1
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Premachandre CK, Vaz PK, Sharma S, Kanci Condello A, Browning GF, Wawegama NK. Genes required for survival and proliferation of Mycoplasma bovis in association with host cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0068724. [PMID: 38864628 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00687-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important emerging pathogen of cattle and bison, but our understanding of the genetic basis of its interactions with its host is limited. The aim of this study was to identify genes of M. bovis required for interaction and survival in association with host cells. One hundred transposon-induced mutants of the type strain PG45 were assessed for their capacity to survive and proliferate in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell cultures. The growth of 19 mutants was completely abrogated, and 47 mutants had a prolonged doubling time compared to the parent strain. All these mutants had a similar growth pattern to the parent strain PG45 in the axenic media. Thirteen genes previously classified as dispensable for the axenic growth of M. bovis were found to be essential for the growth of M. bovis in association with host cells. In most of the mutants with a growth-deficient phenotype, the transposon was inserted into a gene involved in transportation or metabolism. This included genes coding for ABC transporters, proteins related to carbohydrate, nucleotide and protein metabolism, and membrane proteins essential for attachment. It is likely that these genes are essential not only in vitro but also for the survival of M. bovis in infected animals. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma bovis causes chronic bronchopneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, and reproductive tract disease in cattle around the globe and is an emerging pathogen in bison. Control of mycoplasma infections is difficult in the absence of appropriate antimicrobial treatment or effective vaccines. A comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen interactions and virulence factors is important to implement more effective control methods against M. bovis. Recent studies of other mycoplasmas with in vitro cell culture models have identified essential virulence genes of mycoplasmas. Our study has identified genes of M. bovis required for survival in association with host cells, which will pave the way to a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and the role of specific genes in the pathogenesis of disease caused by M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintha K Premachandre
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shukriti Sharma
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Center for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Liu W, Yu Y, Wang Y, Yang T, Kong Y, Xie X, Zhang J. Deciphering the genetic basis of resistome and virulome diversity among multidrug-resistant Mycoplasma hominis. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 72:101029. [PMID: 38071861 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis, a commensal bacterium that commonly inhabits the genital tract, leading to infections in both the genitourinary and extragenital regions. However, the antimicrobial resistance and pathogenic mechanisms of M. hominis isolated from extra-urogenital cystic abscess is largely unknown. This study reports the genomic epidemiological characteristics of a M. hominis isolate recovered from a pelvic abscess sample in China. Genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform. De novo assembly was performed and in silico analysis was accomplished by multiple bioinformatics tools. For phylogenomic analysis, publicly available M. hominis genomes were retrieved from NCBI GenBank database. Whole genome sequencing data showed that the genome size of M. hominis MH4246 was calculated as 679,746 bp, with 558 protein-coding sequences and a G + C content of 26.9%. M. hominis MH4246 is resistant to fluoroquinolones and macrolides, harboring mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) (GyrA S153L, ParC S91I and ParE V417I) and 23S rRNA gene (G280A, C1500T, T1548C and T2218C). Multiple virulence determinants, such as tuf, hlyA, vaa, oppA, MHO_0730 and alr genes, were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the closest relative of M. hominis MH4246 was the strain MH-1 recovered from China, which differed by 3490 SNPs. Overall, this study contributes to the comprehension of genomic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yawen Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyou Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Si D, Sun J, Guo L, Yang F, Li J, He S. Mycoplasma synoviae lipid-associated membrane proteins identification and expression changes when exposed to chicken cells. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1249499. [PMID: 38026678 PMCID: PMC10652285 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1249499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae is a significant cause of respiratory disease and synovitis among chickens, and has an adverse economic impact on broiler breeding efforts. The present study was designed to develop a systematic understanding of the role that M. synoviae lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) may play in the virulence of this pathogen. Bioinformatics tools were used to identify 146 predicted membrane proteins and lipoproteins in the M. synoviae proteome. Then, Triton X-114 was used to extract LAMPs that were subsequently identified via LC-MS/MS. This approach enabled the detection of potential LAMPs, and the top 200 most abundant proteins detected using this strategy were subject to further analysis. M. synoviae cells (100 MOI) were exposed to chicken fibroblasts (DF-1) and macrophages (HD-11) in a 1:1 mixed culture. Analysis of LAMP transcripts identified 72 up-regulated LAMP genes which were analyzed in depth by bioinformatics. GO analysis revealed these genes to be enriched in the nucleotide binding, sulfur amino acid transmembrane transporter activity, tRNA binding, rRNA modification, and transition metal ion transport pathways. Moreover, KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that these genes were enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carbon metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and nitrogen metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jialin Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Ningxia Xiaoming Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Yinchuan, China
| | - Fei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jidong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shenghu He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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4
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Lesiak-Markowicz I, Walochnik J, Stary A, Fürnkranz U. Detection of Putative Virulence Genes alr, goiB, and goiC in Mycoplasma hominis Isolates from Austrian Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7993. [PMID: 37175701 PMCID: PMC10178246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mycoplasma hominis, two genes (alr and goiB) have been found to be associated with the invasion of the amniotic cavity, and a single gene (goiC) to be associated with intra-amniotic infections and a high risk of preterm birth. The syntopic presence of Ureaplasma spp. in the same patient has been shown to correlate with the absence of goiC in M. hominis. The aim of our study was to investigate the presence of alr, goiB, and goiC genes in two groups of M. hominis isolates collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic male and non-pregnant female patients attending an Outpatients Centre. Group A consisted of 26 isolates from patients with only M. hominis confirmed; group B consisted of 24 isolates from patients with Ureaplasma spp. as the only co-infection. We extracted DNA from all M. hominis isolates and analysed the samples for the presence of alr, goiB, and goiC in a qPCR assay. Additionally, we determined their cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. We confirmed the presence of the alr gene in 85% of group A isolates and in 100% of group B isolates; goiB was detected in 46% of the samples in both groups, whereas goiC was found in 73% of group A and 79% of group B isolates, respectively. It was shown that co-colonisation with Ureaplasma spp. in the same patient had no effect on the presence of goiC in the respective M. hominis isolate. We did not observe any cytotoxic effect of the investigated isolates on human cells, regardless of the presence or absence of the investigated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Lesiak-Markowicz
