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Moghadam MT, Mojtahedi A, Bakhshayesh B, Babakhani S, Ajorloo P, Shariati A, Mirzaei M, Heidarzadeh S, Jazi FM. The Effect of Bacterial Composition Shifts in the Oral Microbiota on Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:167-181. [PMID: 35986539 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666220819140748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurological disorder, despite significant advances in medical science, has not yet been definitively cured, and the exact causes of the disease remain unclear. Due to the importance of AD in the clinic, large expenses are spent annually to deal with this neurological disorder, and neurologists warn of an increase in this disease in elderly in the near future. It has been believed that microbiota dysbiosis leads to Alzheimer's as a multi-step disease. In this regard, the presence of footprints of perturbations in the oral microbiome and the predominance of pathogenic bacteria and their effect on the nervous system, especially AD, is a very interesting topic that has been considered by researchers in the last decade. Some studies have looked at the mechanisms by which oral microbiota cause AD. However, many aspects of this interaction are still unclear as to how oral microbiota composition can contribute to this disease. Understanding this interaction requires extensive collaboration by interdisciplinary researchers to explore all aspects of the issue. In order to reveal the link between the composition of the oral microbiota and this disease, researchers from various domains have sought to explain the mechanisms of shift in oral microbiota in AD in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Taati Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mojtahedi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Babak Bakhshayesh
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sajad Babakhani
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ajorloo
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Heidarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Faramarz Masjedian Jazi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zymovets V, Rakhimova O, Wadelius P, Schmidt A, Brundin M, Kelk P, Landström M, Vestman NR. Exploring the impact of oral bacteria remnants on stem cells from the Apical papilla: mineralization potential and inflammatory response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1257433. [PMID: 38089810 PMCID: PMC10711090 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1257433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacterial persistence is considered one of the main causal factors for regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) failure in immature permanent teeth. This interference is claimed to be caused by the interaction of bacteria that reside in the root canal with the stem cells that are one of the essentials for RET. The aim of the study was to investigate whether prolonged exposure of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) to bacterial remnants of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces gerensceriae, Slackia exigua, Enterococcus faecalis, Peptostreptococcaceae yurii, commonly found in infected traumatized root canals, and the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus gasseri and Limosilactobacillus reuteri, can alter SCAP's inflammatory response and mineralization potential. Methods To assess the effect of bacterial remnants on SCAP, we used UV-C-inactivated bacteria (as cell wall-associated virulence factors) and bacterial DNA. Histochemical staining using Osteoimage Mineralization Assay and Alizarin Red analysis was performed to study SCAP mineralization, while inflammatory and osteo/odontogenic-related responses of SCAPs were assessed with Multiplex ELISA. Results We showed that mineralization promotion was greater with UV C-inactivated bacteria compared to bacterial DNA. Immunofluorescence analysis detected that the early mineralization marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was increased by the level of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) positive control in the case of UV-C-inactivated bacteria; meanwhile, DNA treatment decreased the level of ALP compared to the positive control. SCAP's secretome assessed with Multiplex ELISA showed the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, IL-1b, neurotrophic factor BDNF, and angiogenic factor VEGF, induced by UV-C-killed bacteria. Discussion The results suggest that long term stimulation (for 21 days) of SCAP with UV-C-inactivated bacteria stimulate their mineralization and inflammatory response, while DNA influence has no such effect, which opens up new ideas about the nature of RET failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Wadelius
- Department of Endodontics, Region of Västerbotten, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexej Schmidt
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Malin Brundin
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peyman Kelk
- Section for Anatomy, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maréne Landström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nelly Romani Vestman
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Rothman JA, Riis JL, Hamilton KR, Blair C, Granger DA, Whiteson KL. Oral microbial communities in children, caregivers, and associations with salivary biomeasures and environmental tobacco smoke exposure. mSystems 2023; 8:e0003623. [PMID: 37338237 PMCID: PMC10470043 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00036-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human oral microbial communities are diverse, with implications for oral and systemic health. Oral microbial communities change over time; thus, it is important to understand how healthy versus dysbiotic oral microbiomes differ, especially within and between families. There is also a need to understand how the oral microbiome composition is changed within an individual including by factors such as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, metabolic regulation, inflammation, and antioxidant potential. Using archived saliva samples collected from caregivers and children during a 90-month follow-up assessment in a longitudinal study of child development in the context of rural poverty, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the salivary microbiome. A total of 724 saliva samples were available, 448 of which were from caregiver/child dyads, an additional 70 from children and 206 from adults. We compared children's and caregivers' oral microbiomes, performed "stomatotype" analyses, and examined microbial relations with concentrations of salivary markers associated with ETS exposure, metabolic regulation, inflammation, and antioxidant potential (i.e., salivary cotinine, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, and uric acid) assayed from the same biospecimens. Our results indicate that children and caregivers share much of their oral microbiome diversity, but there are distinct differences. Microbiomes from intrafamily individuals are more similar than microbiomes from nonfamily individuals, with child/caregiver dyad explaining 52% of overall microbial variation. Notably, children harbor fewer potential pathogens than caregivers, and participants' microbiomes clustered into two groups, with major differences being driven by Streptococcus spp. Differences in salivary microbiome composition associated with ETS exposure, and taxa associated with salivary analytes representing potential associations between antioxidant potential, metabolic regulation, and the oral microbiome. IMPORTANCE The human oral cavity is a multi-environment habitat that harbors a diversity of microorganisms. This oral microbiome is often transmitted between cohabitating individuals, which may associate oral and systemic health within family members. Furthermore, family social ecology plays a significant role in childhood development, which may be associated with lifelong health outcomes. In this study, we collected saliva from children and their caregivers and used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize their oral microbiomes. We also analyzed salivary biomeasures of environmental tobacco smoke exposure, metabolic regulation, inflammation, and antioxidant potential. We show there are differences in individuals' oral microbiomes mainly due to Streptococcus spp. that family members share much of their microbes, and several bacterial taxa associate with the selected salivary biomeasures. Our results suggest there are large-scale oral microbiome patterns, and there are likely relationships between oral microbiomes and the social ecology of families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Rothman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jenna L. Riis
