1
|
Bannantine JP, Duffy SC, Colombatti Olivieri MA, Behr MA, Biet F, Price NPJ. Genetic and chemical control of tuberculostearic acid production in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0050824. [PMID: 38501867 PMCID: PMC11064506 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00508-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculostearic acid (TBSA) is a fatty acid unique to mycobacteria and some corynebacteria and has been studied due to its diagnostic value, biofuel properties, and role in membrane dynamics. In this study, we demonstrate that TBSA production can be abrogated either by addition of pivalic acid to mycobacterial growth cultures or by a bfaA gene knockout encoding a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding oxidoreductase. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) growth and TBSA production were inhibited in 0.5-mg/mL pivalic acid-supplemented cultures, but higher concentrations were needed to have a similar effect in other mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium smegmatis. While Map C-type strains, isolated from cattle and other ruminants, will produce TBSA in the absence of pivalic acid, the S-type Map strains, typically isolated from sheep, do not produce TBSA in any condition. A SAM-dependent methyltransferase encoded by bfaB and FAD-binding oxidoreductase are both required in the two-step biosynthesis of TBSA. However, S-type strains contain a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the bfaA gene, rendering the oxidoreductase enzyme vestigial. This results in the production of an intermediate, termed 10-methylene stearate, which is detected only in S-type strains. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis of a C-type Map bfaA knockout revealed the loss of TBSA production, but the intermediate was present, similar to the S-type strains. Collectively, these results demonstrate the subtle biochemical differences between two primary genetic lineages of Map and other mycobacteria as well as explain the resulting phenotype at the genetic level. These data also suggest that TBSA should not be used as a diagnostic marker for Map.IMPORTANCEBranched-chain fatty acids are a predominant cell wall component among species belonging to the Mycobacterium genus. One of these is TBSA, which is a long-chain middle-branched fatty acid used as a diagnostic marker for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This fatty acid is also an excellent biolubricant. Control of its production is important for industrial purposes as well as understanding the biology of mycobacteria. In this study, we discovered that a carboxylic acid compound termed pivalic acid inhibits TBSA production in mycobacteria. Furthermore, Map strains from two separate genetic lineages (C-type and S-type) showed differential production of TBSA. Cattle-type strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis produce TBSA, while the sheep-type strains do not. This important phenotypic difference is attributed to a single-nucleotide deletion in sheep-type strains of Map. This work sheds further light on the mechanism used by mycobacteria to produce tuberculostearic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P. Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Shannon C. Duffy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - María A. Colombatti Olivieri
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
- ARS Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcel A. Behr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Neil P. J. Price
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pickrodt C, Köhler H, Moog U, Liebler-Tenorio EM, Möbius P. Molecular Diversity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Four Dairy Goat Herds from Thuringia (Germany). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3542. [PMID: 38003160 PMCID: PMC10668697 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the intra- and inter-herd diversity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) isolates from four goat herds in Thuringia (Germany) that were affected by paratuberculosis for several years. The main focus was on the characterization and distribution of genotypes among animals and the environment of goat herd 1. This study included 196 isolates from the feces of 121 infected goats, various tissues from 13 clinically diseased goats, 29 environmental samples from herd 1, and additionally, 22 isolates of different origin from herds 2 to 4. The isolates, sampled between 2018 and 2022, were genotyped using short-sequence-repeat (SSR) analysis, mycobacterial-interspersed repetitive units-variable-number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based assay for phylogenetic grouping. All the isolates belonged to the MAP-C group. In herd 1, one predominant genotype was determined, while two other genotypes were identified very rarely and only in fecal and environmental samples. One of three further genotypes was found in each of herds 2 to 4. The assignment of genotypes to different phylogenetic clades suggested six different infection strains. The results indicated no epidemiological links between the examined herds. Based on the current MAP genotyping data from Germany, possible sources of infection are MAP-contaminated barns previously used by infected cattle and the purchase of sub-clinically infected goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Pickrodt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| | - Udo Moog
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Sheep and Goat Health Service, Victor-Goerttler-Straße 4, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth M. Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| | - Petra Möbius
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hodgeman R, Mann R, Djitro N, Savin K, Rochfort S, Rodoni B. The pan-genome of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) confirms ancestral lineage and reveals gene rearrangements within Map Type S. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:656. [PMID: 37907856 PMCID: PMC10619280 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date genomic studies on Map have concentrated on Type C strains with only a few Type S strains included for comparison. In this study the entire pan-genome of 261 Map genomes (205 Type C, 52 Type S and 4 Type B) and 7 Mycobacterium avium complex (Mac) genomes were analysed to identify genomic similarities and differences between the strains and provide more insight into the evolutionary relationship within this Mycobacterial species. RESULTS Our analysis of the core genome of all the Map isolates identified two distinct lineages, Type S and Type C Map that is consistent with previous phylogenetic studies of Map. Pan-genome analysis revealed that Map has a larger accessory genome than Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) and Type C Map has a larger accessory genome than Type S Map. In addition, we found large rearrangements within Type S strains of Map and little to none in Type C and Type B strains. There were 50 core genes identified that were unique to Type S Map and there were no unique core genes identified between Type B and Type C Map strains. In Type C Map we identified an additional CE10 CAZyme class which was identified as an alpha/beta hydrolase and an additional polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase cluster. Consistent with previous analysis no plasmids and only incomplete prophages were identified in the genomes of Map. There were 45 hypothetical CRISPR elements identified with no associated cas genes. CONCLUSION This is the most comprehensive comparison of the genomic content of Map isolates to date and included the closing of eight Map genomes. The analysis revealed that there is greater variation in gene synteny within Type S strains when compared to Type C indicating that the Type C Map strain emerged after Type S. Further analysis of Type C and Type B genomes revealed that they are structurally similar with little to no genetic variation and that Type B Map may be a distinct clade within Type C Map and not a different strain type of Map. The evolutionary lineage of Maa and Map was confirmed as emerging after M. hominissuis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hodgeman
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Rachel Mann
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Noel Djitro
- School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith Savin
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan Rodoni
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Byrne A, Bissonnette N, Ollier S, Tahlan K. Investigating in vivo Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis microevolution and mixed strain infections. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0171623. [PMID: 37584606 PMCID: PMC10581078 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01716-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's Disease (JD) in ruminants, which is responsible for significant economic loss to the global dairy industry. Mixed strain infection (MSI) refers to the concurrent infection of a susceptible host with genetically distinct strains of a pathogen, whereas within-host changes in an infecting strain leading to genetically distinguishable progeny is called microevolution. The two processes can influence host-pathogen dynamics, disease progression and outcomes, but not much is known about their prevalence and impact on JD. Therefore, we obtained up to 10 MAP isolates each from 14 high-shedding animals and subjected them to whole-genome sequencing. Twelve of the 14 animals examined showed evidence for the presence of MSIs and microevolution, while the genotypes of MAP isolates from the remaining two animals could be attributed solely to microevolution. All MAP isolates that were otherwise isogenic had differences in short sequence repeats (SSRs), of which SSR1 and SSR2 were the most diverse and homoplastic. Variations in SSR1 and SSR2, which are located in ORF1 and ORF2, respectively, affect the genetic reading frame, leading to protein products with altered sequences and computed structures. The ORF1 gene product is predicted to be a MAP surface protein with possible roles in host immune modulation, but nothing could be inferred regarding the function of ORF2. Both genes are conserved in Mycobacterium avium complex members, but SSR1-based modulation of ORF1 reading frames seems to only occur in MAP, which could have potential implications on the infectivity of this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Johne's disease (JD) is a major problem in dairy animals, and concerns have been raised regarding the association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) with Crohn's disease in humans. MAP is an extremely slow-growing bacterium with low genome evolutionary rates. Certain short sequence repeats (SSR1 and SSR2) in the MAP chromosome are highly variable and evolve at a faster rate than the rest of the chromosome. In the current study, multiple MAP isolates with genetic variations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and more noticeably, diverse SSRs, could simultaneously infect animals. Variations in SSR1 and SSR2 affect the products of the respective genes containing them. Since multiple MAP isolates can infect the same animal and the possibility that the pathogen undergoes further changes within the host due to unstable SSRs, this could provide a compensative mechanism for an otherwise slow-evolving pathogen to increase phenotypic diversity for overcoming host responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Byrne
