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Dithmer S, Blasig IE, Fraser PA, Qin Z, Haseloff RF. The Basic Requirement of Tight Junction Proteins in Blood-Brain Barrier Function and Their Role in Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5601. [PMID: 38891789 PMCID: PMC11172262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the role of tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Their expression is described, and their role in physiological and pathological processes at the BBB is discussed. Based on this, new approaches are depicted for paracellular drug delivery and diagnostics in the treatment of cerebral diseases. Recent data provide convincing evidence that, in addition to its impairment in the course of diseases, the BBB could be involved in the aetiology of CNS disorders. Further progress will be expected based on new insights in tight junction protein structure and in their involvement in signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (I.E.B.)
| | - Ingolf E. Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (I.E.B.)
| | | | - Zhihai Qin
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Reiner F. Haseloff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (I.E.B.)
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2
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Waldow A, Beier LS, Arndt J, Schallenberg S, Vollbrecht C, Bischoff P, Farrera-Sal M, Loch FN, Bojarski C, Schumann M, Winkler L, Kamphues C, Ehlen L, Piontek J. cCPE Fusion Proteins as Molecular Probes to Detect Claudins and Tight Junction Dysregulation in Gastrointestinal Cell Lines, Tissue Explants and Patient-Derived Organoids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1980. [PMID: 37514167 PMCID: PMC10385049 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins regulate paracellular permeability, contribute to epithelial polarization and are dysregulated during inflammation and carcinogenesis. Variants of the claudin-binding domain of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cCPE) are highly sensitive protein ligands for generic detection of a broad spectrum of claudins. Here, we investigated the preferential binding of YFP- or GST-cCPE fusion proteins to non-junctional claudin molecules. Plate reader assays, flow cytometry and microscopy were used to assess the binding of YFP- or GST-cCPE to non-junctional claudins in multiple in vitro and ex vivo models of human and rat gastrointestinal epithelia and to monitor formation of a tight junction barrier. Furthermore, YFP-cCPE was used to probe expression, polar localization and dysregulation of claudins in patient-derived organoids generated from gastric dysplasia and gastric cancer. Live-cell imaging and immunocytochemistry revealed cell polarity and presence of tight junctions in glandular organoids (originating from intestinal-type gastric cancer and gastric dysplasia) and, in contrast, a disrupted diffusion barrier for granular organoids (originating from discohesive tumor areas). In sum, we report the use of cCPE fusion proteins as molecular probes to specifically and efficiently detect claudin expression, localization and tight junction dysregulation in cell lines, tissue explants and patient-derived organoids of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayk Waldow
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura-Sophie Beier
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Janine Arndt
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Schallenberg
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Vollbrecht
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Bischoff
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martí Farrera-Sal
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian N Loch
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Winkler
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Kamphues
- Park-Klinik Weißensee, Department of General-Visceral and Minimally-Invasive Surgery, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Ehlen
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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El Andalousi J, Khairallah H, Zhuang Y, Ryan AK, Gupta IR. Role of Claudins in Renal Branching Morphogenesis. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14492. [PMID: 32975899 PMCID: PMC7518295 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a family of tight junction proteins that are expressed during mouse kidney development. They regulate paracellular transport of solutes along the nephron and contribute to the final composition of the urinary filtrate. To understand their roles during development, we used a protein reagent, a truncated version of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (C-CPE), to specifically remove a subset of claudin family members from mouse embryonic kidney explants at embryonic day 12. We observed that treatment with C-CPE decreased the number and the complexity of ureteric bud tips that formed: there were more single and less bifid ureteric bud tips when compared to control-treated explants. In addition, C-CPE-treated explants exhibited ureteric bud tips with larger lumens when compared to control explants (p < .05). Immunofluorescent analysis revealed decreased expression and localization of Claudin-3, -4, -6, and -8 to tight junctions of ureteric bud tips following treatment with C-CPE. Interestingly, Claudin-7 showed higher expression in the basolateral membrane of the ureteric bud lineage and poor localization to the tight junctions of the ureteric bud lineage both in controls and in C-CPE-treated explants. Taken together, it appears that claudin proteins may play a role in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis through changes in lumen formation that may affect the efficiency by which ureteric buds emerge and branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine El Andalousi
- Research Institute of McGill University Health CentreMontreal Children's HospitalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Halim Khairallah
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Aimee K. Ryan
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of PediatricsMontreal Children's HospitalMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Indra R. Gupta
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of PediatricsMontreal Children's HospitalMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
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Use of Modified Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Fragments for Claudin Targeting in Liver and Skin Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194774. [PMID: 31561440 PMCID: PMC6801472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins regulate paracellular permeability in different tissues. The claudin-binding domain of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cCPE) is a known modulator of a claudin subset. However, it does not efficiently bind to claudin-1 (Cldn1). Cldn1 is a pharmacological target since it is (i) an essential co-receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and (ii) a key element of the epidermal barrier limiting drug delivery. In this study, we investigated the potential of a Cldn1-binding cCPE mutant (i) to inhibit HCV entry into hepatocytes and (ii) to open the epidermal barrier. Inhibition of HCV infection by blocking of Cldn1 with cCPE variants was analyzed in the Huh7.5 hepatoma cell line. A model of reconstructed human epidermis was used to investigate modulation of the epidermal barrier by cCPE variants. In contrast to cCPEwt, the Cldn1-binding cCPE-S305P/S307R/S313H inhibited infection of Huh7.5 cells with HCV in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, TJ modulation by cCPE variant-mediated targeting of Cldn1 and Cldn4 opened the epidermal barrier in reconstructed human epidermis. cCPE variants are potent claudin modulators. They can be applied for mechanistic in vitro studies and might also be used as biologics for therapeutic claudin targeting including HCV treatment (host-targeting antivirals) and improvement of drug delivery.
