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van Haaren MJH, Steller LB, Vastert SJ, Calis JJA, van Loosdregt J. Get Spliced: Uniting Alternative Splicing and Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8123. [PMID: 39125692 PMCID: PMC11311815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses demand the rapid and precise regulation of gene protein expression. Splicing is a crucial step in this process; ~95% of protein-coding gene transcripts are spliced during mRNA maturation. Alternative splicing allows for distinct functional regulation, as it can affect transcript degradation and can lead to alternative functional protein isoforms. There is increasing evidence that splicing can directly regulate immune responses. For several genes, immune cells display dramatic changes in isoform-level transcript expression patterns upon activation. Recent advances in long-read RNA sequencing assays have enabled an unbiased and complete description of transcript isoform expression patterns. With an increasing amount of cell types and conditions that have been analyzed with such assays, thousands of novel transcript isoforms have been identified. Alternative splicing has been associated with autoimmune diseases, including arthritis. Here, GWASs revealed that SNPs associated with arthritis are enriched in splice sites. In this review, we will discuss how alternative splicing is involved in immune responses and how the dysregulation of alternative splicing can contribute to arthritis pathogenesis. In addition, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating alternative splicing, which includes examples of spliceform-based biomarkers for disease severity or disease subtype, splicing manipulation using antisense oligonucleotides, and the targeting of specific immune-related spliceforms using antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice J. H. van Haaren
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Levina Bertina Steller
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan J. Vastert
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorg J. A. Calis
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorg van Loosdregt
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Bai B, Wang T, Zhang X, Ba X, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Wang X, Yu Y, Wang B. PTPN22 activates the PI3K pathway via 14-3-3τ in T cells. FEBS J 2023; 290:4562-4576. [PMID: 37255287 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 inhibits T cell activation by dephosphorylating some essential proteins in the T cell receptor-mediated signalling pathway, and its negative regulatory function protects organisms from autoimmune disease. 14-3-3τ is an adaptor protein that regulates target protein function through its intracellular localization. In the present study, we determined that PTPN22 binds to 14-3-3τ via the PTPN22-Ser640 phosphorylation side. PTPN22 binding to 14-3-3τ resulted in 14-3-3τ-Tyr179 dephosphorylation, and reduced the association between 14-3-3τ and Shc, which competitively increased 14-3-3ζ binding to Shc and activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) by bringing it to the membrane. In addition, PTPN22 decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation of p110 to activate PI3K. These two pathways cooperatively affect PI3K activity and the expression of PI3K downstream proteins, such as phosphorylated Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin and forkhead box O1, which inhibited the expression of some proinflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. Our research provides a preliminary theory for PTPN22 regulating T cell activation, development and immune response via the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway and brings new information for clarifying the functions of PTPN22 in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinlei Ba
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Lee KH, Gauckler P, Li H, Shin JI, Kronbichler A. The role of PTPN22 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021; 51:513-522. [PMID: 33866147 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing worldwide, thus stimulating studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Genetic association studies have shown the PTPN22 gene as a shared genetic risk factor with implications in multiple autoimmune disorders. By encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed by the majority of cells belonging to the innate and adaptive immune systems, the PTPN22 gene may have a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. PTPN22 polymorphisms are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and many other autoimmune conditions. In this review, we discuss the progress in our understanding of how PTPN22 impacts autoimmunity in both humans and animal models. In addition, we highlight the pathogenic significance of the PTPN22 gene, with particular emphasis on its role in T and B cells, and its function in innate immune cells, such as monocytes, dendritic and natural killer cells. We focus particularly on the complexity of PTPN22 interplay with biological processes of the immune system. Findings highlight the importance of studying the function of disease-associated PTPN22 variants in different cell types and open new avenues of investigation with the potential to drive further insights into mechanisms of PTPN22. These new insights will reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent autoimmune diseases and propose new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Salvatore Terrazzino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Philipp Gauckler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Han Li