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Séverine Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Byrne A, Ollier S, Tahlan K, Biet F, Bissonnette N. Genomic epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Canadian dairy herds provides evidence for multiple infection events. Front Genet 2023; 14:1043598. [PMID: 36816022 PMCID: PMC9934062 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1043598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the pathogen responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne's Disease (JD) in ruminants, which is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. MAP transmission primarily occurs through the fecal-oral route, and the introduction of an MAP infected animal into a herd is an important transmission route. In the current study, we characterized MAP isolates from 67 cows identified in 20 herds from the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed and an average genome coverage (relative to K-10) of ∼14.9 fold was achieved. The total number of SNPs present in each isolate varied from 51 to 132 and differed significantly between herds. Isolates with the highest genetic variability were generally present in herds from Quebec. The isolates were broadly separated into two main clades and this distinction was not influenced by the province from which they originated. Analysis of 8 MIRU-VNTR loci and 11 SSR loci was performed on the 67 isolates from the 20 dairy herds and publicly available references, notably major genetic lineages and six isolates from the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. All 67 field isolates were phylogenetically classified as Type II (C-type) and according to MIRU-VNTR, the predominant type was INMV 2 (76.1%) among four distinct patterns. Multilocus SSR typing identified 49 distinct INMV SSR patterns. The discriminatory index of the multilocus SSR typing was 0.9846, which was much higher than MIRU-VNTR typing (0.3740). Although multilocus SSR analysis provides good discriminatory power, the resolution was not informative enough to determine inter-herd transmission. In select cases, SNP-based analysis was the only approach able to document disease transmission between herds, further validated by animal movement data. The presence of SNPs in several virulence genes, notably for PE, PPE, mce and mmpL, is expected to explain differential antigenic or pathogenetic host responses. SNP-based studies will provide insight into how MAP genetic variation may impact host-pathogen interactions. Our study highlights the informative power of WGS which is now recommended for epidemiological studies and to document mixed genotypes infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Byrne
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Séverine Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Nathalie Bissonnette,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rasper-Hössinger M, Biggel M, Stephan R, Seehusen F, Scherrer S. Strain diversity in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-positive bovine fecal samples collected in Switzerland. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1154516. [PMID: 37180063 PMCID: PMC10171428 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease is a chronic intestinal disease in domestic and wild ruminants. It affects global dairy economy and is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The objective of this study was to analyze strain diversity in MAP-positive fecal samples by using a particular single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distinguishing between cattle (C-) and sheep (S-) type MAP and analysis of SNPs within gyrA and gyrB genes differentiating between Types I, II, and III. Moreover, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit and variable-number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis using eight established loci was performed. A total of 90 fecal samples from diseased animals presenting diarrhea and/or weight loss, originating from 59 bovine herds across 16 cantons of Switzerland were screened by PCR for the MAP-specific F57 and IS900 genes and were further subtyped. 96.7% and 3.3% of the samples contained C- and S-type MAP, respectively. Ten INRA Nouzilly MIRU-VNTR (INMV) profiles, with a discriminatory index of 0.802, calculated based on 65 epidemiological independent genotypes, were detected: INMV 1 (33.8%), INMV 2 (23.1%), INMV 6 (16.9%), INMV 9 (9.2%), INMV 116 (4.6%), INMV 3 (3.1%), INMV 5 (3.1%) and INMV 72 (1.5%), including two novel INMV profiles, namely INMV 253 (3.1%; S-type III) and INMV 252 (1.5%; C-type). INMV 1, INMV 2, and INMV 6 comprised almost 75% of the F57- and IS900-positive samples. Typing data from 11 herds suggest that there are some herds with intra-herd diversity of genotypes. The results of this study indicate a heterogeneity of MAP in Switzerland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Biggel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Scherrer
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Simone Scherrer,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phylogenetic and Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Argentina. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:1121-1129. [PMID: 35948855 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a worldwide chronic enteric disease of ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). While MAP has been widely investigated all around the world, little is known about the different strains that circulate in each country. This study describes the genetic diversity of MAP isolates from different bovine and deer herds from Argentina, analyzed by Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA), as well as the phylogenetic relatedness between geographically distant isolates through Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and core-genome analysis. A total of 90 MAP isolates were analyzed. The results showed seven different MLVA genotypes, with almost 75% of them belonging to pattern INMV 1, described in all the herds studied. WGS results suggested the presence of a common INMV 1 strain circulating throughout the country. Our results allow confirming the coexistence of different strains in time and space and the mixed infections identified in some animals. These observations suggest the absence of animal monitoring prior to introduction to the herds and the need for a control program in the country. This study represents the first to report WGS of MAP strains in Argentina.
Collapse
|
8
|
Correa-Valencia NM, Moyano RD, Hernández-Agudelo M, Fernández-Silva JA. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) molecular diversity in cattle, sheep, and goats from Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:468. [PMID: 34546430 PMCID: PMC8453475 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically collect and appraise the scientific evidence to answer the research question: What MAP genotypes have been isolated from cattle, sheep, and goats in Latin America and the Caribbean? An electronic search was conducted on three platforms (i.e., OVID®, Web of Science®, SciELO) as well as on the proceedings of the International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined a priori and conserved through the systematic process and only articles published in peer-reviewed journals were considered. A total of 26 articles met the definitive inclusion criteria. All were published in English, in 15 different journals, and between 1989 and 2020. The relevant articles reported the use of six different genotyping techniques (i.e., polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, type-specific-PCR, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats, multi-locus short sequence repeat, single nucleotide polymorphism) in isolates from seven countries. Genotypes found so far in the region using typing techniques were mainly C type. MIRU-VNTR mostly reported INMV 1, INMV 2, and INMV 11 subtypes, among others. MLSSR reported genotypes from four different countries, reporting nine different subtypes of which 7g–10g–4ggt was the most common for loci 1, 2, and 8, respectively. Regardless the high diversity of techniques used so far to genotype Latin American and Caribbean MAP isolates, the original question of this systematic review has been answered. In addition, a relative genetic similarity between MAP strains recovered from cattle, goats, and sheep unrelatedly of the matrix and geographic origin was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia M Correa-Valencia
- Centauro, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Roberto Damián Moyano
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Hernández-Agudelo
- Centauro, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jorge A Fernández-Silva
- Centauro, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hosseiniporgham S, Biet F, Ganneau C, Bannantine JP, Bay S, Sechi LA. A Comparative Study on the Efficiency of Two Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-Derived Lipopeptides of L3P and L5P as Capture Antigens in an In-House Milk ELISA Test. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090997. [PMID: 34579234 PMCID: PMC8471605 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) surface-exposed lipopeptides could be specific capture-antigen molecules targeting antibodies against MAP, in milk, through ELISA. Previous studies have revealed that MAP strains, isolated from sheep (S) or cow (C), could produce specific lipopeptides, L3P or L5P, respectively. In this study, we used L3P and L5P as capture antigens in an in-house milk ELISA (H-MELISA) to assess how these antigens perform, in comparison with other ELISA tests, on well-defined milk samples from MAP-infected sheep. The overall positivity rates of H-MELISA via L3P and L5P varied by the source of milk samples, in which, at bulk-tank-milk (BTM) level, the majority of positive cases (63.83%) reacted more against L5P, whereas a predominant number (69.14%) of milk samples were more responsive against L3P at the individual level. To clarify whether the positivity status of milk samples in H-MELISA L3P/L5P were predictive of MAP strain-types (S/C), strain-typing was carried out using PCR IS1311-restriction enzyme analysis. Although the presence of three MAP strains (S/C/bison types) was detected among the milk samples, the C-type (46.67%) and S-type (75%) MAP strains were detected with higher incidence among BTMs and individual milk samples, respectively. However, further examination on the H-MELISA L3P/L5P-positivity pattern of each C/S-type-MAP sample revealed that some samples had a reverse reactivity against both L3P and L5P. These results could be the consequence of either cross-reactivity between L3P and L5P (due to the similarity in the structures of the two epitopes) or simply a within-herd mixed infection with MAP strains of C and S types. These findings suggest that lipopeptide antigens could contribute a diagnostic test with optimal performance, considering the diversity of MAP strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Biet
- UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP-311), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France;
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Unité de Chimie Des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.G.); (S.B.)
- CNRS UMR 3523, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John P. Bannantine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Unité de Chimie Des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.G.); (S.B.)
