable devices. Research Methods: For the first objective, we developed a supervised random forest algorithm to detect pathogen exposure in the asymptomatic period prior to overt symptoms (fever). We used high-resolution physiological telemetry data (aortic blood pressure, intrathoracic pressure, electrocardiograms, and core temperature) from non-human primate animal models exposed to two viral pathogens: Ebola and Marburg (N = 20). Second, to determine reusability across different pathogens, we evaluated our algorithm against three independent physiological datasets from non-human primate models (N = 13) exposed to three different pathogens: Lassa and Nipah viruses and Y. pestis. For the third objective, we evaluated performance degradation when the algorithm was restricted to features derived from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms to emulate data from a non-invasive wearable device. Results: First, our cross-validated random forest classifier provides a mean early warning of 51 ± 12 h, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.93 ± 0.01. Second, our algorithm achieved comparable performance when applied to datasets from different pathogen exposures – a mean early warning of 51 ± 14 h and AUC of 0.95 ± 0.01. Last, with a degraded feature set derived solely from ECG, we observed minimal degradation – a mean early warning of 46 ± 14 h and AUC of 0.91 ± 0.001. Conclusion: Under controlled experimental conditions, physiological measurements can provide over 2 days of early warning with high AUC. Deviations in physiological signals following exposure to a pathogen are due to the underlying host’s immunological response and are not specific to the pathogen. Pre-symptomatic detection is strong even when features are limited to ECG-derivatives, suggesting that this approach may translate to non-invasive wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Davis
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Lauren Milechin
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Tejash Patel
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Mark Hernandez
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Greg Ciccarelli
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Siddharth Samsi
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Lisa Hensley
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Arthur Goff
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - John Trefry
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Sara Johnston
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Bret Purcell
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Catherine Cabrera
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Jack Fleischman
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Albert Reuther
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Kajal Claypool
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Franco Rossi
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Anna Honko
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - William Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Albert Swiston
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
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6
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Bourgoin P, Soliveres T, Barbaresi A, Loundou A, Belkacem IA, Arnoux I, Bernot D, Loosveld M, Morange PE, Michelet P, Malergue F, Markarian T. CD169 and CD64 could help differentiate bacterial from CoVID-19 or other viral infections in the Emergency Department. Cytometry A 2021; 99:435-445. [PMID: 33491921 PMCID: PMC8014466 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of a bacterial, viral, or even noninfectious cause is essential in the management of febrile syndrome in the emergency department (ED), especially in epidemic contexts such as flu or CoVID-19. The aim was to assess discriminative performances of two biomarkers, CD64 on neutrophils (nCD64) and CD169 on monocytes (mCD169), using a new flow cytometry procedure, in patients presenting with fever to the ED during epidemics. Eighty five adult patients presenting with potential infection were included during the 2019 flu season in the ED of La Timone Hospital. They were divided into four diagnostic outcomes according to their clinical records: no-infection, bacterial infection, viral infection and co-infection. Seventy six patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were also compared to 48 healthy volunteers. For the first cohort, 38 (45%) patients were diagnosed with bacterial infections, 11 (13%) with viral infections and 29 (34%) with co-infections. mCD169 was elevated in patients with viral infections, with a majority of Flu A virus or Respiratory Syncytial Virus, while nCD64 was elevated in subjects with bacterial infections, with a majority of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. nCD64 and mCD169 showed 90% and 80% sensitivity, and 78% and 91% specificity, respectively, for identifying patients with bacterial or viral infections. When studied in a second cohort, mCD169 was elevated in 95% of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections and remained at normal level in 100% of healthy volunteers. nCD64 and mCD169 have potential for accurately distinguishing bacterial and acute viral infections. Combined in an easy and rapid flow cytometry procedure, they constitute a potential improvement for infection management in the ED, and could even help for triage of patients during emerging epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Bourgoin
- Department of Research and Development, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences-Immunotech, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Soliveres
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Timone University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Barbaresi
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Timone University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Anderson Loundou
- Department of Public Health, EA3279 Self-Perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, Timone University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Inès Ait Belkacem
- Department of Research and Development, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences-Immunotech, Marseille, France.,UMR 7280, Marseille-Luminy Immunology Center (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Arnoux