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Stary
- Outpatients Centre for the Diagnosis of Venero-Dermatological Diseases, Pilzambulatotrium Schlösselgasse, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Fürnkranz
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Outpatients Centre for the Diagnosis of Venero-Dermatological Diseases, Pilzambulatotrium Schlösselgasse, 1080 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Fisunov GY, Pobeguts OV, Ladygina VG, Zubov AI, Galyamina MA, Kovalchuk SI, Ziganshin RK, Evsyutina DV, Matyushkina DS, Butenko IO, Bukato ON, Veselovsky VA, Semashko TA, Klimina KM, Levina GA, Barhatova OI, Rakovskaya IV. Thymidine utilisation pathway is a novel phenotypic switch of Mycoplasma hominis. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35037614 PMCID: PMC8895549 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Mycoplasma hominis is a bacterium belonging to the class Mollicutes. It causes acute and chronic infections of the urogenital tract. The main features of this bacterium are an absence of cell wall and a reduced genome size (517-622 protein-encoding genes). Previously, we have isolated morphologically unknown M. hominis colonies called micro-colonies (MCs) from the serum of patients with inflammatory urogenital tract infection.Hypothesis. MCs are functionally different from the typical colonies (TCs) in terms of metabolism and cell division.Aim. To determine the physiological differences between MCs and TCs of M. hominis and elucidate the pathways of formation and growth of MCs by a comparative proteomic analysis of these two morphological forms.Methodology. LC-MS proteomic analysis of TCs and MCs using an Ultimate 3000 RSLC nanoHPLC system connected to a QExactive Plus mass spectrometer.Results. The study of the proteomic profiles of M. hominis colonies allowed us to reconstruct their energy metabolism pathways. In addition to the already known pentose phosphate and arginine deamination pathways, M. hominis can utilise ribose phosphate and deoxyribose phosphate formed by nucleoside catabolism as energy sources. Comparative proteomic HPLC-MS analysis revealed that the proteomic profiles of TCs and MCs were different. We assume that MC cells preferably utilised deoxyribonucleosides, particularly thymidine, as an energy source rather than arginine or ribonucleosides. Utilisation of deoxyribonucleosides is less efficient as compared with that of ribonucleosides and arginine in terms of energy production. Thymidine phosphorylase DeoA is one of the key enzymes of deoxyribonucleosides utilisation. We obtained a DeoA overexpressing mutant that exhibited a phenotype similar to that of MCs, which confirmed our hypothesis.Conclusion. In addition to the two known pathways for energy production (arginine deamination and the pentose phosphate pathway) M. hominis can use deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides. MC cells demonstrate a reorganisation of energy metabolism: unlike TC cells, they preferably utilise deoxyribonucleosides, particularly thymidine, as an energy source rather than arginine or ribonucleosides. Thus MC cells enter a state of energy starvation, which helps them to survive under stress, and in particular, to be resistant to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Yu Fisunov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Pobeguts
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina G Ladygina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr I Zubov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya A Galyamina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Kovalchuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam K Ziganshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria V Evsyutina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria S Matyushkina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan O Butenko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga N Bukato
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Veselovsky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Semashko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia M Klimina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biotechnology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A Levina
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Barhatova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Rakovskaya
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Yiwen C, Yueyue W, Lianmei Q, Cuiming Z, Xiaoxing Y. Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors. Virulence 2021; 12:788-817. [PMID: 33704021 PMCID: PMC7954426 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1889813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yiwen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Wu Yueyue
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Lianmei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhu Cuiming
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - You Xiaoxing
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
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7
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Santos Junior MN, de Macêdo Neres NS, Campos GB, Bastos BL, Timenetsky J, Marques LM. A Review of Ureaplasma diversum: A Representative of the Mollicute Class Associated With Reproductive and Respiratory Disorders in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:572171. [PMID: 33681318 PMCID: PMC7930009 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.572171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mollicutes class encompasses wall-less microbes with a reduced genome. They may infect plants, insects, humans, and animals including those on farms and in livestock. Ureaplasma diversum is a mollicute associated with decreased reproduction mainly in the conception rate in cattle, as well as weight loss and decreased quality in milk production. Therefore, U. diversum infection contributes to important economic losses, mainly in large cattle-producing countries such as the United States, China, Brazil, and India. The characteristics of Mollicutes, virulence, and pathogenic variations make it difficult to control their infections. Genomic analysis, prevalence studies, and immunomodulation assays help better understand the pathogenesis of bovine ureaplasma. Here we present the main features of transmission, virulence, immune response, and pathogenesis of U. diversum in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Neres Santos Junior
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Nayara Silva de Macêdo Neres
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lopes Bastos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhao G, Zhu X, Zhang H, Chen Y, Schieck E, Hu C, Chen H, Guo A. Novel Secreted Protein of Mycoplasma bovis MbovP280 Induces Macrophage Apoptosis Through CRYAB. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619362. [PMID: 33659004 PMCID: PMC7917047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes important diseases and great losses on feedlots and dairy farms. However, there are only a few measures to control M. bovis-related diseases. As in other mycoplasma species, this is predominantly because the virulence related factors of this pathogen are largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify novel virulence-related factors among the secreted proteins of M. bovis. Using bioinformatic tools to analyze its secreted proteins, we preliminarily predicted 39 secreted lipoproteins, and then selected 11 of them for confirmation based on SignalP scores >0.6 or SceP scores >0.8 and conserved domains. These 11 genes were cloned after gene modification based on the codon bias of Escherichia coli and expressed. Mouse antiserum to each recombinant protein was developed. A western blotting assay with these antisera confirmed that MbovP280 and MbovP475 are strongly expressed and secreted proteins, but only MbovP280 significantly reduced the viability of bovine macrophages (BoMac). In further experiments, MbovP280 induced the apoptosis of BoMac treated with both live M. bovis and MbovP280 protein. The conserved coiled-coil domain of MbovP280 at amino acids 210–269 is essential for its induction of apoptosis. Further, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and coimmunoprecipitation assays identified the anti-apoptosis regulator αB-crystallin (CRYAB) as an MbovP280-binding ligand. An αβ-crystallin knockout cell line BoMac-cryab−, Mbov0280-knockout M. bovis strain T9.297, and its complemented M. bovis strain CT9.297 were constructed and the apoptosis of BoMac-cryab− induced by these strains was compared. The results confirmed that CRYAB is critical for MbovP280 function as an apoptosis inducer in BoMac. In conclusion, in this study, we identified MbovP280 as a novel secreted protein of M. bovis that induces the apoptosis of BoMac via its coiled-coil domain and cellular ligand CRYAB. These findings extend our understanding of the virulence mechanism of mycoplasmal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Elise Schieck