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Bray C, Wright D, Haupt S, Thomas S, Stauss H, Zamoyska R. Crispr/Cas Mediated Deletion of PTPN22 in Jurkat T Cells Enhances TCR Signaling and Production of IL-2. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2595. [PMID: 30483260 PMCID: PMC6240618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism, C1858T, in the gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) results in one of the strongest genetic traits associated with autoimmune disease outside of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes. However, the consequences of this polymorphism, which introduces an arginine to tryptophan substitution at amino acid 620, for the function of PTPN22 protein is unclear and conflicting results have been obtained in human compared to mouse cells expressing this variant phosphatase. In mouse the variant appears to be a loss-of-function allele resembling a milder form of the null allele, while studies in human cells have reported it to be a gain-of-function mutation. To address whether the phosphatase has distinct functions in mouse vs. human T cells, we used CRISPR gene-editing to generate the first example of human PTPN22-KnockOut (KO) T cells. By comparing isogenic human T cells which express or lack PTPN22, we showed that PTPN22 KO T cells displayed enhanced expression of IL-2 and CD69 upon stimulation with cognate antigen. PTPN22 KO cells also showed increased Erk phosphorylation upon stimulation with weak antigen, but the difference was diminished in response to strong antigen, indicating that PTPN22 plays a more critical role in regulating weak-antigen responses. These data are in keeping with a role for PTPN22 in determining the threshold of stimulation required to activate T cells, a critical function of autoimmune pathogenesis. Our data indicate that PTPN22 has comparable functions in mouse and human T cells, and that the conflicting results in the literature regarding the impact of the point mutation are not due to differences in the activity of PTPN22 itself, but may be related to interactions with other proteins or splice variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Bray
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Haupt
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sharyn Thomas
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Prezioso G, Comegna L, Di Giulio C, Franchini S, Chiarelli F, Blasetti A. C1858T Polymorphism of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-receptor Type 22 (PTPN22): an eligible target for prevention of type 1 diabetes? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 13:189-196. [PMID: 27892782 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1266257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In type 1 diabetes (T1D), several genetic factors are associated to β-cell autoimmunity onset and clinical progression. HLA-genes play a major role in susceptibility and initiation of β-cell autoimmunity, whereas non-HLA genes may influence the destruction rate. Areas covered: Our review focuses on the possible role of the PTPN22 C1858 T variant as a prognostic factor, given its influence on disease variability. Moreover, we present the potential role of C1858 T as a target for tertiary prevention trials and new therapeutic strategies, such as the LYP inhibitors. We used PubMed for literature research; key words were 'PTPN22', 'C1858 T polymorphism', 'lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase' and 'type 1 diabetes'. We selected publications between 2000 and 2016. Expert commentary: Current data suggest that PTPN22 can be a promising target for therapeutic interventions and identification of at-risk subjects in autoimmune diseases such as T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Prezioso
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Laura Comegna
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Concetta Di Giulio
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Simone Franchini
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Blasetti
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
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Spalinger MR, Kasper S, Gottier C, Lang S, Atrott K, Vavricka SR, Scharl S, Gutte PM, Grütter MG, Beer HD, Contassot E, Chan AC, Dai X, Rawlings DJ, Mair F, Becher B, Falk W, Fried M, Rogler G, Scharl M. NLRP3 tyrosine phosphorylation is controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1783-800. [PMID: 27043286 PMCID: PMC4855944 DOI: 10.1172/jci83669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes form as the result of the intracellular presence of danger-associated molecular patterns and mediate the release of active IL-1β, which influences a variety of inflammatory responses. Excessive inflammasome activation results in severe inflammatory conditions, but physiological IL-1β secretion is necessary for intestinal homeostasis. Here, we have described a mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation of NLRP3 at Tyr861. We demonstrated that protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22), variants in which are associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, dephosphorylates NLRP3 upon inflammasome induction, allowing efficient NLRP3 activation and subsequent IL-1β release. In murine models, PTPN22 deficiency resulted in pronounced colitis, increased NLRP3 phosphorylation, but reduced levels of mature IL-1β. Conversely, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that carried an autoimmunity-associated PTPN22 variant had increased IL-1β levels. Together, our results identify tyrosine phosphorylation as an important regulatory mechanism for NLRP3 that prevents aberrant inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R. Spalinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Kasper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gottier
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R. Vavricka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology and
| | - Sylvie Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petrus M. Gutte
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G. Grütter
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Clinic for Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew C. Chan
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xuezhi Dai
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Falk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology and