- Department of Hematology Laboratory, Timone University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Bernot
- Department of Hematology Laboratory, Timone University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Loosveld
- Department of Hematology Laboratory, Timone University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Morange
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France.,Department of Hematology Laboratory, Timone University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Michelet
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France.,Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Timone University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Malergue
- Department of Research and Development, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences-Immunotech, Marseille, France
| | - Thibaut Markarian
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France.,Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Timone University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
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7
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Strampe J, Asogun DA, Speranza E, Pahlmann M, Soucy A, Bockholt S, Pallasch E, Becker-Ziaja B, Duraffour S, Bhadelia N, Ighodalo Y, Oyakhilome J, Omomoh EO, Olokor T, Adomeh DI, Ikponwonsa O, Aire C, Tobin E, Akpede N, Okokhere PO, Okogbenin SA, Akpede GO, Muñoz-Fontela C, Ogbaini-Emovon E, Günther S, Connor JH, Oestereich L. Factors associated with progression to death in patients with Lassa fever in Nigeria: an observational study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:876-886. [PMID: 33484646 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lassa fever is endemic in several west African countries. Case-fatality rates ranging from 21% to 69% have been reported. The pathophysiology of the disease in humans and determinants of mortality remain poorly understood. We aimed to determine host protein biomarkers capable of determining disease outcome. METHODS In this observational study, we analysed left-over blood samples from patients who tested positive for Lassa fever at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, between January, 2014, and April, 2017. We measured viral load, concentrations of clinical chemistry parameters, and levels of 62 circulating proteins involved in inflammation, immune response, and haemostasis. Patients with a known outcome (survival or death) and at least 200 μL of good-quality diagnostic sample were included in logistic regression modelling to assess the correlation of parameters with Lassa fever outcome. Individuals who gave consent could further be enrolled into a longitudinal analysis to assess the association of parameters with Lassa fever outcome over time. Participants were divided into two datasets for the statistical analysis: a primary dataset (samples taken between Jan 1, 2014, and April 1, 2016), and a secondary dataset (samples taken between April 1, 2016, and April 1, 2017). Biomarkers were ranked by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) from highest (most predictive) to lowest (least predictive). FINDINGS Of 554 patients who tested positive for Lassa fever during the study period, 201 (131 in the primary dataset and 70 in the secondary dataset) were included in the biomarker analysis, of whom 74 (49 in the primary dataset and 25 in the secondary dataset) had died and 127 (82 in the primary dataset and 45 in the secondary dataset) had survived. Cycle threshold values (indicating viral load) and levels of 18 host proteins at the time of admission to hospital were significantly correlated with fatal outcome. The best predictors of outcome in both datasets were plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; AUC 0·878 in the primary dataset and 0·876 in the secondary dataset), soluble thrombomodulin (TM; 0·839 in the primary dataset and 0·875 in the secondary dataset), and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNF-R1; 0·807 in the primary dataset and 0·851 in the secondary dataset), all of which had higher prediction accuracy than viral load (0·774 in the primary dataset and 0·837 in the secondary dataset). Longitudinal analysis (150 patients, of whom 36 died) showed that of the biomarkers that were predictive at admission, PAI-1 levels consistently decreased to normal levels in survivors but not in those who died. INTERPRETATION The identification of PAI-1 and soluble TM as markers of fatal Lassa fever at admission, and of PAI-1 as a marker of fatal Lassa fever over time, suggests that dysregulated coagulation and fibrinolysis and endothelial damage have roles in the pathophysiology of Lassa fever, providing a mechanistic explanation for the association of Lassa fever with oedema and bleeding. These novel markers might aid in clinical risk stratification and disease monitoring. FUNDING German Research Foundation, Leibniz Association, and US National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Strampe
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danny A Asogun
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Emily Speranza
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious disease, Laboratory of Virology, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meike Pahlmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Ali Soucy
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Bockholt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Elisa Pallasch
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Beate Becker-Ziaja
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Duraffour
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Nahid Bhadelia
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yemisi Ighodalo
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Thomas Olokor
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Odia Ikponwonsa
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Chris Aire
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ekaete Tobin
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Nosa Akpede
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - George O Akpede
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - John H Connor
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany.