- CNRS UMR 3523, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- SC Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Mediterraneam Center for Disease Control, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Corti P, Collado B, Salgado M, Moraga CA, Radic-Schilling S, Tejeda C, Ruiz-Aravena M. Dynamic of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in a domestic-wildlife interface: Domestic sheep and guanaco as reservoir community. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e161-e174. [PMID: 34347393 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural herbivore populations have experienced uninterrupted pressures from direct and evident domestic-wildlife interactions and competition, to indirect or less obvious ones such as pathogen transmission. Thus, pathogen spillover between wild and domestic animals is a constant concern because the domestic-wildlife interface represents the ecological frontier in which pathogen transmission takes place in both directions. In Patagonian steppe communities, extensive sheep ranching and guanaco (Lama guanicoe) populations coexist, and guanaco have shown to be infected by pathogens such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) likely transmitted from livestock. MAP causes chronic enteritis and affects mostly domestic ruminants. We evaluated MAP prevalence and pathogen shedding in both species' faeces collected in non-shared and shared sites according to presence/absence of sheep and guanaco along a year, in four different seasons (autumn, winter, and spring 2018, and summer 2019). Our results indicate that MAP circulates in both sheep and guanaco populations with self-sustained transmission; however, both species differ in their levels of competence. We detected higher pathogen shedding in sites occupied by sheep, suggesting that sheep populations may be the main source of infection for susceptible animals due to their large numbers which drive MAP dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Corti
- Laboratorio de Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Instituto de Ciencia Animal y Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Bernardita Collado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio A Moraga
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Sergio Radic-Schilling
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Carlos Tejeda
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Conde C, Price-Carter M, Cochard T, Branger M, Stevenson K, Whittington R, Bannantine JP, Biet F. Whole-Genome Analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis IS 900 Insertions Reveals Strain Type- Specific Modalities. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660002. [PMID: 34040595 PMCID: PMC8141618 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiological agent of Johne’s disease in ruminants. The IS900 insertion sequence (IS) has been used widely as an epidemiological marker and target for PCR diagnosis. Updated DNA sequencing technologies have led to a rapid increase in available Map genomes, which makes it possible to analyze the distribution of IS900 in this slow-growing bacterium. The objective of this study is to characterize the distribution of the IS900 element and how it affects genomic evolution and gene function of Map. A secondary goal is to develop automated in silico restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using IS900. Complete genomes from the major phylogenetic lineages known as C-type and S-type (including subtypes I and III), were chosen to represent the genetic diversity of Map. IS900 elements were located in these genomes using BLAST software and the relevant fragments extracted. An in silico RFLP analysis using the BstEII restriction site was performed to obtain exact sizes of the DNA fragments carrying a copy of IS900 and the resulting RFLP profiles were analyzed and compared by digital visualization of the separated restriction fragments. The program developed for this study allowed automated localization of IS900 sequences to identify their position within each genome along with the exact number of copies per genome. The number of IS900 copies ranged from 16 in the C-type isolate to 22 in the S-type subtype I isolate. A loci-by-loci sequence alignment of all IS900 copies within the three genomes revealed new sequence polymorphisms that define three sequevars distinguishing the subtypes. Nine IS900 insertion site locations were conserved across all genomes studied while smaller subsets were unique to a particular lineage. Preferential insertion motif sequences were identified for IS900 along with genes bordering all IS900 insertions. Rarely did IS900 insert within coding sequences as only three genes were disrupted in this way. This study makes it possible to automate IS900 distribution in Map genomes to enrich knowledge on the distribution dynamics of this IS for epidemiological purposes, for understanding Map evolution and for studying the biological implications of IS900 insertions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Conde
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Whittington
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bay S, Begg D, Ganneau C, Branger M, Cochard T, Bannantine JP, Köhler H, Moyen JL, Whittington RJ, Biet F. Engineering Synthetic Lipopeptide Antigen for Specific Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637841
expr 832343215 + 929968715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other MAC members, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) does not produce glycopeptidolipids (GPL) on the surface of the cell wall but a lipopentapeptide called L5P (also termed Lipopeptide-I or Para-LP-01) characterized in C-type (bovine) strains. This lipopeptide antigen contains a pentapeptide core, D-Phenylalanine-N-methyl-L-Valine-L-Isoleucine-L-Phenylalanine-L-Alanine, in which the N-terminal D-Phenylalanine is amido-linked with a fatty acid (C18–C20). The molecular and genetic characterization of this antigen demonstrated that L5P is unique to MAP. Knowledge of the structure of L5P enabled synthetic production of this lipopeptide in large quantities for immunological evaluation. Various studies described the immune response directed against L5P and confirmed its capability for detection of MAP infection. However, the hydrophobic nature of lipopeptide antigens make their handling and use in organic solvents unsuitable for industrial processes. The objectives of this study were to produce, by chemical synthesis, a water-soluble variant of L5P and to evaluate these compounds for the serological diagnosis of MAP using well-defined serum banks. The native L5P antigen and its hydrosoluble analog were synthesized on solid phase. The pure compounds were evaluated on collections of extensively characterized sera from infected and non-infected cattle. ROC analysis showed that L5P and also its water-soluble derivative are suitable for the development of a serological test for Johne's disease at a population level. However, these compounds used alone in ELISA have lower sensitivity (Se 82% for L5P and Se 62% for the water-soluble variant of L5P) compared to the Se 98% of a commercial test. Advantageously, these pure synthetic MAP specific antigens can be easily produced in non-limiting quantities at low cost and in standardized batches for robust studies. The fact that L5P has not been validated in the context of ovine paratuberculosis highlights the need to better characterize the antigens expressed from the different genetic lineages of MAP to discover new diagnostic antigens. In the context of infections due to other mycobacteria such as M. bovis or the more closely related species M. avium subsp. hominissuis, the L5P did not cross react and therefore may be a valuable antigen to solve ambiguous results in other tests.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bay S, Begg D, Ganneau C, Branger M, Cochard T, Bannantine JP, Köhler H, Moyen JL, Whittington RJ, Biet F. Engineering Synthetic Lipopeptide Antigen for Specific Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637841. [PMID: 33969035 PMCID: PMC8103206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other MAC members, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) does not produce glycopeptidolipids (GPL) on the surface of the cell wall but a lipopentapeptide called L5P (also termed Lipopeptide-I or Para-LP-01) characterized in C-type (bovine) strains. This lipopeptide antigen contains a pentapeptide core, D-Phenylalanine-N-methyl-L-Valine-L-Isoleucine-L-Phenylalanine-L-Alanine, in which the N-terminal D-Phenylalanine is amido-linked with a fatty acid (C18-C20). The molecular and genetic characterization of this antigen demonstrated that L5P is unique to MAP. Knowledge of the structure of L5P enabled synthetic production of this lipopeptide in large quantities for immunological evaluation. Various studies described the immune response directed against L5P and confirmed its capability for detection of MAP infection. However, the hydrophobic nature of lipopeptide antigens make their handling and use in organic solvents unsuitable for industrial processes. The objectives of this study were to produce, by chemical synthesis, a water-soluble variant of L5P and to evaluate these compounds for the serological diagnosis of MAP using well-defined serum banks. The native L5P antigen and its hydrosoluble analog were synthesized on solid phase. The pure compounds were evaluated on collections of extensively characterized sera from infected and non-infected cattle. ROC analysis showed that L5P and also its water-soluble derivative are suitable for the development of a serological test for Johne's disease at a population level. However, these compounds used alone in ELISA have lower sensitivity (Se 82% for L5P and Se 62% for the water-soluble variant of L5P) compared to the Se 98% of a commercial test. Advantageously, these pure synthetic MAP specific antigens can be easily produced in non-limiting quantities at low cost and in standardized batches for robust studies. The fact that L5P has not been validated in the context of ovine paratuberculosis highlights the need to better characterize the antigens expressed from the different genetic lineages of MAP to discover new diagnostic antigens. In the context of infections due to other mycobacteria such as M. bovis or the more closely related species M. avium subsp. hominissuis, the L5P did not cross react and therefore may be a valuable antigen to solve ambiguous results in other tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Douglas Begg
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | | | | | - John P. Bannantine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Heike Köhler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Jean-Louis Moyen
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de Dordogne, Coulounieix Chamiers, France
| | | | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hodgeman R, Mann R, Savin K, Djitro N, Rochfort S, Rodoni B. Molecular characterisation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Australia. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:101. [PMID: 33789575 PMCID: PMC8012159 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) causes Johne's disease (JD), a chronic enteritis widespread in ruminants, resulting in substantial economic losses, especially to the dairy industry. Understanding the genetic diversity of Map in Australia will assist epidemiological studies for tracking disease transmission and identify subtype characteristics for use in development of improved diagnostic typing methods. Here we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 351 Map isolates and compared different subtyping methods to assess their suitability for use in diagnostics and accuracy. RESULTS SNP-based phylogenetic analysis of 228 Australian isolates and 123 publicly available international isolates grouped Type S and Type C strains into two distinct lineages. Type C strains were highly monomorphic with only 20 SNP differences separating them. Type S strains, when aligned separately to the Telford strain, fell into two distinct clades: The first clade contained seven international isolates while the second clade contained one international isolate from Scotland and all 59 Australian isolates. The Australian Type B strain clustered with US bison strains. IS1311 PCR and Restriction Enzyme Analysis (REA) intermittently generated incorrect results when compared to Long Sequence Polymorphism (LSP) analysis, whole genome SNP-based phylogenetic analysis, IS1311 sequence alignment and average nucleotide identity (ANI). These alternative methods generated consistent Map typing results. A published SNP based assay for genotyping Map was found to be unsuitable for differentiating between Australian and international strain types of Map. CONCLUSION This is the first phylogenetic analysis of Australian Map isolates. The Type C lineage was highly monomorphic, and the Type S lineage clustered all Australian isolates into one clade with a single Scottish sheep strain. The Australian isolate classified as Type B by IS1311 PCR and REA is likely to be descended from bison and most closely related to US bison strains. Limitations of the current typing methods were identified in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hodgeman