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Ahmed J, Rawre J, Dhawan N, Khanna N, Dhawan B. Mycoplasma hominis: An under recognized pathogen. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 39:88-97. [PMID: 33610259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis, a commensal of the genital tract, is a potential underestimated pathogen causing both genitourinary and extragenital infections including neonatal infections. Septic arthritis, prosthetic joint infection, central nervous system (CNS) infections, infective endocarditis and abscess formation are common extragenital infections associated mainly with immunocompromised patients. Mycoplasma hominis lipoproteins play an important role in pathogenicity and directly interact with the host immune system. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the mainstay of diagnosis. Increasing resistance to tetracyclines and quinolones which are used for treatment, is a matter of global concern. We reviewed PubMed literature and Google search engine on the recent developments of association of Mycoplasma hominis with various diseases, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaweed Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Rawre
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Dhawan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Benu Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
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10
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Roachford O, Nelson KE, Mohapatra BR. Virulence and molecular adaptation of human urogenital mycoplasmas: a review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1607556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Orville Roachford
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | | | - Bidyut Ranjan Mohapatra
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
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11
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Gaurivaud P, Ganter S, Villard A, Manso-Silvan L, Chevret D, Boulé C, Monnet V, Tardy F. Mycoplasmas are no exception to extracellular vesicles release: Revisiting old concepts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208160. [PMID: 30485365 PMCID: PMC6261642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Release of extracellular vesicles (EV) by Gram-negative and positive bacteria is being frequently reported. EV are nano-sized, membrane-derived, non-self-replicating, spherical structures shed into the extracellular environment that could play a role in bacteria-host interactions. Evidence of EV production in bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes, which are wall-less, is mainly restricted to the genus Acholeplasma and is scanty for the Mycoplasma genus that comprises major human and animal pathogens. Here EV release by six Mycoplasma (sub)species of clinical importance was investigated. EV were obtained under nutritional stress conditions, purified by ultracentrifugation and observed by electron microscopy. The membrane proteins of EV from three different species were further identified by mass spectrometry as a preliminary approach to determining their potential role in host-pathogen interactions. EV were shown to be released by all six (sub)species although their quantities and sizes (30-220 nm) were very variable. EV purification was complicated by the minute size of viable mycoplasmal cells. The proteins of EV-membranes from three (sub)species included major components of host-pathogen interactions, suggesting that EV could contribute to make the host-pathogen interplay more complex. The process behind EV release has yet to be deciphered, although several observations demonstrated their active release from the plasma membrane of living cells. This work shed new light on old concepts of "elementary bodies" and "not-cell bound antigens".
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Gaurivaud
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-L’étoile, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Ganter
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-L’étoile, France
| | - Alexandre Villard
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-L’étoile, France
| | - Lucia Manso-Silvan
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Chevret
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christelle Boulé
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Technologique des Microstructures, Service « Etudes à façon » EZUS Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Véronique Monnet
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy-L’étoile, France
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12
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P27 (MBOV_RS03440) is a novel fibronectin binding adhesin of Mycoplasma bovis. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:848-857. [PMID: 30076003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis, one of the major pathogens of bovine respiratory disease, binds to respiratory epithelial cells resulting in severe pneumonia and tissue damage. This study was designed to identify the adhesive function of a putative 27-kDa M. bovis lipoprotein, encoded by the gene MBOV_RS03440 and designated as P27. The gene was cloned and overexpressed to produce antibodies against the recombinant P27 (rP27). The western blot and flow cytometry assay confirmed P27 to be a surface-localized protein, while ELISA confirmed it to be an immunogenic protein. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that rP27 bound to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cell monolayers in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, anti-rP27 antiserum inhibited the attachment of M. bovis to EBL cells demonstrating the binding specificity of P27 to EBL cells. The attachment of rP27 to EBL cells was mediated by fibronectin (Fn), an extracellular matrix component. The interaction between rP27 and Fn was qualitatively and quantitatively monitored by ligand immunoblot assay, ELISA, and biolayer interferometry. Collectively, these results indicate that P27 is a novel Fn-binding, immunogenic adhesive protein of M. bovis, thereby contributing to the further understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of M. bovis.
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13
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Santos-Junior MN, Rezende IS, Souza CLS, Barbosa MS, Campos GB, Brito LF, Queiroz ÉC, Barbosa EN, Teixeira MM, Da Silva LO, Silva LSC, Nascimento FS, Da Silva TL, Martens AA, Siqueira AFP, Assumpção MEOD, Machado-Santelli GM, Bastos BL, Guimarães AMS, Timenetsky J, Marques LM. Ureaplasma diversum and Its Membrane-Associated Lipoproteins Activate Inflammatory Genes Through the NF-κB Pathway via Toll-Like Receptor 4. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1538. [PMID: 30050519 PMCID: PMC6052353 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives:Ureaplasma diversum is a pathogen of cows that may cause intense inflammatory responses in the reproductive tract and interfere with bovine reproduction. The aims of this study were to evaluate the immune response of bovine blastocysts and macrophages to U. diversum infection and to evaluate the invasion capacity of this microorganism in bovine blastocysts. Methods: Viable and heat-inactivated U. diversum strains ATCC 49782 and CI-GOTA and their extracted membrane lipoproteins were inoculated in macrophages in the presence or absence of signaling blockers of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4, TLR2/4, and Nuclear Factor KB (NF-κB). In addition, the same viable U. diversum strains were used to infect bovine blastocysts. RNA was extracted from infected and lipoprotein-exposed macrophages and infected blastocysts and assayed by qPCR to evaluate the expression of Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), TLR2 and TLR4 genes. U. diversum internalization in blastocysts was followed by confocal microscopy. Results: Both Ureaplasma strains and different concentrations of extracted lipoproteins induced a higher gene expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR2, and TLR4 in macrophages (p < 0.05) when compared to non-infected cells. The used blockers inhibited the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in all treatments. Moreover, U. diversum was able to internalize within blastocysts and induce a higher gene expression of IL-1b and TNF- α when compared to non-infected blastocysts (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The obtained results strongly suggest that U. diversum and its lipoproteins interact with TLR4 in a signaling pathway acting via NF-kB signaling to stimulate the inflammatory response. This is the first study to evaluate the in vitro immunological response of macrophages and bovine blastocysts against U. diversum. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the immunomodulatory activity and pathogenicity of this infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel N Santos-Junior