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8
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McClain MT, Constantine FJ, Nicholson BP, Nichols M, Burke TW, Henao R, Jones DC, Hudson LL, Jaggers LB, Veldman T, Mazur A, Park LP, Suchindran S, Tsalik EL, Ginsburg GS, Woods CW. A blood-based host gene expression assay for early detection of respiratory viral infection: an index-cluster prospective cohort study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 21:396-404. [PMID: 32979932 PMCID: PMC7515566 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Early and accurate identification of individuals with viral infections is crucial for clinical management and public health interventions. We aimed to assess the ability of transcriptomic biomarkers to identify naturally acquired respiratory viral infection before typical symptoms are present. Methods In this index-cluster study, we prospectively recruited a cohort of undergraduate students (aged 18–25 years) at Duke University (Durham, NC, USA) over a period of 5 academic years. To identify index cases, we monitored students for the entire academic year, for the presence and severity of eight symptoms of respiratory tract infection using a daily web-based survey, with symptoms rated on a scale of 0–4. Index cases were defined as individuals who reported a 6-point increase in cumulative daily symptom score. Suspected index cases were visited by study staff to confirm the presence of reported symptoms of illness and to collect biospecimen samples. We then identified clusters of close contacts of index cases (ie, individuals who lived in close proximity to index cases, close friends, and partners) who were presumed to be at increased risk of developing symptomatic respiratory tract infection while under observation. We monitored each close contact for 5 days for symptoms and viral shedding and measured transcriptomic responses at each timepoint each day using a blood-based 36-gene RT-PCR assay. Findings Between Sept 1, 2009, and April 10, 2015, we enrolled 1465 participants. Of 264 index cases with respiratory tract infection symptoms, 150 (57%) had a viral cause confirmed by RT-PCR. Of their 555 close contacts, 106 (19%) developed symptomatic respiratory tract infection with a proven viral cause during the observation window, of whom 60 (57%) had the same virus as their associated index case. Nine viruses were detected in total. The transcriptomic assay accurately predicted viral infection at the time of maximum symptom severity (mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] 0·94 [95% CI 0·92–0·96]), as well as at 1 day (0·87 [95% CI 0·84–0·90]), 2 days (0·85 [0·82–0·88]), and 3 days (0·74 [0·71–0·77]) before peak illness, when symptoms were minimal or absent and 22 (62%) of 35 individuals, 25 (69%) of 36 individuals, and 24 (82%) of 29 individuals, respectively, had no detectable viral shedding. Interpretation Transcriptional biomarkers accurately predict and diagnose infection across diverse viral causes and stages of disease and thus might prove useful for guiding the administration of early effective therapy, quarantine decisions, and other clinical and public health interventions in the setting of endemic and pandemic infectious diseases. Funding US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah T McClain
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Florica J Constantine
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Marshall Nichols
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas W Burke
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Lori L Hudson
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L Brett Jaggers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Timothy Veldman
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Mazur
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence P Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sunil Suchindran
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ephraim L Tsalik
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Previremic Identification of Ebola or Marburg Virus Infection Using Integrated Host-Transcriptome and Viral Genome Detection. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01157-20. [PMID: 32546624 PMCID: PMC7298714 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01157-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current molecular tests that identify infection with high-consequence viruses such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus are based on the detection of virus material in the blood. These viruses do not undergo significant early replication in the blood and, instead, replicate in organs such as the liver and spleen. Thus, virus begins to accumulate in the blood only after significant replication has already occurred in those organs, making viremia an indicator of infection only after initial stages have become established. Here, we show that a multianalyte assay can correctly identify the infectious agent in nonhuman primates (NHPs) prior to viremia through tracking host infection response transcripts. This illustrates that a single-tube, sample-to-answer format assay could be used to advance the time at which the type of infection can be determined and thereby improve outcomes. Outbreaks of filoviruses, such as those caused by the Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) virus, are difficult to detect and control. The initial clinical symptoms of these diseases are nonspecific and can mimic other endemic pathogens. This makes confident diagnosis based on clinical symptoms alone impossible. Molecular diagnostics for these diseases that rely on the detection of viral RNA in the blood are only effective after significant disease progression. As an approach to identify these infections earlier in the disease course, we tested the effectiveness of viral RNA detection combined with an assessment of sentinel host mRNAs that are upregulated following filovirus infection. RNAseq analysis of EBOV-infected nonhuman primates identified host RNAs that are upregulated at early stages of infection. NanoString probes that recognized these host-response RNAs were combined with probes that recognized viral RNA and were used to classify viral infection both prior to viremia and postviremia. This approach was highly successful at identifying samples from nonhuman primate subjects and correctly distinguished the causative agent in a previremic stage in 10 EBOV and 5 MARV samples. This work suggests that unified host response/viral fingerprint assays can enable diagnosis of disease earlier than testing for viral nucleic acid alone, which could decrease transmission events and increase therapeutic effectiveness.