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia. .,School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rachel Mann
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keith Savin
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Noel Djitro
- School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan Rodoni
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mizzi R, Timms VJ, Price-Carter ML, Gautam M, Whittington R, Heuer C, Biggs PJ, Plain KM. Comparative Genomics of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Sheep Strains. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637637. [PMID: 33659287 PMCID: PMC7917049 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the aetiological agent of Johne's disease (JD), a chronic enteritis that causes major losses to the global livestock industry. Further, it has been associated with human Crohn's disease. Several strains of MAP have been identified, the two major groups being sheep strain MAP, which includes the Type I and Type III sub-lineages, and the cattle strain or Type II MAP lineage, of which bison strains are a sub-grouping. Major genotypic, phenotypic and pathogenic variations have been identified in prior comparisons, but the research has predominately focused on cattle strains of MAP. In countries where the sheep industries are more prevalent, however, such as Australia and New Zealand, ovine JD is a substantial burden. An information gap exists regarding the genomic differences between sheep strain sub-lineages and the relevance of Type I and Type III MAP in terms of epidemiology and/or pathogenicity. We therefore investigated sheep MAP isolates from Australia and New Zealand using whole genome sequencing. For additional context, sheep MAP genome datasets were downloaded from the Sequence Read Archive and GenBank. The final dataset contained 18 Type III and 16 Type I isolates and the K10 cattle strain MAP reference genome. Using a pan-genome approach, an updated global phylogeny for sheep MAP from de novo assemblies was produced. When rooted with the K10 cattle reference strain, two distinct clades representing the lineages were apparent. The Australian and New Zealand isolates formed a distinct sub-clade within the type I lineage, while the European type I isolates formed another less closely related group. Within the type III lineage, isolates appeared more genetically diverse and were from a greater number of continents. Querying of the pan-genome and verification using BLAST analysis revealed lineage-specific variations (n = 13) including genes responsible for metabolism and stress responses. The genetic differences identified may represent important epidemiological and virulence traits specific to sheep MAP. This knowledge will potentially contribute to improved vaccine development and control measures for these strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mizzi
- Farm Animal Health Group, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Verlaine J Timms
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Milan Gautam
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard Whittington
- Farm Animal Health Group, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Cord Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Karren M Plain
- Farm Animal Health Group, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bay S, Begg D, Ganneau C, Branger M, Cochard T, Bannantine JP, Köhler H, Moyen JL, Whittington RJ, Biet F. Engineering Synthetic Lipopeptide Antigen for Specific Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637841. [PMID: 33969035 PMCID: PMC8103206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637841&set/a 848448336+997766693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other MAC members, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) does not produce glycopeptidolipids (GPL) on the surface of the cell wall but a lipopentapeptide called L5P (also termed Lipopeptide-I or Para-LP-01) characterized in C-type (bovine) strains. This lipopeptide antigen contains a pentapeptide core, D-Phenylalanine-N-methyl-L-Valine-L-Isoleucine-L-Phenylalanine-L-Alanine, in which the N-terminal D-Phenylalanine is amido-linked with a fatty acid (C18-C20). The molecular and genetic characterization of this antigen demonstrated that L5P is unique to MAP. Knowledge of the structure of L5P enabled synthetic production of this lipopeptide in large quantities for immunological evaluation. Various studies described the immune response directed against L5P and confirmed its capability for detection of MAP infection. However, the hydrophobic nature of lipopeptide antigens make their handling and use in organic solvents unsuitable for industrial processes. The objectives of this study were to produce, by chemical synthesis, a water-soluble variant of L5P and to evaluate these compounds for the serological diagnosis of MAP using well-defined serum banks. The native L5P antigen and its hydrosoluble analog were synthesized on solid phase. The pure compounds were evaluated on collections of extensively characterized sera from infected and non-infected cattle. ROC analysis showed that L5P and also its water-soluble derivative are suitable for the development of a serological test for Johne's disease at a population level. However, these compounds used alone in ELISA have lower sensitivity (Se 82% for L5P and Se 62% for the water-soluble variant of L5P) compared to the Se 98% of a commercial test. Advantageously, these pure synthetic MAP specific antigens can be easily produced in non-limiting quantities at low cost and in standardized batches for robust studies. The fact that L5P has not been validated in the context of ovine paratuberculosis highlights the need to better characterize the antigens expressed from the different genetic lineages of MAP to discover new diagnostic antigens. In the context of infections due to other mycobacteria such as M. bovis or the more closely related species M. avium subsp. hominissuis, the L5P did not cross react and therefore may be a valuable antigen to solve ambiguous results in other tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Douglas Begg
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | | | | | - John P Bannantine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Heike Köhler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Jean-Louis Moyen
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de Dordogne, Coulounieix Chamiers, France
| | | | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fawzy A, Zschöck M, Ewers C, Eisenberg T. Development of a hierarchical typing approach for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and characterization of MAP field cultures from Central Germany. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1193-1206. [PMID: 32426861 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Development of a novel hierarchical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) typing approach and characterization of MAP field cultures in Central Germany. METHODS AND RESULTS By combining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat, we developed a highly discriminating and phylogenetically accurate hierarchical MAP typing approach. Moreover, a novel stepwise workflow was employed to reduce the number of SNP reactions required making the typing approach more affordable. MAP field cultures (n = 142) from dairy herds in Central Germany were classified as cattle type and showed a high level of heterogeneity. Intra-herd multiple genotypes were evident in (13-25%) of the investigated herds. CONCLUSIONS The hierarchical MAP typing approach proved to be useful in fine discrimination between MAP cultures within limited geographical regions. This could potentially be used in unravelling MAP transmission chains in the respective regions. The observed heterogeneity in some herds is assumed to be due to either multiple introductions through inter-herd trade or intra-herd evolution over time. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Future MAP epidemiological studies will benefit from the advantages of the novel hierarchical typing approach. The SNP number reduction approach employed here could be extrapolated for other analogous pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fawzy
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Square, Egypt.,Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany
| | - M Zschöck
- Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Ewers
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - T Eisenberg
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Busatto C, Vianna JS, Silva ABS, Basso R, Silveira J, Groll AV, Ramis IB, Silva PEAD. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with suspected tuberculosis and the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium in the extreme south of Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 46:e20190184. [PMID: 32402014 PMCID: PMC7462694 DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20190184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that are widely distributed in nature and associated with opportunistic infections in humans. The aims of this study were to identify NTM in patients with suspected tuberculosis who presented positive cultures and to evaluate the genetic diversity of strains identified as Mycobacterium avium. Methods: We studied pulmonary and extrapulmonary samples obtained from 1,248 patients. The samples that tested positive on culture and negative for the M. tuberculosis complex by molecular identification techniques were evaluated by detection of the hsp65 and rpoB genes and sequencing of conserved fragments of these genes. All strains identified as M. avium were genotyped using the eight-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem-repeat method. Results: We found that NTM accounted for 25 (7.5%) of the 332 mycobacteria isolated. Of those 25, 18 (72%) were M. avium, 5 (20%) were M. abscessus, 1 (4%) was M. gastri, and 1 (4%) was M. kansasii. The 18 M. avium strains showed high diversity, only two strains being genetically related. Conclusions: These results highlight the need to consider the investigation of NTM in patients with suspected active tuberculosis who present with positive cultures, as well as to evaluate the genetic diversity of M. avium strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Busatto
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia Silveira Vianna
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Barbara Scholante Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Rossana Basso
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Jussara Silveira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Andrea Von Groll
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivy Bastos Ramis
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Almeida da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cochard T, Branger M, Supply P, Sreevatsan S, Biet F. MAC-INMV-SSR: a web application dedicated to genotyping members of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) including Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104075. [PMID: 31634642 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is an indispensable tool for surveillance of this significant veterinary pathogen. For Map, multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) targeting mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs) and other variable number variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) was established using 8 markers. In the recent past this standard, portable, reproducible and discriminatory typing method has been frequently applied alone or in combinations with multi-locus short-sequence-repeat (MLSSR) sequencing. With the widespread use of these genotyping methods, standardization between laboratories needs to be managed, and knowledge of existing profiles and newly defined genotypes should be indexed and shared. To meet this need, a web application called "MAC-INMV-SSR database" was developed. This freely accessible service allows users to compare MLVA and MLSSR subtype data of their strains with those of existing reference strains analyzed with the same genotyping methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Cochard
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Maxime Branger
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Philip Supply
- INSERM U1019, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 8204, F-59019, Lille Cedex, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
| | - Franck Biet
