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De Caro S, De Soricellis G, Dell'Acqua S, Monzani E, Nicolis S. Biological Oxidations and Nitrations Promoted by the Hemin-Aβ 16 Complex. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1319. [PMID: 37507859 PMCID: PMC10376006 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Both β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides and oxidative stress conditions play key roles in Alzheimer's disease. Hemin contributes to the development of the disease as it possesses redox properties and its level increases in pathological conditions or traumatic brain injuries. The aim of this work was to deepen the investigation of the reactivity of the hemin-Aβ16 complex, considering its ability to catalyze oxidation and nitration reactions. We performed kinetic studies in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite with phenolic and catechol substrates, as well as mass spectrometry studies to investigate the modifications occurring on the peptide itself. The kinetic constants were similar for oxidation and nitration reactions, and their values suggest that the hemin-Aβ16 complex binds negatively charged substrates with higher affinity. Mass spectrometry studies showed that tyrosine residue is the endogenous target of nitration. Hemin degradation analysis showed that hemin bleaching is only partly prevented by the coordinated peptide. In conclusion, hemin has rich reactivity, both in oxidation and nitration reactions on aromatic substrates, that could contribute to redox equilibrium in neurons. This reactivity is modulated by the coordination of the Aβ16 peptide and is only partly quenched when oxidative and nitrative conditions lead to hemin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Caro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- IUSS School for Advanced Studies of Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia De Soricellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Dell'Acqua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Nicolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Martynov MY, Zhuravleva MV, Vasyukova NS, Kuznetsova EV, Kameneva TR. [Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of stroke and its correction]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:16-27. [PMID: 36719115 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312301116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed the role of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of ischemic (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS). OS plays a major role in programmed cell death, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, astroglial and microglial activation, and local inflammatory response. We also reviewed the current state of neuro- and cytoprotection studies and their translation in clinical practice. With respect to experimental and clinical data the efficacy of long term administration of multimodal cytoprotective drug with antioxidant effect - ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (Mexidol) is discussed during the acute and early recovery period after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yu Martynov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Zhuravleva
- Research Center for Examination of Medical Devices, Moscow, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - N S Vasyukova
- Skriabin and Kovalenko Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Kuznetsova
- Research Institute for Healthcare and Medical Management, Moscow, Russia
| | - T R Kameneva
- Konchalovsky City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
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Shao L, Chen S, Ma L. Secondary Brain Injury by Oxidative Stress After Cerebral Hemorrhage: Recent Advances. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:853589. [PMID: 35813506 PMCID: PMC9262401 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.853589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a clinical syndrome in which blood accumulates in the brain parenchyma because of a nontraumatic rupture of a blood vessel. Because of its high morbidity and mortality rate and the lack of effective therapy, the treatment of ICH has become a hot research topic. Meanwhile, Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of secondary brain injury(SBI) after ICH. Therefore, there is a need for an in-depth study of oxidative stress after ICH. This review will discuss the pathway and effects of oxidative stress after ICH and its relationship with inflammation and autophagy, as well as the current antioxidant therapy for ICH with a view to deriving better therapeutic tools or targets for ICH.
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Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Targets following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8815441. [PMID: 33688394 PMCID: PMC7920740 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8815441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and plays an important role in secondary brain injury caused by the inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of brain injury after ICH, markers for detecting OS, and therapeutic strategies that target OS to mitigate brain injury.
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Wang M, Hua Y, Keep RF, Wan S, Novakovic N, Xi G. Complement Inhibition Attenuates Early Erythrolysis in the Hematoma and Brain Injury in Aged Rats. Stroke 2019; 50:1859-1868. [PMID: 31177985 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Early erythrolysis in the hematoma contributes to brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study investigated the effects of N-acetylheparin, a complement inhibitor, and aurin tricarboxylic acid, a membrane attack complex inhibitor, on early erythrolysis, brain iron deposition, and brain injury in aged rats. Methods- There were 3 parts in the study. First, aged (18 months old) male Fischer 344 rats had an ICH. The time course of erythrolysis in the hematoma was determined by T2* weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and the expression of CD163 was examined. Second, aged rats had an ICH with N-acetylheparin or vehicle. Rats were euthanized at days 1, 3, and 28 after magnetic resonance imaging (T2-, T2*-weighted, and T2* array) and behavioral tests. Brains were used for immunohistochemistry. Third, aged rats had an ICH with avaurin tricarboxylic acid or vehicle. The rats had magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral tests and were euthanized at day 3. Brains were used for immunohistochemistry. Results- Early erythrolysis occurred within the clot in aged F344 rats. There were increased numbers of CD163-positive cells after ICH. Almost all perihematomal CD163-positive cells were microglia/macrophages, while positive neurons were found more distant from the hematoma. Coinjection of N-acetylheparin attenuated erythrolysis, iron accumulation, CD163 expression, microglia activation, brain swelling, and neuronal death in the acute phase, as well as reducing brain atrophy and neurological deficits in the chronic phase. Coinjection of aurin tricarboxylic acid also reduced erythrolysis and ICH-induced brain injury. Conclusions- Inhibiting complement activation resulted in less erythrolysis and brain injury after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.).,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (M.W.)
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
| | - Shu Wan
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
| | - Nemanja Novakovic
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.W., Y.H., R.F.K., S.W., N.N., G.X.)
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Chen-Roetling J, Regan RF. Targeting the Nrf2-Heme Oxygenase-1 Axis after Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:2226-2237. [PMID: 27799046 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161027150616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury to cells adjacent to an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is likely mediated at least in part by toxins released from the hematoma that initiate complex and interacting injury cascades. Pharmacotherapies targeting a single toxin or pathway, even if consistently effective in controlled experimental models, have a high likelihood of failure in a variable clinical setting. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and multiple other proteins with antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects, and may be a target of interest after ICH. METHODS Studies that tested the effect of HO and Nrf2 in models relevant to ICH are summarized, with an effort to reconcile conflicting data by consideration of methodological limitations. RESULTS In vitro studies demonstrated that Nrf2 activators rapidly increased HO-1 expression in astrocytes, and reduced their vulnerability to hemoglobin or hemin. Modulating HO-1 expression via genetic approaches yielded similar results. Systemic treatment with small molecule Nrf2 activators increased HO-1 expression in perivascular cells, particularly astrocytes. When tested in mouse or rat ICH models, Nrf2 activators were consistently protective, improving barrier function and attenuating edema, inflammation, neuronal loss and neurological deficits. These effects were mimicked by selective astrocyte HO-1 overexpression in transgenic mice. CONCLUSION Systemic treatment with Nrf2 activators after ICH is protective in rodents. Two compounds, dimethyl fumarate and hemin, are currently approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis and acute porphyria, respectively, and have acceptable safety profiles over years of clinical use. Further development of these drugs as ICH therapeutics seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen-Roetling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, College Building Room 813, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, College Building Room 813, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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Su X, Wang H, Lin Y, Chen F. RIP1 and RIP3 mediate hemin-induced cell death in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:3111-3119. [PMID: 30532542 PMCID: PMC6247969 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s181074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating neurological injury associated with significant mortality. Necroptosis is a newly identified type of programmed necrosis initiated by the activation of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Evidences had demonstrated the importance of necroptosis in neuronal cell death. Necrostatin-1 is a specific inhibitor of necroptosis. The present study was carried out to explore whether RIP1/RIP3 pathways participate in hemin induced cell death in HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells and investigate the potential neuroprotection of necrostatin-1 in hemin induced cell death in HT-22. METHODS First, different concentrations of hemin (0, 25, 50, 100 μmol/L) were added to HT-22 cells. Propidium iodide (PI) positive cells and cell viability were measured at 24 hours after hemin treatment. Then, necrostatin-1, pan-caspase inhibitor Benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were applied to hemin-treated HT-22 cells. PI positive cells and cell viability were measured at 24 hours after hemin treatment. MitoSox Red was used to indicate ROS level. Last, the effect of RIP3 in hemin induced HT-22 cell death was explored through RIP3 knockdown using siRNA. PI positive cells, cell viability and ROS lever were measured at 24 h after hemin treatment. RESULTS Hemin could induce a dose dependent cell death in HT22 neural cells. RIP1 specific inhibitor necrostatin-1 significantly inhibited cell death induced by hemin in HT-22 cells, greatly reducing PI positive cells, dramatically improving cell viability and decreasing ROS accumulation. BHA could significantly inhibit PI positive cells induced by hemin in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, silencing of RIP3 using siRNA attenuated hemin induced cell death in HT-22 cells, greatly reducing PI positive cells, dramatically improving cell viability and decreasing ROS accumulation. CONCLUSION These data revealed that RIP1/RIP3 might mediate hemin induced cell death in HT-22 cells, and necrostatin-1 played a neuroprotection role in hemin induced cell death in HT-22. RIP1 and RIP3 might represent novel therapeutic targets for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfen Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, People's Republic of China,
