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Wilkie IC. Basement Membranes, Brittlestar Tendons, and Their Mechanical Adaptability. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:375. [PMID: 38927255 PMCID: PMC11200632 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are thin layers of extracellular matrix that separate epithelia, endothelia, muscle cells, and nerve cells from adjacent interstitial connective tissue. BMs are ubiquitous in almost all multicellular animals, and their composition is highly conserved across the Metazoa. There is increasing interest in the mechanical functioning of BMs, including the involvement of altered BM stiffness in development and pathology, particularly cancer metastasis, which can be facilitated by BM destabilization. Such BM weakening has been assumed to occur primarily through enzymatic degradation by matrix metalloproteinases. However, emerging evidence indicates that non-enzymatic mechanisms may also contribute. In brittlestars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), the tendons linking the musculature to the endoskeleton consist of extensions of muscle cell BMs. During the process of brittlestar autotomy, in which arms are detached for the purpose of self-defense, muscles break away from the endoskeleton as a consequence of the rapid destabilization and rupture of their BM-derived tendons. This contribution provides a broad overview of current knowledge of the structural organization and biomechanics of non-echinoderm BMs, compares this with the equivalent information on brittlestar tendons, and discusses the possible relationship between the weakening phenomena exhibited by BMs and brittlestar tendons, and the potential translational value of the latter as a model system of BM destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain C Wilkie
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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2
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Mahroo A, Konstandin S, Günther M. Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability to Water Measured Using Multiple Echo Time Arterial Spin Labeling MRI in the Aging Human Brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:1269-1282. [PMID: 37337979 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining brain homeostasis, but the integrity of this barrier deteriorates slowly with aging. Noninvasive water exchange magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods may identify changes in the BBB occurring with healthy aging. PURPOSE To investigate age-related changes in the BBB permeability to water using multiple-echo-time (multi-TE) arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI. STUDY TYPE Prospective, cohort. POPULATION Two groups of healthy humans-older group (≥50 years, mean age = 56 ± 4 years, N = 13, females = 5) and younger group (≤20 years, mean age = 18 ± 1, N = 13, females = 7). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 3T, multi-TE Hadamard pCASL with 3D Gradient and Spin Echo (GRASE) readout. ASSESSMENT Two different approaches of variable complexity were applied. A physiologically informed biophysical model with a higher complexity estimating time ( T ex ) taken by the labeled water to move across the BBB and a simpler model of triexponential decay measuring tissue transition rate ( k lin ) . STATISTICS Two-tailed unpaired Student t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and effect size. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Older volunteers showed significant differences of 36% lower T ex , 29% lower cerebral perfusion, 17% pronged arterial transit time and 22% shorter intra-voxel transit time compared to the younger volunteers. Tissue fraction ( f EV ) at the earliest TI = 1600 msec was significantly higher in the older group, which contributed to a significantly lower k lin compared to the younger group. f EV at TI = 1600 msec showed significant negative correlation with T ex (r = -0.80), and k lin and T ex showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.73). DATA CONCLUSIONS Both approaches of Multi-TE ASL imaging showed sensitivity to detect age-related changes in the BBB permeability. High tissue fractions at the earliest TI and short T ex in the older volunteers indicate that the BBB permeability increased with age. EVIDENCE LEVEL 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnah Mahroo
- Imaging Physics, Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Simon Konstandin
- Imaging Physics, Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
- mediri GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Günther
- Imaging Physics, Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
- mediri GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
- MR-Imaging and Spectroscopy, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Wilkinson CM, Kalisvaart AC, Kung TF, Abrahart AH, Khiabani E, Colbourne F. Tissue Compliance and Intracranial Pressure Responses to Large Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Young and Aged Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Hypertension 2024; 81:151-161. [PMID: 37909235 PMCID: PMC10734784 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a large intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the hematoma and swelling cause intracranial pressure (ICP) to increase, sometimes causing brain herniation and death. This is partly countered by widespread tissue compliance, an acute decrease in tissue volume distal to the stroke, at least in young healthy animals. Intracranial compensation dynamics seem to vary with age, but there is no data on old animals or those with hypertension, major factors influencing ICH risk and outcome. METHODS We assessed hematoma volume, edema, ICP, and functional deficits in young and aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and young normotensive control strains after collagenase-induced ICH. Macroscopic and microscopic brain volume fractions, such as contralateral hemisphere volume, cortical thickness, and neuronal morphology, were assessed via histological and stereological techniques. RESULTS Hematoma volume was 52% larger in young versus aged SHRs; surprisingly, aged SHRs still experienced proportionally worse outcomes following ICH, with 2× greater elevations in edema and ICP relative to bleed volume and 3× the degree of tissue compliance. Aged SHRs also experienced equivalent neurological deficits following ICH compared with their younger counterparts, despite the lack of significant age-related behavioral effects. Importantly, tissue compliance occurred across strains and age groups and was not impaired by hypertension or old age. CONCLUSIONS Aged SHRs show considerable capacity for tissue compliance following ICH and seem to rely on such mechanisms more heavily in settings of elevated ICP. Therefore, the ICP compensation response to ICH mass effect varies across the lifespan according to risk factors such as chronic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Wilkinson
- Department of Psychology (C.M.W., A.C.J.K., T.F.C.K., A.H.A., E.K., F.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Anna C.J. Kalisvaart
- Department of Psychology (C.M.W., A.C.J.K., T.F.C.K., A.H.A., E.K., F.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tiffany F.C. Kung
- Department of Psychology (C.M.W., A.C.J.K., T.F.C.K., A.H.A., E.K., F.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ashley H. Abrahart
- Department of Psychology (C.M.W., A.C.J.K., T.F.C.K., A.H.A., E.K., F.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Elmira Khiabani
- Department of Psychology (C.M.W., A.C.J.K., T.F.C.K., A.H.A., E.K., F.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department of Psychology (C.M.W., A.C.J.K., T.F.C.K., A.H.A., E.K., F.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (F.C.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Tsumagari K, Sato Y, Aoyagi H, Okano H, Kuromitsu J. Proteomic characterization of aging-driven changes in the mouse brain by co-expression network analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18191. [PMID: 37875604 PMCID: PMC10598061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging causes a progressive decline in functional capacity and is a strong risk factor for dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. To characterize age-related proteomic changes in the brain, we used quantitative proteomics to examine brain tissues, cortex and hippocampus, of mice at three age points (3, 15, and 24 months old), and quantified more than 7000 proteins in total with high reproducibility. We found that many of the proteins upregulated with age were extracellular proteins, such as extracellular matrix proteins and secreted proteins, associated with glial cells. On the other hand, many of the significantly downregulated proteins were associated with synapses, particularly postsynaptic density, specifically in the cortex but not in the hippocampus. Our datasets will be helpful as resources for understanding the molecular basis of brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tsumagari
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, Proteome Homeostasis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia, Human Biology Integration Foundation, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aoyagi
- Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia, Human Biology Integration Foundation, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junro Kuromitsu
- Eisai-Keio Innovation Laboratory for Dementia, Human Biology Integration Foundation, Eisai Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Kanazawa Y, Miyachi R, Higuchi T, Sato H. Effects of Aging on Collagen in the Skeletal Muscle of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13121. [PMID: 37685934 PMCID: PMC10487623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging affects several tissues in the body, including skeletal muscle. Multiple types of collagens are localized in the skeletal muscle and contribute to the maintenance of normal muscle structure and function. Since the effects of aging on muscle fibers vary by muscle fiber type, it is expected that the effects of aging on intramuscular collagen might be influenced by muscle fiber type. In this study, we examined the effect of aging on collagen levels in the soleus (slow-twitch muscle) and gastrocnemius (fast-twitch muscle) muscles of 3-, 10-, 24-, and 28-month-old male C57BL/6J mice using molecular and morphological analysis. It was found that aging increased collagen I, III, and VI gene expression and immunoreactivity in both slow- and fast-twitch muscles and collagen IV expression in slow-twitch muscles. However, collagen IV gene expression and immunoreactivity in fast-twitch muscle were unaffected by aging. In contrast, the expression of the collagen synthesis marker heat shock protein 47 in both slow- and fast-twitch muscles decreased with aging, while the expression of collagen degradation markers increased with aging. Overall, these results suggest that collagen gene expression and immunoreactivity are influenced by muscle fiber type and collagen type and that the balance between collagen synthesis and degradation tends to tilt toward degradation with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kanazawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1180, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Ryo Miyachi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1180, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka University of Human Sciences, Settsu 566-8501, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Hiaki Sato
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Engineering, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1180, Ishikawa, Japan;