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scherrer S, Stephan R, Zumthor JP, Kipar A, Seehusen F. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of a New Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis S-Type Strain Genotype in Goats. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:250. [PMID: 31417916 PMCID: PMC6684744 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease of global importance mainly in domestic and wild ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In goats, paratuberculosis is mostly caused by the "C-type" (cattle) and in a few cases by the "S-type" (sheep) strain of MAP. In 2017, a caprine S-type III isolate with a new VNTR profile was identified in a Swiss alpine region. In 2018, new caprine isolates with the same novel VNTR profile originating from a farm of a close by neighboring valley were analyzed. Here we report on this MAP S-type III outbreak in a Swiss dairy goat farm in which we investigated the pathological changes, distribution and genotype of MAP tissue homogenates. Full necropsy and histological examination were undertaken on two female adult goats with a history of weight loss and intermitting diarrhea. Routine and special stains were applied to characterize the morphological changes. DNA was extracted from 33 different tissue samples and tested for MAP by qPCR targeting IS900 and F57. Subtyping was performed, using the variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) approach. The goats showed moderate to marked emaciation and displayed typical clinical features of paratuberculosis. A moderate granulomatous enteritis and regional lymphadenitis with a small to moderate number of acid-fast bacteria within macrophages was detected. MAP detection was mainly restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, mesenteric and hepatic lymph nodes. Subtyping the S-type isolates using a panel of eight established MIRU-VNTR loci identified a new genotype, INMV 218.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scherrer
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sohal JS, Arsenault J, Leboeuf A, Hélie P, Buczinski S, Robinson Y, Labrecque O, Lachapelle V, Fecteau G, L'Homme Y. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis C-type and S-type isolated from sheep and goats by using a combination of MIRU-VNTR loci. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2019; 83:160-167. [PMID: 31308587 PMCID: PMC6587881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis of domestic and wild ruminants. Map strains are segregated into 2 main groups or strain types referred to as sheep (S) type and cattle (C) type. Few small ruminant Map strains have been genetically characterized to date. The present study was undertaken to genetically characterize a panel of 30 small ruminant Map strains in the province of Quebec, Canada. Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units - Variable-Number Tandem Repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR) were used as genetic markers in addition to IS1311 PCR-REA. S-type and C-type strains were found in both sheep and goats, although C-type strains were more frequently isolated from goats and S-type strains were more common in sheep. A total of 12 distinct Map genotypes were uncovered in the present collection of strains using these markers. Considering the genetic diversity reported here, molecular characterization of Map stains in small ruminants using MIRU-VNTR markers represent an interesting avenue for both epidemiological investigations regarding the sources of herd infection and association studies between Map strains and their virulence, persistence and host-specific adaptation characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagdip Singh Sohal
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| | - Anne Leboeuf
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| | - Pierre Hélie
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| | - Yves Robinson
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| | - Olivia Labrecque
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| | - Virginie Lachapelle
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| | - Yvan L'Homme
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant, St-Hyacinthe (Sohal, Robinson, Lachapelle, L'Homme); Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe (Arsenault, Hélie, Buczinski, Fecteau, L'Homme); Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 200 chemin Ste-Foy (Leboeuf); Laboratoire de santé animale du Quebec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des pêcheries et de l'alimentation du Quebec, 3220 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec (Labrecque)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mycobacterium avium: an overview. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 114:127-134. [PMID: 30711152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium is an environmental microorganism found in soil and water sources worldwide. It is the most prevalent species of nontuberculous mycobacteria that causes infectious diseases, especially in immunocompromised individuals. This review discusses and highlights key topics about M. avium, such as epidemiology, pathogenicity, glycopeptidolipids, laboratory identification, genotyping, antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, the main comorbidities associated with M. avium infection are discussed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Fawzy A, Zschöck M, Ewers C, Eisenberg T. Genotyping methods and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:258-264. [PMID: 30564606 PMCID: PMC6286618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD) which affects mainly ruminants and is characterized by chronic diarrhea and emaciation. Johne’s disease is highly prevalent in many countries around the world and leads to high economic losses associated with decreased production. Genotyping of the involved pathogen could be used in the study of population genetics, pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology including disease surveillance and outbreak investigation. Principally, researchers have first assumed the presence of two different MAP strains that are associated with the animal host species (cattle and sheep). However, nowadays MAP characterization depends mainly upon genetic testing using genetic markers such as insertion elements, repetitive sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms. This work aims to provide an overview of the advances in molecular biological tools used for MAP typing in the last two decades, discuss how these methods have been used to address interesting epidemiological questions, and explore the future prospects of MAP molecular epidemiology given the ever decreasing costs of the high throughput sequencing technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fawzy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Egypt
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Hygiene and Animal Infectious Diseases, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Hygiene and Animal Infectious Diseases, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Animal Infectious Diseases, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Hygiene and Animal Infectious Diseases, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Samba-Louaka A, Robino E, Cochard T, Branger M, Delafont V, Aucher W, Wambeke W, Bannantine JP, Biet F, Héchard Y. Environmental Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Hosted by Free-Living Amoebae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:28. [PMID: 29479518 PMCID: PMC5811464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is responsible for paratuberculosis in animals. This disease, leading to an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, has a high impact on animal health and an important economic burden. The environmental life cycle of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is poorly understood and several studies suggest that free-living amoebae (FLA) might be a potential environmental host. FLA are protozoa found in water and soil that are described as reservoirs of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in the environment. Indeed, bacteria able to survive within these amoebae would survive phagocytosis from immune cells. In this study, we assessed the in vitro interactions between several strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Acanthamoeba castellanii. The results indicate that the bacteria were able to grow within the amoeba and that they can survive for several days within their host. To explore the presence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in environmental amoebae, we sampled water from farms positive for paratuberculosis. A M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strain was detected within an environmental amoeba identified as related to the poorly described Rosculus genus. The bacterial strain was genotyped, showing that it was similar to previous infectious strains isolated from cattle. In conclusion, we described that various M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains were able to grow within amoebae and that these bacteria could be found on farm within amoebae isolated from the cattle environment. It validates that infected amoebae might be a reservoir and vector for the transmission of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ascel Samba-Louaka
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Poitiers, France
| | - Etienne Robino
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Cochard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Maxime Branger
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Vincent Delafont
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Poitiers, France
| | - Willy Aucher
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Poitiers, France
| | - Wilfrid Wambeke
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Franck Biet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yann Héchard
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bannantine JP, Etienne G, Laval F, Stabel JR, Lemassu A, Daffé M, Bayles DO, Ganneau C, Bonhomme F, Branger M, Cochard T, Bay S, Biet F. Cell wall peptidolipids of Mycobacterium avium: from genetic prediction to exact structure of a nonribosomal peptide. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:525-539. [PMID: 28558126 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria have a complex cell wall structure that includes many lipids; however, even within a single subspecies of Mycobacterium avium these lipids can differ. Total lipids from an M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) ovine strain (S-type) contained no identifiable glycopeptidolipids or lipopentapeptide (L5P), yet both lipids are present in other M. avium subspecies. We determined the genetic and phenotypic basis for this difference using sequence analysis as well as biochemical and physico-chemical approaches. This strategy showed that a nonribosomal peptide synthase, encoded by mps1, contains three amino acid specifying modules in ovine strains, compared to five modules in bovine strains (C-type). Sequence analysis predicted these modules would produce the tripeptide Phe-N-Methyl-Val-Ala with a lipid moiety, termed lipotripeptide (L3P). Comprehensive physico-chemical analysis of Map S397 extracts confirmed the structural formula of the native L3P as D-Phe-N-Methyl-L-Val-L-Ala-OMe attached in N-ter to a 20-carbon fatty acid chain. These data demonstrate that S-type strains, which are more adapted in sheep, produce a unique lipid. There is a dose-dependent effect observed for L3P on upregulation of CD25+ CD8 T cells from infected cows, while L5P effects were static. In contrast, L5P demonstrated a significantly stronger induction of CD25+ B cells from infected animals compared to L3P.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Gilles Etienne
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, 31000, France
| | - Françoise Laval
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, 31000, France
| | - Judith R Stabel
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Anne Lemassu
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, 31000, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, 31000, France
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Chimie des Biomolécules, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Frédéric Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Chimie des Biomolécules, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Maxime Branger
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, F-37380, France
| | - Thierry Cochard
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, F-37380, France
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Chimie des Biomolécules, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Franck Biet