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxiang Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, People's Republic of China,
| | - Fuxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, People's Republic of China,
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Sayeed MSB, Alhadidi Q, Shah ZA. Cofilin signaling in hemin-induced microglial activation and inflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 313:46-55. [PMID: 29153608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most severe form of stroke and is further exacerbated by the secondary injury involving inflammatory response due to the activation of microglia. This secondary injury is partly due to the toxic effects of hemin, an endogenous breakdown product of hemoglobin. Cofilin, an actin depolymerizing factor, controls actin dynamics and has been previously shown to be involved in mediating neuronal cell death in ischemic conditions and during bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced microglial activation. There are limited studies regarding the deleterious effects of extremely high concentrations of hemin released during ICH and its effects on microglia and subsequent cofilin response. Therefore, investigations were conducted to study the effects of hemin on microglial activation induced inflammation and the critical role of cofilin in mediating the response. We observed that hemin treated microglia had a concentration dependent increase in cofilin expression and NO production. There were increased levels of iNOS, TNF-α, HO1, Nrf2, Wfs-1, XBP-1 and spliced XBP-1 observed in response to hemin treatment and the signaling was found to be partly mediated by cofilin. Acute hemin treatment did not evoke Ca2+ signaling and long-term treatment of hemin also resulted in the failure of microglial response to acetylcholine-evoked Ca2+ signaling. Knockdown of cofilin by siRNA also reduced acetylcholine-evoked Ca2+ signaling. These studies demonstrate that cofilin signaling is important in hemin-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, ER stress, microglial migration, and the ability to evoke Ca2+ signaling. Therefore, cofilin inhibition could be a potential therapy in brain injuries triggered by hemin toxicity in conditions like ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Qasim Alhadidi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Li H, Zhang C, Shen H, Shen Z, Wu L, Mo F, Li M. Physiological stress-induced corticosterone increases heme uptake via KLF4-HCP1 signaling pathway in hippocampus neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5745. [PMID: 28720846 PMCID: PMC5515979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron overload has attracted much attention because of its adverse effect in increasing the risk of developing several neurodegenerative disorders. Under various pathologic conditions, a lot of heme are released. The aggregation of heme is more neurotoxic than that of iron released from the heme breakdown. Our previous studies demonstrated that psychological stress (PS) is a risk factor of cerebral iron metabolism disorders, thus causing iron accumulation in rat brains. In the present study, we found PS could increase heme uptake via heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1) in rat brains. We demonstrated that Glucocorticoid (GC), which is largely secreted under stress, could up-regulate HCP1 expression, thus promoting heme uptake in neurons. We also ascertained that HCP1 expression can be induced by GC through a transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). These results may gain new insights into the etiology of heme uptake and iron accumulation in PS rats, and find new therapeutic targets of iron accumulation in Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Nursing, People's Libration Army of 266 Hospital, Chengde City, Hubei, 067000, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhilei Shen
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lusha Wu
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Zhou YF, Zhang C, Yang G, Qian ZM, Zhang MW, Ma J, Zhang FL, Ke Y. Hepcidin Protects Neuron from Hemin-Mediated Injury by Reducing Iron. Front Physiol 2017; 8:332. [PMID: 28588503 PMCID: PMC5440571 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemin plays a key role in mediating secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and the cell toxicity of hemin is thought to be due to iron that is liberated when hemin is degraded. In a recent study, we demonstrated the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin reduces brain iron in iron-overloaded rats. Therefore, we hypothesized that hepcidin might be able to reduce iron and then protect neurons from hemin or iron-mediated neurotoxicity in hemin-treated neuronal cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis and demonstrated that ad-hepcidin and hepcidin peptide both have the ability to suppress the hemin-induced increase in LDH release and apoptotic cell numbers, to reduce cell iron and ferritin contents, and to inhibit expression of transferrin receptor 1, divalent metal transporter 1, and ferroportin 1 in hemin-treated neurons. We conclude that hepcidin protects neuron from hemin-mediated injury by reducing iron via inhibition of expression of iron transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Zhou
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Guang Yang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Meng-Wan Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Juan Ma
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Fa-Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ya Ke
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
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Liu R, Cao S, Hua Y, Keep RF, Huang Y, Xi G. CD163 Expression in Neurons After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2017; 48:1369-1375. [PMID: 28360115 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.016850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CD163, a receptor for hemoglobin, is involved in hemoglobin clearance after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In contrast to microglial/macrophage CD163, neuronal CD163 hemoglobin has not been well studied. This study examined the expression of neuronal CD163 in a pig model of ICH and in vitro rat cortical neurons and the impact of deferoxamine on that expression. METHODS There were 2 parts to this study. In the in vivo part, piglets had injection of autologous blood into the right frontal lobe. The time course of CD163 expression and the effect of deferoxamine on the expression of CD163 after ICH were determined in the grey matter. In the in vitro part, the levels of CD163 and neuronal death and the effect of deferoxamine were examined in rat cortical neurons culture treated with hemoglobin. RESULTS CD163-positive cells were found, and the CD163 protein levels were upregulated in the ipsilateral grey matter after ICH. The CD163 levels peaked at days 1 and 3. The CD163-positive cells were colocated with NeuN-positive, heme oxygenase-2-positive, and terminal deoxynucleatidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells. Deferoxamine treatment attenuated ICH-induced CD163 upregulation and significantly reduced both brain CD163 and hemoglobin levels at day 3. Treating neuronal cultures with hemoglobin for 24 hours resulted in CD163 upregulation and increased cell death. Deferoxamine significantly attenuated the hemoglobin-induced neuronal death and CD163 upregulation. CONCLUSIONS CD163 is expressed in neurons and upregulated after ICH. Deferoxamine reduced ICH-induced CD163 upregulation and brain cell death in vivo and hemoglobin-induced CD163 upregulation and neuronal death in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Shenglong Cao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Yining Huang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.).
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12
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Tian S, Yang X, Zhao Q, Zheng J, Huang H, Chen Y, An R, Xu Y. Association between a heme oxygenase-2 genetic variant and risk of Parkinson's disease in Han Chinese. Neurosci Lett 2017; 642:119-122. [PMID: 28179208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies have reported conflicting results about possible associations between variants in heme oxygenase (HMOX) genes and risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Caucasians, and little is known about these associations in Asians. We genotyped the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2071746 and rs2071747 in HMOX1 and rs1051308 in HMOX2 in 583 Han Chinese with PD and 627 healthy controls using a customized 2×48-Plex SNP Scan™ kit. Frequencies of genotypes and minor alleles were similar between patients and controls for rs2071746 and rs2071747, but different for rs1051308(P=0.004, OR 1.705, 95%CI 1.191-2.442 for genotypes; P=0.009, OR 1.249, 95%CI 1.037-1.476 for alleles). Our results suggest that rs1051308 is associated with risk of developing PD in Han Chinese, and further studies involving various ethnicities are needed to validate the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Tian
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China
| | - Xinglong Yang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China
| | - Quanzhen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China
| | - Jinhua Zheng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China
| | - Yalan Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China.
