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Qi M, Su X, Li Z, Huang H, Wang J, Lin N, Kong X. Bibliometric analysis of research progress on tetramethylpyrazine and its effects on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 259:108656. [PMID: 38735486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, natural products have attracted worldwide attention and become one of the most important resources for pharmacological industries and medical sciences to identify novel drug candidates for disease treatment. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an alkaloid extracted from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., which has shown great therapeutic potential in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, liver and renal injury, as well as cancer. In this review, we analyzed 1270 papers published on the Web of Science Core Collection from 2002 to 2022 and found that TMP exerted significant protective effects on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury that is the cause of pathological damages in a variety of conditions, such as ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, and liver transplantation. TMP is limited in clinical applications to some extent due to its rapid metabolism, a short biological half-life and poor bioavailability. Obviously, the structural modification, administration methods and dosage forms of TMP need to be further investigated in order to improve its bioavailability. This review summarizes the clinical applications of TMP, elucidates its potential mechanisms in protecting I/R injury, provides strategies to improve bioavailability, which presents a comprehensive understanding of the important compound. Hopefully, the information and knowledge from this review can help researchers and physicians to better improve the applications of TMP in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Qi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhuohang Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Helan Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiangying Kong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Li G, Sng KS, Shu B, Wang YJ, Yao M, Cui XJ. Effects of tetramethylpyrazine treatment in a rat model of spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175524. [PMID: 36803629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious disabling condition that leads to the loss of motor, sensory, and excretory functions, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients and imposing a heavy burden on the patient's family and society. There is currently a lack of effective treatments for SCI. However, a large number of experimental studies have shown beneficial effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP). We performed a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the effects of TMP on neurological and motor function recovery in rats with acute SCI. English (PubMed, Web of Science, and EMbase) and Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and CBM) databases were searched for literature related to TMP treatment in rats with SCI published until October 2022. Two researchers independently read the included studies, extracted the data, and evaluated their quality. A total of 29 studies were included, and a risk of bias assessment revealed that the methodological quality of the included studies was low. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB; n = 429, pooled mean difference [MD] = 3.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.67 to 4.22, p < 0.00001) and inclined plane test (n = 133, pooled MD = 5.60, 95% CI = 3.78 to 7.41, p < 0.00001) scores of rats treated with TMP were significantly higher than those in the control group at 14 days after SCI. TMP treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA; n = 128, pooled MD = -2.03, 95% CI = -3.47 to -0.58, p < 0.00001) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD; n = 128, pooled MD = 5.02, 95% CI = 2.39 to 7.65, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis indicated that different doses of TMP did not improve the BBB scale and inclined plane test angles. In conclusion, this review showed that TMP can improve SCI outcomes; however, in view of the limitations of the included studies, larger and high-quality studies are required for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Li
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kim Sia Sng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bing Shu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Bukhari SNA, Yogesh R. An Overview of Tetramethylpyrazine (Ligustrazine) and its Derivatives as
Potent Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220405232333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), or ligustrazine, is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb
Ligusticum wallichii. It is known for its broad-spectrum medicinal properties against several diseases, and
various studies have shown that it can modulate diverse biological targets and signaling pathways to produce
neuroprotective effects, especially against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This has attracted significant
research attention evaluating TMP as a potent multitarget anti-AD agent. This review compiles the results
of studies assessing the neuroprotective mechanisms exerted by TMP as well as its derivatives prepared
using a multi-target-directed ligand strategy to explore its multitarget modulating properties. The present
review also highlights the work done on the design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms
of some potent TMP derivatives that have shown promising anti-AD activities. These derivatives
were designed, synthesized, and evaluated to develop anti-AD molecules with enhanced biological and
pharmacokinetic activities compared to TMP. This review article paves the way for the exploration and
development of TMP and TMP derivatives as an effective treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruchika Yogesh