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR1282, Nouzilly, F-37380, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fechner K, Mätz-Rensing K, Lampe K, Kaup FJ, Czerny CP, Schäfer J. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in non-human primates. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:211-217. [PMID: 28444886 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to a sporadic occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in non-human primates (NHP), the susceptibility of different NHP to MAP should be investigated. METHODS Fecal and tissue samples (ileum, ileocecal lymph node, bone marrow) of 20 animals (seven species) were analyzed by IS900-based PCRs and sequenced. Samples of MAP PCR positive NHP were further cultivated. RESULTS MAP DNA was detectable in two animals; the ileum of a cottontop tamarin and the bone marrow of a common marmoset. Cultivation of MAP failed. Sequence analysis revealed 100% homology to the MAP-K10 sequence. Pathohistological examinations offered no direct correlation to a MAP infection. CONCLUSIONS MAP was detected for the first time in a common marmoset. But as both NHP suffered from other diseases, an asymptomatic infection with MAP was assumed. The detection of MAP in the bone marrow might play a role in establishing latent paratuberculosis, as known from tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fechner
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Karen Lampe
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center (DPZ), Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jenny Schäfer
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis – An Overview of the Publications from 2011 to 2016. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Möbius P, Liebler-Tenorio E, Hölzer M, Köhler H. Evaluation of associations between genotypes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculsis and presence of intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:188-194. [PMID: 28284609 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis affecting ruminants worldwide. Depending on the MAP-Type (MAP-C or MAP-S, cattle or sheep type), strains differ in virulence and host preference. There is not yet any strong evidence indicating that individual field strains of the same MAP-subgroup exhibit differences in virulence. The aim of this study was to evaluate a potential association between the genotype of individual field strains belonging to the MAP-C group and the presence of macroscopic intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis in the infected animals. 88 MAP-C isolates were sampled from clinically healthy cows at slaughter. Cows were grouped as A (n=46) with, and B (n=42) without macroscopic intestinal lesions. Sampled cows from both the A and B groups came from different farms and had a similar age distribution. MAP isolates were characterized by MIRU-VNTR and IS900-RFLP analysis. Resulting genotypes were examined for an association with the presence of macroscopic intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis. MAP isolates from groups A and B exhibited similar strain diversity: 20 and 18 combined genotypes, altogether 32 genotypes. Six of these genotypes were detected in both groups. Although no association was found between individual combined genotypes and presence of macroscopic intestinal lesions, IS900-RFLP-(BstEII)-Type-C1 (the most common type worldwide) was found more often in group A (p<0.01). The data give only weak indication for the existence of differences in virulence among MAP-cattle type isolates. Differences in the development and severity of lesions may rather depend on unknown host factors or inoculation dose. Virulence properties of IS900-RFLP-(BstEII)-Type-C1 isolates should be examined in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Möbius
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, Germany.
| | - Martin Hölzer
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, 07743 Jena, Leutragraben 1, Germany.
| | - Heike Köhler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Küntzel A, Fischer S, Bergmann A, Oertel P, Steffens M, Trefz P, Miekisch W, Schubert JK, Reinhold P, Köhler H. Effects of biological and methodological factors on volatile organic compound patterns during cultural growth of
Mycobacterium avium
ssp
. paratuberculosis. J Breath Res 2016; 10:037103. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/037103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
30
|
de Castro Campos de Souza M, Lima MC, de Freitas Espeschit Braga I, Schwarz DGG, de Souza Rodrigues AP, Sales EB, Junior AAF, Moreira MAS. Molecular typing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) isolated from dairy goats in Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
31
|
Li L, Katani R, Schilling M, Kapur V. Molecular Epidemiology ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosison Dairy Farms. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 4:155-76. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; , , ,
| | - Robab Katani
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; , , ,
| | - Megan Schilling
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; , , ,
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; , , ,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bryant JM, Thibault VC, Smith DGE, McLuckie J, Heron I, Sevilla IA, Biet F, Harris SR, Maskell DJ, Bentley SD, Parkhill J, Stevenson K. Phylogenomic exploration of the relationships between strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:79. [PMID: 26813574 PMCID: PMC4729121 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is an infectious enteric pathogen that causes Johne’s disease in livestock. Determining genetic diversity is prerequisite to understanding the epidemiology and biology of Map. We performed the first whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 141 global Map isolates that encompass the main molecular strain types currently reported. We investigated the phylogeny of the Map strains, the diversity of the genome and the limitations of commonly used genotyping methods. Results Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and phylogenetic analyses confirmed two major lineages concordant with the former Type S and Type C designations. The Type I and Type III strain groups are subtypes of Type S, and Type B strains are a subtype of Type C and not restricted to Bison species. We found that the genome-wide SNPs detected provided greater resolution between isolates than currently employed genotyping methods. Furthermore, the SNP used for IS1311 typing is not informative, as it is likely to have occurred after Type S and C strains diverged and does not assign all strains to the correct lineage. Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable Number Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) differentiates Type S from Type C but provides limited resolution between isolates within these lineages and the polymorphisms detected do not necessarily accurately reflect the phylogenetic relationships between strains. WGS of passaged strains and coalescent analysis of the collection revealed a very high level of genetic stability, with the substitution rate estimated to be less than 0.5 SNPs per genome per year. Conclusions This study clarifies the phylogenetic relationships between the previously described Map strain groups, and highlights the limitations of current genotyping techniques. Map isolates exhibit restricted genetic diversity and a substitution rate consistent with a monomorphic pathogen. WGS provides the ultimate level of resolution for differentiation between strains. However, WGS alone will not be sufficient for tracing and tracking Map infections, yet importantly it can provide a phylogenetic context for affirming epidemiological connections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2234-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine M Bryant
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK. .,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - David G E Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK. .,Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Joyce McLuckie
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Ian Heron
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Neiker-tecnalia, Dpto. de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Berreaga 1, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Franck Biet
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie Santé Publique (ISP-311), F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Simon R Harris
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fawzy A, Fayed A, Youssef H, El-Sayed A, Zschöck M. First report of MIRU-VNTR genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Egypt. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2016; 17:130-133. [PMID: 27822239 PMCID: PMC5090143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, an economically important disease in ruminants worldwide. It was first isolated in Egypt in 2005. Since then, the pathogen has been detected in different Egyptian provinces. In order to trace the source of infection, genotyping using simple methods of high discriminatory power such as mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) were carried out in different countries. Until now there is no published information about MIRU-VNTR genotyping of MAP isolates in Egypt. To address that point, 100 faecal samples were collected and cultivated from 3 different suspected dairy farms. Fourteen isolates belonging to one farm were identified as MAP and subjected to genotyping using 8 different MIRU-VNTR loci PCRs. Two different genotypes were recognized based on size polymorphism observed in one locus (VNTR-7) that was confirmed by sequencing. Our work provides a preliminary basis of constructing a MIRU-VNTR genotyping database of MAP in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Fawzy
- Ph.D. Student in Animal Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Giessen, Germany
| | - A. Fayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - H. Youssef
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - A. El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - M. Zschöck
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun Z, Li W, Xu S, Huang H. The discovery, function and development of the variable number tandem repeats in different Mycobacterium species. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:738-58. [PMID: 26089025 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1022506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The method of genotyping by variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) facilitates the epidemiological studies of different Mycobacterium species worldwide. Until now, the VNTR method is not fully understood, for example, its discovery, function and classification. The inconsistent nomenclature and terminology of VNTR is especially confusing. In this review, we first describe in detail the VNTRs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), as this pathogen resulted in more deaths than any other microbial pathogen as well as for which extensive studies of VNTRs were carried out, and then we outline the recent progress of the VNTR-related epidemiological research in several other Mycobacterium species, such as M. abscessus, M. africanum, M. avium, M. bovis, M. canettii, M. caprae, M. intracellulare, M. leprae, M. marinum, M. microti, M. pinnipedii and M. ulcerans from different countries and regions. This article is aimed mainly at the practical notes of VNTR to help the scientists in better understanding and performing this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogang Sun
- a Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research , Beijing , China and
| | - Weimin Li
- b Beijing Chest Hospital, National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Shaofa Xu
- b Beijing Chest Hospital, National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Hairong Huang
- b Beijing Chest Hospital, National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and the influence of strain type on infection and pathogenesis: a review. Vet Res 2015; 46:64. [PMID: 26092160 PMCID: PMC4473831 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is an important pathogen that causes a chronic, progressive granulomatous enteritis known as Johne's disease or paratuberculosis. The disease is endemic in many parts of the world and responsible for considerable losses to the livestock and associated industries. Diagnosis and control are problematic, due mostly to the long incubation period of the disease when infected animals show no clinical signs and are difficult to detect, and the ability of the organism to survive and persist in the environment. The existence of phenotypically distinct strains of Map has been known since the 1930s but the genetic differentiation of Map strain types has been challenging and only recent technologies have proven sufficiently discriminative for strain comparisons, tracing the sources of infection and epidemiological studies. It is important to understand the differences that exist between Map strains and how they influence both development and transmission of disease. This information is required to develop improved diagnostics and effective vaccines for controlling Johne's disease. Here I review the current classification of Map strain types, the sources of the genetic variability within strains, growth characteristics and epidemiological traits associated with strain type and the influence of strain type on infection and pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gioffré A, Correa Muñoz M, Alvarado Pinedo MF, Vaca R, Morsella C, Fiorentino MA, Paolicchi F, Ruybal P, Zumárraga M, Travería GE, Romano MI. Molecular typing of Argentinian Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates by multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:557-64. [PMID: 26273274 PMCID: PMC4507551 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246220140283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple-locus variable number-tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of