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10
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Immune correlates of postexposure vaccine protection against Marburg virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3071. [PMID: 32080323 PMCID: PMC7033120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Postexposure immunization can prevent disease and reduce transmission following pathogen exposure. The rapid immunostimulatory properties of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccines make them suitable postexposure treatments against the filoviruses Ebola virus and Marburg virus (MARV); however, the mechanisms that drive this protection are undefined. Previously, we reported 60–75% survival of rhesus macaques treated with rVSV vectors expressing MARV glycoprotein (GP) 20–30 minutes after a low dose exposure to the most pathogenic variant of MARV, Angola. Survival in this model was linked to production of GP-specific antibodies and lower viral load. To confirm these results and potentially identify novel correlates of postexposure protection, we performed a similar experiment, but analyzed plasma cytokine levels, frequencies of immune cell subsets, and the transcriptional response to infection in peripheral blood. In surviving macaques (80–89%), we observed induction of genes mapping to antiviral and interferon-related pathways early after treatment and a higher percentage of T helper 1 (Th1) and NK cells. In contrast, the response of non-surviving macaques was characterized by hypercytokinemia; a T helper 2 signature; recruitment of low HLA-DR expressing monocytes and regulatory T-cells; and transcription of immune checkpoint (e.g., PD-1, LAG3) genes. These results suggest dysregulated immunoregulation is associated with poor prognosis, whereas early innate signaling and Th1-skewed immunity are important for survival.
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11
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Yu J, Peterson DR, Baran AM, Bhattacharya S, Wylie TN, Falsey AR, Mariani TJ, Storch GA. Host Gene Expression in Nose and Blood for the Diagnosis of Viral Respiratory Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1151-1161. [PMID: 30339221 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently there has been a growing interest in the potential for host transcriptomic analysis to augment the diagnosis of infectious diseases. METHODS We compared nasal and blood samples for evaluation of the host transcriptomic response in children with acute respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, symptomatic non-RSV respiratory virus infection, asymptomatic rhinovirus infection, and virus-negative asymptomatic controls. We used nested leave-one-pair-out cross-validation and supervised principal components analysis to define small sets of genes whose expression patterns accurately classified subjects. We validated gene classification scores using an external data set. RESULTS Despite lower quality of nasal RNA, the number of genes detected by microarray in each sample type was equivalent. Nasal gene expression signal derived mainly from epithelial cells but also included a variable leukocyte contribution. The number of genes with increased expression in virus-infected children was comparable in nasal and blood samples, while nasal samples also had decreased expression of many genes associated with ciliary function and assembly. Nasal gene expression signatures were as good or better for discriminating between symptomatic, asymptomatic, and uninfected children. CONCLSUSIONS Our results support the use of nasal samples to augment pathogen-based tests to diagnose viral respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Yu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Derick R Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Andrea M Baran
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Soumyaroop Bhattacharya
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Todd N Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York
| | - Gregory A Storch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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12
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Olejnik J, Hume AJ, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Mühlberger E. Filovirus Strategies to Escape Antiviral Responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 411:293-322. [PMID: 28685291 PMCID: PMC5973841 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes the various strategies filoviruses use to escape host immune responses with a focus on innate immune and cell death pathways. Since filovirus replication can be efficiently blocked by interferon (IFN), filoviruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract both type I IFN induction and IFN response signaling pathways. Intriguingly, marburg- and ebolaviruses use different strategies to inhibit IFN signaling. This chapter also summarizes what is known about the role of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in filovirus infection. These fall into three categories: those that restrict filovirus replication, those whose activation is inhibited by filoviruses, and those that have no measurable effect on viral replication. In addition to innate immunity, mammalian cells have evolved strategies to counter viral infections, including the induction of cell death and stress response pathways, and we summarize our current knowledge of how filoviruses interact with these pathways. Finally, this chapter delves into the interaction of EBOV with myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages and the associated inflammatory response, which differs dramatically between these cell types when they are infected with EBOV. In summary, we highlight the multifaceted nature of the host-viral interactions during filoviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Georgia State University, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Marburgviruses are closely related to ebolaviruses and cause a devastating disease in humans. In 2012, we published a comprehensive review of the first 45 years of research on marburgviruses and the disease they cause, ranging from molecular biology to ecology. Spurred in part by the deadly Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2016, research on all filoviruses has intensified. Not meant as an introduction to marburgviruses, this article instead provides a synopsis of recent progress in marburgvirus research with a particular focus on molecular biology, advances in animal modeling, and the use of Egyptian fruit bats in infection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
