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Mulder PPG, Hooijmans CR, Vlig M, Middelkoop E, Joosten I, Koenen HJPM, Boekema BKHL. Kinetics of Inflammatory Mediators in the Immune Response to Burn Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:669-696.e10. [PMID: 37806443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.09.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Burns are often accompanied by a dysfunctional immune response, which can lead to systemic inflammation, shock, and excessive scarring. The objective of this study was to provide insight into inflammatory pathways associated with burn-related complications. Because detailed information on the various inflammatory mediators is scattered over individual studies, we systematically reviewed animal experimental data for all reported inflammatory mediators. Meta-analyses of 352 studies revealed a strong increase in cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, particularly 19 mediators in blood and 12 in burn tissue. Temporal kinetics showed long-lasting surges of proinflammatory cytokines in blood and burn tissue. Significant time-dependent effects were seen for IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1, and CCL2. The response of anti-inflammatory mediators was limited. Burn technique had a profound impact on systemic response levels. Large burn size and scalds further increased systemic, but not local inflammation. Animal characteristics greatly affected inflammation, for example, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were highest in young, male rats. Time-dependent effects and dissimilarities in response demonstrate the importance of appropriate study design. Collectively, this review presents a general overview of the burn-induced immune response exposing inflammatory pathways that could be targeted through immunotherapy for burn patients and provides guidance for experimental set-ups to advance burn research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P G Mulder
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Carlijn R Hooijmans
- Meta-Research Team, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tissue Function and Regeneration, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke K H L Boekema
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wen JJ, Mobli K, Rontoyanni VG, Cummins CB, Radhakrishnan GL, Murton A, Radhakrishnan RS. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Activation and Burn-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction. J Am Coll Surg 2022; 234:660-671. [PMID: 35290286 PMCID: PMC9634710 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies have found that burn injury induces cardiac dysfunction through interruption of the antioxidant-response element (ARE) pathway in cardiac mitochondria. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key regulator that activates many antioxidant enzymes. Oltipraz (Olti) is a Nrf2 activator and a well-known inducer of NQO1 along with other enzymes that comprise the Nrf2-associated antioxidants. We propose that Nrf2 activation will induce the ARE pathway, leading to abrogation of burn-induced cardiac dysfunction. STUDY DESIGN In this study, we investigated the effect of Nrf2-deficiency in mice on burn-induced cardiac dysfunction. Wild-type (WT) and Nrf2-deficient mice received 30% total body surface area burn injury and were treated with or without Olti and then harvested at 3 hours and 24 hours post burn (3 hpb and 24 hpb). RESULTS As expected, Nrf2-deficient mice exhibited exacerbated cardiac dysfunction after burn injury, as measured by Vevo 2100 echocardiography. Electron microscopy showed that Nrf2 depletion worsened burn injury-induced cardiac mitochondrial damage. In addition, Nrf2 depletion increased cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis after burn injury. Treatment with Olti ameliorated the heart dysfunction in burned Nrf2-/+ mice, improved cardiac mitochondrial structure and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as decreased cardiac fibrosis. These results suggest that Nrf2 and its downstream targets modulate cardiac function after burn injury. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Nrf2 depletion worsens cardiac dysfunction after burn injury. Nrf2 activation, with a drug such as Olti, offers a promising therapeutic strategy for abrogating burn-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake J Wen
- From the Departments of Surgery (Wen, Mobli, Rontoyanni, Cummins, Murton, RS Radhakrishnan), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Keyan Mobli
- From the Departments of Surgery (Wen, Mobli, Rontoyanni, Cummins, Murton, RS Radhakrishnan), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Victoria G Rontoyanni
- From the Departments of Surgery (Wen, Mobli, Rontoyanni, Cummins, Murton, RS Radhakrishnan), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Claire B Cummins
- From the Departments of Surgery (Wen, Mobli, Rontoyanni, Cummins, Murton, RS Radhakrishnan), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Geetha L Radhakrishnan
- Pediatrics (GL Radhakrishnan, RS Radhakrishnan), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Andrew Murton
- From the Departments of Surgery (Wen, Mobli, Rontoyanni, Cummins, Murton, RS Radhakrishnan), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Ravi S Radhakrishnan
- From the Departments of Surgery (Wen, Mobli, Rontoyanni, Cummins, Murton, RS Radhakrishnan), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
- Pediatrics (GL Radhakrishnan, RS Radhakrishnan), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