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Abdoul-Azize S, Buquet C, Vannier JP, Dubus I. Pyr3, a TRPC3 channel blocker, potentiates dexamethasone sensitivity and apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by disturbing Ca(2+) signaling, mitochondrial membrane potential changes and reactive oxygen species production. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:90-8. [PMID: 27179991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex) is used as a chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) because of its capacity to induce apoptosis. However, some ALL patients acquire resistance to glucocorticoids (GC). Thus, it is important to explore new agents to overcome GC resistance. The aim of the present work was to assess the ability of Pyr3, a selective inhibitor of transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3), to sensitize human ALL cells to Dex. We show here, for the first time, that Pyr3 enhances Dex sensitivity through the distraction of Dex-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in ALL cells (in vitro) and primary blasts (ex vivo) associated with mitochondrial-mediated reactive oxygen species production in ALL cells. Pyr3 alone induced Ca(2+) signaling via only endoplasmic reticulum-released Ca(2+) and exerted inhibitory effect on store-operated Ca(2+) entry in dose-dependent manner in ALL cell lines. Pre-incubation of cells with Pyr3 significantly curtailed the thapsigargin- and Dex-evoked Ca(2+) signaling in ALL cell lines. Pyr3 synergistically potentiated Dex lethality, as shown by the induction of cell mortality, G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ALL cell lines. Moreover, Pyr3 disrupted Dex-mediated Ca(2+) signaling and increased the sensitivity of Dex-induced cell death in primary blasts from ALL patients. Additional analysis showed that co-treatment with Dex and Pyr3 results in mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and reactive oxygen species production in ALL cells. Together, Pyr3 exhibited potential therapeutic benefit in combination with Dex to inverse glucocorticoid resistance in human ALL and probably in other lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souleymane Abdoul-Azize
- Groupe de Recherche "Micro-Environnement et Renouvellement Cellulaire Intégré" MERCI UPRES EA 3829, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Buquet
- Groupe de Recherche "Micro-Environnement et Renouvellement Cellulaire Intégré" MERCI UPRES EA 3829, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vannier
- Groupe de Recherche "Micro-Environnement et Renouvellement Cellulaire Intégré" MERCI UPRES EA 3829, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France; Service Immuno-Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU Charles Nicolle, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Dubus
- Groupe de Recherche "Micro-Environnement et Renouvellement Cellulaire Intégré" MERCI UPRES EA 3829, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
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Davydov R, Fleischhacker AS, Bagai I, Hoffman BM, Ragsdale SW. Comparison of the Mechanisms of Heme Hydroxylation by Heme Oxygenases-1 and -2: Kinetic and Cryoreduction Studies. Biochemistry 2015; 55:62-8. [PMID: 26652036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The two isoforms of human heme oxygenase (HO1 and HO2) catalyze oxidative degradation of heme to biliverdin, Fe, and CO. Unlike HO1, HO2 contains two C-terminal heme regulatory motifs (HRMs) centered at Cys265 and Cys282 that act as redox switches and, in their reduced dithiolate state, bind heme (Fleischhacker et al., Biochemistry , 2015 , 54 , 2693 - 2708 ). Here, we describe cryoreduction/annealing and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic experiments to study the structural features of the oxyheme moiety in HO2 and to elucidate the initial steps in heme degradation. We conclude that the same mechanism of heme hydroxylation to α-meso-hydroxyheme is employed by both isoforms and that the HRMs do not affect the physicochemical properties of the oxy-Fe(II) and HOO-Fe(III) states of HO2. However, the absorption spectrum of oxy-Fe(II)-HO2 is slightly blue-shifted relative to that of HO1. Furthermore, heme hydroxylation proceeds three times more slowly, and the oxy-Fe(II) state is 100-fold less stable in HO2 than in HO1. These distinctions are attributed to slight structural variances in the two proteins, including differences in equilibrium between open versus closed conformations. Kinetic studies revealed that heme oxygenation by HO2 occurs solely at the catalytic core in that a variant of HO2 lacking the C-terminal HRM domain exhibits the same specific activity as one containing both the catalytic core and HRM domain; furthermore, a truncated variant containing only the HRM region binds but cannot oxidize heme. In summary, HO1 and HO2 share similar catalytic mechanisms, and the HRMs do not play a direct role in the HO2 catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Davydov
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Angela S Fleischhacker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ireena Bagai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Stephen W Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Li R, Jiang Q, Cheng H, Zhang G, Zhen M, Chen D, Ge J, Mao L, Wang C, Shu C. G-quadruplex DNAzymes-induced highly selective and sensitive colorimetric sensing of free heme in rat brain. Analyst 2015; 139:1993-9. [PMID: 24600682 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct selective determination of free heme in the cerebral system is of great significance due to the crucial roles of free heme in physiological and pathological processes. In this work, a G-quadruplex DNAzymes-induced highly sensitive and selective colorimetric sensing of free heme in rat brain is established. Initially, the conformation of an 18-base G-rich DNA sequence, PS2.M (5'-GTGGGTAGGGCGGGTTGG-3'), in the presence of K(+), changes from a random coil to a "parallel" G-quadruplex structure, which can bind free heme in the cerebral system with high affinity through π-π stacking. The resulted heme/G-quadruplex complex exhibits high peroxidase-like activity, which can be used to catalyze the oxidation of colorless ABTS(2-) to green ABTS˙(-) by H2O2. The concentration of heme can be evaluated by the naked eye and determined by UV-vis spectroscopy. The signal output showed a linear relationship for heme within the concentration range from 1 to 120 nM with a detection limit of 0.637 nM. The assay demonstrated here was highly selective and free from the interference of physiologically important species such as dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), ascorbate acid (AA), cysteine, uric acid (UA), glucose and lactate in the cerebral system. The basal dialysate level of free heme in the microdialysate from the striatum of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was determined to be 32.8 ± 19.5 nM (n = 3). The analytic protocol possesses many advantages, including theoretical simplicity, low-cost technical and instrumental demands, and responsible detection of heme in rat brain microdialysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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Yin W, Zhang X, Li Y. Protective effects of curcumin in APPswe transfected SH-SY5Y cells. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:405-12. [PMID: 25774181 PMCID: PMC4350125 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The APPswe plasmid was transfected into the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y to establish a cell model of Alzheimer's disease. Graded concentration and time course experiments demonstrate that curcumin significantly upregulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 and ferritin expression, and that it significantly downregulates heme oxygenase 2, reactive oxygen species and amyloid-beta 40/42 expression. These effects of curcumin on PI3K, Akt and Nrf2 were blocked by LY294002 (PI3k inhibitor) and NF-E2-related factor-2 siRNA. The results indicate that the cytoprotection conferred by curcumin on APPswe transfected SH-SY5Y cells is mediated by its ability to regulate the balance between heme oxygenase 1 and 2 via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 intracellular signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Yin
- Department of Pathology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China ; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China ; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Chen-Roetling J, Song W, Schipper HM, Regan CS, Regan RF. Astrocyte overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 improves outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2015; 46:1093-8. [PMID: 25690543 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction of heme breakdown and may have both antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects. In previous studies, HO-1 overexpression protected astrocytes from heme-mediated injury in vitro. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that selective astrocyte overexpression of HO-1 improves outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. METHODS Male and female transgenic mice overexpressing human HO-1 driven by the GFAP promoter (GFAP.HMOX1) and wild-type controls received striatal injections of autologous blood (25 μL). Blood-brain barrier disruption was assessed by Evans blue assay and striatal cell viability by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Neurological deficits were quantified by digital analysis of spontaneous cage activity, adhesive removal, and elevated body swing tests. RESULTS Mortality rate for wild-type mice was 34.8% and was similar for males and females; all GFAP.HMOX1 mice survived. Striatal Evans blue leakage at 24 hours was 23.4±3.2 ng in surviving wild-type mice, compared with 10.9±1.8 ng in transgenics. Perihematomal cell viability was reduced to 61±4% of contralateral at 3 days in wild-type mice, versus 80±4% in transgenics. Focal neurological deficits were significantly reduced and spontaneous cage activity was increased in GFAP.HMOX1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Selective HO-1 overexpression in astrocytes reduces mortality, blood-brain barrier disruption, perihematomal cell injury, and neurological deficits in an autologous blood injection intracerebral hemorrhage model. Genetic or pharmacological therapies that acutely increase astrocyte HO-1 may be beneficial after intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen-Roetling
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.-R., C.S.R., R.F.R.); and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (W.S., H.M.S.)
| | - Wei Song
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.-R., C.S.R., R.F.R.); and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (W.S., H.M.S.)
| | - Hyman M Schipper
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.-R., C.S.R., R.F.R.); and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (W.S., H.M.S.)
| | - Christopher S Regan
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.-R., C.S.R., R.F.R.); and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (W.S., H.M.S.)
| | - Raymond F Regan
- From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (J.C.-R., C.S.R., R.F.R.); and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (W.S., H.M.S.).
