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Transforming Growth Factor β-Induced Proliferative Arrest Mediated by TRIM26-Dependent TAF7 Degradation and Its Antagonism by MYC. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00449-17. [PMID: 29203640 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00449-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of gene promoters by RNA polymerase II is mediated by general transcription factor IID (TFIID), which has been thought to be a static complex and to play a passive role in the regulation of gene expression under the instruction of gene-specific transcription factors. Here we show that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) induced degradation of the TFIID subunit TAF7 in cultured mouse mammary epithelial cells and that this effect was required for proliferative arrest in response to TGF-β stimulation. TGF-β stimulated transcription of the gene for the ubiquitin ligase TRIM26, which was shown to ubiquitylate TAF7 and thereby to target it for proteasomal degradation. Sustained exposure of cells to TGF-β resulted in recovery from proliferative arrest in association with amplification of the Myc proto-oncogene, with MYC inhibiting TRIM26 induction by TGF-β. Our data thus show that TFIID is not simply a general mediator of transcription but contributes to the regulation of transcription in response to cell stimulation, playing a key role in the cytostatic function of TGF-β.
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TRF2 is recruited to the pre-initiation complex as a testis-specific subunit of TFIIA/ALF to promote haploid cell gene expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32069. [PMID: 27576952 PMCID: PMC5006001 DOI: 10.1038/srep32069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode two genes related to the TATA-box binding protein (TBP), TBP-related factors 2 and 3 (TRF2 and TRF3). Male Trf2−/− mice are sterile and characterized by arrested spermatogenesis at the transition from late haploid spermatids to early elongating spermatids. Despite this characterization, the molecular function of murine Trf2 remains poorly characterized and no direct evidence exists to show that it acts as a bona fide chromatin-bound transcription factor. We show here that Trf2 forms a stable complex with TFIIA or the testis expressed paralogue ALF chaperoned in the cytoplasm by heat shock proteins. We demonstrate for the first time that Trf2 is recruited to active haploid cell promoters together with Tbp, Taf7l and RNA polymerase II. RNA-seq analysis identifies a set of genes activated in haploid spermatids during the first wave of spermatogenesis whose expression is down-regulated by Trf2 inactivation. We therefore propose that Trf2 is recruited to the preinitiation complex as a testis-specific subunit of TFIIA/ALF that cooperates with Tbp and Taf7l to promote haploid cell gene expression.
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Kazantseva J, Sadam H, Neuman T, Palm K. Targeted alternative splicing of TAF4: a new strategy for cell reprogramming. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30852. [PMID: 27499390 PMCID: PMC4976350 DOI: 10.1038/srep30852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells has become a versatile tool for biomedical research and for regenerative medicine. In the current study, we show that manipulating alternative splicing (AS) is a highly potent strategy to produce cells for therapeutic applications. We demonstrate that silencing of hTAF4-TAFH activity of TAF4 converts human facial dermal fibroblasts to melanocyte-like (iMel) cells. iMel cells produce melanin and express microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its target genes at levels comparable to normal melanocytes. Reprogramming of melanoma cells by manipulation with hTAF4-TAFH activity upon TAFH RNAi enforces cell differentiation towards chondrogenic pathway, whereas ectoptic expression of TAF4 results in enhanced multipotency and neural crest-like features in melanoma cells. In both cell states, iMels and cancer cells, hTAF4-TAFH activity controls migration by supporting E- to N-cadherin switches. From our data, we conclude that targeted splicing of hTAF4-TAFH coordinates AS of other TFIID subunits, underscoring the role of TAF4 in synchronised changes of Pol II complex composition essential for efficient cellular reprogramming. Taken together, targeted AS of TAF4 provides a unique strategy for generation of iMels and recapitulating stages of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helle Sadam
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,The Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Kaia Palm
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,The Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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Diversity in TAF proteomics: consequences for cellular differentiation and migration. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16680-97. [PMID: 25244017 PMCID: PMC4200853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Development is a highly controlled process of cell proliferation and differentiation driven by mechanisms of dynamic gene regulation. Specific DNA binding factors for establishing cell- and tissue-specific transcriptional programs have been characterised in different cell and animal models. However, much less is known about the role of “core transcription machinery” during cell differentiation, given that general transcription factors and their spatiotemporally patterned activity govern different aspects of cell function. In this review, we focus on the role of TATA-box associated factor 4 (TAF4) and its functional isoforms generated by alternative splicing in controlling lineage-specific differentiation of normal mesenchymal stem cells and cancer stem cells. In the light of our recent findings, induction, control and maintenance of cell differentiation status implies diversification of the transcription initiation apparatus orchestrated by alternative splicing.