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Izadora S Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L S Souza
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Maysa S Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Campos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís F Brito
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Éllunny C Queiroz
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Elaine N Barbosa
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Teixeira
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Letícia O Da Silva
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Lucas S C Silva
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Nascimento
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Tassyo L Da Silva
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Adam A Martens
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano F P Siqueira
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayra E O D'Avila Assumpção
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucia M Machado-Santelli
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Bastos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Ana M S Guimarães
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Pereyre S, Bénard C, Brès C, Le Roy C, Mauxion JP, Rideau F, Sirand-Pugnet P, Henrich B, Bébéar C. Generation of Mycoplasma hominis gene-targeted mutants by targeting-induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING). BMC Genomics 2018; 19:525. [PMID: 29986648 PMCID: PMC6038183 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hominis is a human urogenital pathogen involved in gynaecological, neonatal and extra-genital infections. However, no versatile genetic tools are currently available to study the pathogenicity of this bacterium. Targeting-Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) is a reverse-genetic method that combines point mutations induced by chemical mutagenesis with a DNA screening technique. We used ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) that introduces C-G to T-A transition mutations to generate a library of M. hominis mutants. As a proof of concept, mutagenized organisms were screened for mutations in two target genes previously associated with the mycoplasma pathogenicity, the vaa gene encoding an adhesin lipoprotein and the oppA gene encoding the main ectoATPase of the bacterium. The resulting mutants were evaluated using functional assays, an adhesion to HeLa cell assay for vaa-mutants and an ATPase activity test for oppA-mutants. RESULTS A 1200-clone library was generated by exposing M. hominis PG21 to 9 mg/mL EMS for 3 h. To identify mutants of interest, targeted gene fragments were amplified, heat-denatured, slowly reannealed and digested with the mismatch-specific endonuclease ENDO1. If multiple alleles were present in the PCR amplicons, these alleles formed heteroduplexes during reannealing that were specifically cleaved by ENDO1 at mismatching positions. A total of four vaa-mutants and two oppA-mutants harbouring missense mutations were obtained and fully sequenced. Zero to eight additional mutations were identified in the genomes of each mutant. The vaa-mutants were tested for adhesion to immobilized HeLa cells but their adhesion was not significantly different from the adhesion of M. hominis PG21. One of the two oppA-mutants that were tested for ATPase activity presented a higher affinity for its ATP substrate than the parental strain. CONCLUSION For the first time, we demonstrated that M. hominis gene-targeted mutants could be successfully obtained using this TILLING strategy. In the absence of robust genetic tools for studying M. hominis, the TILLING strategy that can target any gene of the genome could help to elucidate gene functions and to better understand the pathogenesis of this human pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pereyre
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, University of Bordeaux, Campus Bordeaux Carreire, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, INRA, Bordeaux, France
- Bacteriology department, French National Reference Center for bacterial STI, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - C. Bénard
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, University of Bordeaux, Campus Bordeaux Carreire, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, INRA, Bordeaux, France
- Bacteriology department, French National Reference Center for bacterial STI, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - C. Brès
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Genome-Transcriptome Facility, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - C. Le Roy
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, University of Bordeaux, Campus Bordeaux Carreire, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, INRA, Bordeaux, France
| | - J. P. Mauxion
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Genome-Transcriptome Facility, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - F. Rideau
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, University of Bordeaux, Campus Bordeaux Carreire, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, INRA, Bordeaux, France
| | - P. Sirand-Pugnet
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Genome-Transcriptome Facility, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - B. Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C. Bébéar
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, University of Bordeaux, Campus Bordeaux Carreire, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
- USC-EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, INRA, Bordeaux, France
- Bacteriology department, French National Reference Center for bacterial STI, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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15
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Roachford OSE, Nelson KE, Mohapatra BR. Comparative genomics of four Mycoplasma species of the human urogenital tract: Analysis of their core genomes and virulence genes. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:508-520. [PMID: 28927691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The variation in Mycoplasma lipoproteins attributed to genome rearrangements and genetic insertions leads to phenotypic plasticity that allows for the evasion of the host's defence system and pathogenesis. This paper compared for the first time the genomes of four human urogenital Mycoplasma species (M. penetrans HF-2, M. fermentans JER, M. genitalium G37 and M. hominis PG21) to categorise the metabolic functions of the core genes and to assess the effects of tandem repeats, phage-like genetic elements and prophages on the virulence genes. The results of this comparative in silico genomic analysis revealed that the genes constituting their core genomes can be separated into three distinct categories: nuclear metabolism, protein metabolism and energy generation each making up 52%, 31% and 23%, respectively. The genomes have repeat sequences ranging from 3.7% in M. hominis PG21 to 9.5% in M. fermentans JER. Tandem repeats (mostly minisatellites) and phage-like proteins (including DNA gyrases/topoisomerases) were randomly distributed in the Mycoplasma genomes. Here, we identified a coiled-coil structure containing protein in M. penetrans HF-2 which is significantly similar to the Mem protein of M. fermentans ɸMFV1. Therefore, a Mycoplasma prophage seems to be embedded within M. penetrans HF-2 unannotated genome. To the best of our knowledge, no Mycoplasma phages or prophages have been detected in M. penetrans. This study is important not only in understanding the complex genetic factors involved in phenotypic plasticity and virulence in the relatively understudied Mycoplasma species but also in elucidating the effective arrangement of their redundant minimal genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orville St E Roachford
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown BB 11000, Barbados.