- 22 A3, DS Tower 1, Sukhumvit Soi 33, Khlong Tan Nuea, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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Zeng P, Su HF, Ye CY, Qiu SW, Shi A, Wang JZ, Zhou XW, Tian Q. A Tau Pathogenesis-Based Network Pharmacology Approach for Exploring the Protections of Chuanxiong Rhizoma in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:877806. [PMID: 35529440 PMCID: PMC9068950 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.877806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia and one of the top medical concerns worldwide. Currently, the approved drugs to treat AD are effective only in treating the symptoms, but do not cure or prevent AD. Although the exact causes of AD are not understood, it is recognized that tau aggregation in neurons plays a key role. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR) has been widely reported as effective for brain diseases such as dementia. Thus, we explored the protections of CR in AD by a tau pathogenesis–based network pharmacology approach. According to ultra-HPLC with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry data and Lipinski’s rule of five, 18 bioactive phytochemicals of CR were screened out. They were shown corresponding to 127 tau pathogenesis–related targets, among which VEGFA, IL1B, CTNNB1, JUN, ESR1, STAT3, APP, BCL2L1, PTGS2, and PPARG were identified as the core ones. We further analyzed the specific actions of CR-active phytochemicals on tau pathogenesis from the aspects of tau aggregation and tau-mediated toxicities. It was shown that neocnidilide, ferulic acid, coniferyl ferulate, levistilide A, Z-ligustilide, butylidenephthalide, and caffeic acid can be effective in reversing tau hyperphosphorylation. Neocnidilide, senkyunolide A, butylphthalide, butylidenephthalide, Z-ligustilide, and L-tryptophan may be effective in promoting lysosome-associated degradation of tau, and levistilide A, neocnidilide, ferulic acid, L-tryptophan, senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide, and butylidenephthalide may antagonize tau-mediated impairments of intracellular transport, axon and synaptic damages, and neuron death (especially apoptosis). The present study suggests that acting on tau aggregation and tau-mediated toxicities is part of the therapeutic mechanism of CR against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Fei Su
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-Yuan Ye
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo-Wen Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Cell Architecture Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Wen Zhou, ; Qing Tian,
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Wen Zhou, ; Qing Tian,
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Lee J, Kwon S, Jin C, Cho SY, Park SU, Jung WS, Moon SK, Park JM, Ko CN, Cho KH. Traditional East Asian Herbal Medicine Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:174. [PMID: 35215287 PMCID: PMC8874541 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and its treatment is a challenging clinical problem. This review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of herbal medicine for AD treatment. The PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, CNKI, OASIS, KTKP, and CiNii databases were searched until June 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on herbal medicine for AD, and a meta-analysis of 57 RCTs was conducted. For cognitive function, herbal medicine significantly improved the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and AD Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog) scores compared with conventional medicine. The MMSE scores showed no significant difference between the groups treated with herbal medicine and donepezil; however, herbal medicine significantly lowered the ADAS-cog score. Acori Graminei Rhizoma-containing and Cnidii Rhizoma-containing herbal medicine significantly improved the MMSE and ADAS-cog scores compared with conventional medicine. Ginseng Radix-containing herbal medicine showed a positive, but not statistically significant, tendency toward improving the MMSE score compared with conventional medicine. Herbal medicine with conventional medicine significantly improved the MMSE, ADAS-cog, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores compared with conventional medicine, and herbal medicine with donepezil also significantly improved these scores compared with donepezil. Acori Graminei Rhizoma or Cnidii Rhizoma-containing herbal medicine with conventional medicine significantly improved the MMSE and ADAS-cog scores compared with conventional medicine. Ginseng Radix-containing herbal medicine + conventional medicine significantly improved the MMSE score, but not the ADAS-cog score, compared with conventional medicine. For behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, the Neuropsychiatry Inventory (NPI) score was not significantly different between herbal and conventional medicines. Herbal medicine with conventional medicine significantly improved the NPI and Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale scores compared with conventional medicine. The NPI score showed no significant difference between the groups treated with herbal medicine and placebo. Furthermore, herbal medicine with conventional medicine significantly lowered plasma amyloid beta levels compared with conventional medicine alone. Herbal medicine, whether used alone or as an adjuvant, may have beneficial effects on AD treatment. However, owing to the methodological limitations and high heterogeneity of the included studies, concrete conclusions cannot be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiEun Lee
- Department of Korean Medicine Cardiology and Neurology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Seungwon Kwon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Chul Jin
- Department of Korean Medicine Cardiology and Neurology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Seung-Yeon Cho
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Seong-Uk Park
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Woo-Sang Jung
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Sang-Kwan Moon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Jung-Mi Park
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Chang-Nam Ko
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Ki-Ho Cho
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
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Ligustrazine Attenuates Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced Alzheimer-like Pathologies in Rats. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:548-554. [PMID: 34169425 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ligustrazine, an alkaloid extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Ligusticum Chuanxiong Hort, has been clinically applied to treat the cerebrovascular diseases. Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) is an independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Memory deficits can be caused by Hhcy via pathologies of AD-like tau and amyloid-β (Aβ) in the hippocampus. Here, we investigated whether homocysteine (Hcy) can induce AD-like pathologies and the effects of ligustrazine on these pathologies. The Hcy rat model was constructed by 14-day Hcy injection via vena caudalis, and rats were treated with daily intragastric administration of ligustrazine at the same time. We found that the pathologies of tau and Aβ were induced by Hcy in the hippocampus, while the Hcy-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ accumulation could be markedly attenuated by simultaneous ligustrazine treatment. Our data demonstrate that ligustrazine may be used as a promising neuroprotective agent to treat the Hcy-induced AD-like pathologies.