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Khaing ZZ, Chandrasekaran A, Katta A, Reed MJ. The Brain and Spinal Microvasculature in Normal Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1309-1319. [PMID: 37093786 PMCID: PMC10395569 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the brain and spinal cord microvasculature during normal aging contribute to the "sensitive" nature of aged central nervous system tissue to ischemic insults. In this review, we will examine alterations in the central nervous system microvasculature during normal aging, which we define as aging without a dominant pathology such as neurodegenerative processes, vascular injury or disease, or trauma. We will also discuss newer technologies to improve the study of central nervous system microvascular structure and function. Microvasculature within the brain and spinal cord will be discussed separately as anatomy and physiology differ between these compartments. Lastly, we will identify critical areas for future studies as well as key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z Khaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Anjali Katta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - May J Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Kelly L, Sharp MM, Thomas I, Brown C, Schrag M, Antunes LV, Solopova E, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Rodríguez C, Carare RO. Targeting lysyl-oxidase (LOX) may facilitate intramural periarterial drainage for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 5:100171. [PMID: 37457664 PMCID: PMC10338210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the commonest form of dementia. It is likely that a lack of clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) results in its accumulation in the parenchyma as Aβ oligomers and insoluble plaques, and within the walls of blood vessels as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The drainage of Aβ along the basement membranes of blood vessels as intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD), could be improved if the driving force behind IPAD could be augmented, therefore reducing Aβ accumulation. There are alterations in the composition of the vascular basement membrane in Alzheimer's disease. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an enzyme involved in the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and its expression and function is altered in various disease states. The expression of LOX is increased in Alzheimer's disease, but it is unclear whether this is a contributory factor in the impairment of IPAD in Alzheimer's disease. The pharmacological inhibition of LOX may be a strategy to improve IPAD and reduce the accumulation of Aβ in the parenchyma and within the walls of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Brown
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, UK
| | - Matthew Schrag
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lissa Ventura Antunes
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elena Solopova
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - José Martinez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
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Gray DT, Khattab S, Meltzer J, McDermott K, Schwyhart R, Sinakevitch I, Härtig W, Barnes CA. Retrosplenial cortex microglia and perineuronal net densities are associated with memory impairment in aged rhesus macaques. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4626-4644. [PMID: 36169578 PMCID: PMC10110451 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse loss and altered plasticity are significant contributors to memory loss in aged individuals. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, play critical roles in maintaining synapse function, including through a recently identified role in regulating the brain extracellular matrix. This study sought to determine the relationship between age, microglia, and extracellular matrix structure densities in the macaque retrosplenial cortex. Twenty-nine macaques ranging in age from young adult to aged were behaviorally characterized on 3 distinct memory tasks. Microglia, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons and extracellular matrix structures, known as perineuronal nets (PNNs), were immuno- and histochemically labeled. Our results indicate that microglia densities increase in the retrosplenial cortex of aged monkeys, while the proportion of PV neurons surrounded by PNNs decreases. Aged monkeys with more microglia had fewer PNN-associated PV neurons and displayed slower learning and poorer performance on an object recognition task. Stepwise regression models using age and the total density of aggrecan, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of PNNs, better predicted memory performance than did age alone. Together, these findings indicate that elevated microglial activity in aged brains negatively impacts cognition in part through mechanisms that alter PNN assembly in memory-associated brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Gray
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Salma Khattab
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jeri Meltzer
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Kelsey McDermott
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Rachel Schwyhart
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Irina Sinakevitch
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
- Departments of Psychology, Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
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Kumar AA, Yeo N, Whittaker M, Attra P, Barrick TR, Bridges LR, Dickson DW, Esiri MM, Farris CW, Graham D, Lin WL, Meijles DN, Pereira AC, Perry G, Rosene DL, Shtaya AB, Van Agtmael T, Zamboni G, Hainsworth AH. Vascular Collagen Type-IV in Hypertension and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Stroke 2022; 53:3696-3705. [PMID: 36205142 PMCID: PMC9698121 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is common in older people and causes lacunar stroke and vascular cognitive impairment. Risk factors include old age, hypertension and variants in the genes COL4A1/COL4A2 encoding collagen alpha-1(IV) and alpha-2(IV), here termed collagen-IV, which are core components of the basement membrane. We tested the hypothesis that increased vascular collagen-IV associates with clinical hypertension and with SVD in older persons and with chronic hypertension in young and aged primates and genetically hypertensive rats. METHODS We quantified vascular collagen-IV immunolabeling in small arteries in a cohort of older persons with minimal Alzheimer pathology (N=52; 21F/31M, age 82.8±6.95 years). We also studied archive tissue from young (age range 6.2-8.3 years) and older (17.0-22.7 years) primates (M mulatta) and compared chronically hypertensive animals (18 months aortic stenosis) with normotensives. We also compared genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats (aged 10-12 months). RESULTS Collagen-IV immunolabeling in cerebral small arteries of older persons was negatively associated with radiological SVD severity (ρ: -0.427, P=0.005) but was not related to history of hypertension. General linear models confirmed the negative association of lower collagen-IV with radiological SVD (P<0.017), including age as a covariate and either clinical hypertension (P<0.030) or neuropathological SVD diagnosis (P<0.022) as fixed factors. Reduced vascular collagen-IV was accompanied by accumulation of fibrillar collagens (types I and III) as indicated by immunogold electron microscopy. In young and aged primates, brain collagen-IV was elevated in older normotensive relative to young normotensive animals (P=0.029) but was not associated with hypertension. Genetically hypertensive rats did not differ from normotensive rats in terms of arterial collagen-IV. CONCLUSIONS Our cross-species data provide novel insight into sporadic SVD pathogenesis, supporting insufficient (rather than excessive) arterial collagen-IV in SVD, accompanied by matrix remodeling with elevated fibrillar collagen deposition. They also indicate that hypertension, a major risk factor for SVD, does not act by causing accumulation of brain vascular collagen-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva A. Kumar
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
- Neurology (A.A.K., A.C.P., A.H.H.), St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Yeo
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Max Whittaker
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Priya Attra
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Thomas R. Barrick
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Leslie R. Bridges
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
- Cellular Pathology (L.R.B.), St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (D.W.D., W.L.L.)
| | - Margaret M. Esiri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, United Kingdom (M.M.E., G.Z.)
| | - Chad W. Farris
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (C.W.F., D.L.R.)
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., T.V.A.)
| | - Wen Lang Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (D.W.D., W.L.L.)
| | - Daniel N. Meijles
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Anthony C. Pereira
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
- Neurology (A.A.K., A.C.P., A.H.H.), St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Perry
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (C.W.F., D.L.R.)
| | - Anan B. Shtaya
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Tom Van Agtmael
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., T.V.A.)
| | - Giovanna Zamboni
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, United Kingdom (M.M.E., G.Z.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy (G.Z.)
| | - Atticus H. Hainsworth
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
- Neurology (A.A.K., A.C.P., A.H.H.), St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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do Nascimento NC, Bailey TW, Santos AP, Duan C, Mohallem R, Franco J, Aryal UK, Xie J, Cox A, Sivasankar MP. Proteomic analysis reveals that aging rabbit vocal folds are more vulnerable to changes caused by systemic dehydration. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:762. [PMID: 36411412 PMCID: PMC9677652 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults are more prone to develop systemic dehydration. Systemic dehydration has implications for vocal fold biology by affecting gene and protein expression. The objective of this study was to quantify vocal fold protein changes between two age groups and hydration status, and to investigate the interaction of age and hydration status on protein expression, which has not been investigated in the context of vocal folds before. Comparative proteomics was used to analyze the vocal fold proteome of 6.5-month-old and > 3-year-old rabbits subjected to water ad libitum or water volume restriction protocol. RESULTS Young and older adult rabbits (n = 22) were either euhydrated (water ad libitum) or dehydrated by water volume restriction. Dehydration was confirmed by body weight loss of - 5.4% and - 4.6% in young and older groups, respectively, and a 1.7-fold increase of kidney renin gene expression in the young rabbits. LC-MS/MS identified 2286 proteins in the rabbit vocal folds of young and older adult rabbits combined. Of these, 177, 169, and 81 proteins were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by age, hydration status, or the interaction of both factors, respectively. Analysis of the interaction effect revealed 32 proteins with opposite change patterns after dehydration between older and young rabbit vocal folds, while 31 proteins were differentially regulated only in the older adult rabbits and ten only in the young rabbits in response to systemic dehydration. The magnitude of changes for either up or downregulated proteins was higher in the older rabbits. These proteins are predominantly related to structural components of the extracellular matrix and muscle layer, suggesting a disturbance in the viscoelastic properties of aging vocal fold tissue, especially when subjected to systemic dehydration. CONCLUSIONS Water restriction is a laboratory protocol to assess systemic dehydration-related changes in the vocal fold tissue that is translatable to human subjects. Our findings showed a higher number of proteins differentially regulated with a greater magnitude of change in the vocal folds of older adult rabbits in the presence of systemic dehydration compared to younger rabbits. The association of these proteins with vocal fold structure and biomechanical properties suggests that older human subjects may be more vulnerable to the effects of systemic dehydration on vocal function. The clinical implications of these protein changes warrant more investigation, but age should be taken into consideration when evaluating vocal treatment recommendations that interfere with body fluid balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila C. do Nascimento
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Taylor W. Bailey
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Andrea P. Santos
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Chenwei Duan
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Rodrigo Mohallem
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA ,grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Jackeline Franco
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Uma K. Aryal
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA ,grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Jun Xie
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Abigail Cox
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - M. Preeti Sivasankar
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907 USA