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14
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Brisse ME, Ly H. Hemorrhagic Fever-Causing Arenaviruses: Lethal Pathogens and Potent Immune Suppressors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:372. [PMID: 30918506 PMCID: PMC6424867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fevers (HF) resulting from pathogenic arenaviral infections have traditionally been neglected as tropical diseases primarily affecting African and South American regions. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines for arenaviruses, and treatments have been limited to supportive therapy and use of non-specific nucleoside analogs, such as Ribavirin. Outbreaks of arenaviral infections have been limited to certain geographic areas that are endemic but known cases of exportation of arenaviruses from endemic regions and socioeconomic challenges for local control of rodent reservoirs raise serious concerns about the potential for larger outbreaks in the future. This review synthesizes current knowledge about arenaviral evolution, ecology, transmission patterns, life cycle, modulation of host immunity, disease pathogenesis, as well as discusses recent development of preventative and therapeutic pursuits against this group of deadly viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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15
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Speranza E, Bixler SL, Altamura LA, Arnold CE, Pratt WD, Taylor-Howell C, Burrows C, Aguilar W, Rossi F, Shamblin JD, Wollen SE, Zelko JM, Minogue T, Nagle E, Palacios G, Goff AJ, Connor JH. A conserved transcriptional response to intranasal Ebola virus exposure in nonhuman primates prior to onset of fever. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/434/eaaq1016. [PMID: 29593102 PMCID: PMC9986849 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD), caused by Ebola virus (EBOV), is a severe illness characterized by case fatality rates of up to 90%. The sporadic nature of outbreaks in resource-limited areas has hindered the ability to characterize the pathogenesis of EVD at all stages of infection but particularly early host responses. Pathogenesis is often studied in nonhuman primate (NHP) models of disease that replicate major aspects of human EVD. Typically, NHP models use a large infectious dose, are carried out through intramuscular or aerosol exposure, and have a fairly uniform disease course. By contrast, we report our analysis of the host response to EBOV after intranasal exposure. Twelve cynomolgus macaques were infected with 100 plaque-forming units of EBOV/Makona through intranasal exposure and presented with varying times to onset of EVD. We used RNA sequencing and a newly developed NanoString CodeSet to monitor the host response via changes in RNA transcripts over time. When individual animal gene expression data were phased based on the onset of sustained fever, the first clinical sign of severe disease, mathematical models indicated that interferon-stimulated genes appeared as early as 4 days before fever onset. This demonstrates that lethal EVD has a uniform and predictable response to infection regardless of time to onset. Furthermore, expression of a subset of genes could predict disease development before other host-based indications of infection such as fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Speranza
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Louis A Altamura
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Catherine E Arnold
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William D Pratt
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Cheryl Taylor-Howell
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christina Burrows
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William Aguilar
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Franco Rossi
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Justine M Zelko
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Timothy Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elyse Nagle
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Arthur J Goff
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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16
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Baseline mapping of Lassa fever virology, epidemiology and vaccine research and development. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:11. [PMID: 29581897 PMCID: PMC5861057 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) is a zoonotic disease associated with acute and potentially fatal hemorrhagic illness caused by the Lassa virus (LASV), a member of the family Arenaviridae. It is generally assumed that a single infection with LASV will produce life-long protective immunity. This suggests that protective immunity induced by vaccination is an achievable goal and that cell-mediated immunity may play a more important role in protection, at least following natural infection. Seropositive individuals in endemic regions have been shown to have LASV-specific T cells recognizing epitopes for nucleocapsid protein (NP) and glycoprotein precursor (GPC), suggesting that these will be important vaccine immunogens. The role of neutralizing antibodies in protective immunity is still equivocal as recent studies suggest a role for neutralizing antibodies. There is extensive genetic heterogeneity among LASV strains that is of concern in the development of assays to detect and identify all four LASV lineages. Furthermore, the gene disparity may complicate the synthesis of effective vaccines that will provide protection across multiple lineages. Non-human primate models of LASV infection are considered the gold standard for recapitulation of human LF. The most promising vaccine candidates to date are the ML29 (a live attenuated reassortant of Mopeia and LASV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and vaccinia-vectored platforms based on their ability to induce protection following single doses, high rates of survival following challenge, and the use of live virus platforms. To date no LASV vaccine candidates have undergone clinical evaluation.