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Bai X, Zhang M. Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervenes in Vascular Dementia: Traditional Medicine Brings New Expectations. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:689625. [PMID: 34194332 PMCID: PMC8236843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.689625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is one of the most common forms of dementia, referring to a group of symptoms that mainly manifest as advanced neurocognitive dysfunction induced by cerebrovascular disease (CVD). A significant number of studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a clinical impact on VD and thus has promising prospects. There have been many discussions regarding the pharmacological mechanisms involved in treatment of the kidney, elimination of turbidity, and promotion of blood circulation. TCM has a prominent effect on improving patients’ cognitive function and quality of life. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of VD in modern medicine and TCM, traditional prescriptions, single-agent effective ingredients and their pharmacological mechanisms for treating VD, highlight TCM’s characteristics, and discuss TCM’s multi-targeted mechanism for the treatment of VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Weng G, Zhou B, Liu T, Huang Z, Huang S. Tetramethylpyrazine Improves Cognitive Function of Alzheimer's Disease Mice by Regulating SSTR4 Ubiquitination. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2385-2399. [PMID: 34103899 PMCID: PMC8179737 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s290030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Many researches have investigated the functions of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to discuss the underlying mechanism of TMP in AD mice. Methods TMP (200 mg/kg) was administered to 6-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and behavioral changes and hippocampal nerve injury in AD mice were detected. Apoptosis and autophagy-related protein levels were detected. Changes in gene expression before and after TMP treatment were compared using transcriptome sequencing. The effects of Cullin 4B (CUL4B) overexpression and somatostatin receptor 4 (SSTR4) silencing on AD symptoms and SSTR4 ubiquitination in APP/PS1 mice were observed. SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells were treated with 25 μmol/L Aβ25-35 and TMP to observe cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured again after treatment with proteasome inhibitor MG132 or lysosomal inhibitor 3-mA. Results TMP treatment improved the behavioral cognition of APP/PS1 mice and improved the neuronal apoptosis and damage in brain tissue. CUL4B was significantly upregulated in APP/PS1 mouse brain tissue, and SSRT4 protein was downregulated, and the levels of CUL4B and SSRT4 were negatively correlated. TMP treatment downregulated CUL4B, inhibited SSRT4 ubiquitination and upregulated SSRT4 protein level in APP/PS1 mouse brain tissue, while CUL4B overexpression or SSRT4 silencing reversed the effect of TMP. TMP and MG132 improved the decreased activity, increased apoptosis and increased SSRT4 protein in SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells treated with Aβ25-35, but not 3-mA. CUL4B overexpression promoted the ubiquitination of SSTR4 in cells, which partially reversed the effect of TMP. Conclusion TMP could improve the cognitive ability of AD mice by inhibiting CUL4B expression and the ubiquitination degradation of SSTR, and alleviating neuronal apoptosis and injury. This study may offer a new therapeutic option for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohu Weng
- Department of Encephalopathy, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haikou, 570203, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haikou, 570203, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haikou, 570203, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixiong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, People's Republic of China
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Jisuikang Promotes the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats by Regulating NgR/RhoA/ROCK Signal Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9542359. [PMID: 33354226 PMCID: PMC7735860 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9542359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Jisuikang (JSK) is an herbal formula composed of many kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been proved to be effective in promoting the rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) after more than ten years of clinical application. However, the mechanisms of JSK promoting nerve regeneration are yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of JSK protecting neurons, specifically the regulation of NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway. The motor function of rats was evaluated by the BBB score and inclined plate test, Golgi staining and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the microstructure of nerve tissue, and fluorescence double-labeling method was used to detect neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we found that JSK could improve the motor function of rats with SCI, protect the microstructure (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and dendritic spine) of neurons, and reduce the apoptosis rate of neurons in rats with SCI. In addition, JSK could inhibit the expression of Nogo receptor (NgR) in neurons and the NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway in rats with SCI. These results indicated JSK could improve the motor function of rats with SCI by inhibiting the NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway, which suggests the potential applicability of JSK as a nerve regeneration agent.