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Baumholtz AI, Simard A, Nikolopoulou E, Oosenbrug M, Collins MM, Piontek A, Krause G, Piontek J, Greene NDE, Ryan AK. Claudins are essential for cell shape changes and convergent extension movements during neural tube closure. Dev Biol 2017; 428:25-38. [PMID: 28545845 PMCID: PMC5523803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During neural tube closure, regulated changes at the level of individual cells are translated into large-scale morphogenetic movements to facilitate conversion of the flat neural plate into a closed tube. Throughout this process, the integrity of the neural epithelium is maintained via cell interactions through intercellular junctions, including apical tight junctions. Members of the claudin family of tight junction proteins regulate paracellular permeability, apical-basal cell polarity and link the tight junction to the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we show that claudins are essential for neural tube closure: the simultaneous removal of Cldn3, −4 and −8 from tight junctions caused folate-resistant open neural tube defects. Their removal did not affect cell type differentiation, neural ectoderm patterning nor overall apical-basal polarity. However, apical accumulation of Vangl2, RhoA, and pMLC were reduced, and Par3 and Cdc42 were mislocalized at the apical cell surface. Our data showed that claudins act upstream of planar cell polarity and RhoA/ROCK signaling to regulate cell intercalation and actin-myosin contraction, which are required for convergent extension and apical constriction during neural tube closure, respectively. Simultaneous removal of Cldn3, −4 and −8 causes open neural tube defects. Folic acid cannot rescue open NTDs caused by depletion of Cldn3, −4 and −8. Removal of Cldn3, −4 and −8 prevents convergent extension. Apical constriction to form the median hinge point requires Cldn3, −4 and −8. Claudins localize polarity complex components to the apical surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda I Baumholtz
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Annie Simard
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Evanthia Nikolopoulou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - Marcus Oosenbrug
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Michelle M Collins
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Anna Piontek
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, FMP, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, FMP, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - Aimee K Ryan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Canada; The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Liu F, Koval M, Ranganathan S, Fanayan S, Hancock WS, Lundberg EK, Beavis RC, Lane L, Duek P, McQuade L, Kelleher NL, Baker MS. Systems Proteomics View of the Endogenous Human Claudin Protein Family. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:339-59. [PMID: 26680015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are the major transmembrane protein components of tight junctions in human endothelia and epithelia. Tissue-specific expression of claudin members suggests that this protein family is not only essential for sustaining the role of tight junctions in cell permeability control but also vital in organizing cell contact signaling by protein-protein interactions. How this protein family is collectively processed and regulated is key to understanding the role of junctional proteins in preserving cell identity and tissue integrity. The focus of this review is to first provide a brief overview of the functional context, on the basis of the extensive body of claudin biology research that has been thoroughly reviewed, for endogenous human claudin members and then ascertain existing and future proteomics techniques that may be applicable to systematically characterizing the chemical forms and interacting protein partners of this protein family in human. The ability to elucidate claudin-based signaling networks may provide new insight into cell development and differentiation programs that are crucial to tissue stability and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine , 205 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - William S Hancock
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Emma K Lundberg
- SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , SE-171 21 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald C Beavis
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba , 744 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Lydie Lane
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Duek
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University , 2145 North Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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Claudin-related intestinal diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:30-8. [PMID: 25999319 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With up to 200 m(2) the human intestine is the organ with the largest absorptive surface of the body. It is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that separates the host from the environment. The intestinal epithelium provides both, selective absorption of nutrients, ions, and water but also a highly effective barrier function which includes the first line of defense against environmental antigens. The paracellular part of this barrier function is provided by tight junction (TJ) proteins, especially the large family of claudins. Changes in abundance or molecular structure of claudins can generally result in three typical effects, (i) decreased absorptive passage, (ii) increased secretory passage of small solutes and water causing leak flux diarrhea and (iii) increased absorptive passage of macromolecules which may induce inflammatory processes. Several intestinal diseases are associated with such changes that can result in intestinal inflammation and symptoms like weight loss, abdominal pain or diarrhea. This review summarizes our current knowledge on barrier dysfunction and claudin dysregulation in several intestinal diseases gastroenterologists are often faced with, like inflammatory bowel disease, microscopic colitis, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gallstones and infectious diseases like HIV enteropathy, Campylobacter jejuni and Clostridium perfringens infection.