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Katrina R. Hamilton
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Salivary Bioscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katrine L. Whiteson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Lif Holgerson P, Esberg A, West CE, Johansson I. The breast milk and childhood gastrointestinal microbiotas and disease outcomes: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:570-578. [PMID: 36216869 PMCID: PMC9988688 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02328-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize breast milk microbiota and define associations with saliva and fecal microbiota and selected diseases in preschool children. METHODS In a longitudinal cohort study, the microbiotas from breast milk, mouth, and fecal samples were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Questionnaires and medical records provided information on demographics, medical, and dental data. RESULTS The phylogeny in breast milk, saliva swabs, and feces differed at all levels (p < 0.0003), though all harbored species in Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Haemophilus. Species richness was highest in breast milk with increasing resemblance with the oral swab microbiota by increasing age. Caries-affected children at age 5 had been fed breast milk with tenfold higher abundance of caries-associated bacteria, e.g., Streptococcus mutans, than caries-free children (p < 0.002). At that age, taxa, e.g., Neisseria sicca were overrepresented in saliva swabs of children with otitis media (LDA score >2, p < 0.05). Gut symbionts, e.g., Bacteroides, were underrepresented in 3-month fecal samples in children later diagnosed with allergic disease (LDA score >2, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Distinct microbiotas for the three sources were confirmed, though resemblance between milk and oral swab microbiota increased by age. Future studies should evaluate if the observed associations with disease outcomes are causal. IMPACT Few studies have studied the association between breast milk microbiota and gastrointestinal microbiota beyond early infancy. The present study confirms distinct microbiota profiles in breast milk, saliva swabs, and feces in infancy and indicates increasing resemblance between breast milk and the oral microbiota by increasing age. The fecal microbiota at 3 months was associated with later allergic disease; the saliva microbiota by age 5 differed between children with and without otitis media at the same age; and children with caries by age 5 had been fed breast milk with a higher abundance of caries-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Lif Holgerson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anders Esberg
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina E West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Duque C, Chrisostomo DA, Souza ACA, de Almeida Braga GP, Dos Santos VR, Caiaffa KS, Pereira JA, de Oliveira WC, de Aguiar Ribeiro A, Parisotto TM. Understanding the Predictive Potential of the Oral Microbiome in the Development and Progression of Early Childhood Caries. Curr Pediatr Rev 2023; 19:121-138. [PMID: 35959611 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220811124848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease in young children and a public health problem worldwide. It is characterized by the presence of atypical and fast progressive caries lesions. The aggressive form of ECC, severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), can lead to the destruction of the whole crown of most of the deciduous teeth and cause pain and sepsis, affecting the child's quality of life. Although the multifactorial etiology of ECC is known, including social, environmental, behavioral, and genetic determinants, there is a consensus that this disease is driven by an imbalance between the oral microbiome and host, or dysbiosis, mediated by high sugar consumption and poor oral hygiene. Knowledge of the microbiome in healthy and caries status is crucial for risk monitoring, prevention, and development of therapies to revert dysbiosis and restore oral health. Molecular biology tools, including next-generation sequencing methods and proteomic approaches, have led to the discovery of new species and microbial biomarkers that could reveal potential risk profiles for the development of ECC and new targets for anti-caries therapies. This narrative review summarized some general aspects of ECC, such as definition, epidemiology, and etiology, the influence of oral microbiota in the development and progression of ECC based on the current evidence from genomics, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies and the effect of antimicrobial intervention on oral microbiota associated with ECC. CONCLUSION The evaluation of genetic and proteomic markers represents a promising approach to predict the risk of ECC before its clinical manifestation and plan efficient therapeutic interventions for ECC in its initial stages, avoiding irreversible dental cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Duque
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Daniela Alvim Chrisostomo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Amanda Caselato Andolfatto Souza
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pacheco de Almeida Braga
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Karina Sampaio Caiaffa
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Jesse Augusto Pereira
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Warlley Campos de Oliveira
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Apoena de Aguiar Ribeiro
- Division of Diagnostic Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United State
| | - Thaís Manzano Parisotto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Gu M, Cheng J, Lee YG, Cho JH, Suh JW. Discovery of Novel Iminosugar Compounds Produced by Lactobacillus paragasseri MJM60645 and Their Anti-Biofilm Activity against Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0112222. [PMID: 35863019 PMCID: PMC9431463 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01122-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity contains a number of microbes. They interact with each other and play an important role in human health. Among oral cariogenic microbes, Streptococcus mutans is recognized a major etiological bacteria of dental caries. Lactobacilli strains have been promoted as possible probiotic agents against S. mutans. However, their inhibitory mechanism has not been well elucidated yet. In the present study, two new compounds with strong antibiofilm activities were purified from the culture supernatant of Lactobacillus paragasseri MJM60645, which was isolated from the human oral cavity. These compounds showed strong inhibitory activities against S. mutans biofilm formation, with IC50 (concentration at which 50% biofilm was inhibited) of 30.4 μM for compound 1 and 18.9 μM for compound 2. However, these compounds did not show bactericidal activities against S. mutans. Structure elucidation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry showed that compound 1 was composed of two arabinofuranose iminosugars jointed with one glycerol and oleic acid, and compound 2 was composed of two arabinofuranose iminosugars jointed with one glycerol and nervonic acid. To the best of our knowledge, these structures were discovered for the first time in this study. Treatment of S. mutans with compound 1 strongly downregulated expression levels of genes related to biofilm formation, including gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, gbpB, brpA, spaP, ftf, and smu0630 without affecting the expression of comDE or relA. This study provides new insights into novel molecules produced by Lactobacillus to regulate the pathogenesis of S. mutans, facilitating a better understanding of the mechanism for interactions between Lactobacillus and S. mutans. IMPORTANCE In this study, we isolated lactic acid bacteria that inhibit streptococcal biofilm from the oral cavity of infants and identified two novel compounds from the supernatant of their culture broth. The two compounds are structurally similar, and both consist of iminosugars, glycerol, and unsaturated fatty acid. A search of the SciFinder database revealed that these structures are novel and were discovered for the first time in this study. Mechanism studies have shown that these compounds can inhibit the expression of biofilm synthesis-related genes. This is the first report that lactic acid bacteria inhibit streptococcal biofilms by small molecules with new chemical structures. This study not only expands the understanding of natural products derived from lactic acid bacteria but also provides a new paradigm for the understanding of the interaction of bacteria in the oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Gu