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Kazantseva J, Kivil A, Tints K, Kazantseva A, Neuman T, Palm K. Alternative splicing targeting the hTAF4-TAFH domain of TAF4 represses proliferation and accelerates chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74799. [PMID: 24098348 PMCID: PMC3788782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor IID (TFIID) activity can be regulated by cellular signals to specifically alter transcription of particular subsets of genes. Alternative splicing of TFIID subunits is often the result of external stimulation of upstream signaling pathways. We studied tissue distribution and cellular expression of different splice variants of TFIID subunit TAF4 mRNA and biochemical properties of its isoforms in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to reveal the role of different isoforms of TAF4 in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation. Expression of TAF4 transcripts with exons VI or VII deleted, which results in a structurally modified hTAF4-TAFH domain, increases during early differentiation of hMSCs into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. Functional analysis data reveals that TAF4 isoforms with the deleted hTAF4-TAFH domain repress proliferation of hMSCs and preferentially promote chondrogenic differentiation at the expense of other developmental pathways. This study also provides initial data showing possible cross-talks between TAF4 and TP53 activity and switching between canonical and non-canonical WNT signaling in the processes of proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs. We propose that TAF4 isoforms generated by the alternative splicing participate in the conversion of the cellular transcriptional programs from the maintenance of stem cell state to differentiation, particularly differentiation along the chondrogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anri Kivil
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia
- The Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Anna Kazantseva
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia
- The Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Kaia Palm
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia
- The Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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6
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Core promoter recognition complex changes accompany liver development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3906-11. [PMID: 21368148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100640108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of several key developmental transitions have brought into question the long held view of the basal transcriptional apparatus as ubiquitous and invariant. In an effort to better understand the role of core promoter recognition and coactivator complex switching in cellular differentiation, we have examined changes in transcription factor IID (TFIID) and cofactor required for Sp1 activation/Mediator during mouse liver development. Here we show that the differentiation of fetal liver progenitors to adult hepatocytes involves a wholesale depletion of canonical cofactor required for Sp1 activation/Mediator and TFIID complexes at both the RNA and protein level, and that this alteration likely involves silencing of transcription factor promoters as well as protein degradation. It will be intriguing for future studies to determine if a novel and as yet unknown core promoter recognition complex takes the place of TFIID in adult hepatocytes and to uncover the mechanisms that down-regulate TFIID during this critical developmental transition.
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Athineos D, Marshall L, White RJ. Regulation of TFIIIB during F9 cell differentiation. BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:21. [PMID: 20226026 PMCID: PMC2842266 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation of F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells into parietal endoderm (PE) provides a tractable model system for studying molecular events during early and inaccessible stages of murine development. PE formation is accompanied by extensive changes in gene expression both in vivo and in culture. One of the most dramatic is the ~10-fold decrease in transcriptional output by RNA polymerase (pol) III. This has been attributed to changes in activity of TFIIIB, a factor that is necessary and sufficient to recruit pol III to promoters. The goal of this study was to identify molecular changes that can account for the low activity of TFIIIB following F9 cell differentiation. RESULTS Three essential subunits of TFIIIB decrease in abundance as F9 cells differentiate; these are Brf1 and Bdp1, which are pol III-specific, and TBP, which is also used by pols I and II. The decreased levels of Brf1 and Bdp1 proteins can be explained by reduced expression of the corresponding mRNAs. However, this is not the case for TBP, which is regulated post-transcriptionally. In proliferating cells, pol III transcription is stimulated by the proto-oncogene product c-Myc and the mitogen-activated protein kinase Erk, both of which bind to TFIIIB. However, c-Myc levels fall during differentiation and Erk becomes inactive through dephosphorylation. The diminished abundance of TFIIIB is therefore likely to be compounded by changes to these positive regulators that are required for its full activity. In addition, PE cells have elevated levels of the retinoblastoma protein RB, which is known to bind and repress TFIIIB. CONCLUSION The low activity of TFIIIB in PE can be attributed to a combination of changes, any one of which could be sufficient to inhibit pol III transcription. Declining levels of essential TFIIIB subunits and of activators that are required for maximal TFIIIB activity are accompanied by an increase in a potent repressor of TFIIIB. These events provide fail-safe guarantees to ensure that pol III output is appropriate to the diminished metabolic requirements of terminally differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Athineos