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Bidyut R Mohapatra
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown BB 11000, Barbados
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16
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Khan FA, Rasheed MA, Faisal M, Menghwar H, Zubair M, Sadique U, Chen H, Guo A. Proteomics analysis and its role in elucidation of functionally significant proteins in Mycoplasma bovis. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:50-59. [PMID: 28826762 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an emerging devastating cause of pneumonia in dairy and feedlot calves around the world, largely due to its increasing resistance to new generation effective antibiotics and lack of efficient vaccine. Failure of protective measures against M. bovis is mainly due to nonspecific targets. Most of the virulent factors of M. bovis and their underlying mechanisms are obscure to devise an effective control strategy. Full genome sequences of M. bovis strains basically provided a useful platform for the accurate identification of novel proteins and understanding their biological value using proteomics tools. Most of the previously documented proteins of M. bovis are involved in adhesion to host cells and are antigenic in nature. However, host immune response to some antigens proved to be non-protective. For the diagnosis of M. bovis infection, a serological assay based on whole cell proteins of M. bovis is commercially available but the specificity is likely to be improved by identifying and targeting the specific proteins. Many of the predicted proteins of M. bovis remain hypothetical, as their functions are yet to be confirmed experimentally. This review mainly focuses on the proteomics analysis of M. bovis and its role in identification of the virulence related factors and antigenic proteins of M. bovis. Future research directions have also been highlighted in this script for the application of important antigenic factors of M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Anwar Khan
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Rasheed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Harish Menghwar
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Umar Sadique
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, 25100, Pakistan
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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17
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Henrich B, Kretzmer F, Deenen R, Köhrer K. Validation of a novel Mho microarray for a comprehensive characterisation of the Mycoplasma hominis action in HeLa cell infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181383. [PMID: 28753664 PMCID: PMC5533444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis is the second smallest facultative pathogen of the human urogenital tract. With less than 600 protein-encoding genes, it represents an ideal model organism for the study of host-pathogen interactions. For a comprehensive characterisation of the M. hominis action in infection a customized Mho microarray, which was based on two genome sequences (PG21 and LBD-4), was designed to analyze the dynamics of the mycoplasma transcriptome during infection and validated for M. hominis strain FBG. RNA preparation was evaluated and adapted to ensure the highest recovery of mycoplasmal mRNAs from in vitro HeLa cell infection assays. Following cRNA hybridization, the read-out strategy of the hybridization results was optimized and confirmed by RT-PCR. A statistically robust infection assay with M. hominis strain FBG enabled the identification of differentially regulated key effector molecules such as critical cytoadhesins (4 h post infection (pI)), invasins (48 h pI) and proteins associated with establishing chronic infection of the host (336 h pI). Of the 294 differentially regulated genes (>2-fold) 128 (43.5%) encoded hypothetical proteins, including lipoproteins that seem to play a central role as virulence factors at each stage of infection: P75 as a novel cytoadhesin candidate, which is also differentially upregulated in chronic infection; the MHO_2100 protein, a postulated invasin and the MHO_730-protein, a novel ecto-nuclease and domain of an ABC transporter, the function of which in chronic infection has still to be elucidated. Implementation of the M. hominis microarray strategy led to a comprehensive identification of to date unknown candidates for virulence factors at relevant stages of host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Freya Kretzmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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18
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Hegde S, Zimmermann M, Flöck M, Brunthaler R, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Genetic loci of Mycoplasma agalactiae involved in systemic spreading during experimental intramammary infection of sheep. Vet Res 2016; 47:106. [PMID: 27765069 PMCID: PMC5073455 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are amongst the most successful pathogens of both humans and animals yet the molecular basis of mycoplasma pathogenesis is poorly understood. This is partly due to the lack of classical virulence factors and little similarity to common bacterial pathogenic determinants. Using Mycoplasma agalactiae as a model we initiated research in this direction by screening a transposon mutant library in the natural sheep host using a negative selection method. Having successfully identified putative factors involved in the colonization of local infection and lymphogenic sites, the current study assessed mutants unable to spread systemically in sheep after experimental intramammary infection. Analysis of distant body sites for complete absence of mutants via SSM PCR revealed that additional set of genes, such as pdhB, oppC, oppB, gtsB, MAG1890, MAG5520 and MAG3650 are required for systemic spreading apart from those that were necessary for initial colonization. Additional in vitro studies with the mutants absent at these systemic sites confirmed the potential role of some of the respective gene products concerning their interaction with host cells. Mutants of pdhB, oppC and MAG4460 exhibited significantly slower growth in the presence of HeLa cells in MEM medium. This first attempt to identify genes exclusively required for systemic spreading provides a basis for further in-depth research to understand the exact mechanism of chronicity and persistence of M. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Hegde
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Flöck
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Bumgardner EA, Kittichotirat W, Bumgarner RE, Lawrence PK. Comparative genomic analysis of seven Mycoplasma hyosynoviae strains. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:343-359. [PMID: 25693846 PMCID: PMC4398514 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycoplasma hyosynoviae can result in debilitating arthritis in pigs, particularly those aged 10 weeks or older. Strategies for controlling this pathogen are becoming increasingly important due to the rise in the number of cases of arthritis that have been attributed to infection in recent years. In order to begin to develop interventions to prevent arthritis caused by M. hyosynoviae, more information regarding the specific proteins and potential virulence factors that its genome encodes was needed. However, the genome of this emerging swine pathogen had not been sequenced previously. In this report, we present a comparative analysis of the genomes of seven strains of M. hyosynoviae isolated from different locations in North America during the years 2010 to 2013. We identified several putative virulence factors that may contribute to the ability of this pathogen to adhere to host cells. Additionally, we discovered several prophage genes present within the genomes of three strains that show significant similarity to MAV1, a phage isolated from the related species, M. arthritidis. We also identified CRISPR-Cas and type III restriction and modification systems present in two strains that may contribute to their ability to defend against phage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weerayuth Kittichotirat
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant, Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roger E Bumgarner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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20
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Burnstock G, Di Virgilio F. Purinergic signalling and cancer. Purinergic Signal 2014; 9:491-540. [PMID: 23797685 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors for extracellular nucleotides are widely expressed by mammalian cells. They mediate a large array of responses ranging from growth stimulation to apoptosis, from chemotaxis to cell differentiation and from nociception to cytokine release, as well as neurotransmission. Pharma industry is involved in the development and clinical testing of drugs selectively targeting the different P1 nucleoside and P2 nucleotide receptor subtypes. As described in detail in the present review, P2 receptors are expressed by all tumours, in some cases to a very high level. Activation or inhibition of selected P2 receptor subtypes brings about cancer cell death or growth inhibition. The field has been largely neglected by current research in oncology, yet the evidence presented in this review, most of which is based on in vitro studies, although with a limited amount from in vivo experiments and human studies, warrants further efforts to explore the therapeutic potential of purinoceptor targeting in cancer.