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology and
| | - Michael Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology and
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Blasetti A, Di Giulio C, Tumini S, Provenzano M, Rapino D, Comegna L, Prezioso G, Chiuri R, Franchini S, Chiarelli F, Stuppia L. Role of the C1858T polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:186-191. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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Chang HH, Dwivedi N, Nicholas AP, Ho IC. The W620 Polymorphism in PTPN22 Disrupts Its Interaction With Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 4 and Enhances Citrullination and NETosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:2323-34. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Chang
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Anthony P. Nicholas
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center; Birmingham Alabama
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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Almasi S, Aliparasti MR, Yazdchi-Marandi L, Aliasgarzadeh A, Sioofy-Khojine A, Mesri A, Zamani F. Analysis of PTPN22 C1858T gene polymorphism in cases with type 1 diabetes of Azerbaijan, Northwest Iran. Cell Immunol 2014; 292:14-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Gianchecchi E, Crinò A, Giorda E, Luciano R, Perri V, Russo AL, Cappa M, Rosado MM, Fierabracci A. Altered B cell homeostasis and toll-like receptor 9-driven response in type 1 diabetes carriers of the C1858T PTPN22 allelic variant: implications in the disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110755. [PMID: 25333705 PMCID: PMC4205012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by autoreactive T cells. Among the genetic variants associated with type 1 diabetes, the C1858T (Lyp) polymorphism of the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene alters the function of T cells but also of B cells in innate and adaptive immunity. The Lyp variant was shown to diminish interferon production and responses upon Toll-like receptor stimulation in macrophages and dendritic cells, possibly leading to uncontrolled infections as triggers of the diabetogenic process. The aim of this study was to unravel the yet uncharacterized effects that the variant could exert on the immune and autoimmune responses, particularly regarding the B cell phenotype, in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of diabetic patients and healthy controls in basal conditions and after unmethylated bacterial DNA CpG stimulation. The presence of the Lyp variant resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of transitional B cells in C/T carriers patients and controls compared to C/C patients and controls, in C/T carrier patients compared to C/C controls and in C/T carrier patients compared to C/C patients. A significant reduction in the memory B cells was also observed in the presence of the risk variant. After four days of CpG stimulation, there was a significant increase in the abundance of IgM+ memory B cells in C/T carrier diabetics than in C/C subjects and in the groups of C/T carrier individuals than in C/C individuals. IgM- memory B cells tended to differentiate more precociously into plasma cells than IgM+ memory B cells in heterozygous C/T subjects compared to the C/C subjects. The increased Toll-like receptor response that led to expanded T cell-independent IgM+ memory B cells should be further investigated to determine the putative contribution of innate immune responses in the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gianchecchi
- Autoimmunity Laboratory, Immunology and Pharmacotherapy Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Crinò
- Division of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- B cell Development Laboratory, Immunology and Pharmacotherapy Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Luciano
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Perri
- Autoimmunity Laboratory, Immunology and Pharmacotherapy Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Lo Russo
- Autoimmunity Laboratory, Immunology and Pharmacotherapy Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Division of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Manuela Rosado
- B cell Development Laboratory, Immunology and Pharmacotherapy Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Autoimmunity Laboratory, Immunology and Pharmacotherapy Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Dong F, Yang G, Pan HW, Huang WH, Jing LP, Liang WK, Zhang N, Zhang BH, Wang M, Liu Y, Zhang LJ, Zhang SH, Li H, Chen C, Nie LH, Jing CX. The association of PTPN22 rs2476601 polymorphism and CTLA-4 rs231775 polymorphism with LADA risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:691-703. [PMID: 25005490 PMCID: PMC4176954 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although the polymorphisms of PTPN22 and the variants of CTLA-4 have been reported to be the susceptibility genes, which increased risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), the results remained inconclusive. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between the polymorphisms of two genes and LADA. We performed a systematic review by identifying relevant studies and applied meta-analysis to pool gene effects. Data from ten studies published between 2001 and 2013 were pooled for two polymorphisms: rs2476601 in the PTPN22 gene and rs231775 in the CTLA-4 gene. Data extraction and assessments for risk of bias were independently performed by two reviewers. Fixed-effect model and random-effect model were used to pool the odds ratios; meanwhile, heterogeneity test, publication bias and sensitive analysis were explored. The minor T allele at rs2476601 and the minor G at rs231775 carried estimated relative risks (odds ratio) of 1.52 (95 % CI 1.29-1.79) and 1.39 (95 % CI 1.11-1.74), respectively. These alleles contributed to an absolute lowering of the risk of all LADA by 4.88 and 14.93 % when individuals do not carry these alleles. The estimated lambdas were 0.49 and 0.63, suggesting a codominant model of effects was most likely for two genes. In summary, our systematic review has demonstrated that PTPN22 rs2476601 and CTLA-4 rs231775 are potential risk factors for LADA. An updated meta-analysis is required when more studies are published to increase the power of these polymorphisms and LADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Hong-Wei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Wei-Huang Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Li-Peng Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Wen-Kai Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Bao-Huan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Li-Ju Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Si-Heng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - He Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