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18
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Chen-Roetling J, Lu X, Regan RF. Targeting heme oxygenase after intracerebral hemorrhage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 25642455 DOI: 10.14800/ttnd.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the primary event in approximately 10% of strokes, and has higher rates of morbidity and mortality than ischemic stroke. Experimental evidence suggests that the toxicity of hemoglobin and its degradation products contributes to secondary injury that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Hemin, the oxidized form of heme, accumulates in intracranial hematomas to cytotoxic levels. The rate limiting step of its breakdown is catalyzed by the heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes, which consist of inducible HO-1 and constitutively-expressed HO-2. The effect of these enzymes on perihematomal injury and neurological outcome has been investigated in ICH models using both genetic and pharmacological approaches to alter their expression, with variable results reported. These findings are summarized and reconciled in this review; therapeutic strategies that may optimize HO expression and activity after ICH are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen-Roetling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiangping Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Neuroprotective effect of heme oxygenase-2 knockout in the blood injection model of intracerebral hemorrhage. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:561. [PMID: 25149897 PMCID: PMC4147166 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The toxicity of heme breakdown products may contribute to the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Heme catabolism is catalyzed by the heme oxygenase enzymes. We have previously reported that heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), the constitutive isoform, protects neurons from hemin in vitro and reduces oxidative stress after striatal blood injection. In order to further evaluate HO-2 as a therapeutic target, we tested the hypothesis that HO-2 gene deletion protects neurons and attenuates behavioral deficits after ICH. FINDINGS Injection of 20 μl blood into the right striatum of HO-2 wild-type mice resulted in loss of approximately one third of striatal neurons 4-8 days later. Neuronal survival was significantly increased in HO-2 knockout mice at both time points. This was associated with reduced motor deficit as detected by the corner test; however, no differences were detected in spontaneous activity or the adhesive removal or elevated body swing tests. CONCLUSION HO-2 knockout attenuates perihematomal neuron loss in the blood injection ICH model, but has a weak and variable effect on neurological outcome.
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20
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Phenanthrolines Protect Astrocytes from Hemin Without Chelating Iron. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:693-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Curcumin pretreatment induces Nrf2 and an antioxidant response and prevents hemin-induced toxicity in primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons of rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:801418. [PMID: 24454990 PMCID: PMC3885319 DOI: 10.1155/2013/801418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a bifunctional antioxidant derived from Curcuma longa. This study identifies curcumin as a neuroprotectant against hemin-induced damage in primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) of rats. Hemin, the oxidized form of heme, is a highly reactive compound that induces cellular injury. Pretreatment of CGNs with 5–30 μM curcumin effectively increased by 2.3–4.9 fold heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and by 5.6–14.3-fold glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, 15 μM curcumin attenuated by 55% the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, by 94% the reduction of GSH/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio, and by 49% the cell death induced by hemin. The inhibition of heme oxygenase system or GSH synthesis with tin mesoporphyrin and buthionine sulfoximine, respectively, suppressed the protective effect of curcumin against hemin-induced toxicity. These data strongly suggest that HO-1 and GSH play a major role in the protective effect of curcumin. Furthermore, it was found that 24 h of incubation with curcumin increases by 1.4-, 2.3-, and 5.2-fold the activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase, respectively. Additionally, it was found that curcumin was capable of inducing nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) translocation into the nucleus. These data suggest that the pretreatment with curcumin induces Nrf2 and an antioxidant response that may play an important role in the protective effect of this antioxidant against hemin-induced neuronal death.
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Abstract
Hemin accumulates in intracerebral hematomas and may contribute to cell injury in adjacent tissue. Despite its relevance to hemorrhagic CNS insults, very little is known about hemin trafficking by neural cells. In the present study, hemin uptake and release were quantified in primary murine cortical cultures, and the effect of the hemin-binding compound deferoxamine (DFO) was assessed. Net uptake of (55)Fe-hemin was similar in mixed neuron-glia, neuron, and glia cultures, but was 2.6-3.6-fold greater in microglia cultures. After washout, 40-60% of the isotope signal was released by mixed neuron-glia cultures into albumin-containing medium within 24 h. Inhibiting hemin breakdown with tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPPIX) had minimal effect, while release of the fluorescent hemin analog zinc mesoporphyrin was quantitatively similar to that of (55)Fe-hemin. Isotope was released most rapidly by neurons (52.2 ± 7.2% at 2 h), compared with glia (15.6 ± 1.3%) and microglia (17.6 ± 0.54%). DFO did not alter (55)Fe-hemin uptake, but significantly increased its release. Mixed cultures treated with 10 μM hemin for 24 h sustained widespread neuronal loss that was attenuated by DFO. Concomitant treatment with SnPPIX had no effect on either enhancement of isotope release by DFO or neuroprotection. These results suggest that in the presence of a physiologic albumin concentration, hemin uptake by neural cells is followed by considerable extracellular release. Enhancement of this release by DFO may contribute to its protective effect against hemin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen-Roetling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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Mohan S, Glushakov AV, Decurnou A, Narumiya S, Doré S. Contribution of PGE2 EP1 receptor in hemin-induced neurotoxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:31. [PMID: 24109429 PMCID: PMC3791386 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hemin-mediated neurotoxicity has been linked to the production of free radicals and glutamate excitotoxicity, the role of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP1 receptor remains unclear. Activation of the EP1 receptor in neurons results in increased intracellular calcium levels; therefore, we hypothesize that the blockade of the EP1 receptor reduces hemin neurotoxicity. Using postnatal primary cortical neurons cultured from wild-type (WT) and EP1−/− mice, we investigated the EP1 receptor role in hemin neurotoxicity measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cell survival assay. Hemin (75 μM) induced greater release of LDH in WT (34.7 ± 4.5%) than in EP1−/− (27.6 ± 3.3%) neurons. In the presence of the EP1 receptor antagonist SC-51089, the hemin-induced release of LDH decreased. To further investigate potential mechanisms of action, we measured changes in the intracellular calcium level [Ca2+]i following treatment with 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 (17-pt-PGE2) a selective EP1 agonist. In the WT neurons, 17-pt-PGE2 dose-dependently increased [Ca2+]i. However, in EP1−/− neurons, [Ca2+]i was significantly attenuated. We also revealed that hemin dose-dependently increased [Ca2+]i in WT neurons, with a significant decrease in EP1−/− neurons. Both 17-pt-PGE2 and hemin-induced [Ca2+]i were abolished by N-methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA) acid receptor and ryanodine receptor blockers. These results suggest that blockade of the EP1 receptor may be protective against hemin neurotoxicity in vitro. We speculate that the mechanism of hemin neuronal death involves [Ca2+]i mediated by NMDA acid receptor-mediated extracellular Ca2+ influx and EP1 receptor-mediated intracellular release from ryanodine receptor-operated Ca2+ stores. Therefore, blockade of the EP1 receptor could be used to minimize neuronal damage following exposure to supraphysiological levels of hemin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Chen-Roetling J, Lu X, Regan KA, Regan RF. A rapid fluorescent method to quantify neuronal loss after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 216:128-36. [PMID: 23583700 PMCID: PMC3679307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal loss in tissue surrounding an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is usually quantified by labor-intensive histological methods that are subject to bias. Fluorescent protein expression has been successfully used as a marker of cell viability in vitro and in retinal studies in vivo, but not in any ICH model to date. The potential of this approach was investigated using transgenic mice that constitutively express the red fluorescent protein variant dTomato in central neurons under the control of the