Mycobacterium avium subspecies
paratuberculosis (MAP) isolates may contribute to the
knowledge of strain diversity in Argentina. Although the diversity of MAP has
been previously investigated in Argentina using IS900-RFLP, a
small number of isolates were employed, and a low discriminative power was
reached. The aim of the present study was to test the genetic diversity among
MAP isolates using an MLVA approach based on 8 repetitive loci. We studied 97
isolates from cattle, goat and sheep and could describe 7 different patterns:
INMV1, INMV2, INMV11, INMV13, INMV16, INMV33 and one incomplete pattern. INMV1
and INMV2 were the most frequent patterns, grouping 76.3% of the isolates. We
were also able to demonstrate the coexistence of genotypes in herds and
co-infection at the organism level. This study shows that all the patterns
described are common to those described in Europe, suggesting an epidemiological
link between the continents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gioffré
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magnolia Correa Muñoz
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - María F Alvarado Pinedo
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias, Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Chascomús, Argentina, Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias, Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Roberto Vaca
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Cátedra de Zootecnia Especial II, Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Cátedra de Zootecnia Especial II, Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Morsella
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María Andrea Fiorentino
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Fernando Paolicchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Paula Ruybal
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Zumárraga
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel E Travería
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias, Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Chascomús, Argentina, Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias, Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Romano
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Characterization of a caprine model for the subclinical initial phase of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:74. [PMID: 25889716 PMCID: PMC4404677 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is difficult to control due to a long phase of clinically non-apparent (latent) infection for which sensitive diagnostics are lacking. A defined animal model for this phase of the infection can help to investigate host-MAP interactions in apparently healthy animals and identify surrogate markers for disease progress and might also serve as challenge model for vaccines. To establish such a model in goats, different age at inoculation and doses of oral inoculum of MAP were compared. Clinical signs, faecal shedding as well as MAP-specific antibody, IFN-γ and IL-10 responses were used for in vivo monitoring. At necropsy, about one year after inoculation (pi), pathomorphological findings and bacterial organ burden (BOB) were scored. Results MAP infection manifested in 26/27 inoculated animals irrespective of age at inoculation and dose. Clinical signs developed in three goats. Faecal shedding, IFN-γ and antibody responses emerged 6, 10–14 and 14 wpi, respectively, and continued with large inter-individual variation. One year pi, lesions were detected in 26 and MAP was cultured from tissues of 23 goats. Positive animals subdivided in those with high and low overall BOB. Intestinal findings resembled paucibacillary lesions in 23 and multibacillary in 4 goats. Caseous and calcified granulomas predominated in intestinal LNN. BOB and lesion score corresponded well in intestinal mucosa and oGALT but not in intestinal LNN. Conclusions A defined experimental infection model for the clinically non-apparent phase of paratuberculosis was established in goats as suitable basis for future studies.
Collapse
|
38
|
Rónai Z, Csivincsik Á, Gyuranecz M, Kreizinger Z, Dán Á, Jánosi S. Molecular analysis and MIRU-VNTR typing of Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
strains from various sources. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:275-83. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Rónai
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate; National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO); Budapest Hungary
| | - Á. Csivincsik
- Food-chain Safety and Animal Health Directorate; Government Office of Somogy County; Kaposvár Hungary
| | - M. Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research; Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Z. Kreizinger
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research; Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Á. Dán
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate; National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO); Budapest Hungary
| | - S. Jánosi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate; National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO); Budapest Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Biet F, Boschiroli ML. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of veterinary relevance. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S69-77. [PMID: 25256964 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria play an important role in human and animal health fields. We here examine the place of non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections in the veterinary context. Relevant aspects of a reference laboratory experience and a literature review are presented in this article. Importance is given both to productivity and to economic losses due to misdiagnosis with bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. The impact NTM may have is relative to geographical location, ecology, husbandry, extent of surveillance programs and bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis prevalence. The role of the most relevant NTM in animal disease is summarized with a special focus on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, given its role as causative agent of paratuberculosis, a disease with huge economic consequences for ruminant livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Biet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA Centre Val de Loire, Université de Tours, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Maria Laura Boschiroli
- University Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bovine tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 23, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Prieto JM, Balseiro A, Casais R, Abendaño N, Fitzgerald LE, Garrido JM, Juste RA, Alonso-Hearn M. Sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting serum antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fallow deer. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1077-85. [PMID: 24872517 PMCID: PMC4135915 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00159-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the diagnostic test most commonly used in efforts to control paratuberculosis in domestic ruminants. However, commercial ELISAs have not been validated for detecting antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild animals. In this study, we compared the sensitivities and specificities of five ELISAs using individual serum samples collected from 41 fallow deer with or without histopathological lesions consistent with paratuberculosis. Two target antigenic preparations were selected, an ethanol-treated protoplasmic preparation obtained from a fallow deer M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolate (ELISAs A and B) and a paratuberculosis protoplasmic antigen (PPA3) (ELISAs C and D). Fallow deer antibodies bound to the immobilized antigens were detected by using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-fallow deer IgG antibody (ELISAs A and C) or HRP-conjugated protein G (ELISAs B and D). A commercially available assay, ELISA-E, which was designed to detect M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies in cattle, sheep, and goats, was also tested. Although ELISAs A, C, and E had the same sensitivity (72%), ELISAs A and C were more specific (100%) for detecting fallow deer with lesions consistent with paratuberculosis at necropsy than was the ELISA-E (87.5%). In addition, the ELISA-A was particularly sensitive for detecting fallow deer in the latent stages of infection (62.5%). The antibody responses detected with the ELISA-A correlated with both the severity of enteric lesions and the presence of acid-fast bacteria in gut tissue samples. In summary, our study shows that the ELISA-A can be a cost-effective diagnostic tool for preventing the spread of paratuberculosis among fallow deer populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Prieto
- Department of Animal Health, Department of Agriculture of the Regional Government of the Principality of Asturias, SERIDA, Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Department of Animal Health, Department of Agriculture of the Regional Government of the Principality of Asturias, SERIDA, Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Department of Animal Health, Department of Agriculture of the Regional Government of the Principality of Asturias, SERIDA, Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Naiara Abendaño
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Liam E Fitzgerald
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jeon S, Lim N, Kwon S, Shim T, Park M, Kim BJ, Kim S. Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium intracellulare Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis, Mycobacteria Interspersed Repetitive-Unit-Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Typing, and Multilocus Sequence Typing: Molecular Characterization and Comparison of Each Typing Methods. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014; 5:119-30. [PMID: 25180144 PMCID: PMC4147213 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mycobacterium intracellulare is the major causative agent of nontuberculous mycobacteria-related pulmonary infections. The strain typing of M. intracellulare is important for the treatment and control of its infections. We compared the discrimination capacity and effective value of four different molecular typing methods. METHODS Antibiotic susceptibility testing, hsp65 and rpoB sequencing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), mycobacteria interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR), and VNTR assay targeting 44 M. intracellulare isolates obtained from patients with pulmonary infections were performed. RESULTS All the antibiotic susceptibility patterns had no association with the molecular and sequence types tested in this study; however, the molecular and sequence types were related with each other. PFGE gave best results for discriminatory capacity, followed by VNTR, MLST, and MIRU-VNTR. CONCLUSION The high discriminatory power of PFGE, VNTR, and MLST is enough for differentiating between reinfection and relapse, as well as for other molecular epidemiological usages. The MLST could be regarded as a representative classification method, because it showed the clearest relation with the sequence types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semi Jeon
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| | - Nara Lim
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| | - Seungjik Kwon
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| | - Taesun Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Misun Park
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea ; Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea ; Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonghan Kim
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
|
44
|
Complete Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Isolated from Human Breast Milk. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/1/e01252-13. [PMID: 24503996 PMCID: PMC3916490 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01252-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiologic agent of Johne’s disease in ruminants and has also been associated with human Crohn’s disease. We report the complete genome sequence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, isolated from the breast milk of a Crohn’s disease patient. This sequence has high identity with characterized strains recovered from cattle.