| | - Li-Hong Nie
- Department of Endocrine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Chun-Xia Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 Guangdong China
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12
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Chang HH, Tseng W, Cui J, Costenbader K, Ho IC. Altered expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 isoforms in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R14. [PMID: 24433447 PMCID: PMC3979039 DOI: 10.1186/ar4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A C-to-T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located at position 1858 of human protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) complementary DNA (cDNA) is associated with an increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). How the overall activity of PTPN22 is regulated and how the expression of PTPN22 differs between healthy individuals and patients with lupus are poorly understood. Our objectives were to identify novel alternatively spliced forms of PTPN22 and to examine the expression of PTPN22 isoforms in healthy donors and patients with lupus. Methods Various human PTPN22 isoforms were identified from the GenBank database or amplified directly from human T cells. The expression of these isoforms in primary T cells and macrophages was examined with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The function of the isoforms was determined with luciferase assays. Blood samples were collected from 49 subjects with SLE and 15 healthy controls. Correlation between the level of PTPN22 isoforms in peripheral blood and clinical features of SLE was examined with statistical analyses. Results Human PTPN22 was expressed in several isoforms, which differed in their level of expression and subcellular localization. All isoforms except one were functionally interchangeable in regulating NFAT activity. SLE patients expressed higher levels of PTPN22 than healthy individuals and the levels of PTPN22 were negatively correlated with the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SLICC-DI). Conclusions The overall activity of PTPN22 is determined by the functional balance among all isoforms. The levels of PTPN22 isoforms in peripheral blood could represent a useful biomarker of SLE.
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Bottini N, Peterson EJ. Tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22: multifunctional regulator of immune signaling, development, and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 32:83-119. [PMID: 24364806 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inheritance of a coding variant of the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene is associated with increased susceptibility to autoimmunity and infection. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms by which the PTPN22-C1858T variant modulates disease risk revealed that PTPN22 performs a signaling function in multiple biochemical pathways and cell types. Capable of both enzymatic activity and adaptor functions, PTPN22 modulates signaling through antigen and innate immune receptors. PTPN22 plays roles in lymphocyte development and activation, establishment of tolerance, and innate immune cell-mediated host defense and immunoregulation. The disease-associated PTPN22-R620W variant protein is likely involved in multiple stages of the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Establishment of a tolerant B cell repertoire is disrupted by PTPN22-R620W action during immature B cell selection, and PTPN22-R620W alters mature T cell responsiveness. However, after autoimmune attack has initiated tissue injury, PTPN22-R620W may foster inflammation through modulating the balance of myeloid cell-produced cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037;
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Suryanarayanan V, Singh SK, Tripathi SK, Selvaraj C, Reddy KK, Karthiga A. A three-dimensional chemical phase pharmacophore mapping, QSAR modelling and electronic feature analysis of benzofuran salicylic acid derivatives as LYP inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 24:1025-1040. [PMID: 23987088 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2013.821421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), encoded by the PTPN22 gene, has a critical negative regulatory role in T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and emerged as a promising drug target for human autoimmune diseases. A five-point pharmacophore with two hydrogen bond acceptors, one hydrogen bond donor and two aromatic ring features was generated for a series of benzofuran salicylic acid derivatives as LYP inhibitors in order to elucidate their anti-autoimmune activity. The generated pharmacophore yielded a significant 3D-QSAR model with r(2) of 0.9146 for a training set of 27 compounds. The model also showed excellent predictive power with Q(2) of 0.7068 for a test set of eight compounds. The investigation of the 3D-QSAR model has revealed the structural insights which could lead to more potent analogues. The most active and inactive compounds were further subjected to electronic structure analysis using density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/3-21(∗)G level to support the 3D-QSAR predictions. The results obtained from this study are expected to be useful in the proficient design and development of benzofuran salicylic acid derivatives as inhibitors of LYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Suryanarayanan