Thy1 promoter. Breeding and growth of these mice were similar to their wild-type counterparts; behavioral phenotyping by digital analysis of home cage video recordings detected no differences. Bright fluorescence was evident in fresh brain samples with minimal background fluorescence, and was reduced in tissue surrounding the hematoma. In order to assess fluorescence loss as an injury marker in a planned study, these mice were crossed with heme oxygenase (HO)-2 knockouts and wild-type controls; striatal hemorrhage was induced by stereotactic injection of collagenase. Fluorescence in hemorrhagic striata was reduced to 86.4±3.9%, 62.2±5.1%, and 58.3±3.0% of contra-lateral on days 1, 4 and 8, respectively, and correlated closely with reduction in striatal cell viability as quantified by MTT assay. HO-2 knockout and wild-type values did not differ significantly. Similar results were observed with stereological cell counts of striatal neurons identified by NeuN immunoreactivity. These results suggest that loss of constitutive dTomato fluorescence is an accurate and efficient marker of neuronal loss in tissue surrounding a striatal hematoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen-Roetling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, College Building Room 813, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Xiangping Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, College Building Room 813, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Kathleen A. Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, College Building Room 813, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Raymond F. Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, College Building Room 813, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Smirnova NA, Hushpulian DM, Speer RE, Gaisina IN, Ratan RR, Gazaryan IG. Catalytic mechanism and substrate specificity of HIF prolyl hydroxylases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1108-19. [PMID: 23157291 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the catalytic mechanism, substrate specificity, and structural peculiarities of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent nonheme iron dioxygenases catalyzing prolyl hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Distinct localization and regulation of three isoforms of HIF prolyl hydroxylases suggest their different roles in cells. The recent identification of novel substrates other than HIF, namely β2-adrenergic receptor and the large subunit of RNA polymerase II, places these enzymes in the focus of drug development efforts aimed at development of isoform-specific inhibitors. The challenges and prospects of designing isoform-specific inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Smirnova
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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Kamp MA, Dibué M, Etminan N, Steiger HJ, Schneider T, Hänggi D. Evidence for direct impairment of neuronal function by subarachnoid metabolites following SAH. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013. [PMID: 23180171 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of neuronal signal processing and transmission occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and contributes to the high morbidity and mortality of this pathology. The underlying mechanisms include early brain injury due to elevation of the intracranial pressure, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, brain edema, reduction of cerebral blood flow, and neuronal cell death. Direct influence of subarachnoid blood metabolites on neuronal signaling should be considered. After SAH, some metabolites were shown to directly induce disruption of neuronal integrity and neuronal signaling, whereas the effects of other metabolites on neurotoxicity and neuronal signaling have not yet been investigated. Therefore, this mini-review will discuss recent evidence for a direct influence of subarachnoid blood and its metabolites on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Kamp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Regulation of ROS production and vascular function by carbon monoxide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:794237. [PMID: 22928087 PMCID: PMC3425856 DOI: 10.1155/2012/794237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous molecule produced from heme by heme oxygenase (HO). CO interacts with reduced iron of heme-containing proteins, leading to its involvement in various cellular events via its production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). CO-mediated ROS production initiates intracellular signal events, which regulate the expression of adaptive genes implicated in oxidative stress and functions as signaling molecule for promoting vascular functions, including angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, CO generated either by exogenous delivery or by HO activity can be fundamentally involved in regulating mitochondria-mediated redox cascades for adaptive gene expression and improving blood circulation (i.e., O2 delivery) via neovascularization, leading to the regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism. This paper will highlight the biological effects of CO on ROS generation and cellular redox changes involved in mitochondrial metabolism and angiogenesis. Moreover, cellular mechanisms by which CO is exploited for disease prevention and therapeutic applications will also be discussed.
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Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibition: robust new target or another big bust for stroke therapeutics? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1347-61. [PMID: 22415525 PMCID: PMC3390817 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in developing stroke therapeutics that augment adaptive pathways to stress has been to identify targets that can activate compensatory programs without inducing or adding to the stress of injury. In this regard, hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases (HIF PHDs) are central gatekeepers of posttranscriptional and transcriptional adaptation to hypoxia, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Indeed, some of the known salutary effects of putative 'antioxidant' iron chelators in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke may derive from their abilities to inhibit this family of iron, 2-oxoglutarate, and oxygen-dependent enzymes. Evidence from a number of laboratories supports the notion that HIF PHD inhibition can improve histological and functional outcomes in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models. In this review, we discuss this evidence and highlight important gaps in our understanding that render HIF PHD inhibition a promising but not yet preclinically validated target for protection and repair after stroke.
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Hemopexin decreases hemin accumulation and catabolism by neural cells. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:488-94. [PMID: 22342655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemopexin is a serum, CSF, and neuronal protein that is protective after experimental stroke. Its efficacy in the latter has been linked to increased expression and activity of heme oxygenase (HO)-1, suggesting that it facilitates heme degradation and subsequent release of cytoprotective biliverdin and carbon monoxide. In this study, the effect of hemopexin on the rate of hemin breakdown by CNS cells was investigated in established in vitro models. Equimolar hemopexin decreased hemin breakdown, as assessed by gas chromatography, by 60-75% in primary cultures of murine neurons and glia. Extracellular hemopexin reduced cell accumulation of ⁵⁵Fe-hemin by over 90%, while increasing hemin export or extraction from membranes by fourfold. This was associated with significant reduction in HO-1 expression and neuroprotection. In a cell-free system, hemin breakdown by recombinant HO-1 was reduced over 80% by hemopexin; in contrast, albumin and two other heme-binding proteins had no effect. Although hemopexin was detected on immunoblots of cortical lysates from adult mice, hemopexin knockout per se did not alter HO activity in cortical cells treated with hemin. These results demonstrate that hemopexin decreases the accumulation and catabolism of exogenous hemin by neural cells. Its beneficial effect in stroke models is unlikely to be mediated by increased production of cytoprotective heme breakdown products.
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A polymorphism located at an ATG transcription start site of the heme oxygenase-2 gene is associated with classical Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2011; 21:565-71. [PMID: 21709601 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328348f729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Oxidative stress and iron deposition is related to Parkinson's disease (PD). Heme oxygenase 2 (HMOX2) catalyzes the cleavage of the heme ring to form biliverdin with release of iron and carbon monoxide. This study aims to analyze variations in the HMOX2 gene in patients with PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We mapped four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variations of the HMOX2 gene in 691 patients with PD and 747 healthy individuals. RESULTS We identified a highly homogeneous association of the HMOX2 SNP rs2270363 homozygous G/G genotype with patients with classical PD phenotype compared with healthy individuals. We identified three patients with PD and two control individuals with a single copy of the HMOX2 gene. No individuals with zero or more than two gene copies were identified. CONCLUSION We describe for the first time, copy number variations in the HMOX2 gene and an association of the SNP rs2270363 with PD risk.