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhua Cheng
- Myongji Bioefficacy Research Center, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyung Cho
- Myongji Bioefficacy Research Center, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Myongji Bioefficacy Research Center, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Z, Huang B, Wang Y, Zhu M, Wang C. Could Weaning Remodel the Oral Microbiota Composition in Donkeys? An Exploratory Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162024. [PMID: 36009615 PMCID: PMC9404433 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the initiation point of digestion, the oral microbiome is important in maintaining oral and systemic health. However, the composition of oral microbial communities and the influence of weaning on the oral microbiota of donkey foals remains poorly characterized. The present study used buccal swab samples to determine the changes in oral microbial communities occurring at the time of weaning. A total of 20 oral swab samples were collected from two groups: preweaning donkey foals (PreW group, n = 10) and postweaning donkey foals (PostW group, n = 10). The donkey oral microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. This study is the first report of the donkey oral microbiome in association with weaning. Compared to the preweaning donkeys, the oral bacteria diversity in the postweaning donkeys was increased, with a higher Simpson index. Changes in the composition of the oral microbiota between the PreW and PostW groups were observed in the present study. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Myxococcota was significantly greater in the PostW than in the PreW group. At the genus level, the Gemella, unclassified_o__Lactobacillales, and Lactobacillus were increased in the postweaning donkeys. The donkeys’ oral microbial functions were predicted using PICRUSt, and the functions related to carbohydrate metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in the oral microbiome in the PostW donkeys. In summary, the current study provides a deeper insight into the oral microbiota changes during the weaning period, and the influence of weaning together with the documented changes in diversity and composition will help us to obtain a better understanding of their long-term health impact within the oral cavities of donkey foals. However, a major limitation of the present study was that the samples were obtained from different animals in the PreW and PostW groups, which may have resulted in variability among the different individuals. Further investigation is needed to monitor the shift in oral microbes in the same individuals during the weaning period.
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Abstract
Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota occur in a dynamic process over various stages and involve close and continuous interactions with the host and its environment. In the present review, we discuss the stages of this process in chronological order. We start with the prenatal period and address the following questions: ‘Is the fetus exposed to maternal microbiota during pregnancy?’ and ‘If so, what is the potential role of this exposure?’ We comment on recent reports of finding bacterial DNA in placenta during pregnancies, and provide current views on the potential functions of prenatal microbial encounters. Next, we discuss the physiological adaptations that take place in the newborn during the birth process and the effect of this phase of life on the acquisition of the oral microbiota. Is it really just exposure to maternal vaginal microbes that results in the difference between vaginally and Cesarian section‐born infants? Then, we review the postnatal phase, in which we focus on transmission of microbes, the intraoral niche specificity, the effects of the host behavior and environment, as well as the role of genetic background of the host on shaping the oral microbial ecosystem. We discuss the changes in oral microbiota during the transition from deciduous to permanent dentition and during puberty. We also address the finite knowledge on colonization of the oral cavity by microbes other than the bacterial component. Finally, we identify the main outstanding questions that limit our understanding of the acquisition and establishment of a healthy microbiome at an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Marije Kaan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dono Kahharova
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rakhimova O, Schmidt A, Landström M, Johansson A, Kelk P, Romani Vestman N. Cytokine Secretion, Viability, and Real-Time Proliferation of Apical-Papilla Stem Cells Upon Exposure to Oral Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:620801. [PMID: 33718256 PMCID: PMC7945949 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.620801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) has been proposed as a means of promoting root maturation in permanent immature teeth, and plays a significant role in regenerative dental procedures. However, the role of SCAPs may be compromised by microenvironmental factors, such as hypoxic conditions and the presence of bacteria from infected dental root canals. We aim to investigate oral bacterial modulation of SCAP in terms of binding capacity using flow cytometry and imaging, real-time cell proliferation monitoring, and cytokine secretion (IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-β isoforms) under anaerobic conditions. SCAPs were exposed to key species in dental root canal infection, namely Actinomyces gerensceriae, Slackia exigua, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Enterococcus faecalis, as well as two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri strain B6 and Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938). We found that A. gerensceriae, S. exigua, F. nucleatum, and E. faecalis, but not the Lactobacillus probiotic strains bind to SCAPs on anaerobic conditions. Enterococcus faecalis and F. nucleatum exhibited the strongest binding capacity, resulting in significantly reduced SCAP proliferation. Notably, F. nucleatum, but not E. faecalis, induce production of the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 and IL-10 from SCAPs. Production of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 by SCAPs was dependent on species, cell line, and time, but secretion of TGF-β3 did not vary significantly over time. In conclusion, SCAP response is compromised when exposed to bacterial stimuli from infected dental root canals in anaerobic conditions. Thus, stem cell-mediated endodontic regenerative studies need to include microenvironmental conditions, such as the presence of microorganisms to promote further advantage in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexej Schmidt
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maréne Landström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Peyman Kelk
- Section for Anatomy, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nelly Romani Vestman
- Department of Endodontics, County Council of Västerbotten, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Manoharan L, Brundin M, Rakhimova O, Chávez de Paz L, Romani Vestman N. New Insights into the Microbial Profiles of Infected Root Canals in Traumatized Teeth. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123877. [PMID: 33260621 PMCID: PMC7760719 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic dental injuries in young individuals are often exposed to the invasion of oral microorganisms that leads to pulp necrosis. Infective necrosis in permanent teeth not-fully-developed causes aberrant root formation. Regeneration endodontic treatments (RETs) have shown promising results by promoting continued root development by stem cells. Critical to the success of RET is the thorough disinfection of the pulpal space. To establish effective antimicrobial protocols for root canal disinfection, the invading microorganisms need to be identified. In the present study, we use a combination of culture-based and high-throughput molecular sequencing techniques to investigate the microbial profiles from traumatized teeth (30 cases) and controls, i.e., teeth with pulp infections not caused by trauma (32 cases). Overall, a high microbial diversity in traumatized necrotic teeth was observed. Eubacterium yurii subsps. yurii and margaretiae, as well as key ‘bridging oral species’ F. nucleatum sp., Polymorphum and Corynebacterium matruchotti, were highly associated with traumatized teeth. The microbial compositions of traumatized teeth differed considerably from those of infected teeth not caused by trauma. Age and tooth position also influence microbial compositions. In conclusion, we show that the root canal microflora of traumatized teeth is highly diverse, and it differs from root canal infections not caused by trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokeshwaran Manoharan