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Fan X, Wang E, He J, Zhang L, Zeng X, Gui Y, Sun Q, Song Y, Yuan H. Ligustrazine Protects Homocysteine-Induced Apoptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Modulating Mitochondrial Dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019. [PMID: 31359360 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Ligustrazine is one of the alkaloid compounds isolated from the traditional Chinese herb, which shows protective effects on cardiovascular disorders. High homocysteine (Hcy) level can predict cardiovascular-related events including death. In this study, we used Hcy to stimulate the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and investigated the protective effect of ligustrazine on endothelial dysfunction by assessing the cell apoptosis, oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the potential molecular pathways. Our results clearly showed that ligustrazine increased HUVEC cell viability, decreased the dehydrogenase (LDH) level, and inhibited HUVEC apoptosis, which was associated with the attenuation of attenuated oxidative damage. The mitochondrial-dependent pathway was closely related in the regulation of ligustrazine, reflected by the attenuated mitochondrial membrane potential change and decreased cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Ligustrazine may protect Hcy-induced apoptosis in HUVECs by attenuating oxidative damage and modulating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Enshi Wang
- Center for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jianxun He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuan Gui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Ligustrazine Protects Homocysteine-Induced Apoptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Modulating Mitochondrial Dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:591-599. [PMID: 31359360 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ligustrazine is one of the alkaloid compounds isolated from the traditional Chinese herb, which shows protective effects on cardiovascular disorders. High homocysteine (Hcy) level can predict cardiovascular-related events including death. In this study, we used Hcy to stimulate the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and investigated the protective effect of ligustrazine on endothelial dysfunction by assessing the cell apoptosis, oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the potential molecular pathways. Our results clearly showed that ligustrazine increased HUVEC cell viability, decreased the dehydrogenase (LDH) level, and inhibited HUVEC apoptosis, which was associated with the attenuation of attenuated oxidative damage. The mitochondrial-dependent pathway was closely related in the regulation of ligustrazine, reflected by the attenuated mitochondrial membrane potential change and decreased cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Ligustrazine may protect Hcy-induced apoptosis in HUVECs by attenuating oxidative damage and modulating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Lee B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Tetramethylpyrazine reverses anxiety-like behaviors in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:525-538. [PMID: 30181699 PMCID: PMC6115350 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.5.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired fear extermination, hyperarousal, and anxiety that may involve the release of monoamines in the fear circuit. The reported pharmacological properties of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) include anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuropsychiatric activities. However, the anxiolytic-like effects of TMP and its mechanism of action in PTSD are unclear. This study measured several anxiety-related behavioral responses to examine the effects of TMP on symptoms of anxiety in rats after single prolonged stress (SPS) exposure by reversing the serotonin (5-HT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. Rats were given TMP (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days after SPS exposure. Administration of TMP significantly reduced grooming behavior, increased the time spent and number of visits to the open arm in the elevated plus maze test, and significantly increased the number of central zone crossings in the open field test. TMP administration significantly reduced the freezing response to contextual fear conditioning and significantly restored the neurochemical abnormalities and the SPS-induced decrease in 5-HT tissue levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The increased 5-HT concentration during TMP treatment might be partially attribute to the tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid mRNA level expression in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. These findings support a role for reducing the altered serotonergic transmission in rats with PTSD. TMP simultaneously attenuated the HPA axis dysfunction. Therefore, TMP may be useful for developing an agent for treating psychiatric disorders, such those observed in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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13
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Bai XY, Wang XF, Zhang LS, Du PC, Cao Z, Hou Y. Tetramethylpyrazine ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating the inflammatory response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1968-1972. [PMID: 30078676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been demonstrated to ameliorate cerebral ischemic injury and spinal cord injury by inhibiting inflammatory cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. However, the effects of TMP on MS have not been studied. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TMP on the inflammatory response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an animal model of MS. TMP (30 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein inflammasome and caspase-1and decreased inflammatory infiltration and glial activation. Moreover, TMP (30 mg/kg) suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-18 [IL-18] and IL-17) and promoted the expression of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). The reduced inflammatory response resulted in improvement in clinical scores and decreased demyelination in EAE mice. Therefore, our results demonstrate that TMP (30 mg/kg) improved functional recovery in part by reducing inflammation in EAE mice. TMP may be a potential therapeutic agent for MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yong Bai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xi-Feng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Lian-Shuang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Peng-Chao Du
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Zhang Cao
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Yun Hou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
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Liu C, Li Z, Huang Z, Zhang K, Hu C, Zuo Z, Li Y. Ligustrazine Enhances the Hypnotic and Analgesic Effect of Ketamine in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:690-696. [PMID: 29467345 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuiliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, ChanCheng Center Hospital
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, ChanCheng Center Hospital
| | - Zeqi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Chuwen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
- Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Hearts, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
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Zhang X, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Huang G. Intra-articular delivery of tetramethylpyrazine microspheres with enhanced articular cavity retention for treating osteoarthritis. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:229-238. [PMID: 32104396 PMCID: PMC7032152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with strong anti-inflammatory and cartilage protection activities, and thus a promising candidate for treating osteoarthritis. However, TMP is rapidly cleared from the joint cavity after intra-articular injection and requires multiple injections to maintain efficacy. The aim of this study was to encapsulate TMP into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres to enhance the TMP retention in the joint, reducing injection frequencies and decreasing dosage. TMP microspheres were prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method. The intra-articular retention of the drug was assessed by detecting the drug concentration distributed in the joint tissue at different time points. The therapeutic effect of TMP microspheres was evaluated by the swelling of knee joints and histologic analysis in papain-induced OA rat model. The prepared freeze-dried microspheres with a particle size of about 10 µm can effectively prolong the retention time of the drug in the articular cavity to 30 d, which is 4.7 times that of the TMP solution. Intra-articular injection of TMP microspheres efficiently relieved inflammatory symptoms, improved joint lesions and decreased the depletion of proteoglycan. In conclusion, intra-articular injection of TMP loaded microspheres was a promising therapeutic method in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guihua Huang
- Corresponding author. The School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan 250012, Shandong Province, China. Tel.: +86 531 88382015..