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17
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Salvato MS, Lukashevich IS, Yang Y, Medina-Moreno S, Djavani M, Bryant J, Rodas JD, Zapata JC. A Primate Model for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1604:279-290. [PMID: 28986843 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain WE (LCMV-WE), a Risk Group 3 virus, causes a disease in rhesus monkeys that closely resembles human infection with Lassa fever virus, a Risk Group 4 agent. Three stages of disease progression have been defined and profiled in this model: pre-viremic, viremic, and terminal. The earliest or pre-viremic stage reveals changes in the blood profile predictive of the later stages of disease. In order to identify whether specific changes are pathognomonic, it was necessary to perform a parallel infection with an attenuated virus (LCMV-Armstrong). Here we review the use of nonhuman primates to model viral hemorrhagic fever and offer a step-by-step guide to using a rhesus macaque model for Lassa fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Salvato
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | | | - Yida Yang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mahmoud Djavani
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joseph Bryant
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Juan David Rodas
- Linea de zoonosis Emergentes y Re-emergentes, Grupo Centauro, Facultad de, Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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18
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Barton AJ, Hill J, Pollard AJ, Blohmke CJ. Transcriptomics in Human Challenge Models. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1839. [PMID: 29326715 PMCID: PMC5741696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human challenge models, in which volunteers are experimentally infected with a pathogen of interest, provide the opportunity to directly identify both natural and vaccine-induced correlates of protection. In this review, we highlight how the application of transcriptomics to human challenge studies allows for the identification of novel correlates and gives insight into the immunological pathways required to develop functional immunity. In malaria challenge trials for example, innate immune pathways appear to play a previously underappreciated role in conferring protective immunity. Transcriptomic analyses of samples obtained in human challenge studies can also deepen our understanding of the immune responses preceding symptom onset, allowing characterization of innate immunity and early gene signatures, which may influence disease outcome. Influenza challenge studies demonstrate that these gene signatures have diagnostic potential in the context of pandemics, in which presymptomatic diagnosis of at-risk individuals could allow early initiation of antiviral treatment and help limit transmission. Furthermore, gene expression analysis facilitates the identification of host factors contributing to disease susceptibility, such as C4BPA expression in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Overall, these studies highlight the exceptional value of transcriptional data generated in human challenge trials and illustrate the broad impact molecular data analysis may have on global health through rational vaccine design and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J Barton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Speranza E, Altamura LA, Kulcsar K, Bixler SL, Rossi CA, Schoepp RJ, Nagle E, Aguilar W, Douglas CE, Delp KL, Minogue TD, Palacios G, Goff AJ, Connor JH. Comparison of Transcriptomic Platforms for Analysis of Whole Blood from Ebola-Infected Cynomolgus Macaques. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14756. [PMID: 29116224 PMCID: PMC5676990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a serious illness with mortality rates of 20-90% in various outbreaks. EVD is characterized by robust virus replication and strong host inflammatory response. Analyzing host immune responses has increasingly involved multimodal approaches including transcriptomics to profile gene expression. We studied cynomolgus macaques exposed to Ebola virus Makona via different routes with the intent of comparing RNA-Seq to a NanoString nCounter codeset targeting 769 non-human primate (NHP) genes. RNA-Seq analysis of serial blood samples showed different routes led to the same overall transcriptional response seen in previously reported EBOV-exposed NHP studies. Both platforms displayed a strong correlation in gene expression patterns, including a strong induction of innate immune response genes at early times post-exposure, and neutrophil-associated genes at later time points. A 41-gene classifier was tested in both platforms for ability to cluster samples by infection status. Both NanoString and RNA-Seq could be used to predict relative abundances of circulating immune cell populations that matched traditional hematology. This demonstrates the complementarity of RNA-Seq and NanoString. Moreover, the development of an NHP-specific NanoString codeset should augment studies of filoviruses and other high containment infectious diseases without the infrastructure requirements of RNA-Seq technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Speranza
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Louis A Altamura
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Kirsten Kulcsar
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Cynthia A Rossi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Randal J Schoepp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Elyse Nagle
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - William Aguilar
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Christina E Douglas
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Korey L Delp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Timothy D Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Arthur J Goff
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.