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Abstract
Animal growth and development depend on the precise control of gene expression at the level of transcription. A central role in the regulation of developmental transcription is attributed to transcription factors that bind DNA enhancer elements, which are often located far from gene transcription start sites. Here, we review recent studies that have uncovered significant regulatory functions in developmental transcription for the TFIID basal transcription factors and for the DNA core promoter elements that are located close to transcription start sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ohler
- Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Departments of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics and Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Shiraishi S, Tamamura N, Jogo M, Tanaka Y, Tamura TA. Rapid proteasomal degradation of transcription factor IIB in accordance with F9 cell differentiation. Gene 2009; 436:115-20. [PMID: 19393171 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We found that the levels of all general transcription factors (GTFs) for RNA polymerase II decreased in F9 cells when the cells were subjected to a differentiation procedure. Different from other GTFs, decrease of TFIIB during the differentiation was suppressed by addition of a proteasome inhibitor, MG132. The half-life of TFIIB in the differentiated cells was remarkably reduced compared with that in the undifferentiated cells. Moreover, it was demonstrated that TFIIB is a poly-ubiquitinated protein. Results of this study suggest that components of the transcription machinery decreased in accordance with cell differentiation and that TFIIB is specifically and rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Shiraishi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Deato MDE, Tjian R. Switching of the core transcription machinery during myogenesis. Genes Dev 2007; 21:2137-49. [PMID: 17704303 PMCID: PMC1950853 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1583407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional mechanisms that govern cellular differentiation typically include sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins and chromatin-modifying activities. These regulatory factors are assumed necessary and sufficient to drive both divergent programs of proliferation and terminal differentiation. By contrast, potential contributions of the basal transcriptional apparatus to orchestrate cell-specific gene expression have been poorly explored. In order to probe alternative mechanisms that control differentiation, we have assessed the fate of the core promoter recognition complex, TFIID, during skeletal myogenesis. Here we report that differentiation of myoblast to myotubes involves the disruption of the canonical holo-TFIID and replacement by a novel TRF3/TAF3 (TBP-related factor 3/TATA-binding protein-associated factor 3) complex. This required switching of core promoter complexes provides organisms a simple yet effective means to selectively turn on one transcriptional program while silencing many others. Although this drastic but parsimonious transcriptional switch had previously escaped our attention, it may represent a more general mechanism for regulating cell type-specific terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Divina E. Deato
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert Tjian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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12
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Jones KA. Transcription strategies in terminally differentiated cells: shaken to the core. Genes Dev 2007; 21:2113-7. [PMID: 17785521 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1598007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Jones
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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13
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Howe ML, Mehmud ZF, Saha S, Buratovich M, Stutius EA, Schmidt HD, Lenon AL, Reddicks C, Ivanov GS, Przyborski SA, Ozer JS. Transcription Factor IIA tau is associated with undifferentiated cells and its gene expression is repressed in primary neurons at the chromatin level in vivo. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 15:175-90. [PMID: 16646664 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of General Transcription Factor (TF) IIA were examined during mammalian brain development and in rat embryo fibroblasts and transformed cell lines. The large TFIIA subunit paralogues alphabeta and tau are largely produced in unsynchronized cell lines, yet only TFIIA alphabeta is observed in a number of differentiated tissue extracts. Steady-state protein levels of the TFIIA tau, alphabeta, and gamma subunits were significantly reduced when human embryonal (ec) and hepatic carcinoma cell lines were stimulated to differentiate with either all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) or sodium butyrate. ATRA-treated NT2-ec cells required replating to induce a neuronal phenotype and loss of detectable TFIIA tau and gamma proteins. High levels of TFIIA tau, alphabeta, and gamma and Sp factors were identified in extracts from human fetal and rat embryonic day-18 brains, but not in human and rat adult brain extracts. A high histone H3 Lys9/Lys4 methylation ratio was observed in the TFIIA tau promoter of primary hippocampal neurons from day-18 rat embryos, suggesting that repressive epigenetic marks of chromatin prevent TFIIA tau from being transcribed in neurons. We conclude that TFIIA tau is associated with undifferentiated cells during development, yet is down-regulated at the chromatin level upon cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko L Howe
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therpeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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Bour G, Taneja R, Rochette‐Egly C. Mouse embryocarcinoma F9 cells and retinoic acid: A model to study the molecular mechanisms of endodermal differentiation. NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN DEVELOPMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1574-3349(06)16007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Mengus G, Fadloun A, Kobi D, Thibault C, Perletti L, Michel I, Davidson I. TAF4 inactivation in embryonic fibroblasts activates TGF beta signalling and autocrine growth. EMBO J 2005; 24:2753-67. [PMID: 16015375 PMCID: PMC1182243 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have inactivated transcription factor TFIID subunit TBP-associated factor 4 (TAF4) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mutant taf4(-/-) cells are viable and contain intact TFIID comprising the related TAF4b showing that TAF4 is not an essential protein. TAF4 inactivation deregulates more than 1000 genes indicating that TFIID complexes containing TAF4 and TAF4b have distinct target gene specificities. However, taf4(-/-) cell lines have altered morphology and exhibit serum-independent autocrine growth correlated with the induced expression of several secreted mitotic factors and activators of the transforming growth factor beta signalling pathway. In addition to TAF4 inactivation, many of these genes can also be induced by overexpression of TAF4b. A competitive equilibrium between TAF4 and TAF4b therefore regulates expression of genes controlling cell proliferation. We have further identified a set of genes that are regulated both by TAF4 and upon adaptation to serum starvation and which may be important downstream mediators of serum-independent growth. Our study also shows that TAF4 is an essential cofactor for activation by the retinoic acid receptor and CREB, but not for Sp1 and the vitamin D3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Mengus
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Anas Fadloun
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Kobi
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Christelle Thibault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Lucia Perletti
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle Michel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
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Boyer-Guittaut M, Birsoy K, Potel C, Elliott G, Jaffray E, Desterro JM, Hay RT, Oelgeschläger T. SUMO-1 Modification of Human Transcription Factor (TF) IID Complex Subunits. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:9937-45. [PMID: 15637059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The TFIID complex is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAFs) and is the only component of the general RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription machinery with intrinsic sequence-specific DNA-binding activity. Binding of transcription factor (TF) IID to the core promoter region of protein-coding genes is a key event in RNAP II transcription activation and is the first and rate-limiting step of transcription initiation complex assembly. Intense research efforts in the past have established that TFIID promoter-binding activity as well as the function of TFIID-promoter complexes is tightly regulated through dynamic TFIID interactions with positive- and negative-acting transcription regulatory proteins. However, very little is known about the role of post-translational modifications in the regulation of TFIID. Here we show that the human TFIID subunits hsTAF5 and hsTAF12 are modified by the small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO-1 in vitro and in human cells. We identify Lys-14 in hsTAF5 and Lys-19 in hsTAF12 as the primary SUMO-1 acceptor sites and show that SUMO conjugation has no detectable effect on nuclear import or intranuclear distribution of hsTAF5 and hsTAF12. Finally, we demonstrate that purified human TFIID complex can be SUMO-1-modified in vitro at both hsTAF5 and hsTAF12. We find that SUMO-1 conjugation at hsTAF5 interferes with binding of TFIID to promoter DNA, whereas modification of hsTAF12 has no detectable effect on TFIID promoter-binding activity. Our observations suggest that reversible SUMO modification at hsTAF5 contributes to the dynamic regulation of TFIID promoter-binding activity in human cells.