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Zou X, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Xin J. Molecular cloning and characterization of a surface-localized adhesion protein in Mycoplasma bovis Hubei-1 strain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69644. [PMID: 23936063 PMCID: PMC3720590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an important pathogen that causes various bovine diseases, such as mastitis in cows and pneumonia in calves. The surface proteins are generally thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this organism. We screened the entire genome of M. bovis Hubei-1 and discovered a gene named vpmaX that encodes the 25 kDa variable surface lipoprotein A (VpmaX). Sequence analysis revealed that VpmaX contains several repetitive units and a typical bacterial lipoprotein signal sequence. The vpmaX gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli to obtain recombinant VpmaX (rVpmaX). Western blot analysis using a rabbit antibody against rVpmaX demonstrated that VpmaX is a membrane protein. Immunostaining visualized via confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that rVpmaX was able to adhere to embryonic bovine lung cells (EBL), and this was also confirmed by a sandwich ELISA. In summary, a surface-localized adhesion protein was identified in M. bovis Hubei-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zou
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yumei Zhou
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- National Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Reference Laboratory, Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Hopfe M, Deenen R, Degrandi D, Köhrer K, Henrich B. Host cell responses to persistent mycoplasmas--different stages in infection of HeLa cells with Mycoplasma hominis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54219. [PMID: 23326599 PMCID: PMC3543322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis is a facultative human pathogen primarily associated with bacterial vaginosis and pelvic inflammatory disease, but it is also able to spread to other sites, leading to arthritis or, in neonates, meningitis. With a minimal set of 537 annotated genes, M. hominis is the second smallest self-replicating mycoplasma and thus an ideal model organism for studying the effects of an infectious agent on its host more closely. M. hominis adherence, colonisation and invasion of HeLa cells were characterised in a time-course study using scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and microarray-based analysis of the HeLa cell transcriptome. At 4 h post infection, cytoadherence of M. hominis to the HeLa cell surface was accompanied by differential regulation of 723 host genes (>2 fold change in expression). Genes associated with immune responses and signal transduction pathways were mainly affected and components involved in cell-cycle regulation, growth and death were highly upregulated. At 48 h post infection, when mycoplasma invasion started, 1588 host genes were differentially expressed and expression of genes for lysosome-specific proteins associated with bacterial lysis was detected. In a chronically infected HeLa cell line (2 weeks), the proportion of intracellular mycoplasmas reached a maximum of 10% and M. hominis-filled protrusions of the host cell membrane were seen by confocal microscopy, suggesting exocytotic dissemination. Of the 1972 regulated host genes, components of the ECM-receptor interaction pathway and phagosome-related integrins were markedly increased. The immune response was quite different to that at the beginning of infection, with a prominent induction of IL1B gene expression, affecting pathways of MAPK signalling, and genes connected with cytokine-cytokine interactions and apoptosis. These data show for the first time the complex, time-dependent reaction of the host directed at mycoplasmal clearance and the counter measures of this pestering pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hopfe
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Proteomics characterization of cytoplasmic and lipid-associated membrane proteins of human pathogen Mycoplasma fermentans M64. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35304. [PMID: 22536369 PMCID: PMC3335035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma fermentans is a potent human pathogen which has been implicated in several diseases. Notably, its lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) play a role in immunomodulation and development of infection-associated inflammatory diseases. However, the systematic protein identification of pathogenic M. fermentans has not been reported. From our recent sequencing results of M. fermentans M64 isolated from human respiratory tract, its genome is around 1.1 Mb and encodes 1050 predicted protein-coding genes. In the present study, soluble proteome of M. fermentans was resolved and analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In addition, Triton X-114 extraction was carried out to enrich amphiphilic proteins including putative lipoproteins and membrane proteins. Subsequent mass spectrometric analyses of these proteins had identified a total of 181 M. fermentans ORFs. Further bioinformatics analysis of these ORFs encoding proteins with known or so far unknown orthologues among bacteria revealed that a total of 131 proteins are homologous to known proteins, 11 proteins are conserved hypothetical proteins, and the remaining 39 proteins are likely M. fermentans-specific proteins. Moreover, Triton X-114-enriched fraction was shown to activate NF-kB activity of raw264.7 macrophage and a total of 21 lipoproteins with predicted signal peptide were identified therefrom. Together, our work provides the first proteome reference map of M. fermentans as well as several putative virulence-associated proteins as diagnostic markers or vaccine candidates for further functional study of this human pathogen.
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Dusanic D, Bencina D, Oven I, Cizelj I, Bencina M, Narat M. Mycoplasma synoviae induces upregulation of apoptotic genes, secretion of nitric oxide and appearance of an apoptotic phenotype in infected chicken chondrocytes. Vet Res 2012; 43:7. [PMID: 22280251 PMCID: PMC3293721 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of chondrocytes in the development of infectious arthritis is not well understood. Several examples of mycoplasma-induced arthritis in animals indicate that chondrocytes come into direct contact with bacteria. The objective of this study was to analyze the interaction of an arthrogenic Mycoplasma synoviae strain WVU 1853 with chicken chondrocytes. We found that M. synoviae significantly reduces chondrocyte respiration. This was accompanied by alterations in chondrocyte morphology, namely cell shrinkage and cytoplasm condensation, as well as nuclear condensation and formation of plasma membrane invaginations containing nuclear material, which appeared to cleave off the cell surface. In concordance with these apoptosis-like events in chondrocytes, transcription was increased in several pro-apoptotic genes. Twenty-four hours after infection, strong upregulation was assayed in NOS2, Mapk11, CASP8 and Casp3 genes. Twenty-four and 72 h incubation of chondrocytes with M. synoviae induced upregulation of AIFM1, NFκB1, htrA3 and BCL2. Casp3 and NOS2 remained upregulated, but upregulation ceased for Mapk11 and CASP8 genes. Increased production of nitric oxide was also confirmed in cell supernates. The data suggests that chicken chondrocytes infected with M. synoviae die by apoptosis involving production of nitric oxide, caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial inactivation. The results of this study show for the first time that mycoplasmas could cause chondrocyte apoptosis. This could contribute to tissue destruction and influence the development of arthritic conditions. Hence, the study gives new insights into the role of mycoplasma infection on chondrocyte biology and development of infectious arthritis in chickens and potentially in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliborka Dusanic
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Dusan Bencina
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Irena Oven
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Ivanka Cizelj
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Bencina
- National Institute of Chemistry Slovenia, L12 Laboratory of Biotechnology, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Narat
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
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Chernov VM, Chernova OA, Baranova NB, Gorshkov OV, Medvedeva ES, Shaymardanova GF. Mycoplasma adaptation to stress conditions: Proteome shift in Mycoplasma hominis PG37 in response to starvation and low temperatures. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893311050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Séror C, Melki MT, Subra F, Raza SQ, Bras M, Saïdi H, Nardacci R, Voisin L, Paoletti A, Law F, Martins I, Amendola A, Abdul-Sater AA, Ciccosanti F, Delelis O, Niedergang F, Thierry S, Said-Sadier N, Lamaze C, Métivier D, Estaquier J, Fimia GM, Falasca L, Casetti R, Modjtahedi N, Kanellopoulos J, Mouscadet JF, Ojcius DM, Piacentini M, Gougeon ML, Kroemer G, Perfettini JL. Extracellular ATP acts on P2Y2 purinergic receptors to facilitate HIV-1 infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1823-34. [PMID: 21859844 PMCID: PMC3171090 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can activate purinergic receptors of the plasma membrane and modulate multiple cellular functions. We report that ATP is released from HIV-1 target cells through pannexin-1 channels upon interaction between the HIV-1 envelope protein and specific target cell receptors. Extracellular ATP then acts on purinergic receptors, including P2Y2, to activate proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) kinase and transient plasma membrane depolarization, which in turn stimulate fusion between Env-expressing membranes and membranes containing CD4 plus appropriate chemokine co-receptors. Inhibition of any of the constituents of this cascade (pannexin-1, ATP, P2Y2, and Pyk2) impairs the replication of HIV-1 mutant viruses that are resistant to conventional antiretroviral agents. Altogether, our results reveal a novel signaling pathway involved in the early steps of HIV-1 infection that may be targeted with new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Séror