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11
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Anwar MM, Özkan E, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y. The role of extracellular matrix alterations in mediating astrocyte damage and pericyte dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5453-5475. [PMID: 34182602 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a highly vascularized tissue protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a complex structure allowing only necessary substances to pass through into the brain while limiting the entrance of harmful toxins. The BBB comprises several components, and the most prominent features are tight junctions between endothelial cells (ECs), which are further wrapped in a layer of pericytes. Pericytes are multitasked cells embedded in a thick basement membrane (BM) that consists of a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) and are surrounded by astrocytic endfeet. The primary function of astrocytes and pericytes is to provide essential blood supply and vital nutrients to the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), long-term neuroinflammatory cascades associated with infiltration of harmful neurotoxic proteins may lead to BBB dysfunction and altered ECM components resulting in brain homeostatic imbalance, synaptic damage, and declined cognitive functions. Moreover, BBB structure and functional integrity may be lost due to induced ECM alterations, astrocyte damage, and pericytes dysfunction, leading to amyloid-beta (Aβ) hallmarks deposition in different brain regions. Herein, we highlight how BBB, ECM, astrocytes, and pericytes dysfunction can play a leading role in AD's pathogenesis and discuss their impact on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esra Özkan
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Eide PK. Cellular changes at the glia-neuro-vascular interface in definite idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:981399. [PMID: 36119130 PMCID: PMC9478415 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.981399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a subtype of dementia with overlap toward Alzheimer's disease. Both diseases show deposition of the toxic metabolites amyloid-β and tau in brain. A unique feature with iNPH is that a subset of patients may improve clinically following cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion (shunt) surgery. The patients responding clinically to shunting are denoted Definite iNPH, otherwise iNPH is diagnosed as Possible iNPH or Probable iNPH, high-lightening that the clinical phenotype and underlying pathophysiology remain debated. Given the role of CSF disturbance in iNPH, the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been suggested a crucial role in iNPH. Altered expression of AQP4 at the astrocytic endfeet facing the capillaries could affect glymphatic function, i.e., the perivascular transport of fluids and solutes, including soluble amyloid-β and tau. This present study asked how altered perivascular expression of AQP4 in subjects with definite iNPH is accompanied with cellular changes at the glia-neuro-vascular interface. For this purpose, information was retrieved from a database established by the author, including prospectively collected management data, physiological data and information from brain biopsy specimens examined with light and electron microscopy. Individuals with definite iNPH were included together with control subjects who matched the definite iNPH cohort closest in gender and age. Patients with definite iNPH presented with abnormally elevated pulsatile intracranial pressure measured overnight. Cortical brain biopsies showed reduced expression of AQP4 at astrocytic endfeet both perivascular and toward neuropil. This was accompanied with reduced expression of the anchor molecule dystrophin (Dp71) at astrocytic perivascular endfeet, evidence of altered cellular metabolic activity in astrocytic endfoot processes (reduced number of normal and increased number of pathological mitochondria), and evidence of reactive changes in astrocytes (astrogliosis). Moreover, the definite iNPH subjects demonstrated in cerebral cortex changes in capillaries (reduced thickness of the basement membrane between astrocytic endfeet and endothelial cells and pericytes, and evidence of impaired blood-brain-barrier integrity). Abnormal changes in neurons were indicated by reduced post-synaptic density length, and reduced number of normal mitochondria in pre-synaptic terminals. In summary, definite iNPH is characterized by profound cellular changes at the glia-neurovascular interface, which probably reflect the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Kristian Eide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital—Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Per Kristian Eide
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13
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Jayadev R, Morais MRPT, Ellingford JM, Srinivasan S, Naylor RW, Lawless C, Li AS, Ingham JF, Hastie E, Chi Q, Fresquet M, Koudis NM, Thomas HB, O’Keefe RT, Williams E, Adamson A, Stuart HM, Banka S, Smedley D, Sherwood DR, Lennon R. A basement membrane discovery pipeline uncovers network complexity, regulators, and human disease associations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn2265. [PMID: 35584218 PMCID: PMC9116610 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are ubiquitous extracellular matrices whose composition remains elusive, limiting our understanding of BM regulation and function. By developing a bioinformatic and in vivo discovery pipeline, we define a network of 222 human proteins and their animal orthologs localized to BMs. Network analysis and screening in C. elegans and zebrafish uncovered BM regulators, including ADAMTS, ROBO, and TGFβ. More than 100 BM network genes associate with human phenotypes, and by screening 63,039 genomes from families with rare disorders, we found loss-of-function variants in LAMA5, MPZL2, and MATN2 and show that they regulate BM composition and function. This cross-disciplinary study establishes the immense complexity of BMs and their impact on in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Jayadev
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mychel R. P. T. Morais
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jamie M. Ellingford
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sandhya Srinivasan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Richard W. Naylor
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Craig Lawless
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anna S. Li
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jack F. Ingham
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Eric Hastie
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Maryline Fresquet
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nikki-Maria Koudis
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Huw B. Thomas
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Raymond T. O’Keefe
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Emily Williams
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Antony Adamson
- Genome Editing Unit Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Helen M. Stuart
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Damian Smedley
- William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Genomics England Research Consortium
- William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
- Genomics England, London, UK
| | - David R. Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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14
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Mou Y, Du Y, Zhou L, Yue J, Hu X, Liu Y, Chen S, Lin X, Zhang G, Xiao H, Dong B. Gut Microbiota Interact With the Brain Through Systemic Chronic Inflammation: Implications on Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Aging. Front Immunol 2022; 13:796288. [PMID: 35464431 PMCID: PMC9021448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.796288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been noticed in recent years that the unfavorable effects of the gut microbiota could exhaust host vigor and life, yet knowledge and theory are just beginning to be established. Increasing documentation suggests that the microbiota-gut-brain axis not only impacts brain cognition and psychiatric symptoms but also precipitates neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). How the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a machinery protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from the systemic circulation, allows the risky factors derived from the gut to be translocated into the brain seems paradoxical. For the unique anatomical, histological, and immunological properties underpinning its permeable dynamics, the BBB has been regarded as a biomarker associated with neural pathogenesis. The BBB permeability of mice and rats caused by GM dysbiosis raises the question of how the GM and its metabolites change BBB permeability and causes the brain pathophysiology of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration (NF&ND) and brain aging, a pivotal multidisciplinary field tightly associated with immune and chronic systemic inflammation. If not all, gut microbiota-induced systemic chronic inflammation (GM-SCI) mainly refers to excessive gut inflammation caused by gut mucosal immunity dysregulation, which is often influenced by dietary components and age, is produced at the interface of the intestinal barrier (IB) or exacerbated after IB disruption, initiates various common chronic diseases along its dispersal routes, and eventually impairs BBB integrity to cause NF&ND and brain aging. To illustrate the immune roles of the BBB in pathophysiology affected by inflammatory or "leaky" IB resulting from GM and their metabolites, we reviewed the selected publications, including the role of the BBB as the immune barrier, systemic chronic inflammation and inflammation influences on BBB permeability, NF&ND, and brain aging. To add depth to the bridging role of systemic chronic inflammation, a plausible mechanism indispensable for BBB corruption was highlighted; namely, BBB maintenance cues are affected by inflammatory cytokines, which may help to understand how GM and its metabolites play a major role in NF&ND and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mou
- Geroscience and Chronic Disease Department, The Eighth Municipal Hospital for the People, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixing Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jirong Yue
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianliang Hu
- Geroscience and Chronic Disease Department, The Eighth Municipal Hospital for the People, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sao Chen
- Geroscience and Chronic Disease Department, The Eighth Municipal Hospital for the People, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiufang Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gongchang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Birong Dong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Alcohol-Induced Alterations in the Vascular Basement Membrane in the Substantia Nigra of the Adult Human Brain. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040830. [PMID: 35453580 PMCID: PMC9028457 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents a highly specialized interface that acts as the first line of defense against toxins. Herein, we investigated the structural and ultrastructural changes in the basement membrane (BM), which is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the BBB, in the context of chronic alcoholism. Human post-mortem tissues from the Substantia Nigra (SN) region were obtained from 44 individuals, then grouped into controls, age-matched alcoholics, and non-age-matched alcoholics and assessed using light and electron microscopy. We found significantly less CD31+ vessels in alcoholic groups compared to controls in both gray and white matter samples. Alcoholics showed increased expression levels of collagen-IV, laminin-111, and fibronectin, which were coupled with a loss of BM integrity in comparison with controls. The BM of the gray matter was found to be more disintegrated than the white matter in alcoholics, as demonstrated by the expression of both collagen-IV and laminin-111, thereby indicating a breakdown in the BM’s structural composition. Furthermore, we observed that the expression of fibronectin was upregulated in the BM of the white matter vasculature in both alcoholic groups compared to controls. Taken together, our findings highlight some sort of aggregation or clumping of BM proteins that occurs in response to chronic alcohol consumption.