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20
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Lo J, Zhang D, Speranza E, Negron JA, Connor JH. HoTResDB: host transcriptional response database for viral hemorrhagic fevers. Bioinformatics 2017; 34:321-322. [PMID: 29028885 PMCID: PMC5860212 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary High-throughput screening of the host transcriptional response to various viral infections provides a wealth of data, but utilization of microarray and next generation sequencing (NGS) data for analysis can be difficult. The Host Transcriptional Response DataBase (HoTResDB), allows visitors to access already processed microarray and NGS data from non-human primate models of viral hemorrhagic fever to better understand the host transcriptional response. Availability HoTResDB is freely available at http://hotresdb.bu.edu
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lo
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deric Zhang
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Speranza
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston Univeristy, 620 Albany St, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose A Negron
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Connor
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston Univeristy, 620 Albany St, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Speranza E, Connor JH. Host Transcriptional Response to Ebola Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:E30. [PMID: 28930167 PMCID: PMC5620561 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a serious illness that causes severe disease in humans and non-human primates (NHPs) and has mortality rates up to 90%. EVD is caused by the Ebolavirus and currently there are no licensed therapeutics or vaccines to treat EVD. Due to its high mortality rates and potential as a bioterrorist weapon, a better understanding of the disease is of high priority. Multiparametric analysis techniques allow for a more complete understanding of a disease and the host response. Analysis of RNA species present in a sample can lead to a greater understanding of activation or suppression of different states of the immune response. Transcriptomic analyses such as microarrays and RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) have been important tools to better understand the global gene expression response to EVD. In this review, we outline the current knowledge gained by transcriptomic analysis of EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Speranza
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Bioinformatics Program, National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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22
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Caballero IS, Honko AN, Gire SK, Winnicki SM, Melé M, Gerhardinger C, Lin AE, Rinn JL, Sabeti PC, Hensley LE, Connor JH. In vivo Ebola virus infection leads to a strong innate response in circulating immune cells. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:707. [PMID: 27595844 PMCID: PMC5011782 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus is the causative agent of a severe syndrome in humans with a fatality rate that can approach 90 %. During infection, the host immune response is thought to become dysregulated, but the mechanisms through which this happens are not entirely understood. In this study, we analyze RNA sequencing data to determine the host response to Ebola virus infection in circulating immune cells. RESULTS Approximately half of the 100 genes with the strongest early increases in expression were interferon-stimulated genes, such as ISG15, OAS1, IFIT2, HERC5, MX1 and DHX58. Other highly upregulated genes included cytokines CXCL11, CCL7, IL2RA, IL2R1, IL15RA, and CSF2RB, which have not been previously reported to change during Ebola virus infection. Comparing this response in two different models of exposure (intramuscular and aerosol) revealed a similar signature of infection. The strong innate response in the aerosol model was seen not only in circulating cells, but also in primary and secondary target tissues. Conversely, the innate immune response of vaccinated macaques was almost non-existent. This suggests that the innate response is a major aspect of the cellular response to Ebola virus infection in multiple tissues. CONCLUSIONS Ebola virus causes a severe infection in humans that is associated with high mortality. The host immune response to virus infection is thought to be an important aspect leading to severe pathology, but the components of this overactive response are not well characterized. Here, we analyzed how circulating immune cells respond to the virus and found that there is a strong innate response dependent on active virus replication. This finding is in stark contrast to in vitro evidence showing a suppression of innate immune signaling, and it suggests that the strong innate response we observe in infected animals may be an important contributor to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna N. Honko
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD USA
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Stephen K. Gire
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Sarah M. Winnicki
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Marta Melé
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Chiara Gerhardinger
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Aaron E. Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - John L. Rinn
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD USA
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - John H. Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
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23
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Lopes AM, Andrade JP, Tenreiro Machado JA. Multidimensional scaling analysis of virus diseases. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 131:97-110. [PMID: 27265052 PMCID: PMC7114580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Viruses are infectious agents that replicate inside organisms and reveal a plethora of distinct characteristics. Viral infections spread in many ways, but often have devastating consequences and represent a huge danger for public health. It is important to design statistical and computational techniques capable of handling the available data and highlighting the most important features. METHODS This paper reviews the quantitative and qualitative behaviour of 22 infectious diseases caused by viruses. The information is compared and visualized by means of the multidimensional scaling technique. RESULTS The results are robust to uncertainties in the data and revealed to be consistent with clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS The paper shows that the proposed methodology may represent a solid mathematical tool to tackle a larger number of virus and additional information about these infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- António M Lopes