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Dang TN, Bishop GM, Dringen R, Robinson SR. The metabolism and toxicity of hemin in astrocytes. Glia 2011; 59:1540-50. [PMID: 21681819 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hemin is cytotoxic, and contributes to the brain damage that accompanies hemorrhagic stroke. In order to better understand the basis of hemin toxicity in astrocytes, the present study quantified hemin metabolism and compared it to the pattern of cell death. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression was first evident after 2 h incubation with hemin, with maximal expression being observed by 24 h. Despite the induction of HO-1, it was found that the proportion of hemin metabolized by astrocytes remained fairly constant throughout the 24 h period, with 70-80% of intracellular hemin remaining intact. A period of cell loss began after 2 h exposure to hemin, which gradually increased in severity to reach a maximum by 24 h. This cell loss could not be attenuated by the iron chelator, 1,10-phenanthroline, or by several antioxidant compounds (Trolox, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone), indicating that the mechanism of hemin toxicity does not involve iron. While these results make it unlikely that hemin toxicity is due to interactions with endogenous H(2)O(2), hemin toxicity was increased in the presence of supraphysiological levels of H(2)O(2) and this increase was ameliorated by PHEN, indicating that the iron released from hemin can be toxic under some pathological conditions. However, when H(2)O(2) is present at physiological levels, the toxicity of hemin appears to be caused by other mechanisms that may involve bilirubin and carbon monoxide in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Dang
- Blood-Brain Interactions Group, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Dang TN, Robinson SR, Dringen R, Bishop GM. Uptake, metabolism and toxicity of hemin in cultured neurons. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:804-11. [PMID: 21397650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Following hemorrhagic stroke, red blood cells lyse and release neurotoxic hemin into the interstitial space. The present study investigates whether neurons can accumulate and metabolize hemin. We demonstrate that cultured neurons express the heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1), and that this transporter appears to contribute to the time- and concentration-dependent accumulation of hemin by neurons. Although exposure of neurons to hemin stimulates the synthesis of the iron storage protein ferritin, approximately 80% of the hemin accumulated by neurons remains intact. Within 24h of incubation, substantial neurotoxicity was observed that was not attenuated by the cell permeable, selective ferrous iron chelator, 1,10-phenanthroline. These results demonstrate that while neurons efficiently accumulate hemin they slowly degrade it, and they support the conclusion that intact hemin is more neurotoxic than the iron released from the breakdown of hemin. Further investigations are required to determine the basis of this neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Dang
- Blood-Brain Interactions Group, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Lok J, Leung W, Murphy S, Butler W, Noviski N, Lo EH. Intracranial hemorrhage: mechanisms of secondary brain injury. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 111:63-9. [PMID: 21725733 PMCID: PMC3285293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
ICH is a disease with high rates of mortality and morbidity, with a substantial public health impact. Spontaneous ICH (sICH) has been extensively studied, and a large body of data has been accumulated on its pathophysiology. However, the literature on traumatic ICH (tICH) is limited, and further investigations of this important topic are needed. This review will highlight some of the cellular pathways in ICH with an emphasis on the mechanisms of secondary injury due to heme toxicity and to events in the coagulation process that are common to both sICH and tICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Chen L, Zhang X, Chen-Roetling J, Regan RF. Increased striatal injury and behavioral deficits after intracerebral hemorrhage in hemopexin knockout mice. J Neurosurg 2010; 114:1159-67. [PMID: 21128737 DOI: 10.3171/2010.10.jns10861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Heme toxicity may contribute to the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The primary defense against extracellular heme is provided by hemopexin, a serum and neuronal glycoprotein that binds it with very high affinity and mitigates its prooxidant effect. In the present study, the authors tested the hypothesis that hemopexin knockout mice would sustain more injury after experimental ICH than their wild-type counterparts. METHODS Striatal ICH was induced by the stereotactic injection of bacterial collagenase or autologous blood. Three days later, striatal protein oxidation was assessed via carbonyl assay. Cell viability was quantified at 8-9 days by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Behavioral deficits were detected with high-resolution digital analysis of 6-hour home cage video recordings and standard testing. RESULTS Perihematomal protein oxidation was increased in wild-type collagenase-injected striata by approximately 2.1-fold, as compared with contralateral striata; protein carbonyls were increased 3-fold in knockout mice. Striatal cell viability was reduced by collagenase injection in wild-type mice to 52.9 ± 6.5% of that in the contralateral striata, and to 31.1 ± 3.7% of that in the contralateral striata in knockout mice; similar results were obtained after blood injection. Digital analysis of 6-hour video recordings demonstrated an activity deficit in both models that was significantly exacerbated at 8 days in knockout mice. Striatal heme content 9 days after blood injection was increased approximately 2.7-fold in knockouts as compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hemopexin has a protective effect against hemorrhagic CNS injuries. Hemopexin deficiency, which is often associated with sickle cell disease, may worsen outcome after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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35
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Correia MA, Sinclair PR, De Matteis F. Cytochrome P450 regulation: the interplay between its heme and apoprotein moieties in synthesis, assembly, repair, and disposal. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 43:1-26. [PMID: 20860521 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2010.515222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heme is vital to our aerobic universe. Heme cellular content is finely tuned through an exquisite control of synthesis and degradation. Heme deficiency is deleterious to cells, whereas excess heme is toxic. Most of the cellular heme serves as the prosthetic moiety of functionally diverse hemoproteins, including cytochromes P450 (P450s). In the liver, P450s are its major consumers, with >50% of hepatic heme committed to their synthesis. Prosthetic heme is the sine qua non of P450 catalytic biotransformation of both endo- and xenobiotics. This well-recognized functional role notwithstanding, heme also regulates P450 protein synthesis, assembly, repair, and disposal. These less well-appreciated aspects are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Almira Correia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 94158, USA.
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Robinson SR, Dang TN, Dringen R, Bishop GM. Hemin toxicity: a preventable source of brain damage following hemorrhagic stroke. Redox Rep 2010; 14:228-35. [PMID: 20003707 DOI: 10.1179/135100009x12525712409931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke is a common cause of permanent brain damage, with a significant amount of the damage occurring in the weeks following a stroke. This secondary damage is partly due to the toxic effects of hemin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin. The serum proteins hemopexin and albumin can bind hemin, but these natural defenses are insufficient to cope with the extremely high amounts of hemin (10 mM) that can potentially be liberated from hemoglobin in a hematoma. The present review discusses how hemin gets into brain cells, and examines the multiple routes through which hemin can be toxic. These include the release of redox-active iron, the depletion of cellular stores of NADPH and glutathione, the production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, and the peroxidation of membrane lipids. Important gaps are revealed in contemporary knowledge about the metabolism of hemin by brain cells, particularly regarding how hemin interacts with hydrogen peroxide. Strategies currently being developed for the reduction of hemin toxicity after hemorrhagic stroke include chelation therapy, antioxidant therapy and the modulation of heme oxygenase activity. Future strategies may be directed at preventing the uptake of hemin into brain cells to limit the opportunity for toxic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Robinson
- School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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Buehler PW, D'Agnillo F. Toxicological consequences of extracellular hemoglobin: biochemical and physiological perspectives. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:275-91. [PMID: 19659434 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Under normal physiology, human red blood cells (RBCs) demonstrate a circulating lifespan of approximately 100-120 days with efficient removal of senescent RBCs taking place via the reticuloendothelial system, spleen, and bone marrow phagocytosis. Within this time frame, hemoglobin (Hb) is effectively protected by efficient RBC enzymatic systems designed to allow for interaction between Hb and diffusible ligands while preventing direct contact between Hb and the external environment. Under normal resting conditions, the concentration of extracellular Hb in circulation is therefore minimal and controlled by specific plasma and cellular (monocyte/macrophage) binding proteins (haptoglobin) and receptors (CD163), respectively. However, during pathological conditions leading to hemolysis, extracellular Hb concentrations exceed normal plasma and cellular binding capacities, allowing Hb to become a biologically relevant vasoactive and redox active protein within the circulation and at extravascular sites. Under conditions of genetic, drug-induced, and autoimmune hemolytic anemias, large quantities of Hb are introduced into the circulation and often lead to acute renal failure and vascular dysfunction. Interestingly, the study of chemically modified Hb for use as oxygen therapeutics has allowed for some basic understanding of extracellular Hb toxicity, particularly in the absence of functional clearance mechanisms and in circulatory antioxidant depleted states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Buehler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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38