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16
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Neuronal Phenotype of col4a1 and col25a1: An Intriguing Hypothesis in Vertebrates Brain Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031778. [PMID: 35163698 PMCID: PMC8836537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens are the most abundant proteins in vertebrates and constitute the major components of the extracellular matrix. Collagens play an important and multifaceted role in the development and functioning of the nervous system and undergo structural remodeling and quantitative modifications during aging. Here, we investigated the age-dependent regulation of col4a1 and col25a1 in the brain of the short-lived vertebrate Nothobranchius furzeri, a powerful model organism for aging research due to its natural fast-aging process and further characterized typical hallmarks of brain aging in this species. We showed that col4a1 and col25a1 are relatively well conserved during vertebrate evolution, and their expression significantly increases in the brain of N. furzeri upon aging. Noteworthy, we report that both col4a1 and col25a1 are expressed in cells with a neuronal phenotype, unlike what has already been documented in mammalian brain, in which only col25a1 is considered a neuronal marker, whereas col4a1 seems to be expressed only in endothelial cells. Overall, our findings encourage further investigation on the role of col4a1 and col25a1 in the biology of the vertebrate brain as well as the onset of aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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17
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Nguyen B, Bix G, Yao Y. Basal lamina changes in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:81. [PMID: 34876200 PMCID: PMC8650282 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of age-associated diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the CNS. Two key pathological features of these disorders are blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and protein aggregation. MAIN BODY The BBB is composed of various cell types and a non-cellular component---the basal lamina (BL). Although how different cells affect the BBB is well studied, the roles of the BL in BBB maintenance and function remain largely unknown. In addition, located in the perivascular space, the BL is also speculated to regulate protein clearance via the meningeal lymphatic/glymphatic system. Recent studies from our laboratory and others have shown that the BL actively regulates BBB integrity and meningeal lymphatic/glymphatic function in both physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting that it may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on changes of the BL and its major components during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). First, we introduce the vascular and lymphatic systems in the CNS. Next, we discuss the BL and its major components under homeostatic conditions, and summarize their changes during aging and in AD, PD, and ALS in both rodents and humans. The functional significance of these alterations and potential therapeutic targets are also reviewed. Finally, key challenges in the field and future directions are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Understanding BL changes and the functional significance of these changes in neurodegenerative disorders will fill the gap of knowledge in the field. Our goal is to provide a clear and concise review of the complex relationship between the BL and neurodegenerative disorders to stimulate new hypotheses and further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, MDC 8, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA.
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18
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Özkan E, Çetin-Taş Y, Şekerdağ E, Kızılırmak AB, Taş A, Yıldız E, Yapıcı-Eser H, Karahüseyinoğlu S, Zeybel M, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y. Blood-brain barrier leakage and perivascular collagen accumulation precede microvessel rarefaction and memory impairment in a chronic hypertension animal model. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2553-2566. [PMID: 34118020 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (HT) is one of the main causes of vascular dementia, lead to cognitive decline. Here, we investigated the relationship between cerebral microvessels, pericytes, extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and memory impairment at mid-life in a chronic hypertension animal model. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) (n = 20) are chosen for the model and age matched Wistar rats (n = 16) as controls. Changes in brain microvasculature and in vitro experiments are shown with immunofluorescence studies and cognition with open field, novel object recognition, and Y maze tests. There was a significant reduction in pericyte coverage in SHRs (p = 0.021), while the quantitative parameters of the cerebral microvascular network were not different between groups. On the other hand, parenchymal albumin leakage, as a Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown marker, was prominent in SHRs (p = 0.023). Extracellular matrix (ECM) components, collagen type 1, 3 and 4 were significantly increased (accumulated) around microvasculature in SHRs (p = 0.011, p = 0.013, p = 0.037, respectively). Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that human brain vascular pericytes but not astrocytes and endothelial cells secreted type I collagen upon TGFβ1 exposure pointing out a possible role of pericytes in increased collagen accumulation around cerebral microvasculature due to HT. Furthermore, valsartan treatment decreased the amount of collagen type 1 secreted by pericytes after TGFβ1 exposure. At the time of evaluation, SHRs did not demonstrate cognitive decline and memory impairments. Our results showed that chronic HT causes ECM accumulation and BBB leakage before leading to memory impairments and therefore, pericytes could be a novel target for preventing vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Özkan
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koç University Hospital, Zeytinburnu, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yağmur Çetin-Taş
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Şekerdağ
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali B Kızılırmak
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Taş
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdost Yıldız
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hale Yapıcı-Eser
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serçin Karahüseyinoğlu
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Müjdat Zeybel
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust & University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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The α-dystrobrevins play a key role in maintaining the structure and function of the extracellular matrix-significance for protein elimination failure arteriopathies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:171. [PMID: 34674769 PMCID: PMC8532274 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the cerebral vasculature provides a pathway for the flow of interstitial fluid (ISF) and solutes out of the brain by intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD). Failure of IPAD leads to protein elimination failure arteriopathies such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The ECM consists of a complex network of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that form distinct basement membranes (BM) around different vascular cell types. Astrocyte endfeet that are localised against the walls of blood vessels are tethered to these BMs by dystrophin associated protein complex (DPC). Alpha-dystrobrevin (α-DB) is a key dystrophin associated protein within perivascular astrocyte endfeet; its deficiency leads to a reduction in other dystrophin associated proteins, loss of AQP4 and altered ECM. In human dementia cohorts there is a positive correlation between dystrobrevin gene expression and CAA. In the present study, we test the hypotheses that (a) the positive correlation between dystrobrevin gene expression and CAA is associated with elevated expression of α-DB at glial-vascular endfeet and (b) a deficiency in α-DB results in changes to the ECM and failure of IPAD. We used human post-mortem brain tissue with different severities of CAA and transgenic α-DB deficient mice. In human post-mortem tissue we observed a significant increase in vascular α-DB with CAA (CAA vrs. Old p < 0.005, CAA vrs. Young p < 0.005). In the mouse model of α-DB deficiency, there was early modifications to vascular ECM (collagen IV and BM thickening) that translated into reduced IPAD efficiency. Our findings highlight the important role of α-DB in maintaining structure and function of ECM, particularly as a pathway for the flow of ISF and solutes out of the brain by IPAD.
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20
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Shedding a new light on Huntington's disease: how blood can both propagate and ameliorate disease pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5441-5463. [PMID: 32514103 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a mutation in the huntingtin gene. This leads to the expression of the mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) which provokes pathological changes in both the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery. Accumulating evidence suggests that mHTT can spread between cells of the CNS but here, we explored the possibility that mHTT could also propagate and cause pathology via the bloodstream. For this, we used a parabiosis approach to join the circulatory systems of wild-type (WT) and zQ175 mice. After surgery, we observed mHTT in the plasma and circulating blood cells of WT mice and post-mortem analyses revealed the presence of mHTT aggregates in several organs including the liver, kidney, muscle and brain. The presence of mHTT in the brain was accompanied by vascular abnormalities, such as a reduction of Collagen IV signal intensity and altered vessel diameter in the striatum, and changes in expression of Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD65-67) in the cortex. Conversely, we measured reduced pathology in zQ175 mice by decreased mitochondrial impairments in peripheral organs, restored vessel diameter in the cortex and improved expression of Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 (DARPP32) in striatal neurons. Collectively, these results demonstrate that circulating mHTT can disseminate disease, but importantly, that healthy blood can dilute pathology. These findings have significant implications for the development of therapies in HD.
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21
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Gião T, Saavedra J, Vieira JR, Pinto MT, Arsequell G, Cardoso I. Neuroprotection in early stages of Alzheimer's disease is promoted by transthyretin angiogenic properties. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:143. [PMID: 34429155 PMCID: PMC8385857 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background While still controversial, it has been demonstrated that vascular defects can precede the onset of other AD hallmarks features, making it an important therapeutic target. Given that the protein transthyretin (TTR) has been established as neuroprotective in AD, here we investigated the influence of TTR in the vasculature. Methods We evaluated the thickness of the basement membrane and the length of brain microvessels, by immunohistochemistry, in AβPPswe/PS1A246E (AD) transgenic mice and non-transgenic mice (NT) bearing one (TTR+/−) or two (TTR+/+) copies of the TTR gene. The angiogenic potential of TTR was evaluated in vitro using the tube formation assay, and in vivo using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Results AD transgenic mice with TTR genetic reduction, AD/TTR+/−, exhibited a thicker BM in brain microvessels and decreased vessel length than animals with normal TTR levels, AD/TTR+/+. Further in vivo investigation, using the CAM assay, revealed that TTR is a pro-angiogenic molecule, and the neovessels formed are functional. Also, TTR increased the expression of key angiogenic molecules such as proteins interleukins 6 and 8, angiopoietin 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor, by endothelial cells, in vitro, under tube formation conditions. We showed that while TTR reduction also leads to a thicker BM in NT mice, this effect is more pronounced in AD mice than in NT animals, strengthening the idea that TTR is a neuroprotective protein. We also studied the effect of TTR tetrameric stabilization on BM thickness, showing that AD mice treated with the TTR tetrameric stabilizer iododiflunisal (IDIF) displayed a significant reduction of BM thickness and increased vessel length, when compared to non-treated littermates. Conclusion Our in vivo results demonstrate the involvement of TTR in angiogenesis, particularly as a modulator of vascular alterations occurring in AD. Since TTR is decreased early in AD, its tetrameric stabilization can represent a therapeutic avenue for the early treatment of AD through the maintenance of the vascular structure. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00883-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gião
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), 4050-013, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Saavedra
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Ricardo Vieira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Teixeira Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho,45-, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gemma Arsequell
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (I.Q.A.C.-C.S.I.C.), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), 4050-013, Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Melnikov VN, Kim LB, Putyatina AN, Krivoschekov SG. Association of Circulating Extracellular Matrix Components with Central Hemodynamics and Arterial Distensibility of Peripheral Arteries. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:370-378. [PMID: 34252903 DOI: 10.1159/000516841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to neuronal and endothelial regulators of vascular tone, the passive mechanical properties of arteries, determined by the molecular structure of extracellular matrices, are the principle modulators of vascular distensibility. Specifically, the association between collagen type IV (Col IV), a constituent of basement membrane, and arterial compliance remains unclear. METHODS In 31 healthy adult men, radial applanation tonometry and pulse wave analysis were used to assess aortic augmentation index (AIx), aortic-to-radial pulse pressure amplification (PPAmpl), and time to reflection wave. RESULTS Plasma Col IV and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) concentrations were correlated with AIx (r = 0.51, p = 0.021 and r = -0.45, p = 0.042, respectively) after adjustment for age and heart rate (HR). Greater matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and TIMP-1 levels were associated with high PPAmpl (r = 0.45 and r = 0.64, respectively) and hence with compliant arteries. Multiple regression analyses revealed that 99% of the variation in PPAmpl was attributable to age, HR, Col IV, TIMP-1, and Col × TIMP-1 interaction (p < 0.001). No relations between tonometric variables and levels of MMP-1, -2, and -3; TIMP-2 and -4; fibronectin; glycosaminoglycans; and hydroxyproline were found. CONCLUSION High circulating Col IV level indexes were associated with stiffer peripheral arteries whereas increased MMP-9 and TIMP-1 concentrations were associated with more compliant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Melnikov