- UISPA-LAETA/INEGI, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José P Andrade
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - J A Tenreiro Machado
- Institute of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lassa virus (LASV), the most prominent human pathogen of the Arenaviridae, is transmitted to humans from infected rodents and can cause Lassa Fever (LF). The sizeable disease burden in West Africa, numerous imported LF cases worldwide, and the possibility that LASV can be used as an agent of biological warfare make a strong case for vaccine development. There are no licensed LASV vaccines and the antiviral treatment is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin that is only partially effective. AREAS COVERED LASV vaccine development is hampered by high cost of biocontainment requirement, the absence of appropriate small animal models, genetic diversity of LASV species, and by high HIV-1 prevalence in LASV endemic areas. Over the past 15 years several vaccine platforms have been developed. Natural history of LASV and pathogenesis of the disease provide strong justification for replication-competent (RC) vaccine as one of the most feasible approaches to control LF. Development of LASV vaccine candidates based on reassortant, recombinant, and alphavirus replicon technologies is covered in this review. Expert commentary: Two lead RC vaccine candidates, reassortant ML29 and recombinant VSV/LASV, have been successfully tested in non-human primates and have been recommended by international vaccine experts for rapid clinical development. Both platforms have powerful molecular tools to further secure safety, improve immunogenicity, and cross-protection. These platforms are well positioned to design multivalent vaccines to protect against all LASV strains citculatrd in West Africa. The regulatory pathway of Candid #1, the first live-attenuated arenaviral vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic, will be a reasonable guideline for LASV vaccine efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Marburg virus is a genetically simple RNA virus that causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. The mechanism of pathogenesis of the infection is not well understood, but it is well accepted that pathogenesis is appreciably driven by a hyperactive immune response. To better understand the overall response to Marburg virus challenge, we undertook a transcriptomic analysis of immune cells circulating in the blood following aerosol exposure of rhesus macaques to a lethal dose of Marburg virus. Using two-color microarrays, we analyzed the transcriptomes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells that were collected throughout the course of infection from 1 to 9 days postexposure, representing the full course of the infection. The response followed a 3-stage induction (early infection, 1 to 3 days postexposure; midinfection, 5 days postexposure; late infection, 7 to 9 days postexposure) that was led by a robust innate immune response. The host response to aerosolized Marburg virus was evident at 1 day postexposure. Analysis of cytokine transcripts that were overexpressed during infection indicated that previously unanalyzed cytokines are likely induced in response to exposure to Marburg virus and further suggested that the early immune response is skewed toward a Th2 response that would hamper the development of an effective antiviral immune response early in disease. Late infection events included the upregulation of coagulation-associated factors. These findings demonstrate very early host responses to Marburg virus infection and provide a rich data set for identification of factors expressed throughout the course of infection that can be investigated as markers of infection and targets for therapy. IMPORTANCE Marburg virus causes a severe infection that is associated with high mortality and hemorrhage. The disease is associated with an immune response that contributes to the lethality of the disease. In this study, we investigated how the immune cells circulating in the blood of infected primates respond following exposure to Marburg virus. Our results show that there are three discernible stages of response to infection that correlate with presymptomatic, early, and late symptomatic stages of infection, a response format similar to that seen following challenge with other hemorrhagic fever viruses. In contrast to the ability of the virus to block innate immune signaling in vitro, the earliest and most sustained response is an interferon-like response. Our analysis also identifies a number of cytokines that are transcriptionally upregulated during late stages of infection and suggest that there is a Th2-skewed response to infection. When correlated with companion data describing the animal model from which our samples were collected, our results suggest that the innate immune response may contribute to overall pathogenesis.
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Zapata JC, Salvato MS. Genomic profiling of host responses to Lassa virus: therapeutic potential from primate to man. Future Virol 2015; 10:233-256. [PMID: 25844088 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus infection elicits distinctive changes in host gene expression and metabolism. We focus on changes in host gene expression that may be biomarkers that discriminate individual pathogens or may help to provide a prognosis for disease. In addition to assessing mRNA changes, functional studies are also needed to discriminate causes of disease from mechanisms of host resistance. Host responses that drive pathogenesis are likely to be targets for prevention or therapy. Host responses to Lassa or its related arenaviruses have been monitored in cell culture, in animal models of hemorrhagic fever, in Lassa-infected nonhuman primates and, to a limited extent, in infected human beings. Here, we describe results from those studies and discuss potential targets for reducing virus replication and mitigating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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