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Malin Brundin
- Department of Endodontics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Olena Rakhimova
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | | | - Nelly Romani Vestman
- Department of Endodontics, County Council of Västerbotten, 90189 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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KOWALSKA JUSTYNAD, NOWAK ADRIANA, ŚLIŻEWSKA KATARZYNA, STAŃCZYK MAŁGORZATA, ŁUKASIAK MAGDALENA, DASTYCH JAROSŁAW. Anti-Salmonella Potential of New Lactobacillus Strains with the Application in the Poultry Industry. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:5-18. [PMID: 32189480 PMCID: PMC7256722 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are considered an alternative to antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of Salmonella diseases in poultry. However, to use probiotics as proposed above, it is necessary to evaluate their properties in detail and to select the most effective bacterial strains in the application targeted. In this study, probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus sp. strains were investigated and their antimicrobial activity against 125 environmental strains of Salmonella sp. was determined using the agar slab method. Furthermore, their survival in the presence of bile salts and at low pH, antibiotics susceptibility, aggregation and coaggregation ability, adherence to polystyrene and Caco-2 cells, and cytotoxicity were investigated. Each strain tested showed antagonistic activity against at least 96% of the environmental Salmonella sp. strains and thus representing a highly epidemiologically differentiated collection of poultry isolates. In addition, the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus strains are promising. Therefore, all strains examined showed a high potential for use in poultry against salmonellosis. Probiotics are considered an alternative to antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of Salmonella diseases in poultry. However, to use probiotics as proposed above, it is necessary to evaluate their properties in detail and to select the most effective bacterial strains in the application targeted. In this study, probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus sp. strains were investigated and their antimicrobial activity against 125 environmental strains of Salmonella sp. was determined using the agar slab method. Furthermore, their survival in the presence of bile salts and at low pH, antibiotics susceptibility, aggregation and coaggregation ability, adherence to polystyrene and Caco-2 cells, and cytotoxicity were investigated. Each strain tested showed antagonistic activity against at least 96% of the environmental Salmonella sp. strains and thus representing a highly epidemiologically differentiated collection of poultry isolates. In addition, the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus strains are promising. Therefore, all strains examined showed a high potential for use in poultry against salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - ADRIANA NOWAK
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - KATARZYNA ŚLIŻEWSKA
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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12
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In vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Lactobacillus gasseri Strains Isolated from Human Milk and Infant Faeces. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.2.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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13
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Sureda A, Daglia M, Argüelles Castilla S, Sanadgol N, Fazel Nabavi S, Khan H, Belwal T, Jeandet P, Marchese A, Pistollato F, Forbes-Hernandez T, Battino M, Berindan-Neagoe I, D'Onofrio G, Nabavi SM. Oral microbiota and Alzheimer's disease: Do all roads lead to Rome? Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104582. [PMID: 31794871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative pathology affecting milions of people worldwide associated with deposition of senile plaques. While the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with the onset and consolidation of late onset AD are heterogeneous and sporadic, growing evidence also suggests a potential link between some infectious diseases caused by oral microbiota and AD. Oral microbiota dysbiosis is purported to contribute either directly to amyloid protein production, or indirectly to neuroinflammation, occurring as a consequence of bacterial invasion. Over the last decade, the development of Human Oral Microbiome database (HOMD) has deepened our understanding of oral microbes and their different roles during the human lifetime. Oral pathogens mostly cause caries, periodontal disease, and edentulism in aged population, and, in particular, alterations of the oral microbiota causing chronic periodontal disease have been associated with the risk of AD. Here we describe how different alterations of the oral microbiota may be linked to AD, highlighting the importance of a good oral hygiene for the prevention of oral microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), and IdisBa, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 51687, France
| | | | - Francesca Pistollato
- Centre for Health & Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlantico, Santander, Spain
| | - Tamara Forbes-Hernandez
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo - Vigo Campus, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo - Vigo Campus, Vigo, Spain; Dept of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu-Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", 34-36 Republicii Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Grazia D'Onofrio
- Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Yang B, Chen Y, Stanton C, Ross RP, Lee YK, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Composition at Species Level and Gut Microbiota Diversity in Infants before 6 Weeks. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3306. [PMID: 31284413 PMCID: PMC6650860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the effects of different delivery and feeding modes on the gut microbiota composition of early infants with special emphasis on Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus profiles at species level. 16S rRNA V3-V4 regions, bifidobacterial, and lactobacilli groEL genes from infant feces were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq. Gut microbiota abundance was significantly different, where standard vaginally delivered (SVD) and breast-fed (BF) groups were higher in comparison with caesarean section (CS), milk-powder-fed (MPF), and mixed-fed (MF) groups. The genus unclassified Enterobacteriaceae was dominant, followed by Bifidobacterium, which was highly abundant in SVD and BF groups. The dominant Bifidobacterium species in all groups were B. longum subsp. longum, B. longum subsp. infantis and B. animalis subsp. lactis. B. dentium and the diversity of Bifidobacterium in SVD and BF groups were significantly higher. For Lactobacillus profiles, L. rhamnosus and L. gasseri were dominant among all the groups, while Lactobacillus species in CS and MPF groups were more diverse. Functional predictions showed significant differences between delivery mode and feeding groups, such as phosphotransferase system as well as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. In early infants with different delivery and feeding methods, gut microbiota-particularly bifidobacteria and lactobacilli communities-showed significant differences, with strong implications for physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Catherine Stanton
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 102488, China.