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of an Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Lena B Kim
- Group of Connective Tissue Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna N Putyatina
- Group of Connective Tissue Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey G Krivoschekov
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of an Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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23
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Frías-Anaya E, Gromnicova R, Kraev I, Rogachevsky V, Male DK, Crea F, Hawkes CA, Romero IA. Age-related ultrastructural neurovascular changes in the female mouse cortex and hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101:273-284. [PMID: 33579556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown occurs in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Although age-associated alterations have previously been described, most studies focused in male brains; hence, little is known about BBB breakdown in females. This study measured ultrastructural features in the aging female BBB using transmission electron microscopy and 3-dimensional reconstruction of cortical and hippocampal capillaries from 6- and 24-month-old female C57BL/6J mice. Aged cortical capillaries showed more changes than hippocampal capillaries. Specifically, the aged cortex showed thicker basement membrane, higher number and volume of endothelial pseudopods, decreased endothelial mitochondrial number, larger pericyte mitochondria, higher pericyte-endothelial cell contact, and increased tight junction tortuosity compared with young animals. Only increased basement membrane thickness and pericyte mitochondrial volume were observed in the aged hippocampus. Regional comparison revealed significant differences in endothelial pseudopods and tight junctions between the cortex and hippocampus of 24-month-old mice. Therefore, the aging female BBB shows region-specific ultrastructural alterations that may lead to oxidative stress and abnormal capillary blood flow and barrier stability, potentially contributing to cerebrovascular diseases, particularly in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Frías-Anaya
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Radka Gromnicova
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Igor Kraev
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Vadim Rogachevsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino Federal Research Centre for Biological Research, Pushchino, Russia
| | - David K Male
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Francesco Crea
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Cheryl A Hawkes
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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24
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from unregulated exposure to the blood and its contents. The BBB also controls the blood-to-brain and brain-to-blood permeation of many substances, resulting in nourishment of the CNS, its homeostatic regulation and communication between the CNS and peripheral tissues. The cells forming the BBB communicate with cells of the brain and in the periphery. This highly regulated interface changes with healthy aging. Here, we review those changes, starting with morphology and disruption. Transporter changes include those for amyloid beta peptide, glucose and drugs. Brain fluid dynamics, pericyte health and basement membrane and glycocalyx compositions are all altered with healthy aging. Carrying the ApoE4 allele leads to an acceleration of most of the BBB's age-related changes. We discuss how alterations in the BBB that occur with healthy aging reflect adaptation to the postreproductive phase of life and may affect vulnerability to age-associated diseases.
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25
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Khalilgharibi N, Mao Y. To form and function: on the role of basement membrane mechanics in tissue development, homeostasis and disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:200360. [PMID: 33593159 PMCID: PMC8061686 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a special type of extracellular matrix that lines the basal side of epithelial and endothelial tissues. Functionally, the BM is important for providing physical and biochemical cues to the overlying cells, sculpting the tissue into its correct size and shape. In this review, we focus on recent studies that have unveiled the complex mechanical properties of the BM. We discuss how these properties can change during development, homeostasis and disease via different molecular mechanisms, and the subsequent impact on tissue form and function in a variety of organisms. We also explore how better characterization of BM mechanics can contribute to disease diagnosis and treatment, as well as development of better in silico and in vitro models that not only impact the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but can also reduce the use of animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargess Khalilgharibi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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26
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Damodarasamy M, Vernon RB, Pathan JL, Keene CD, Day AJ, Banks WA, Reed MJ. The microvascular extracellular matrix in brains with Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:60. [PMID: 32993718 PMCID: PMC7525948 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microvasculature (MV) of brains with Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), in the absence of concurrent pathologies (e.g., infarctions, Lewy bodies), is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To analyze microvascular density, diameter and extracellular matrix (ECM) content in association with ADNC and CAA. METHODS We examined samples of cerebral cortex and isolated brain microvasculature (MV) from subjects with the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) designations of not-, intermediate-, or high ADNC and from subjects with no CAA and moderate-severe CAA. Cases for all groups were selected with no major (territorial) strokes, ≤ 1 microinfarct in screening sections, and no Lewy body pathology. MV density and diameter were measured from cortical brain sections. Levels of basement membrane (BM) ECM components, the protein product of TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), and the ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) were assayed by western blots or HA ELISA of MV lysates. RESULTS We found no significant changes in MV density or diameter among any of the groups. Levels of BM laminin and collagen IV (col IV) were lower in MV isolated from the high ADNC vs. not-ADNC groups. In contrast, BM laminin was significantly higher in MV from the moderate-severe CAA vs. the no CAA groups. TSG-6 and HA content were higher in the presence of both high ADNC and CAA, whereas levels of BM fibronectin and perlecan were similar among all groups. CONCLUSIONS Cortical MV density and diameter are not appreciably altered by ADNC or CAA. TSG-6 and HA are increased in both ADNC and CAA, with laminin and col IV decreased in the BM of high ADNC, but laminin increased in moderate-severe CAA. These results show that changes in the ECM occur in AD and CAA, but independently of one another, and likely reflect on the regional functioning of the brain microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Damodarasamy
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert B Vernon
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jasmine L Pathan
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - William A Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - May J Reed
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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27
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Sutherland TC, Geoffroy CG. The Influence of Neuron-Extrinsic Factors and Aging on Injury Progression and Axonal Repair in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:190. [PMID: 32269994 PMCID: PMC7109259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging western population, the average age of incidence for spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased, as has the length of survival of SCI patients. This places great importance on understanding SCI in middle-aged and aging patients. Axon regeneration after injury is an area of study that has received substantial attention and made important experimental progress, however, our understanding of how aging affects this process, and any therapeutic effort to modulate repair, is incomplete. The growth and regeneration of axons is mediated by both neuron intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review we explore some of the key extrinsic influences on axon regeneration in the literature, focusing on inflammation and astrogliosis, other cellular responses, components of the extracellular matrix, and myelin proteins. We will describe how each element supports the contention that axonal growth after injury in the central nervous system shows an age-dependent decline, and how this may affect outcomes after a SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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28
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Reed MJ, Damodarasamy M, Banks WA. The extracellular matrix of the blood-brain barrier: structural and functional roles in health, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:1651157. [PMID: 31505997 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1651157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in defining the location, content, and role of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in brain structure and function during development, aging, injury, and neurodegeneration. Studies in vivo confirm brain ECM has a dynamic composition with constitutive and induced alterations that impact subsequent cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Moreover, it is clear that for any given ECM component, the brain region, and cell type within that location, determines the direction, magnitude, and composition of those changes. This review will examine the ECM at the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) within the NVU. The discussion will begin at the glycocalyx ECM on the luminal surface of the vasculature, and progress to the abluminal side with a focus on changes in basement membrane ECM during aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- May J Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mamatha Damodarasamy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Jayadev R, Chi Q, Keeley DP, Hastie EL, Kelley LC, Sherwood DR. α-Integrins dictate distinct modes of type IV collagen recruitment to basement membranes. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3098-3116. [PMID: 31387941 PMCID: PMC6719451 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are cell-associated extracellular matrices that support tissue integrity, signaling, and barrier properties. Type IV collagen is critical for BM function, yet how it is directed into BMs in vivo is unclear. Through live-cell imaging of endogenous localization, conditional knockdown, and misexpression experiments, we uncovered distinct mechanisms of integrin-mediated collagen recruitment to Caenorhabditis elegans postembryonic gonadal and pharyngeal BMs. The putative laminin-binding αINA-1/βPAT-3 integrin was selectively activated in the gonad and recruited laminin, which directed moderate collagen incorporation. In contrast, the putative Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-binding αPAT-2/βPAT-3 integrin was activated in the pharynx and recruited high levels of collagen in an apparently laminin-independent manner. Through an RNAi screen, we further identified the small GTPase RAP-3 (Rap1) as a pharyngeal-specific PAT-2/PAT-3 activator that modulates collagen levels. Together, these studies demonstrate that tissues can use distinct mechanisms to direct collagen incorporation into BMs to precisely control collagen levels and construct diverse BMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Jayadev
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel P Keeley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Eric L Hastie
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Laura C Kelley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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30
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Forsberg KME, Zhang Y, Reiners J, Ander M, Niedermayer A, Fang L, Neugebauer H, Kassubek J, Katona I, Weis J, Ludolph AC, Del Tredici K, Braak H, Yilmazer-Hanke D. Endothelial damage, vascular bagging and remodeling of the microvascular bed in human microangiopathy with deep white matter lesions. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:128. [PMID: 30470258 PMCID: PMC6260986 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter lesions (WMLs) are a common manifestation of small vessel disease (SVD) in the elderly population. They are associated with an enhanced risk of developing gait abnormalities, poor executive function, dementia, and stroke with high mortality. Hypoperfusion and the resulting endothelial damage are thought to contribute to the development of WMLs. The focus of the present study was the analysis of the microvascular bed in SVD patients with deep WMLs (DWMLs) by using double- and triple-label immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Simultaneous visualization of collagen IV (COLL4)-positive membranes and the endothelial glycocalyx in thick sections allowed us to identify endothelial recession in different types of string vessels, and two new forms of small vessel/capillary pathology, which we called vascular bagging and ghost string vessels. Vascular bags were pouches and tubes that were attached to vessel walls and were formed by multiple layers of COLL4-positive membranes. Vascular bagging was most severe in the DWMLs of cases with pure SVD (no additional vascular brain injury, VBI). Quantification of vascular bagging, string vessels, and the density/size of CD68-positive cells further showed widespread pathological changes in the frontoparietal and/or temporal white matter in SVD, including pure SVD and SVD with VBI, as well as a significant effect of the covariate age. Plasma protein leakage into vascular bags and the white matter parenchyma pointed to endothelial damage and basement membrane permeability. Hypertrophic IBA1-positive microglial cells and CD68-positive macrophages were found in white matter areas covered with networks of ghost vessels in SVD, suggesting phagocytosis of remnants of string vessels. However, the overall vessel density was not altered in our SVD cohort, which might result from continuous replacement of vessels. Our findings support the view that SVD is a progressive and generalized disease process, in which endothelial damage and vascular bagging drive remodeling of the microvasculature.