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U848, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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Hopfe M, Dahlmanns T, Henrich B. In Mycoplasma hominis the OppA-mediated cytoadhesion depends on its ATPase activity. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:185. [PMID: 21854595 PMCID: PMC3179953 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Mycoplasma hominis, a facultative human pathogen of the human genital tract, OppA, the substrate-binding domain of the oligopeptide permease, is a multifunctional protein involved in nutrition uptake, cytoadhesion and hydrolysis of extracellular ATP. Results To map the function-related protein regions the ATPase activity and adhesive behavior of OppA mutants were analyzed. Mutations of the Walker BA motifs resulted in an inhibition of up to 8% of the OppA ATPase activity, whereas deletion of the N-terminal CS1 or the CS2 region, structural motifs that are conserved in bacterial OppA proteins, reduced ATPase activity to 60% and deletion of CS3, the third conserved region adjacent to the Walker B motif led to a reduction to 42% ATPase activity. Interestingly, adhesion of the OppA mutants to immobilized HeLa cells demonstrated that two distal regions are mainly involved in adherence of OppA: the CS1 region, deletion of which led to 35% of the cytoadhesion, and the Walker BA with the adjacent upstream region CS3, deletion of which led to 25% of the cytoadhesion. The influence of the ATPase activity on the adherence of M. hominis to HeLa cells was confirmed by the use of ATPase inhibitors which reduced mycoplasmal cytoadhesion to 50%. Conclusions These findings suggest that the OppA-mediated cytoadherence of Mycoplasma hominis depends on both, the topology of the neighbouring CS1 and ATPase domain regions and the functionality of the ecto-ATPase activity in addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hopfe
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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28
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Browning GF, Marenda MS, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF. The central role of lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of mycoplasmoses. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:44-50. [PMID: 21684094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are a diverse group of pathogens responsible for disease in a wide range of animal species. In recent years there have been considerable advances in knowledge of the proteins and structures involved in adherence in some mycoplasmas, but understanding of the biochemical functions and roles in virulence of another central feature of mycoplasmas, their lipoproteins, continues to develop. The aim of this review is to examine current knowledge of the roles of lipoproteins in the pathogenicity and the evolution of virulence in those mycoplasmas causing disease in domestic animals. Those lipoproteins that have been characterised have roles in adherence, in transport of nutrients into the mycoplasma cell, and in enzymatic interactions with the host. Furthermore they appear to play a prominent role in both inducing the host immune response to infection and in facilitating evasion of this response, particularly through the generation of dramatic levels of antigenic variation on the cell surface. Recent genomic comparisons of several pathogenic mycoplasmas have identified a further level of interaction between lipoproteins and pathogenicity. In several pathogens large scale horizontal gene transfer between distantly related mycoplasma species has resulted in the acquisition of a large number of genes, including those encoding lipoproteins thought to play a role in virulence, by one mycoplasma from another inhabiting the same host species. The interactions between these horizontally transferred genes, their new mycoplasma host and the animal that it infects may be an important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of some mycoplasmoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Cacciotto C, Addis MF, Pagnozzi D, Chessa B, Coradduzza E, Carcangiu L, Uzzau S, Alberti A, Pittau M. The liposoluble proteome of Mycoplasma agalactiae: an insight into the minimal protein complement of a bacterial membrane. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:225. [PMID: 20738845 PMCID: PMC2941501 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasmas are the simplest bacteria capable of autonomous replication. Their evolution proceeded from gram-positive bacteria, with the loss of many biosynthetic pathways and of the cell wall. In this work, the liposoluble protein complement of Mycoplasma agalactiae, a minimal bacterial pathogen causing mastitis, polyarthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, and abortion in small ruminants, was subjected to systematic characterization in order to gain insights into its membrane proteome composition. RESULTS The selective enrichment for M. agalactiae PG2T liposoluble proteins was accomplished by means of Triton X-114 fractionation. Liposoluble proteins were subjected to 2-D PAGE-MS, leading to the identification of 40 unique proteins and to the generation of a reference 2D map of the M. agalactiae liposoluble proteome. Liposoluble proteins from the type strain PG2 and two field isolates were then compared by means of 2D DIGE, revealing reproducible differences in protein expression among isolates. An in-depth analysis was then performed by GeLC-MS/MS in order to achieve a higher coverage of the liposoluble proteome. Using this approach, a total of 194 unique proteins were identified, corresponding to 26% of all M. agalactiae PG2T genes. A gene ontology analysis and classification for localization and function was also carried out on all protein identifications. Interestingly, the 11.5% of expressed membrane proteins derived from putative horizontal gene transfer events. CONCLUSIONS This study led to the in-depth systematic characterization of the M. agalactiae liposoluble protein component, providing useful insights into its membrane organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero (SS), Italy
| | | | - Bernardo Chessa
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Carcangiu
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero (SS), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Pittau
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Clinica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Corriden R, Insel PA. Basal release of ATP: an autocrine-paracrine mechanism for cell regulation. Sci Signal 2010; 3:re1. [PMID: 20068232 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.3104re1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cells release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which activates plasma membrane-localized P2X and P2Y receptors and thereby modulates cellular function in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Release of ATP and the subsequent activation of P2 receptors help establish the basal level of activation (sometimes termed "the set point") for signal transduction pathways and regulate a wide array of responses that include tissue blood flow, ion transport, cell volume regulation, neuronal signaling, and host-pathogen interactions. Basal release and autocrine or paracrine responses to ATP are multifunctional, evolutionarily conserved, and provide an economical means for the modulation of cell, tissue, and organismal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corriden
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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31
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Characterization of a highly immunogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae lipoprotein Mhp366 identified by peptide-spot array. Vet Microbiol 2009; 142:293-302. [PMID: 19913364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzootic pneumonia (EP) in pigs caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a highly prevalent, chronic respiratory disease, which causes considerable economic losses in the swine industry. Most herds are vaccinated, but classical bacterin vaccines do not prevent colonization and it is not possible to detect flourishing M. hyopneumoniae infections in vaccinated herds since commonly used commercial ELISAs cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. To solve this problem, new immunogenic proteins, up-regulated or solely expressed during infection, need to be identified. For this purpose a peptide-spot array was constructed which presents 105 potential linear B-cell epitopes identified by in silico analysis in 35 putative lipoproteins encoded on the genome of M. hyopneumoniae type strain 232. Subjecting this array to immunoblotting using porcine convalescent serum revealed a single strongly immunoreactive epitope on the Mhp366 protein which did not react with serum from bacterin-immunized pigs. In addition, it was not possible to detect Mhp366 in total cell lysates of in vitro grown M. hyopneumoniae strains, using a polyclonal rabbit serum raised against a recombinant GST-Mhp366 fusion protein. To investigate the possibility of using an Mhp366-based ELISA in the field for differentiating vaccinated herds with and without a flourishing infection it was shown that (i) homologues of the corresponding mhp366 gene were present in all 17 M. hyopneumoniae strains and porcine lung samples tested from different geographic origins and (ii) an ELISA based on epitope-specific synthetic peptides as solid phase antigen allowed a classification of field samples. Therefore, Mhp366 might be the first antigen identified which facilitates the detection of flourishing M. hyopneumoniae infections even in vaccinated herds.