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15
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Abstract
The microbiome and the human body constitute an integrated superorganism, which is the result of millions of years of coevolution with mutual adaptation and functional integration, and confers significant benefits for both parties. This evolutionary process has resulted in a highly diverse oral microbiome, which covers the full spectrum of acidogenic, aciduric, inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. The relative proportions of members of the microbiome are affected by factors associated with modern life, such as general diet patterns, sugar consumption, tobacco smoking, oral hygiene, use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials, and vaccines. A perturbed balance in the oral microbiome may result in caries, periodontal disease, or candidiasis, and oral bacteria passively transferred to normally sterile parts of the body may cause extra-oral infections. Nevertheless, it should never be our goal to eliminate the oral microbiome, but rather we have to develop ways to re-establish a harmonious coexistence that is lost because of the modern lifestyle. With regard to oral diseases, this goal can normally be achieved by optimal oral hygiene, exposure to fluoride, reduction of sucrose consumption, stimulation of our innate immune defense, smoking cessation, and control of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mogens Kilian
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Hurley E, Mullins D, Barrett MP, O'Shea CA, Kinirons M, Ryan CA, Stanton C, Whelton H, Harris HMB, O'Toole PW. The microbiota of the mother at birth and its influence on the emerging infant oral microbiota from birth to 1 year of age: a cohort study. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1599652. [PMID: 32128038 PMCID: PMC7034431 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1599652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The acquisition of microbial communities and the influence of delivery mode on the oral microbiota of the newborn infant remains poorly characterised. Methods: A cohort of pregnant women were enrolled in the study (n = 84). All infants were born full term, by Spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) or by Caesarean section (CS). At delivery a saliva sample along with a vaginal/skin sample from the mother. Saliva samples were the taken from the infant within one week of birth, and at week 4, week 8, 6 months and 1 year of age. We used high-throughput sequencing of V4-V5 region 16S rRNA amplicons to compare the microbiota of all samples. Results: The vaginal microbiota had a lower alpha diversity than the skin microbiota of the mother, while the infant oral microbiota diversity remained relatively stable from birth to 8 weeks of age. The oral microbiota of the neonate differed by birth modality up to 1 week of age (p < 0.05), but birth modality did not have any influence on the infant oral microbiota beyond this age. Conclusions: We conclude thatbirth mode does not have an effect on the infant oral microbiota beyond 4 weeks of age, and the oral microbiota of infants continues to develop until 1 year of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Hurley
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork University Dental School & Hospital, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - David Mullins
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maurice P Barrett
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carol Anne O'Shea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin Kinirons
- Cork University Dental School & Hospital, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Anthony Ryan
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Helen Whelton
- Cork University Dental School & Hospital, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.,College of Medicine and Health, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hugh M B Harris
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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17
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Sharma N, Bhatia S, Sodhi AS, Batra N. Oral microbiome and health. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:42-66. [PMID: 31294203 PMCID: PMC6605021 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome is diverse in its composition due to continuous contact of oral cavity with the external environment. Temperatures, diet, pH, feeding habits are important factors that contribute in the establishment of oral microbiome. Both culture dependent and culture independent approaches have been employed in the analysis of oral microbiome. Gene-based methods like PCR amplification techniques, random amplicon cloning, PCR-RELP, T-RELP, DGGE and DNA microarray analysis have been applied to increase oral microbiome related knowledge. Studies revealed that microbes from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Neisseria, TM7 predominately inhabits the oral cavity. Culture-independent molecular techniques revealed the presence of genera Megasphaera, Parvimonas and Desulfobulbus in periodontal disease. Bacteria, fungi and protozoa colonize themselves on various surfaces in oral cavity. Microbial biofilms are formed on the buccal mucosa, dorsum of the tongue, tooth surfaces and gingival sulcus. Various studies demonstrate relationship between unbalanced microflora and development of diseases like tooth caries, periodontal diseases, type 2 diabetes, circulatory system related diseases etc. Transcriptome-based remodelling of microbial metabolism in health and disease associated states has been well reported. Human diets and habitat can trigger virus activation and influence phage members of oral microbiome. As it is said, "Mouth, is the gateway to the total body wellness, thus oral microbiome influences overall health of an individual".