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31
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The effects of cerebral amyloid angiopathy on integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 70:70-77. [PMID: 30007166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), in which amyloid accumulates predominantly in the walls of arterioles and capillaries, is seen in most patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and may contribute to compromise of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function seen in AD. We investigated the effects of CAA on BBB integrity by examining the expression of the endothelial marker CD31, basement membrane protein collagen IV (COL4), tight junction protein claudin-5, and fibrinogen, a marker of BBB leakage, by immunohistochemistry in the occipital cortex of autopsy brains with AD and capillary CAA (CAA type 1; n = 8), AD with noncapillary CAA (CAA type 2; n = 10), and AD without CAA (n = 7) compared with elderly controls (n = 10). Given the difference in pathogenesis of capillary and noncapillary CAA, we hypothesize that features of BBB breakdown are observed only in capillary CAA. We found decreased expression of CD31 in AD subjects with CAA types 1 and 2 compared with AD without CAA and an increase in COL4 in AD without CAA compared with controls. Furthermore, there was increased immunoreactivity for fibrinogen in AD with CAA type 1 compared with controls. These findings suggest that capillary CAA is associated with morphologic and possibly physiologic alterations of the neurovascular unit and increased BBB permeability in AD.
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Eidsvaag VA, Hansson HA, Heuser K, Nagelhus EA, Eide PK. Cerebral microvascular abnormalities in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Brain Res 2018; 1686:72-82. [PMID: 29477544 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by symptoms indicative of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), such as headache and visual impairment. We have previously reported that brain biopsies from IIH patients show patchy astrogliosis and increased expression of the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) at perivascular astrocytic endfeet. METHODS The present study was undertaken to investigate for ultrastructural changes of the cerebral capillaries in individuals with IIH. We examined by electron microscopy (EM) biopsies from the cortical parenchyma of 10 IIH patients and 8 reference subjects (patients, not healthy individuals), in whom tissue was retrieved from other elective and necessary brain surgeries (epilepsy, tumors or vascular diseases). IIH patients were diagnosed on the basis of typical clinical symptoms and abnormal intracranial pressure wave amplitudes during overnight ICP monitoring. RESULTS All 10 IIH patients underwent shunt surgery followed by favorable clinical outcome. EM revealed abnormal pericyte processes in IIH. The basement membrane (BM) showed more frequently evidence of degeneration in IIH, but neither the BM dimensions nor the pericyte coverage differed between IIH and reference tissue. The BM thickness increased significantly with increasing age. Reference individuals were older than IIH cases; observations may to some extent be age-related. CONCLUSION The present study disclosed marked changes of the cerebral cortical capillaries in IIH patients, suggesting that microvascular alterations are involved in the evolvement of IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Andersen Eidsvaag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Arne Hansson
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kjell Heuser
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend A Nagelhus
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Eide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,.
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Eidsvaag VA, Hansson HA, Heuser K, Nagelhus EA, Eide PK. Brain Capillary Ultrastructure in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Relationship With Static and Pulsatile Intracranial Pressure. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:1034-1045. [PMID: 29040647 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurodegenerative disease of unknown cause. We investigated the morphology of capillaries in frontal cortex biopsies from iNPH patients and related the observations to overnight intracranial pressure (ICP) scores. A biopsy (0.9×10 mm) was taken from where the ICP sensor subsequently was inserted. Brain capillaries were investigated by electron microscopy of biopsies from 27 iNPH patients and 10 reference subjects, i.e. patients (not healthy individuals) without cerebrospinal fluid circulation disturbances, in whom normal brain tissue was removed as part of necessary neurosurgical treatment. Degenerating and degenerated pericyte processes were identified in 23/27 (85%) iNPH and 6/10 (60%) of reference specimens. Extensive disintegration of pericyte processes were recognized in 11/27 (41%) iNPH and 1/10 (10%) reference specimens. There were no differences in basement membrane (BM) thickness or pericyte coverage between iNPH and reference subjects. The pulsatile or static ICP scores did neither correlate with the BM thickness nor with pericyte coverage. We found increased prevalence of degenerating pericytes in iNPH while the BM thickness and pericyte coverage did not differ from the reference individuals. Observations in iNPH may to some extent be age-related since the iNPH patients were significantly older than the reference individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Andersen Eidsvaag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine; and Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Arne Hansson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine; and Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjell Heuser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine; and Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend A Nagelhus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine; and Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per K Eide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine; and Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Thomsen MS, Routhe LJ, Moos T. The vascular basement membrane in the healthy and pathological brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3300-3317. [PMID: 28753105 PMCID: PMC5624399 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17722436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The vascular basement membrane contributes to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). The BCECs receive support from pericytes embedded in the vascular basement membrane and from astrocyte endfeet. The vascular basement membrane forms a three-dimensional protein network predominantly composed of laminin, collagen IV, nidogen, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans that mutually support interactions between BCECs, pericytes, and astrocytes. Major changes in the molecular composition of the vascular basement membrane are observed in acute and chronic neuropathological settings. In the present review, we cover the significance of the vascular basement membrane in the healthy and pathological brain. In stroke, loss of BBB integrity is accompanied by upregulation of proteolytic enzymes and degradation of vascular basement membrane proteins. There is yet no causal relationship between expression or activity of matrix proteases and the degradation of vascular matrix proteins in vivo. In Alzheimer's disease, changes in the vascular basement membrane include accumulation of Aβ, composite changes, and thickening. The physical properties of the vascular basement membrane carry the potential of obstructing drug delivery to the brain, e.g. thickening of the basement membrane can affect drug delivery to the brain, especially the delivery of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj S Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lisa J Routhe
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Koh IH, Kang HJ, Oh WT, Hong JJ, Choi YR. Correlation between change in muscle excursion and collagen content after tendon rupture and delayed repair. J Orthop Surg Res 2017; 12:15. [PMID: 28115019 PMCID: PMC5260042 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-017-0518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of the present study were to compare changes in muscle excursion, total collagen, and collagen subtypes after tenotomy over time and after delayed tendon repair. METHODS Tenotomy on the extensor digitorum tendon of the right second toes of 48 New Zealand White rabbits was performed; toes on the left leg were used as controls. Passive muscle excursion, total collagen content, and type I, III, and IV collagen contents were measured at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after tenotomy. Next, passive muscle excursion and total collagen content were measured at 8 weeks after delayed tendon repair at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after a tenotomy. RESULTS Passive muscle excursion decreased sequentially over time after tenotomy. Meanwhile, total collagen increased over time. These changes were significant after 4 weeks of injury. Type I collagen significantly increased, type III collagen significantly decreased, and type IV collagen had no significant change over time. Passive muscle excursion was negatively correlated with total collagen and type I collagen after tenotomy at each time point after tenotomy (p < 0.05). After tendon repair, increases in total collagen content after tenotomy were not reversed, despite early repairs at 1 and 2 weeks after tenotomy. CONCLUSIONS Increases in type I collagen were found to be associated with decreased excursion after tendon rupture. The increase in collagen that was observed after tenotomy was not reversed by repair within 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hyun Koh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jung Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Taek Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Jun Hong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Rak Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
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Tau pathology-dependent remodelling of cerebral arteries precedes Alzheimer's disease-related microvascular cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:737-52. [PMID: 26988843 PMCID: PMC4835519 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterised by pathologic cerebrovascular remodelling. Whether this occurs already before disease onset, as may be indicated by early Braak tau-related cerebral hypoperfusion and blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment found in previous studies, remains unknown. Therefore, we systematically quantified Braak tau stage- and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-dependent alterations in the alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen, and elastin content of leptomeningeal arterioles, small arteries, and medium-sized arteries surrounding the gyrus frontalis medialis (GFM) and hippocampus (HIPP), including the sulci, of 17 clinically and pathologically diagnosed AD subjects (Braak stage IV–VI) and 28 non-demented control subjects (Braak stage I–IV). GFM and HIPP paraffin sections were stained for general collagen and elastin with the Verhoeff–van Gieson stain; α-SMA and CAA/amyloid β (Aβ) were detected using immunohistochemistry. Significant arterial elastin degradation was observed from Braak stage III onward and correlated with Braak tau pathology (ρ = 0.909, 95 % CI 0.370 to 0.990, p < 0.05). This was accompanied by an increase in neutrophil elastase expression by α-SMA-positive cells in the vessel wall. Small and medium-sized arteries exhibited significant CAA-independent α-SMA loss starting between Braak stage I and II–III, along with accumulation of phosphorylated paired helical filament (PHF) tau in the perivascular space of intraparenchymal vessels. α-SMA remained at the decreased level throughout the later Braak stages. In contrast, arterioles exhibited significant α-SMA loss only at Braak stage V and VI/in AD subjects, which was CAA-dependent/correlated with CAA burden (ρ = −0.422, 95 % CI −0.557 to −0.265, p < 0.0001). Collagen content was only significantly changed in small arteries. Our data indicate that vessel wall remodelling of leptomeningeal arteries is an early-onset, Braak tau pathology-dependent process unrelated to CAA and AD, which potentially may contribute to downstream CAA-dependent microvascular pathology in AD.