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Pereyre S, Sirand-Pugnet P, Beven L, Charron A, Renaudin H, Barré A, Avenaud P, Jacob D, Couloux A, Barbe V, de Daruvar A, Blanchard A, Bébéar C. Life on arginine for Mycoplasma hominis: clues from its minimal genome and comparison with other human urogenital mycoplasmas. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000677. [PMID: 19816563 PMCID: PMC2751442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis is an opportunistic human mycoplasma. Two other pathogenic human species, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma parvum, reside within the same natural niche as M. hominis: the urogenital tract. These three species have overlapping, but distinct, pathogenic roles. They have minimal genomes and, thus, reduced metabolic capabilities characterized by distinct energy-generating pathways. Analysis of the M. hominis PG21 genome sequence revealed that it is the second smallest genome among self-replicating free living organisms (665,445 bp, 537 coding sequences (CDSs)). Five clusters of genes were predicted to have undergone horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between M. hominis and the phylogenetically distant U. parvum species. We reconstructed M. hominis metabolic pathways from the predicted genes, with particular emphasis on energy-generating pathways. The Embden–Meyerhoff–Parnas pathway was incomplete, with a single enzyme absent. We identified the three proteins constituting the arginine dihydrolase pathway. This pathway was found essential to promote growth in vivo. The predicted presence of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase suggested that arginine catabolism is more complex than initially described. This enzyme may have been acquired by HGT from non-mollicute bacteria. Comparison of the three minimal mollicute genomes showed that 247 CDSs were common to all three genomes, whereas 220 CDSs were specific to M. hominis, 172 CDSs were specific to M. genitalium, and 280 CDSs were specific to U. parvum. Within these species-specific genes, two major sets of genes could be identified: one including genes involved in various energy-generating pathways, depending on the energy source used (glucose, urea, or arginine) and another involved in cytadherence and virulence. Therefore, a minimal mycoplasma cell, not including cytadherence and virulence-related genes, could be envisaged containing a core genome (247 genes), plus a set of genes required for providing energy. For M. hominis, this set would include 247+9 genes, resulting in a theoretical minimal genome of 256 genes. Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium, and Ureaplasma parvum are human pathogenic bacteria that colonize the urogenital tract. They have minimal genomes, and thus have a minimal metabolic capacity. However, they have distinct energy-generating pathways and distinct pathogenic roles. We compared the genomes of these three human pathogen minimal species, providing further insight into the composition of hypothetical minimal gene sets needed for life. To this end, we sequenced the whole M. hominis genome and reconstructed its energy-generating pathways from gene predictions. Its unusual major energy-producing pathway through arginine hydrolysis was confirmed in both genome analyses and in vivo assays. Our findings suggest that M. hominis and U. parvum underwent genetic exchange, probably while sharing a common host. We proposed a set of genes likely to represent a minimal genome. For M. hominis, this minimal genome, not including cytadherence and virulence-related genes, can be defined comprising the 247 genes shared by the three minimal genital mollicutes, combined with a set of nine genes needed for energy production for cell metabolism. This study provides insight for the synthesis of artificial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Pereyre
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie EA 3671, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascal Sirand-Pugnet
- INRA, UMR 1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laure Beven
- INRA, UMR 1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Alain Charron
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie EA 3671, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Renaudin
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie EA 3671, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Barré
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Avenaud
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie EA 3671, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniel Jacob
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Valérie Barbe
- Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, Evry, France
| | - Antoine de Daruvar
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS UMR 5800, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique, Talence, France
| | - Alain Blanchard
- INRA, UMR 1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Bébéar
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie EA 3671, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Possible effects of microbial ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases on host-pathogen interactions. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 72:765-81, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19052327 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00013-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, purinergic signaling plays an important role in the modulation of immune responses through specific receptors that recognize nucleoside tri- and diphosphates as signaling molecules. Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ecto-NTPDases) have important roles in the regulation of purinergic signaling by controlling levels of extracellular nucleotides. This process is key to pathophysiological protective responses such as hemostasis and inflammation. Ecto-NTPDases are found in all higher eukaryotes, and recently it has become apparent that a number of important parasitic pathogens of humans express surface-located NTPDases that have been linked to virulence. For those parasites that are purine auxotrophs, these enzymes may play an important role in purine scavenging, although they may also influence the host response to infection. Although ecto-NTPDases are rare in bacteria, expression of a secreted NTPDase in Legionella pneumophila was recently described. This ecto-enzyme enhances intracellular growth of the bacterium and potentially affects virulence. This discovery represents an important advance in the understanding of the contribution of other microbial NTPDases to host-pathogen interactions. Here we review other progress made to date in the characterization of ecto-NTPDases from microbial pathogens, how they differ from mammalian enzymes, and their association with organism viability and virulence. In addition, we postulate how ecto-NTPDases may contribute to the host-pathogen interaction by reviewing the effect of selected microbial pathogens on purinergic signaling. Finally, we raise the possibility of targeting ecto-NTPDases in the development of novel anti-infective agents based on potential structural and clear enzymatic differences from the mammalian ecto-NTPDases.
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