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Shim S, Lee JG, Bae CH, Lee SB, Jang WS, Lee SJ, Lee SS, Park S. Claudin-3 expression in radiation-exposed rat models: A potential marker for radiation-induced intestinal barrier failure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:351-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Luissint AC, Federici C, Guillonneau F, Chrétien F, Camoin L, Glacial F, Ganeshamoorthy K, Couraud PO. Guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gαi2: a new partner of claudin-5 that regulates tight junction integrity in human brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:860-73. [PMID: 22333621 PMCID: PMC3345908 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) selectively controls the exchanges between the blood and the brain: it is formed by tight junctions (TJs) between adjacent microvascular endothelial cells. The transmembrane protein claudin-5 is known as a key TJ protein at the BBB, although, the molecular mechanisms by which it regulates TJ tightness are poorly understood. To identify putative claudin-5 partners that contribute to TJ integrity, claudin-5-enriched membrane microdomains were prepared by cell fractionation, using the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 and claudin-5 immunoprecipitates were submitted to tandem mass spectrometry. Because a high concentration of mannitol is known to transiently destabilize TJs, this analysis was performed in basal conditions, after mannitol treatment, and after recovery of TJ integrity. We here demonstrate that the G-protein subunit αi2 (Gαi2) interacts with claudin-5 and that association is correlated with TJ integrity in hCMEC/D3 cells; also, a selective expression of Gαi2 is observed in human brain vasculature in situ. Moreover, small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of Gαi2 or claudin-5 in hCMEC/D3 cells similarly increases their paracellular permeability and delays TJ recovery after mannitol treatment. Altogether, our results identify Gαi2 as a novel claudin-5 partner required for TJ integrity in brain endothelial cells.
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Mitchell LA, Koval M. Specificity of interaction between clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and claudin-family tight junction proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1595-611. [PMID: 22069652 PMCID: PMC3153273 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a major cause of food poisoning, forms physical pores in the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. The ability of CPE to recognize the epithelium is due to the C-terminal binding domain, which binds to a specific motif on the second extracellular loop of tight junction proteins known as claudins. The interaction between claudins and CPE plays a key role in mediating CPE toxicity by facilitating pore formation and by promoting tight junction disassembly. Recently, the ability of CPE to distinguish between specific claudins has been used to develop tools for studying roles for claudins in epithelial barrier function. Moreover, the high affinity of CPE to selected claudins makes CPE a useful platform for targeted drug delivery to tumors expressing these claudins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Mitchell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, 205 Whitehead Bldg, 615 Michael St. Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, 205 Whitehead Bldg, 615 Michael St. Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-404-712-2976; Fax: +1-404-712-2974
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On the interaction of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with claudins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1336-56. [PMID: 22069641 PMCID: PMC3153257 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2061336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes one of the most common foodborne illnesses, which is largely mediated by the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE). The toxin consists of two functional domains. The N-terminal region mediates the cytotoxic effect through pore formation in the plasma membrane of the mammalian host cell. The C-terminal region (cCPE) binds to the second extracellular loop of a subset of claudins. Claudin-3 and claudin-4 have been shown to be receptors for CPE with very high affinity. The toxin binds with weak affinity to claudin-1 and -2 but contribution of these weak binding claudins to CPE-mediated disease is questionable. cCPE is not cytotoxic, however, it is a potent modulator of tight junctions. This review describes recent progress in the molecular characterization of the cCPE-claudin interaction using mutagenesis, in vitro binding assays and permeation studies. The results promote the development of recombinant cCPE-proteins and CPE-based peptidomimetics to modulate tight junctions for improved drug delivery or to treat tumors overexpressing claudins.
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12
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The Investigation of cis- and trans-Interactions Between Claudins. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(10)65005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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