- a Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Tamil Nadu , India
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Gianchecchi E, Palombi M, Fierabracci A. The putative role of the C1858T polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 gene in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:717-25. [PMID: 23261816 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases represent a heterogeneous group of conditions whose incidence is increasing worldwide. This has stimulated studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, in order to improve prevention and treatment of these diseases. An increasing amount of epidemiologic investigations has associated the presence of the C1858T polymorphism in the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene to the onset of several autoimmune diseases including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1 diabetes). PTPN22 encodes for the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase Lyp. This belongs to non-receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases involved in lymphocyte activation and differentiation. In humans, Lyp may have a role in the negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling. The single nucleotide polymorphism C1858T encodes for a more active phosphatase Lyp R620W. This has the ability to induce a higher negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling. Thus, C1858T could play an important role at the level of thymocyte polarization and escape of autoreactive T lymphocytes, through the positive selection of otherwise negatively selected autoimmune T cells. In this review we discuss the physiological role exerted by the PTPN22 gene and its encoded Lyp product in lymphocyte processes. We highlight the pathogenic significance of the C1858T PTPN22 polymorphism in human autoimmunity with special reference to Type 1 diabetes. Recently the genetic variation in PTPN22 was shown to induce altered function of T and B-lymphocytes. In particular BCR signaling defects and alterations in the B cell compartment were reported in T1D patients. We finally speculate on the possible development of novel therapeutic treatments in human autoimmunity aiming to selectively target the variant Lyp protein in autoreactive T and B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gianchecchi
- Autoimmunity Laboratory, Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Ronninger M, Guo Y, Shchetynsky K, Hill A, Khademi M, Olsson T, Reddy PS, Seddighzadeh M, Clark JD, Lin LL, O'Toole M, Padyukov L. The balance of expression of PTPN22 splice forms is significantly different in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with controls. Genome Med 2012; 4:2. [PMID: 22264340 PMCID: PMC3334550 DOI: 10.1186/gm301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The R620W variant in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The PTPN22 gene has alternatively spliced transcripts and at least two of the splice forms have been confirmed to encode different PTPN22 (LYP) proteins, but detailed information regarding expression of these is lacking, especially with regard to autoimmune diseases. Methods We have investigated the mRNA expression of known PTPN22 splice forms with TaqMan real-time PCR in relation to ZNF592 as an endogenous reference in peripheral blood cells from three independent cohorts with RA patients (n = 139) and controls (n = 111) of Caucasian origin. Polymorphisms in the PTPN22 locus (25 SNPs) and phenotypic data (gender, disease activity, ACPA and RF status) were used for analysis. Additionally, we addressed possible effects of methotrexate treatment on PTPN22 expression. Results We found consistent differences in the expression of the PTPN22 splice forms in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells between RA patients and normal controls. This difference was more pronounced when comparing the ratio of splice forms and was not affected by methotrexate treatment. Conclusions Our data show that RA patients and healthy controls have a shift in balance of expression of splice forms derived from the PTPN22 gene. This balance seems not to be caused by treatment and may be of importance during immune response due to great structural differences in the encoded PTPN22 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ronninger
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, S-17176, Sweden.
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Burn GL, Svensson L, Sanchez-Blanco C, Saini M, Cope AP. Why is PTPN22 a good candidate susceptibility gene for autoimmune disease? FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3689-98. [PMID: 21515266 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The PTPN22 locus is one of the strongest risk factors outside of the major histocompatability complex that associates with autoimmune diseases. PTPN22 encodes lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase (Lyp) which is expressed exclusively in immune cells. A single base change in the coding region of this gene resulting in an arginine to tryptophan amino acid substitution within a polyproline binding motif associates with type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, Hashimotos thyroiditis, Graves disease, Addison's disease, Myasthenia Gravis, vitiligo, systemic sclerosis juvenile idiopathic arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Here, we review the current understanding of the PTPN22 locus from a genetic, geographical, biochemical and functional perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth L Burn
- Academic Department of Rheumatology, Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College School of Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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