Collapse
|
45
|
Rindi L, Garzelli C. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of Mycobacterium avium. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:375-83. [PMID: 24345519 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium, one of the species of the M. avium complex (MAC), includes 4 subspecies, i.e., M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH), M. avium subsp. avium (MAA), M. avium subsp. silvaticum (MAS) and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), in turn classified into the S (sheep) and C (cattle) types. These subspecies, although closely related, represent distinct organisms, each endowed with specific pathogenetic and host range characteristics, ranging from environmental opportunistic bacteria that cause infections in swine and immunocompromised patients to pathogens of birds and ruminants. The present review summarizes the basic epidemiological and pathological features of the M. avium subspecies, describes the major genomic events responsible of M. avium subspecies diversity (insertion sequences, sequence variations in specific chromosome loci or genes, deletions, duplications and insertions of large genomic regions) and then reconstructs the phylogenetic relationships among the M. avium subspecies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rindi
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Carlo Garzelli
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Trefz P, Koehler H, Klepik K, Moebius P, Reinhold P, Schubert JK, Miekisch W. Volatile emissions from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mirror bacterial growth and enable distinction of different strains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76868. [PMID: 24116177 PMCID: PMC3792893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of paratuberculosis in livestock is hampered by the low sensitivity of established direct and indirect diagnostic methods. Like other bacteria, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) emits volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Differences of VOC patterns in breath and feces of infected and not infected animals were described in first pilot experiments but detailed information on potential marker substances is missing. This study was intended to look for characteristic volatile substances in the headspace of cultures of different MAP strains and to find out how the emission of VOCs was affected by density of bacterial growth. One laboratory adapted and four field strains, three of MAP C-type and one MAP S-type were cultivated on Herrold’s egg yolk medium in dilutions of 10-0, 10-2, 10-4 and 10-6. Volatile substances were pre-concentrated from the headspace over the MAP cultures by means of Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME), thermally desorbed from the SPME fibers and separated and identified by means of GC-MS. Out of the large number of compounds found in the headspace over MAP cultures, 34 volatile marker substances could be identified as potential biomarkers for growth and metabolic activity. All five MAP strains could clearly be distinguished from blank culture media by means of emission patterns based on these 34 substances. In addition, patterns of volatiles emitted by the reference strain were significantly different from the field strains. Headspace concentrations of 2-ethylfuran, 2-methylfuran, 3-methylfuran, 2-pentylfuran, ethyl acetate, 1-methyl-1-H-pyrrole and dimethyldisulfide varied with density of bacterial growth. Analysis of VOCs emitted from mycobacterial cultures can be used to identify bacterial growth and, in addition, to differentiate between different bacterial strains. VOC emission patterns may be used to approximate bacterial growth density. In a perspective volatile marker substances could be used to diagnose MAP infections in animals and to identify different bacterial strains and origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Trefz
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Heike Koehler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Klepik
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Petra Moebius
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen K. Schubert
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Novel feature of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, highlighted by characterization of the heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:4844-53. [PMID: 23974028 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00671-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis comprises two genotypically defined groups, known as the cattle (C) and sheep (S) groups. Recent studies have reported phenotypic differences between M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis groups C and S, including growth rates, infectivity for macrophages, and iron metabolism. In this study, we investigated the genotypes and biological properties of the virulence factor heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) for both groups. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HBHA is a major adhesin involved in mycobacterium-host interactions and extrapulmonary dissemination of infection. To investigate HBHA in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, we studied hbhA polymorphisms by fragment analysis using the GeneMapper technology across a large collection of isolates genotyped by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) and IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-IS900) analyses. Furthermore, we analyzed the structure-function relationships of recombinant HBHA proteins of types C and S by heparin-Sepharose chromatography and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses. In silico analysis revealed two forms of HBHA, corresponding to the prototype genomes for the C and S types of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This observation was confirmed using GeneMapper on 85 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, including 67 strains of type C and 18 strains of type S. We found that HBHAs from all type C strains contain a short C-terminal domain, while those of type S present a long C-terminal domain, similar to that produced by Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium. The purification of recombinant HBHA from M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis of both types by heparin-Sepharose chromatography highlighted a correlation between their affinities for heparin and the lengths of their C-terminal domains, which was confirmed by SPR analysis. Thus, types C and S of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis may be distinguished by the types of HBHA they produce, which differ in size and adherence properties, thereby providing new evidence that strengthens the genotypic differences between the C and S types of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
Collapse
|
48
|
Bannantine JP, Li LL, Sreevatsan S, Kapur V. How does a Mycobacterium change its spots? Applying molecular tools to track diverse strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:165-73. [PMID: 23721475 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defining genetic diversity in the wake of the release of several Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) genome sequences has become a major emphasis in the molecular biology and epidemiology of Johne's disease research. These data can now be used to define the extent of strain diversity on the farm. However, to perform these important tasks, researchers must have a way to distinguish the many MAP isolates/strains that are present in the environment or host to enable tracking over time. Recent studies have described genetic diversity of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), of which MAP is a member, through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, single sequence repeats, variable-number tandem repeats, genome rearrangements, single nucleotide polymorphisms and genomewide comparisons to identify insertions and deletions. Combinations of these methods can now provide discrimination sufficient for dependable strain tracking. These molecular epidemiology techniques are being applied to understand transmission of Johne's disease within dairy cattle herds as well as identify which strains predominate in wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dimareli-Malli Z, Mazaraki K, Stevenson K, Tsakos P, Zdragas A, Giantzi V, Petridou E, Heron I, Vafeas G. Culture phenotypes and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from small ruminants. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:49-53. [PMID: 23587160 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study the suitability of different solid media was investigated for the isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in order to identify the optimum single or combination of media to permit the isolation of all strain types from small ruminants. A subset of these Map strains was then further characterized by molecular typing methods to assess the genetic diversity of Map strains in the study area (Northern Greece). Map strains were isolated from tissues and faeces of infected goats (n=52) and sheep (n=8) and were analysed for polymorphisms in IS1311 to classify the strain type as Type C or S. The study found that M7H11 supplemented with mycobactin j, OADC and new born calf serum (M7H11+Mj) is the best single choice of medium for the primary isolation of Map of both Type C and S from small ruminants. The combination of M7H11+Mj and Herrolds egg yolk medium supplemented with mycobactin j and sodium pyruvate allowed the detection of all Map isolates in this study. Nineteen Map isolates were characterised by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the isolates demonstrated significant genetic diversity. Twelve different SnaBI and 16 distinct SpeI profiles were detected of which 25 have not been described previously and are new profiles. The combination of both enzyme profiles gave 13 different multiplex profiles. Ten different multiplex profiles were detected in goats and three in sheep. One ovine isolate gave the same multiplex profile as a caprine isolate and two different profiles were found within a single goat herd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Dimareli-Malli
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|