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Dang TN, Bishop GM, Dringen R, Robinson SR. The putative heme transporter HCP1 is expressed in cultured astrocytes and contributes to the uptake of hemin. Glia 2010; 58:55-65. [PMID: 19533605 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hemin, which is toxic to brain cells, has been reported to be taken up by cultured astrocytes; however, the mechanism of uptake is currently unknown. The present study investigated the mechanism of hemin uptake by rat primary astrocyte cultures. In medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, cultured astrocytes failed to accumulate significant amounts of heme-iron, while in serum-free medium the accumulation of heme-iron was found to be time- and concentration-dependent. After 6 h of incubation with 24 muM hemin, cells contained 36.2 +/- 2.4 nmol heme-iron/mg protein, which was 21% of the applied hemin. These results suggest that the accumulation of hemin in astrocytes does not require serum proteins such as hemopexin. A potential mechanism of hemin uptake in astrocytes involves the heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1), which is reported to mediate hemin uptake into intestinal cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that astrocyte cultures contained HCP1 mRNA, and immunocytochemical staining and Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of HCP1 protein in cultured astrocytes. The functionality of HCP1 in astrocytes was demonstrated by incubating cells with zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX), which is known to be transported into cells via HCP1, and ZnPPIX autofluorescence was detected in HCP1-positive astrocytes. In addition, ZnPPIX was found to attenuate the accumulation of heme-iron by astrocytes. These results are the first to demonstrate that cultured astrocytes contain functional HCP1 and that this transporter contributes to hemin uptake by astrocytes. HCP1 may therefore provide a new target for reducing hemin-related toxicity in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Dang
- School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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39
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Kinobe RT, Dercho RA, Nakatsu K. Inhibitors of the heme oxygenase - carbon monoxide system: on the doorstep of the clinic? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:577-99. [PMID: 18758507 DOI: 10.1139/y08-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen substantial developments in our understanding of the physiology, pathology, and pharmacology of heme oxygenases (HO), to the point that investigators in the field are beginning to contemplate therapies based on administration of HO agonists or HO inhibitors. A significant amount of our current knowledge is based on the judicious application of metalloporphyrin inhibitors of HO, despite their limitations of selectivity. Recently, imidazole-based compounds have been identified as potent and more selective HO inhibitors. This 'next generation' of HO inhibitors offers a number of desirable characteristics, including isozyme selectivity, negligible effects on HO protein expression, and physicochemical properties favourable for in vivo distribution. Some of the applications of HO inhibitors that have been suggested are treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, neurodegenerative disorders, certain types of cancer, and bacterial and fungal infections. In this review, we address various approaches to altering HO activity with a focus on the potential applications of second-generation inhibitors of HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Kinobe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON Canada
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40
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Loboda A, Jazwa A, Grochot-Przeczek A, Rutkowski AJ, Cisowski J, Agarwal A, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. Heme oxygenase-1 and the vascular bed: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1767-812. [PMID: 18576916 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1, an enzyme degrading heme to carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin, has been recognized as playing a crucial role in cellular defense against stressful conditions, not only related to heme release. HO-1 protects endothelial cells from apoptosis, is involved in blood-vessel relaxation regulating vascular tone, attenuates inflammatory response in the vessel wall, and participates in blood-vessel formation by means of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The latter functions link HO-1 not only to cardiovascular ischemia but also to many other conditions that, like development, wound healing, or cancer, are dependent on neovascularization. The aim of this comprehensive review is to address the mechanisms of HO-1 regulation and function in cardiovascular physiology and pathology and to demonstrate some possible applications of the vast knowledge generated so far. Recent data provide powerful evidence for the involvement of HO-1 in the therapeutic effect of drugs used in cardiovascular diseases. Novel studies open the possibilities of application of HO-1 for gene and cell therapy. Therefore, research in forthcoming years should help to elucidate both the real role of HO-1 in the effect of drugs and the clinical feasibility of HO-1-based cell and gene therapy, creating the effective therapeutic avenues for this refined antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Loboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Lagan AL, Quinlan GJ, Mumby S, Melley DD, Goldstraw P, Bellingan GJ, Hill MR, Briggs D, Pantelidis P, du Bois RM, Welsh KI, Evans TW. Variation in Iron Homeostasis Genes Between Patients With ARDS and Healthy Control Subjects. Chest 2008; 133:1302-1311. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Regan RF, Chen M, Li Z, Zhang X, Benvenisti-Zarom L, Chen-Roetling J. Neurons lacking iron regulatory protein-2 are highly resistant to the toxicity of hemoglobin. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 31:242-9. [PMID: 18571425 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of iron regulatory protein-2 (IRP2) on ferritin expression and neuronal vulnerability to hemoglobin was assessed in primary cortical cell cultures prepared from wild-type and IRP2 knockout mice. Baseline levels of H and L-ferritin subunits were significantly increased in IRP2 knockout neurons and astrocytes. Hemoglobin was toxic to wild-type neurons in mixed neuron-astrocyte cultures, with an LC(50) near 3 microM for a 24 h exposure. Neuronal death was reduced by 85-95% in knockout cultures, and also in cultures containing knockout neurons plated on wild-type astrocytes. Protein carbonylation, reactive oxygen species formation, and heme oxygenase-1 expression after hemoglobin treatment were also attenuated by IRP2 gene deletion. These results suggest that IRP2 binding activity increases the vulnerability of neurons to hemoglobin, possibly by reducing ferritin expression. Therapeutic strategies that target this regulatory mechanism may be beneficial after hemorrhagic CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Thompson Building Room 239, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Davies AL, Kramer JLK, Hayes KC. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer induces concentration-dependent alterations in the electrophysiological properties of axons in mammalian spinal cord. Neuroscience 2007; 151:1104-11. [PMID: 18248914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) typically involves intraparenchymal hemorrhage and a cascade of inflammatory and cytotoxic processes leading to tissue necrosis and apoptosis. A consequence of the hemorrhage is the accumulation of deoxygenated heme proximal and distal to the epicenter of the lesion. The heme oxygenase (HO) system is an endogenous heme degradation system and is upregulated following neurotrauma. The breakdown of heme via HO activity yields the byproducts carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin, and iron. CO has documented neuromodulatory properties; however, the effects of elevated concentrations of CO on axonal conduction in the spinal cord have not previously been studied. The present study tested the hypothesis that CO causes alterations in the electrophysiological properties of axons within the isolated guinea-pig spinal cord. Ex vivo spinal cord preparations were exposed to 100, 500, and 1000 microM concentrations of the carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM) 2 for 30 min in a double sucrose gap electrophysiological recording system and the compound action potential (CAP) and membrane potential (CMP) were recorded continuously during pretreatment, CORM-2 treatment, and washout (30 min) with Krebs' solution. CAP amplitude and area were significantly (P<0.05) reduced following treatment with 500 and 1000 microM CORM-2 and did not recover during washout. No effect on CMP was observed, however, stimulus-peak latency did increase significantly (P<0.05) following CORM-2 treatment at these concentrations, and a decrease in the amplitude of the second CAP elicited by paired-pulse stimulation was also evident at interpulse intervals of 2 and 4 ms. These results are consistent with a CO-induced alteration in axonal conduction, possibly attributable to modified Na+ channel conductance. They also identify a new mechanism by which post-traumatic hemorrhage contributes to the neurological deficits observed following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Davies
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Chen M, Regan RF. Time course of increased heme oxygenase activity and expression after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: correlation with oxidative injury. J Neurochem 2007; 103:2015-21. [PMID: 17760860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) activity in tissue adjacent to an intracerebral hematoma may modulate cellular vulnerability to heme-mediated oxidative injury. Although HO-1 is induced after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the time course of this induction, its effect on tissue HO activity, and its association with oxidative injury markers has not been defined. We therefore quantified HO activity, HO-1 expression, tissue heme content, and protein carbonylation for 8 days after injection of autologous blood into the mouse striatum. Increased striatal HO-1 protein was observed within 24 h, peaked on day 5 at a level that was 10-fold greater than baseline, and returned to baseline by day 8; HO-2 expression was not altered. HO activity increased by only 1.6-fold at its peak on day 5, and had also returned to baseline by day 8. A significant increase in protein carbonylation was observed at 3-5 days, which also was markedly attenuated by 8 days, concomitant with a return of tissue heme to near-normal levels. These results suggest that the increase in HO activity in tissue surrounding an experimental ICH is considerably less than would be predicted based on an analysis of HO-1 expression per se. As HO-1 expression is temporally associated with increased tissue heme and increased protein carbonylation, it may be more useful as a marker of heme-mediated oxidative stress in ICH models, rather than as an index of HO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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45