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Montagne A, Nation DA, Pa J, Sweeney MD, Toga AW, Zlokovic BV. Brain imaging of neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:687-707. [PMID: 27038189 PMCID: PMC5283382 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular dysfunction, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and cerebral blood flow (CBF) dysregulation and reduction, are increasingly recognized to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The spatial and temporal relationships between different pathophysiological events during preclinical stages of AD, including cerebrovascular dysfunction and pathology, amyloid and tau pathology, and brain structural and functional changes remain, however, still unclear. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques, i.e., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), offer new possibilities to understand how the human brain works in health and disease. This includes methods to detect subtle regional changes in the cerebrovascular system integrity. Here, we focus on the neurovascular imaging techniques to evaluate regional BBB permeability (dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI), regional CBF changes (arterial spin labeling- and functional-MRI), vascular pathology (structural MRI), and cerebral metabolism (PET) in the living human brain, and examine how they can inform about neurovascular dysfunction and vascular pathophysiology in dementia and AD. Altogether, these neuroimaging approaches will continue to elucidate the spatio-temporal progression of vascular and neurodegenerative processes in dementia and AD and how they relate to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Judy Pa
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Melanie D Sweeney
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Weller RO, Hawkes CA, Kalaria RN, Werring DJ, Carare RO. White matter changes in dementia: role of impaired drainage of interstitial fluid. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:63-78. [PMID: 25521178 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are associated with dementia and include white matter hyperintensities (WMH; also termed leukoaraiosis) and visible perivascular spaces (PVS). We review the potential role of impaired drainage of interstitial fluid in the pathogenesis of WMH and PVS. Whereas the volume of extracellular space in the grey matter is tightly controlled, fluid accumulates and expands the extracellular spaces of the white matter in acute hydrocephalus, vasogenic edema and WMH. Although there are no conventional lymphatic vessels in the brain, there is very effective lymphatic drainage for fluid and solutes along restricted pathways in the basement membranes of cerebral capillaries and arteries in young individuals. Lymphatic drainage of the brain is impaired with age and in association with apolipoprotein E ε4, risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Deposition of proteins in the lymphatic drainage pathways in the walls of cerebral arteries with age is recognized as protein elimination failure angiopathy (PEFA), as in CAA and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Facilitating perivascular lymphatic drainage from the aging brain may play a significant role in the prevention of CAA, WMH and Alzheimer's disease and may enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy O Weller
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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C-terminal neurogranin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid but unchanged in plasma in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1461-1469. [PMID: 26092348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomarkers monitoring synaptic degeneration/loss would be valuable for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Postsynaptic protein neurogranin may be a promising cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker but has not yet been evaluated as a plasma biomarker. METHODS Using an in-house designed prototype enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting neurogranin C-terminally, we studied neurogranin in paired CSF/plasma samples of controls (n = 29) versus patients experiencing MCI, or dementia, due to AD (in total n = 59). RESULTS CSF neurogranin was increased in AD and positively correlated with CSF tau, whereas there was a negative relationship between CSF neurogranin (and tau) and CSF Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40. No differences were detected in plasma neurogranin between controls and AD. Also, there was no correlation between CSF and plasma neurogranin, excluding confounding effects of the latter. DISCUSSION This study strengthens the potential of neurogranin as an AD CSF biomarker, which now needs validation in larger studies. As tools, straightforward immunoassays can be used, as demonstrated by the described ELISA.
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Catita J, López-Luppo M, Ramos D, Nacher V, Navarro M, Carretero A, Sánchez-Chardi A, Mendes-Jorge L, Rodriguez-Baeza A, Ruberte J. Imaging of cellular aging in human retinal blood vessels. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:14-25. [PMID: 25818511 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To date two main aging vascular lesions have been reported in elderly human retinas: acellular capillaries and microaneurysms. However, their exact mechanism of formation remains unclear. Using high resolution microscopy techniques we revise cellular alterations observed in aged human retinal vessels, such as lipofuscin accumulation, caveolae malfunction, blood basement membrane disruption and enhanced apoptosis that could trigger the development of these aging vascular lesions. Moreover, we have generated a set of original images comparing retinal vasculature between middle and old aged healthy humans to show in a comprehensive manner the main structural and ultrastructural alterations occurred during age in retinal blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Catita
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M López-Luppo
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Ramos
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V Nacher
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Navarro
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Carretero
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Sánchez-Chardi
- Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L Mendes-Jorge
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Morphology and Function, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Rodriguez-Baeza
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J Ruberte
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
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Alonso-Nanclares L, DeFelipe J. Alterations of the microvascular network in the sclerotic hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 38:48-52. [PMID: 24406303 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis is the most frequent pathology encountered in resected tissue obtained from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The main hallmarks of hippocampal sclerosis are neuronal loss and gliosis. Several authors have proposed that an increase in blood vessel density is a further indicator, based on interpretations from staining of markers related to both blood-brain barrier disruption and the formation of new blood vessels. However, previous studies performed in our laboratory using correlative light and electron microscopy revealed that many of these "blood vessels" are in fact atrophic vascular structures with a reduced or virtually absent lumen and are often filled with processes of reactive astrocytes. Thus, "normal" vasculature within the sclerotic CA1 field is drastically reduced. Since this decrease is consistently observed in the human sclerotic CA1, this feature can be considered another key pathological indicator of hippocampal sclerosis associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Alonso-Nanclares
- Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (Centro de Tecnología Biomédica), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo s/n, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (Centro de Tecnología Biomédica), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo s/n, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
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Carare RO, Hawkes CA, Jeffrey M, Kalaria RN, Weller RO. Review: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, prion angiopathy, CADASIL and the spectrum of protein elimination failure angiopathies (PEFA) in neurodegenerative disease with a focus on therapy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:593-611. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. O. Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton; UK
| | - C. A. Hawkes
- Clinical Neurosciences and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton; UK
| | - M. Jeffrey
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA); Bush Loan Penicuik; Edinburgh; UK
| | - R. N. Kalaria
- Centre for Brain Ageing & Vitality; Institute for Ageing and Health; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne; UK
| | - R. O. Weller
- Clinical Neurosciences and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton; UK
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Tripathy D, Sanchez A, Yin X, Martinez J, Grammas P. Age-related decrease in cerebrovascular-derived neuroprotective proteins: effect of acetaminophen. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:278-85. [PMID: 22944728 PMCID: PMC3483357 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As the population ages, the need for effective methods to maintain brain function in older adults is increasingly pressing. Vascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders commonly co-occur in older persons. Cerebrovascular products contribute to the neuronal milieu and have important consequences for neuronal viability. In this regard vascular derived neuroprotective proteins, Such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) are important for maintaining neuronal viability, especially in the face of injury and disease. The objective of this study is to measure and compare levels of VEGF, PEDF and PACAP released from isolated brain microvessels of Fischer 344 rats at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Addition of acetaminophen to isolated brain microvessels is employed to determine whether this drug affects vascular expression of these neuroprotective proteins. Experiments on cultured brain endothelial cells are performed to explore the mechanisms/mediators that regulate the effect of acetaminophen on endothelial cells. The data indicate cerebrovascular expression of VEGF, PEDF and PACAP significantly decreases with age. The age-associated decrease in VEGF and PEDF is ameliorated by addition of acetaminophen to isolated brain microvessels. Also, release of VEGF, PEDF, and PACAP from cultured brain endothelial cells decreases with exposure to the oxidant stressor menadione. Acetaminophen treatment upregulates VEGF, PEDF and PACAP in brain endothelial cells exposed to oxidative stress. The effect of acetaminophen on cultured endothelial cells is in part inhibited by the selective thrombin inhibitor hirudin. The results of this study suggest that acetaminophen may be a useful agent for preserving cerebrovascular function. If a low dose of acetaminophen can counteract the decrease in vascular-derived neurotrophic factors evoked by age and oxidative stress, this drug might be useful for improving brain function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Tripathy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Alma Sanchez
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Xiangling Yin
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Joseph Martinez
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Paula Grammas
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