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, GGDSD College, Sector 32 C Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Sector 32 C Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Sector 32 C Chandigarh, India
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18
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Moon JH, Lee JH. Probing the diversity of healthy oral microbiome with bioinformatics approaches. BMB Rep 2017; 49:662-670. [PMID: 27697111 PMCID: PMC5346311 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity contains a highly personalized microbiome essential to maintaining health, but capable of causing oral and systemic diseases. Thus, an in-depth definition of “healthy oral microbiome” is critical to understanding variations in disease states from preclinical conditions, and disease onset through progressive states of disease. With rapid advances in DNA sequencing and analytical technologies, population-based studies have documented the range and diversity of both taxonomic compositions and functional potentials observed in the oral microbiome in healthy individuals. Besides factors specific to the host, such as age and race/ethnicity, environmental factors also appear to contribute to the variability of the healthy oral microbiome. Here, we review bioinformatic techniques for metagenomic datasets, including their strengths and limitations. In addition, we summarize the interpersonal and intrapersonal diversity of the oral microbiome, taking into consideration the recent large-scale and longitudinal studies, including the Human Microbiome Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoi Moon
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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19
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Timby N, Domellöf M, Holgerson PL, West CE, Lönnerdal B, Hernell O, Johansson I. Oral Microbiota in Infants Fed a Formula Supplemented with Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membranes - A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169831. [PMID: 28099499 PMCID: PMC5242539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a recent study, supplementation of infant formula with milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) decreased the incidence of otitis media in infants <6 months of age. Objectives The aim of the present study was to characterize the oral microbiota in infants fed MFGM-supplemented formula and compare it to that of infants fed standard formula or breast milk. Methods In a prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial, exclusively formula-fed infants <2 months of age were randomized to be fed experimental formula (EF, n = 80) with reduced energy and protein and supplemented with a bovine MFGM concentrate, or standard formula (SF, n = 80) until 6 months of age. A breast-fed reference (BFR, n = 80) group was also recruited. The oral microbiota was analyzed at 4 (n = 124) and 12 (n = 166) months of age using Illumina MiSeq multiplex sequencing and taxonomic resolution against the HOMD 16S rDNA database of oral bacteria. Results Species richness in the oral samples did not differ between the EF and SF groups, but partial least square modeling identified a few taxa that were significantly associated with being in either group, e.g. lower level of Moraxella catarrhalis in the EF group. Infants in the BFR group had significantly lower species richness at 4 months of age and their microbiota pattern differed markedly from the formula-fed groups. Conclusions Supplementation of infant formula with MFGM yielded moderate effects on the oral microbiome. Moraxella catarrhalis was less prevalent in infants fed EF than in those fed SF and may be associated with the decrease in otitis media seen in the same group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Timby
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Unit of Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Unit of Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Christina E. West
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Unit of Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Unit of Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology/Unit of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Nuriel-Ohayon M, Neuman H, Koren O. Microbial Changes during Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1031. [PMID: 27471494 PMCID: PMC4943946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several healthy developmental processes such as pregnancy, fetal development, and infant development include a multitude of physiological changes: weight gain, hormonal, and metabolic changes, as well as immune changes. In this review, we present an additional important factor which both influences and is affected by these physiological processes-the microbiome. We summarize the known changes in microbiota composition at a variety of body sites including gut, vagina, oral cavity, and placenta, throughout pregnancy, fetal development, and early childhood. There is still a lot to be discovered; yet several pieces of research point to the healthy desired microbial changes. Future research is likely to unravel precise roles and mechanisms of the microbiota in gestation; perhaps linking the metabolic, hormonal, and immune changes together. Although some research has started to link microbial dysbiosis and specific microbial populations with unhealthy pregnancy complications, it is important to first understand the context of the natural healthy microbial changes occurring. Until recently the placenta and developing fetus were considered to be germ free, containing no apparent microbiome. We present multiple study results showing distinct microbiota compositions in the placenta and meconium, alluding to early microbial colonization. These results may change dogmas and our overall understanding of the importance and roles of microbiota from the beginning of life. We further review the main factors shaping the infant microbiome-modes of delivery, feeding, weaning, and exposure to antibiotics. Taken together, we are starting to build a broader understanding of healthy vs. abnormal microbial alterations throughout major developmental time-points.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadar Neuman
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University Safed, Israel
| | - Omry Koren
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University Safed, Israel
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21
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Hernell O, Timby N, Domellöf M, Lönnerdal B. Clinical Benefits of Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants and Children. J Pediatr 2016; 173 Suppl:S60-5. [PMID: 27234413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in breast milk contains many bioactive components. Infant formulas traditionally have been devoid of the MFGM fraction, but dairy technology now has made the addition of bovine MFGM technically feasible. We identified 6 double-blinded randomized controlled trials exploring the effects of MFGM supplementation on the diets of infants or children. Results suggest that supplementation is safe and indicate positive effects on both neurodevelopment and defense against infections. MFGM supplementation of infant formula may narrow the gap in cognitive performance and infection rates between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Because of the small number of studies and the heterogeneity of interventions, more high-quality double-blinded randomized controlled trials are needed, with well characterized and clearly defined MFGM fractions, before firm conclusions on the effects of MFGM supplementation on the health and development of infants can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Niklas Timby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
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22
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Abstract
Breast milk is a dynamic fluid with compositional changes occurring throughout the period of lactation. Some of these changes in nutrient concentrations reflect the successively slowing growth rate and developmental changes in metabolic requirements that infants undergo during the first year of life. Infant formula, in contrast, has a static composition, intended to meet the nutritional requirements of infants from birth to 6 or 12 months of age. To better fit the metabolic needs of infants and to avoid nutrient limitations or excesses, we suggest that infant formulas should change in composition with the age of the infant, that is, different formulas are created/used for different ages during the first year of life. We propose that specific formulas for 0 to 3 months (stage 1), 3 to 6 months (stage 2), and 6 to 12 months (stage 3) of age may be nutritionally and physiologically advantageous to infants. Although this initially may impose some difficult practical/conceptual issues, we believe that this staging concept would improve nutrition of formula-fed infants and, ultimately, improve outcomes and make their performance more similar to that of breast-fed infants.