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Papadopoulos A, Gagnaire A, Degos C, de Chastellier C, Gorvel JP. Brucella discriminates between mouse dendritic cell subsets upon in vitro infection. Virulence 2015; 7:33-44. [PMID: 26606688 PMCID: PMC4871654 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1108516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for brucellosis, a worldwide re-emerging zoonosis. Brucella has been shown to infect and replicate within Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) in vitro grown bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). In this cell model, Brucella can efficiently control BMDC maturation. However, it has been shown that Brucella infection in vivo induces spleen dendritic cells (DC) migration and maturation. As DCs form a complex network composed by several subpopulations, differences observed may be due to different interactions between Brucella and DC subsets. Here, we compare Brucella interaction with several in vitro BMDC models. The present study shows that Brucella is capable of replicating in all the BMDC models tested with a high infection rate at early time points in GMCSF-IL15 DCs and Flt3l DCs. GMCSF-IL15 DCs and Flt3l DCs are more activated than the other studied DC models and consequently intracellular bacteria are not efficiently targeted to the ER replicative niche. Interestingly, GMCSF-DC and GMCSF-Flt3l DC response to infection is comparable. However, the key difference between these 2 models concerns IL10 secretion by GMCSF DCs observed at 48 h post-infection. IL10 secretion can explain the weak secretion of IL12p70 and TNFα in the GMCSF-DC model and the low level of maturation observed when compared to GMCSF-IL15 DCs and Flt3l DCs. These models provide good tools to understand how Brucella induce DC maturation in vivo and may lead to new therapeutic design using DCs as cellular vaccines capable of enhancing immune response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Papadopoulos
- a Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; Aix Marseille Université; CNRS UMR7280; INSERM U1104 ; Marseille , France
| | - Aurélie Gagnaire
- a Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; Aix Marseille Université; CNRS UMR7280; INSERM U1104 ; Marseille , France
| | - Clara Degos
- a Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; Aix Marseille Université; CNRS UMR7280; INSERM U1104 ; Marseille , France
| | - Chantal de Chastellier
- a Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; Aix Marseille Université; CNRS UMR7280; INSERM U1104 ; Marseille , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- a Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy; Aix Marseille Université; CNRS UMR7280; INSERM U1104 ; Marseille , France
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Animal models in burn research. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3241-55. [PMID: 24714880 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Burn injury is a severe form of trauma affecting more than 2 million people in North America each year. Burn trauma is not a single pathophysiological event but a devastating injury that causes structural and functional deficits in numerous organ systems. Due to its complexity and the involvement of multiple organs, in vitro experiments cannot capture this complexity nor address the pathophysiology. In the past two decades, a number of burn animal models have been developed to replicate the various aspects of burn injury, to elucidate the pathophysiology, and to explore potential treatment interventions. Understanding the advantages and limitations of these animal models is essential for the design and development of treatments that are clinically relevant to humans. This review aims to highlight the common animal models of burn injury in order to provide investigators with a better understanding of the benefits and limitations of these models for translational applications. While many animal models of burn exist, we limit our discussion to the skin healing of mouse, rat, and pig. Additionally, we briefly explain hypermetabolic characteristics of burn injury and the animal model utilized to study this phenomena. Finally, we discuss the economic costs associated with each of these models in order to guide decisions of choosing the appropriate animal model for burn research.
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Zhan Y, Vega-Ramos J, Carrington EM, Villadangos JA, Lew AM, Xu Y. The inflammatory cytokine, GM-CSF, alters the developmental outcome of murine dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2889-900. [PMID: 22806691 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) is a major cytokine that drives development of dendritic cells (DCs) under steady state, whereas GM-CSF becomes a prominent influence on differentiation during inflammation. The influence GM-CSF exerts on Flt3L-induced DC development has not been thoroughly examined. Here, we report that GM-CSF alters Flt3L-induced DC development. When BM cells were cultured with both Flt3L and GM-CSF, few CD8⁺ equivalent DCs or plasmacytoid DCs developed compared to cultures supplemented with Flt3L alone. The disappearance of these two cell subsets in GM-CSF + Flt3L culture was not a result of simple inhibition of their development, but a diversion of the original differentiation trajectory to form a new cell population. As a consequence, both DC progeny and their functions were altered. The effect of GM-CSF on DC subset development was confirmed in vivo. First, the CD8⁺ DC numbers were increased under GM-CSF deficiency (when either GM-CSF or its receptor was ablated). Second, this population was decreased under GM-CSF hyperexpression (by transgenesis or by Listeria infection). Our finding that GM-CSF dominantly changes the regulation of DC development in vitro and in vivo has important implications for inflammatory diseases or GM-CSF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
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