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Onodera H, Oshio K, Uchida M, Tanaka Y, Hashimoto T. Analysis of intracranial pressure pulse waveform and brain capillary morphology in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Brain Res 2012; 1460:73-7. [PMID: 22583857 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus in neurosurgical patients is known to be a disease with high risks and severe outcomes. However, the mechanism by which diabetes mellitus induces dysfunction of brain tissue is not well known. The hypothesis of this study was that the damage to brain microvasculature in diabetes mellitus results in impaired compliance of the brain. Pathological changes associated with type II diabetes were investigated using a rat model. Pathophysiological changes in diabetic brain tissue were also investigated to confirm cerebral compliance by analyzing intracranial pressure waveforms. Pathologic findings revealed thickening of the basement membrane and fibrous collagen infiltration into the inner basement membrane of the brain microvasculature in diabetes mellitus. Analysis of intracranial pressure waveforms revealed that the P2 portion increased in diabetic rats compared to the control and was increased further with the increase in intracranial pressure. Analysis of the differential pressure curve, with respect to time, demonstrated that intracranial elasticity showed a concomitant increase. Pathologic findings and intracranial pressure waveforms were consistent with changes in brain microvasculature in diabetes mellitus. The increase of elasticity of brain tissue in diabetes mellitus may exacerbate the damage of intracranial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Onodera
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
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45
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Fiel MI, Deniz K, Elmali F, Schiano TD. Increasing hepatic arteriole wall thickness and decreased luminal diameter occur with increasing age in normal livers. J Hepatol 2011; 55:582-586. [PMID: 21236310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is no data to suggest that the size of bile ducts, portal venules, and hepatic arterioles varies according to age in the normal human liver. We sought to examine whether hepatic arteriolar size, wall thickness, and luminal diameter change with increasing age. METHODS Histologically normal liver specimens from 90 live and deceased donors were separated into three groups of thirty: donor age<30, 31-60, and>60years old. Trichrome-stained slides were de-identified and assessed by a liver pathologist blinded to donor age. Morphometric measurements were taken of the hepatic arteriole, the cross-sectional diameter, and its wall thickness. The arteriole was measured at its widest diameter, the arteriolar wall at its thickest portion, and the luminal diameter between its widest points. RESULTS There was no difference in number of arterioles or bile ducts or in arteriolar cross-sectional diameter among the groups and no correlation with age was found. An increasing arteriolar wall thickness and a decrease in luminal diameter with advancing age were noted; no difference in bile duct size among the groups was found. There was a significant difference in wall thickness/total cross-sectional diameter with extremes in age (21-30 age group vs. 71-80 age group, p=0.0009) with an accompanying significant decrease in luminal diameter/cross-sectional diameter between the same groups (p=0.00002). CONCLUSIONS Increasing hepatic arteriolar wall thickness and decreased arteriolar cross-sectional diameter occur with increasing age in the normal human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Fiel
- The Lillian and Henry M. Stratton-Hans Popper Department of Pathology, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kemal Deniz
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ferhan Elmali
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Thomas D Schiano
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Decreased myeloperoxidase expressing cells in the aged rat brain after excitotoxic damage. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:723-30. [PMID: 21601629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain aging is associated to several morphological and functional alterations that influence the evolution and outcome of CNS damage. Acute brain injury such as an excitotoxic insult induces initial tissue damage followed by associated inflammation and oxidative stress, partly attributed to neutrophil recruitment and the expression of oxidative enzymes such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), among others. However, to date, very few studies have focused on how age can influence neutrophil infiltration after acute brain damage. Therefore, to evaluate the age-dependent pattern of neutrophil cell infiltration following an excitotoxic injury, intrastriatal injection of N-methyl-d-aspartate was performed in young and aged male Wistar rats. Animals were sacrificed at different times between 12h post-lesion (hpl) to 14 days post-lesion (dpl). Cryostat sections were processed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) immunohistochemistry, and double labeling for either neuronal cells (NeuN), astrocytes (GFAP), perivascular macrophages (ED-2), or microglia/macrophages (tomato lectin histochemistry). Our observations showed that MPO + cells were observed in the injured striatum from 12 hpl (when maximum values were found) until 7 dpl, when cell density was strongly diminished. However, at all survival times analyzed, the overall density of MPO + cells was lower in the aged versus the adult injured striatum. MPO + cells were mainly identified as neutrophils (especially at 12 hpl and 1 dpl), but it should be noted that MPO + neurons and microglia/macrophages were also found. MPO + neurons were most commonly observed at 12 hpl and reduced in the aged. MPO + microglia/macrophages were the main population expressing MPO from 3 dpl, when density was also reduced in aged subjects. These results point to neutrophil infiltration as another important factor contributing to the different responses of the adult and aged brain to damage, highlighting the need of using aged animals for the study of acute age-related brain insults.
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47
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Perivascular drainage of solutes is impaired in the ageing mouse brain and in the presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:431-43. [PMID: 21259015 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the walls of leptomeningeal and cortical blood vessels as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is present in normal ageing and the majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. The failure of clearance mechanisms to eliminate Aβ from the brain contributes to the development of sporadic CAA and AD. Here, we investigated the effects of CAA and ageing on the pattern of perivascular drainage of solutes in the brains of naïve mice and in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. We report that drainage of small molecular weight dextran along cerebrovascular basement membranes is impaired in the hippocampal capillaries and arteries of 22-month-old wild-type mice compared to 3- and 7-month-old animals, which was associated with age-dependent changes in capillary density. Age-related alterations in the levels of laminin, fibronectin and perlecan in vascular basement membranes were also noted in wild-type mice. Furthermore, dextran was observed in the walls of veins of Tg2576 mice in the presence of CAA, suggesting that deposition of Aβ in vessel walls disrupts the normal route of elimination of solutes from the brain parenchyma. These data support the hypothesis that perivascular solute drainage from the brain is altered both in the ageing brain and as a consequence of CAA. These findings have implications for the success of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD that rely upon the health of the ageing cerebral vasculature.
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Moreno MJ, Ajji A, Mohebbi-Kalhori D, Rukhlova M, Hadjizadeh A, Bureau MN. Development of a compliant and cytocompatible micro-fibrous polyethylene terephthalate vascular scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 97:201-14. [PMID: 21391300 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineering approaches have been intensively applied to create small diameter vascular grafts using artificial materials. However, a fully successful, high performing and anti-thrombogenic structure has not been achieved yet. In this study, we have designed and fabricated a novel non-woven fibrous vascular graft with biomechanical properties closely resembling those of native vessels. Vascular cell growth, preservation of cell phenotype, retention of vasoactive properties, as well as the effect of gelatin coating on the cellular interaction with the scaffolds under static and shear stress conditions were investigated. The non-woven fibrous scaffolds were made from melt blown polyethylene terephthalate fiber webs stacked by means of a consolidation technique. The scaffold variables were fiber diameter distribution and the number of consolidated web stacks. SEM analysis confirmed various fiber diameter and pore size ranges corresponding to the different conditions. The scaffolds showed burst pressure values of ∼1500 mmHg and compliance (8.4 ± 1.0 × 10(-2) % mmHg(-1) ) very similar to those of native arteries (∼8 × 10(-2) % mmHg(-1) ). The structure with the smallest fiber diameter range (1-5 μm) and pore size range (1-20 μm) was the most suitable for the growth of human brain endothelial cells and aortic smooth muscle cells. The cells maintained their specific cell phenotype, expressed collagen and elastin and produced cAMP in response to α-calcitonin gene-related peptide. However, under shear stress conditions (0.9 dyne cm(-2) ), only 30% of the cells were retained in both uncoated and gelatin-coated scaffolds indicating the need for improving the cell retention capacity of these structures, which is our future research direction. This study indicates that the biomechanical and biocompatible properties of this novel vascular scaffold are promising for the development of a vascular graft with similar characteristics to those of native vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Moreno
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, M54, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
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49
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The Cerebral Microvasculature and Responses to Ischemia. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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50
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Ferrer I. Cognitive impairment of vascular origin: neuropathology of cognitive impairment of vascular origin. J Neurol Sci 2010; 299:139-49. [PMID: 20846674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The term cognitive impairment of vascular origin is used to designate global cognitive deficits as well as focal neurological deficits such as aphasia, apraxia and agnosia of vascular/circulatory origin. It has been useful for identifying early clinical and neuroradiological alterations that might permit therapeutic strategies geared to curbing the progression of cerebrovascular disease. Multi-infarct encephalopathy, infarcts in strategic areas, lacunae and lacunar status, Binswanger's encephalopathy, hippocampal sclerosis, cortical granular atrophy and watershed infarcts are common lesions. Hypertension and vascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis, small blood vessel disease, inflammatory diseases of the blood vessels, Sneddon syndrome, cerebral amyloid angiopathies, cerebral autosomic dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), and Maeda's syndrome are causative of cognitive impairment of vascular origin. Other less common causes are hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, neuropathy and strokes (HERNS), cerebro-retinian vasculopathy (CRV), hereditary vascular retinopathy (HVR) (all three linked to 3p21.1-p21.3), hereditary infantile hemiparesis with arteriolar retinopathy and leukoencephalopathy (HIHRATL) (not linked to 3p21), fibromuscular dysplasia, and moya-moya disease. Lack of uniformity of clinical manifestations, the variety of vascular diseases and circulatory factors, the diverse, but often convergent, neuropathological substrates, and the common association with unrelated neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly, make it hard to assume a single clinical approach in the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin. Rather, environmental and genetic risk factors, underlying vascular diseases, associated systemic, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and identification of extent and distribution of lesions with morphological and functional neuroimaging methods should be applied in every individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 Hospitalet de LLobregat, Spain.
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