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23
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Jaumot J, Navarro A, Faria M, Barata C, Tauler R, Piña B. qRT-PCR evaluation of the transcriptional response of zebra mussel to heavy metals. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:354. [PMID: 25943386 PMCID: PMC4422313 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcriptional response of adult zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) to heavy metals (mercury, copper, and cadmium) was analyzed by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) to study the coordinated regulation of different metal-, oxidative stress- and xenobiotic defence-related genes in gills and digestive gland. Regulatory network analyses allowed the comparison of this response between different species and taxa. Results Chemometric analyses allowed identifying the effects of these metals clearly separating control and treated samples of both tissues. Interactions between the different genes, either in the same or between both tissues, were analysed to identify correlations and to propose stress-related genes’ regulatory networks. These networks were finally compared with existing data from human, mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila and the roundworm to evaluate their mechanistically-known response to metals (and to stressors in general) with the correlations observed in the still poorly-known, invasive zebra mussel. Conclusions Our analyses found a general conservation of regulation genes and of their interactions among the different considered species, and may serve as a guide to extrapolate regulatory data from model species to lesser-known environmentally (or medically) relevant species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1567-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Jaumot
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
| | - Anna Navarro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
| | - Melissa Faria
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
| | - Benjamín Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
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Romani Vestman N, Chen T, Lif Holgerson P, Öhman C, Johansson I. Oral Microbiota Shift after 12-Week Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289; A Randomized Control Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125812. [PMID: 25946126 PMCID: PMC4422650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus spp. potentially contribute to health by modulating bacterial biofilm formation, but their effects on the overall oral microbiota remain unclear. Methods and Findings Oral microbiota was characterized via 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA hypervariable region V3-V4 after 12 weeks of daily Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and PTA 5289 consumption. Forty-four adults were assigned to a test group (n = 22) that received lactobacilli lozenges (108 CFU of each strain/lozenge) or a control group that received placebo (n = 22). Presence of L. reuteri was confirmed by cultivation and species specific PCR. Tooth biofilm samples from 16 adults before, during, and after exposure were analyzed by pyrosequencing. A total of 1,310,292 sequences were quality filtered. After removing single reads, 257 species or phylotypes were identified at 98.5% identity in the Human Oral Microbiome Database. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla. Streptococcus was the most common genus and the S. oralis/S. mitis/S. mitis bv2/S. infantis group comprised the dominant species. The number of observed species was unaffected by L. reuteri exposure. However, subjects who had consumed L. reuteri were clustered in a principal coordinates analysis relative to scattering at baseline, and multivariate modeling of pyrosequencing microbiota, and culture and PCR detected L. reuteri separated baseline from 12-week samples in test subjects. L. reuteri intake correlated with increased S. oralis/S. mitis/S. mitis bv2/S. infantis group and Campylobacter concisus, Granulicatella adiacens, Bergeyella sp. HOT322, Neisseria subflava, and SR1 [G-1] sp. HOT874 detection and reduced S. mutans, S. anginosus, N. mucosa, Fusobacterium periodicum, F. nucleatum ss vincentii, and Prevotella maculosa detection. This effect had disappeared 1 month after exposure was terminated. Conclusions L. reuteri consumption did not affect species richness but induced a shift in the oral microbiota composition. The biological relevance of this remains to be elucidated. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02311218
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, United States of America
| | | | - Carina Öhman
- Department of Odontology/section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology/section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Caufield PW, Schön CN, Saraithong P, Li Y, Argimón S. Oral Lactobacilli and Dental Caries: A Model for Niche Adaptation in Humans. J Dent Res 2015; 94:110S-8S. [PMID: 25758458 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515576052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli have been associated with dental caries for over a century. Here, we review the pertinent literature along with findings from our own study to formulate a working hypothesis about the natural history and role of lactobacilli. Unlike most indigenous microbes that stably colonize a host, lactobacilli appear to be planktonic, opportunistic settlers that can gather and multiply only in certain restrictive niches of the host, at least within the oral cavity. We postulate that the following essential requirements are necessary for sustained colonization of lactobacilli in humans: 1) a stagnant, retentive niche that is mostly anaerobic; 2) a low pH milieu; and 3) ready access to carbohydrates. Three sites on the human body meet these specifications: caries lesions, the stomach, and the vagina. Only a handful of Lactobacillus species is found in caries lesions, but they are largely absent in caries-free children. Lactobacilli present in caries lesions represent both a major contributor to caries progression and a major reservoir to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We extend the assertion from other investigators that lactobacilli found in the GI tract originate in the oral cavity by proposing that lactobacilli in the oral cavity arise from caries lesions. This, in turn, leads us to reflect on the health implications of the lactobacilli in the mouth and downstream GI and to ponder whether these or any of the Lactobacillus species are truly indigenous to the human GI tract or the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Caufield
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - C N Schön
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - P Saraithong
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Y Li
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - S Argimón
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The complex biochemical composition and physical structure of the milk fat globule (MFG) are presented as a basis for its paradoxical metabolic fate: MFG is a rapid conveyor of energy through its triacylglycerol (TAG) core but contains some low-digestible bioactive complex lipids and proteins, which influence lipid metabolism and contribute to intestinal and systemic health. RECENT FINDINGS MFG structure modulates gastrointestinal lipolysis, postprandial lipemia and even the postprandial fate of ingested fatty acids. Proof-of-concept of the nutritional programming induced by early consumption of an emulsion biomimetic of MFG compared with a typical infant formula was published in an animal model (mice). The metabolic response to a high-fat diet during adulthood was improved following neonatal exposure to the biomimetic emulsion. SUMMARY MFG TAG are tailored with a unique regiodistribution delivering in priority short to medium-chain fatty acids in gastric phase, an important amount of quickly metabolizable oleic acid and protecting palmitic acid in sn-2 position. MFG digestion may not only trigger rapid TAG and chylomicron plasma peaks with fast clearance but also the luminal release of nonhydrolysable bioactive compounds (glycosylated compounds and sphingomyelin), which contribute to intestinal and systemic health by shaping the microbiota and modulating the immune system. These bioactive compounds form self-assembled structures, protect specific micronutrients and lower cholesterol absorption. The health benefits of MFG consumption or of some of its fractions (MFGM) under specific structures are steadily being demonstrated with still much unsolved questions especially for populations with high nutritional needs (e.g. elderly, infants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bourlieu