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Yi L, Ragsdale SW. Evidence that the heme regulatory motifs in heme oxygenase-2 serve as a thiol/disulfide redox switch regulating heme binding. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21056-67. [PMID: 17540772 PMCID: PMC3957417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700664200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes the O(2)- and NADPH-dependent conversion of heme to biliverdin, CO, and iron. The two forms of HO (HO-1 and HO-2) share similar physical properties but are differentially regulated and exhibit dissimilar physiological roles and tissue distributions. Unlike HO-1, HO-2 contains heme regulatory motifs (HRMs) (McCoubrey, W. K., Jr., Huang, T. J., and Maines, M. D. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 12568-12574). Here we describe UV-visible, EPR, and differential scanning calorimetry experiments on human HO-2 variants containing single, double, and triple mutations in the HRMs. Oxidized HO-2, which contains an intramolecular disulfide bond linking Cys(265) of HRM1 and Cys(282) of HRM2, binds heme tightly. Reduction of the disulfide bond increases the K(d) for ferric heme from 0.03 to 0.3 microm, which is much higher than the concentration of the free heme pool in cells. Although the HRMs markedly affect the K(d) for heme, they do not alter the k(cat) for heme degradation and do not bind additional hemes. Because HO-2 plays a key role in CO generation and heme homeostasis, reduction of the disulfide bond would be expected to increase intracellular free heme and decrease CO concentrations. Thus, we propose that the HRMs in HO-2 constitute a thiol/disulfide redox switch that regulates the myriad physiological functions of HO-2, including its involvement in the hypoxic response in the carotid body, which involves interactions with a Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664
| | - Stephen W. Ragsdale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664
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Qu Y, Chen-Roetling J, Benvenisti-Zarom L, Regan RF. Attenuation of oxidative injury after induction of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in heme oxygenase-2 knockout mice. J Neurosurg 2007; 106:428-35. [PMID: 17367065 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2007.106.3.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Experimental evidence suggests that hemoglobin degradation products contribute to cellular injury after intracerebal hemorrhage (ICH). Hemoglobin breakdown is catalyzed in part by the heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes. In the present study, the authors tested the hypothesis that HO-2 gene deletion is cytoprotective in an experimental ICH model. METHODS After anesthesia was induced with isoflurane, 3- to 6-month-old HO-2 knockout and wild-type mice were stereotactically injected with 15 microl autologous blood and a group of control mice were injected with an equal volume of sterile saline. Striatal protein and lipid oxidation were quantified 72 hours later using carbonyl and malondialdehyde assays. Cell viability was determined by performing a 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Following blood injection, the investigators found a 3.4-fold increase in protein carbonylation compared with that in the contralateral striatum in wild-type mice; in knockout mice, the investigators found a twofold increase. The mean malondialdehyde concentration in injected striata was increased twofold in wild-type mice at this time, compared with 1.5-fold in knockout mice. Cell viability, as determined by MTT reduction, was reduced in injected striata to 38 +/- 4% of that in the contralateral striata in wild-type mice, compared with 66 +/- 5% in HO-2 knockout mice. Baseline striatal HO-1 protein expression was similar in wild-type and HO-2 knockout mice, but was induced more rapidly in the former after blood injection. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of HO-2 attenuates oxidative cell injury after whole-blood injection into the mouse striatum. Therapies that specifically target HO-2 may improve outcome after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennyslvania 19107, USA
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Benvenisti-Zarom L, Regan RF. Astrocyte-specific heme oxygenase-1 hyperexpression attenuates heme-mediated oxidative injury. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 26:688-95. [PMID: 17467999 PMCID: PMC1952678 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In prior studies, we have observed that HO activity protects astrocytes from heme-mediated injury, but paradoxically increases neuronal injury. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that an adenovirus encoding the human HO-1 gene driven by an enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (Ad-GFAP-HO-1) would increase HO-1 expression selectively in astrocytes, and provide cytoprotection. Treatment with 100 MOI Ad-GFAP-HO-1 for 24 h resulted in HO-1 expression that was 6.4-fold higher in cultured primary astrocytes than in neurons. Astrocyte HO activity was increased by approximately fourfold over baseline, which was sufficient to reduce cell death after 24-h hemin exposure by 60%, as assessed by both MTT and LDH release assays. A similar reduction in cell protein oxidation, quantified by carbonyl assay, was also observed. These results suggest that HO-1 transgene expression regulated by an enhanced GFAP promoter selectively increases HO-1 expression in astrocytes, and is cytoprotective. Further investigation of this strategy in vivo is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond F. Regan
- *Corresponding Author. Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Thompson Building Room 239, Philadelphia, PA 19107, Telephone: 215-955-2695; FAX: 215-923-6225, E-mail:
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Zourlidou A, Gidalevitz T, Kristiansen M, Landles C, Woodman B, Wells DJ, Latchman DS, de Belleroche J, Tabrizi SJ, Morimoto RI, Bates GP. Hsp27 overexpression in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease: chronic neurodegeneration does not induce Hsp27 activation. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:1078-90. [PMID: 17360721 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Mitochondrial dysfunction and free radical damage occur in both R6/2 mice and HD patient brains and might play a role in disease pathogenesis. In cell culture systems, heat-shock protein 27 (Hsp27), a small molecular chaperone, suppresses mutant huntingtin-induced reactive oxygen species formation and cell death. To investigate this in vivo, we conducted an extensive phenotypic characterization of mice arising from a cross between R6/2 mice and Hsp27 transgenic mice but did not observe an improvement of the R6/2 phenotype. Hsp27 overexpression had no effect in reducing oxidative stress in the R6/2 brain, assessed by measuring striatal aconitase activity and protein carbonylation levels. Native protein gel analysis revealed that transgenic Hsp27 forms active, large oligomeric species in heat-shocked brain lysates, demonstrating that it is efficiently activated upon stress. In contrast, Hsp27 in double transgenic brains exists predominantly as a low molecular weight, inactive species. This suggests that Hsp27, which is otherwise activatable upon heat shock, remains inactive in the R6/2 model of chronic neurodegeneration. Hsp27 transgenics had been previously shown to be protected from acute stresses such as kainate administration, ischemia/reperfusion heart injury and neonatal nerve injury. Our study is the first to suggest a differential modulation of Hsp27 activation in vivo and, importantly, it illustrates the diverse effect of Hsp27 on acute versus chronic models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zourlidou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Baragatti B, Brizzi F, Barogi S, Laubach VE, Sodini D, Shesely EG, Regan RF, Coceani F. Interactions between NO, CO and an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in maintaining patency of the ductus arteriosus in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:54-62. [PMID: 17351656 PMCID: PMC2012984 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prenatal patency of ductus arteriosus is maintained by prostaglandin (PG) E(2), possibly along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), and cyclooxygenase (COX) deletion upregulates NO. Here, we have examined enzyme source and action of NO for ductus patency and whether NO and CO are upregulated by deletion of, respectively, heme oxygenase 2 (HO-2) and COX1 or COX2. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experiments were performed in vitro and in vivo with wild-type and gene-deleted, near-term mouse fetuses. KEY RESULTS N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) contracted the isolated ductus and its effect was reduced by eNOS, but not iNOS, deletion. L-NAME contraction was not modified by HO-2 deletion. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) also contracted the ductus, an action unaffected by deletion of either COX isoform. Bradykinin (BK) relaxed indomethacin-contracted ductus similarly in wild-type and eNOS-/- or iNOS-/-. BK relaxation was suppressed by either L-NAME or ZnPP. However, it reappeared with combined L-NAME and ZnPP to subside again with K(+) increase or K(+) channel inhibition. In vivo, the ductus was patent in wild-type and NOS-deleted fetuses. Likewise, no genotype-related difference was noted in postnatal closure. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS NO, formed mainly via eNOS, regulates ductal tone. NO and CO cooperatively mediate BK-induced relaxation in the absence of PGE(2). However, in the absence of PGE(2), NO and CO, BK induces a relaxant substance behaving as an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Ductus patency is, therefore, sustained by a cohort of agents with PGE(2) and NO being preferentially coupled for reciprocal compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baragatti
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR Pisa, Italy
| | - F Brizzi
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa, Italy
| | - S Barogi
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR Pisa, Italy
| | - V E Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D Sodini
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa, Italy
| | - E G Shesely
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
| | - R F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - F Coceani
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR Pisa, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Ku BM, Joo Y, Mun J, Roh GS, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS, Kim HJ. Heme oxygenase protects hippocampal neurons from ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. Neurosci Lett 2006; 405:168-71. [PMID: 16857315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol has deleterious effects on neuronal cells both in vivo and in vitro, but the mechanisms are unknown. Here, treatment with increasing doses of ethanol (from 20 up to 600mM) decreased the viability of a mouse hippocampal neuroblastoma cell line, HT22. The glutathione concentration decreased and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in a dose-and time-dependent manner, suggesting that the neurotoxicity was due to oxidative stress. Expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1, a redox regulator and heat shock protein, increased with time after ethanol treatment, but HO-2 was expressed constitutively. The addition of 5microM zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX), a competitive HO inhibitor, with the ethanol further reduced cell viability and increased intracellular ROS, but these effects were reversed by co-treatment with 50nM bilirubin, a well-known antioxidant and a product of HO catalysis. These results suggest that HO has a protective role in hippocampal neurons as an intrinsic factor against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and the protection depends on the degree of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Mi Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-751, Korea
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