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Dennis AP, O'Malley BW. Rush hour at the promoter: how the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway polices the traffic flow of nuclear receptor-dependent transcription. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 93:139-51. [PMID: 15860256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-dependent transcription requires the functional activities of many proteins in order to achieve proper gene expression. Progress in understanding transcription mechanisms has revealed the unexpected involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the transcriptional process. In some instances, stabilization of the transcription protein augments the functional role or activation state of that protein, but other evidence supports the hypothesis that degradation of that factor may be required in order for transcription to proceed. Perhaps most peculiar is the observation that several yeast models support the uncoupling of ubiquitylation from concomitant proteasome-mediated degradation, with the former responsible for regulating posttranslational modification of histones and controlling differential recruitment of a transcription factor to distinct promoters. Additionally, the ATPases of the 19S proteasome regulatory cap have been shown to function in transcription elongation, independently of their role in proteolysis. This review summarizes and discusses progress thus far in integrating the disparate fields of ubiquitylation and proteasome-mediated protein degradation with gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Dennis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Mohan WS, Scheer E, Wendling O, Metzger D, Tora L. TAF10 (TAF(II)30) is necessary for TFIID stability and early embryogenesis in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:4307-18. [PMID: 12773572 PMCID: PMC156135 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.12.4307-4318.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TAF10 (formerly TAF(II)30), is a component of TFIID and the TATA box-binding protein (TBP)-free TAF-containing complexes (TFTC/PCAF/STAGA). To investigate the physiological function of TAF10, we disrupted its gene in mice by using a Cre recombinase/LoxP strategy. Interestingly, no TAF10(-/-) animals were born from intercrosses of TAF10(+/-) mice, indicating that TAF10 is required for embryogenesis. TAF10(-/-) embryos developed to the blastocyst stage, implanted, but died shortly after ca. 5.5 days postcoitus. Surprisingly, trophoblast cells from TAF10(-/-) blastocysts were viable, whereas inner cell mass cells failed to survive, highlighting that TAF10 is not generally required for transcription in all cells. TAF10-deficient cells express normal levels of TBP and TAFs other than TAF10 but contain only partially formed TFIID, are endocycle arrested, and have undetectable levels of transcription. Thus, our results demonstrate that TAF10 is required for TFIID stability, cell cycle progression, and transcription in the early mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Mohan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
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19
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Thuault S, Gangloff YG, Kirchner J, Sanders S, Werten S, Romier C, Weil PA, Davidson I. Functional analysis of the TFIID-specific yeast TAF4 (yTAF(II)48) reveals an unexpected organization of its histone-fold domain. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45510-7. [PMID: 12237303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206556200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast TFIID comprises the TATA binding protein and 14 TBP-associated factors (TAF(II)s), nine of which contain histone-fold domains (HFDs). The C-terminal region of the TFIID-specific yTAF4 (yTAF(II)48) containing the HFD shares strong sequence similarity with Drosophila (d)TAF4 (dTAF(II)110) and human TAF4 (hTAF(II)135). A structure/function analysis of yTAF4 demonstrates that the HFD, a short conserved C-terminal domain (CCTD), and the region separating them are all required for yTAF4 function. Temperature-sensitive mutations in the yTAF4 HFD alpha2 helix or the CCTD can be suppressed upon overexpression of yTAF12 (yTAF(II)68). Moreover, coexpression in Escherichia coli indicates direct yTAF4-yTAF12 heterodimerization optimally requires both the yTAF4 HFD and CCTD. The x-ray crystal structure of the orthologous hTAF4-hTAF12 histone-like heterodimer indicates that the alpha3 region within the predicted TAF4 HFD is unstructured and does not correspond to the bona fide alpha3 helix. Our functional and biochemical analysis of yTAF4, rather provides strong evidence that the HFD alpha3 helix of the TAF4 family lies within the CCTD. These results reveal an unexpected and novel HFD organization in which the alpha3 helix is separated from the alpha2 helix by an extended loop containing a conserved functional domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Thuault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur, Boîte Postale 163 67404 Illkirch Cédex, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France
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Albert TK, Hanzawa H, Legtenberg YI, de Ruwe MJ, van den Heuvel FA, Collart MA, Boelens R, Timmers H. Identification of a ubiquitin-protein ligase subunit within the CCR4-NOT transcription repressor complex. EMBO J 2002; 21:355-64. [PMID: 11823428 PMCID: PMC125831 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RING finger protein CNOT4 is a component of the CCR4-NOT complex. This complex is implicated in repression of RNA polymerase II transcription. Here we demonstrate that CNOT4 functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). We show that the unique C4C4 RING domain of CNOT4 interacts with a subset of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s). Using NMR spectroscopy, we detail the interaction of CNOT4 with UbcH5B and characterize RING residues that are critical for this interaction. CNOT4 acts as a potent E3 ligase in vitro. Mutations that destabilize the E2-E3 interface abolish this activity. Based on these results, we present a model of how E3 ligase function within the CCR4-NOT complex relates to transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Hanzawa
- Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, 3508 AB Utrecht,
Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and Department of Medical Biochemistry, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Present address: Biomedical Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd, 2-58, Hiromachi 1-chome Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan Present address: Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | | | - Fiona A.J. van den Heuvel
- Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, 3508 AB Utrecht,
Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and Department of Medical Biochemistry, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Present address: Biomedical Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd, 2-58, Hiromachi 1-chome Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan Present address: Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Martine A. Collart
- Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, 3508 AB Utrecht,
Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and Department of Medical Biochemistry, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Present address: Biomedical Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd, 2-58, Hiromachi 1-chome Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan Present address: Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Rolf Boelens
- Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, 3508 AB Utrecht,
Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and Department of Medical Biochemistry, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Present address: Biomedical Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd, 2-58, Hiromachi 1-chome Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan Present address: Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - H.Th.Marc Timmers
- Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, 3508 AB Utrecht,
Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and Department of Medical Biochemistry, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Present address: Biomedical Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd, 2-58, Hiromachi 1-chome Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan Present address: Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands Corresponding author e-mail:
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Abstract
Regulated proteolysis plays important roles in cell physiology as well as in pathological conditions. In most of the cases, regulated proteolysis is carried out by the ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent proteolytic system, which is also in charge of the bulk of cytoplasmic proteolysis. However, apoptosis or the process of programmed cell death is regulated by a different proteolytic system, i.e. by caspases, a family of specialized cysteine proteases. Nevertheless, there is plenty of evidence of a crosstalk between the apoptotic pathways and the ubiquitin and proteasome system, whose function in apoptosis appears to be very complex. Proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis in multiple cell types, while in other they are relatively harmless or even prevent apoptosis induced by other stimuli. Proteasomes degrade specific proteins during apoptosis, but on the other hand some components of the proteasome system are degraded by caspases. The knowledge about the involvement of the ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent system in apoptosis is already clinically exploited, since proteasome inhibitors are being tested as experimental drugs in the treatment of cancer and other pathological conditions, where manipulation of apoptosis is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Wójcik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Zhu J, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, de Thé H. Pathways of retinoic acid- or arsenic trioxide-induced PML/RARalpha catabolism, role of oncogene degradation in disease remission. Oncogene 2001; 20:7257-65. [PMID: 11704854 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although there is evidence to suggest that PML/RARalpha expression is not the sole genetic event required for the development of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), there is little doubt that the fusion protein plays a central role in the initiation of leukemogenesis. The two therapeutic agents, retinoic acid and arsenic, that induce clinical remissions in APL, both target the oncogenic fusion protein, representing the first example of oncogene-directed cancer therapy. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms accounting for PML/RARalpha degradation. Each drug targets a specific moiety of the fusion protein (RARalpha for retinoic acid, PML for arsenic) to the proteasome. Moreover, both activate a common caspase-dependent cleavage in the PML part of the fusion protein. Specific molecular determinants (the AF2 transactivator domain of RARalpha for retinoic acid and the K160 SUMO-binding site in PML for arsenic) are respectively implicated in RA- or arsenic-triggered catabolism. The respective roles of PML/RARalpha activation versus its catabolism are discussed with respect to differentiation or apoptosis induction in the context of single or dual therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- CNRS UPR 9051, Laboratoire associé #11 Comité de Paris de la Ligue Française contre le Cancer, Affiliè à l'Université de Paris VII. Hôpital St. Louis, 1, Av. C. Vellefaux 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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Metsis M, Brunkhorst A, Neuman T. Cell-type-specific expression of the TFIID component TAF(II)135 in the nervous system. Exp Cell Res 2001; 269:214-21. [PMID: 11570813 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of nervous system-specific enhancers and silencers have been isolated and characterized. However, the detailed mechanism of cell- and tissue-specific regulation of transcription is to a large extent unknown and the role of the basal transcriptional complex components in these processes is mostly unclear. Here we demonstrate that mRNA levels of TATA binding protein-associated factor TAF(II)135 are upregulated in neuronal cells during development. In addition, induction of neuronal differentiation of teratocarcinoma PCC7 cells results in dramatic induction of TAF(II)135 mRNA levels and activation of a variety of promoters. The stimulation of promoter activity in differentiating cells is mimicked by the overexpression of TAF(II)135. As neuronal differentiation requires changes in the general pattern of transcriptional activity, we suggest that increased levels of TAF(II)135 facilitate the induction of a large number of neuronal genes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Mice
- Nervous System/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription Factor TFIID
- Transcription Factors, TFII/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors, TFII/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Metsis
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden.
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