- aINRA, UMR1253, STLO, Rennes bINRA, UMR1397, INSERM U1060, CarMeN laboratory, Villeurbanne, France
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27
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Observational studies have shown that even in high-income countries formula-fed infants have a higher incidence of acute otitis media (AOM), and gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections during the first year of life compared with breast-fed infants. We hypothesized that components of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) may be responsible for some of these differences and that supplementation with bovine MFGM would decrease the infectious morbidity in formula-fed infants. METHODS In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 160 formula-fed infants received experimental formula (EF) supplemented with bovine MFGM (EF) or unsupplemented standard formula (SF) from <2 months until 6 months of age. A breast-fed reference group consisted of 80 infants. Disease symptoms, health care contacts, and medication were recorded by the parents until 12 months of age. Serum immunoglobulin G for 10 pneumococcal serotypes was analyzed at 6 months of age. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of AOM during the intervention was lower in the EF group than in the SF group (1% vs 9%, P = 0.034), and did not differ from the breast-fed reference group (0%, P = 1.0). The incidence (25% vs 43%, P = 0.021) and longitudinal prevalence (P = 0.012) of antipyretic use were significantly lower in the EF group than in the SF group. Serum immunoglobulin G concentrations against pneumococcal serotypes 1, 5, and 14 were lower in the EF group than in the SF group. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of formula with bovine MFGM reduces the risk of AOM, decreases antipyretics use in formula-fed infants, and has immunomodulatory effects on humoral response against pneumococcus vaccine.
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Brugman S, Perdijk O, van Neerven RJJ, Savelkoul HFJ. Mucosal Immune Development in Early Life: Setting the Stage. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:251-68. [PMID: 25666708 PMCID: PMC4499104 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our environment poses a constant threat to our health. To survive, all organisms must be able to discriminate between good (food ingredients and microbes that help digest our food) and bad (pathogenic microbes, viruses and toxins). In vertebrates, discrimination between beneficial and harmful antigens mainly occurs at the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tract. Here, an extensive network of cells and organs form the basis of what we have come to know as the mucosal immune system. The mucosal immune system is composed of a single epithelial cell layer protected by a mucus layer. Different immune cells monitor the baso-lateral side of the epithelial cells and dispersed secondary lymphoid organs, such as Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles are equipped with immune cells able to mount appropriate and specific responses. This review will focus on the current knowledge on host, dietary and bacterial-derived factors that shape the mucosal immune system before and after birth. We will discuss current knowledge on fetal immunity (both responsiveness and lymphoid organ development) as well as the impact of diet and microbial colonization on neonatal immunity and disease susceptibility. Lastly, inflammatory bowel disease will be discussed as an example of how the composition of the microbiota might predispose to disease later in life. A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in mucosal immune development and tolerance will aid nutritional intervention strategies to improve health in neonatal and adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Brugman
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, de Elst 1, 6708, WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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29
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Zaura E, Nicu EA, Krom BP, Keijser BJF. Acquiring and maintaining a normal oral microbiome: current perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:85. [PMID: 25019064 PMCID: PMC4071637 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiota survives daily physical and chemical perturbations from the intake of food and personal hygiene measures, resulting in a long-term stable microbiome. Biological properties that confer stability in the microbiome are important for the prevention of dysbiosis—a microbial shift toward a disease, e.g., periodontitis or caries. Although processes that underlie oral diseases have been studied extensively, processes involved in maintaining of a normal, healthy microbiome are poorly understood. In this review we present our hypothesis on how a healthy oral microbiome is acquired and maintained. We introduce our view on the prenatal development of tolerance for the normal oral microbiome: we propose that development of fetal tolerance toward the microbiome of the mother during pregnancy is the major factor for a successful acquisition of a normal microbiome. We describe the processes that influence the establishment of such microbiome, followed by our perspective on the process of sustaining a healthy oral microbiome. We divide microbiome-maintenance factors into host-derived and microbe-derived, while focusing on the host. Finally, we highlight the need and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J F Keijser
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Zeist, Netherlands ; Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen, Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disturbed gut colonization patterns are proposed to be associated with the development of allergic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Studies using new systems biology methods confirm previous findings that early environmental exposures, for example cesarean delivery, are associated with disturbed gut colonization patterns and reduced microbial diversity. Low microbial diversity in infancy is also observed to precede onset of allergic disease. In a large population-based cohort study, probiotic consumption in pregnancy was associated with reduced risk of eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis in the child, but not asthma. The association between probiotics and rhinoconjunctivitis appeared stronger if both mother and child (from 6 months) consumed probiotics. Follow-up data from primary prevention studies with probiotics do not support a role for probiotics in asthma prevention. In meta-analyses, both prebiotics (high-risk infants only) and probiotics modestly reduce the eczema risk, but no other allergic manifestations. Their use is not generally recommended for prevention, or treatment, of allergic disease. SUMMARY Gut microbial patterns are associated with susceptibility to allergic disease, but the incomplete understanding of what constitutes a healthy gut microbiota that promotes tolerance, remains a challenge. Further understanding of gut microbial functions may pave the way for more effective allergy prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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