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16
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Cao Z, Chen L, Liu Y, Peng T. Oxysophoridine rescues spinal cord injury via anti‑inflammatory, anti‑oxidative stress and anti‑apoptosis effects. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2523-2528. [PMID: 29207118 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysophoridine (OSR) is an alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides L and has various pharmacological activities. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of OSR on spinal cord injury (SCI), a clinically common serious trauma, in a rat model. The results of the present study demonstrated that the anti‑inflammatory effect of OSR improved Basso, Beatie and Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale scores and reduced spinal cord tissue water contents in an SCI rat model. Inflammatory activation was measured by ELISA, and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 (ICAM‑1), cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2), nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)/Bcl‑2‑associated X (Bax) protein expression levels using western blotting. The results revealed that treatment with OSR reduced tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8 and malondialdehyde, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels in the serum of an SCI rat model. OSR significantly reduced the protein expression of inflammation‑associated proteins PGE2, ICAM‑1, COX‑2, NF‑κB and Bcl‑2/Bax ratio in the spinal cord tissue of an SCI rat model. Furthermore, the results of the current study demonstrate that OSR ameliorates SCI via anti‑inflammatory, anti‑oxidative stress and anti‑apoptosis effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Fan Y, Wu Y. Tetramethylpyrazine alleviates neural apoptosis in injured spinal cord via the downregulation of miR-214-3p. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:827-833. [PMID: 28802236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the regulation effect of tetramethylpyrazine on microRNA-214-3p (miR-214-3p) in the spinal cord injury (SCI) rats model and to elucidate the neuroprotective effect and its mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine after SCI. METHODS Ten Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish the SCI rats model, and the expression levels of miR-214-3p and Bcl2l2 were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting at 7 days post-SCI. BBB scoring test was performed to evaluate the motor functional recovery at 21 days post-SCI. Twenty-five SCI rats were randomly assigned to five groups: SCI negative control (NC) group, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) group, miR-214-3p agomir group, TMP/agomir group and the sham group. The rats were given a two-week injection treatment with or without TMP. The expression levels of miR-214-3p, Bcl2l2, Bax and caspase 3 were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting at 7 days after injection. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) -mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to detect cell apoptosis in vivo. Luciferase activity was measured to verify the miR-214-3p target site in the 3'-UTR of Bcl2l2 mRNA. TMP treatment was also performed to injure primary cultured neuron cells and cell apoptosis in vitro was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS MiR-214-3p was up-regulated while anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2l2 was downregulated post-SCI. TMP inhibited the apoptosis in vivo via decreasing the levels of miR-214-3p and increasing the expression level of Bcl2l2. A potential target site of miR-214-3p in the 3'UTR of Bcl2l2 mRNA was identified and validated by luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, TMP could effectively inhibit neuron cells apoptosis in vitro. CONCLUSIONS TMP alleviated neural apoptosis in injured spinal cord via down-regulation of miR-214-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Fan
- Department of Acupuncture, Tuina and Traumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yaochi Wu
- Department of Acupuncture, Tuina and Traumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Tetramethylpyrazine Protects against Early Brain Injury after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Affecting Mitochondrial-Dependent Caspase-3 Apoptotic Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3514914. [PMID: 28337226 PMCID: PMC5350396 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3514914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was to test the hypothesis that tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) protected against early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) by affecting the mitochondrial-dependent caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. TMP was administrated after the rats' prechiasmatic SAH mode. Animal neurobehavioral functions were assessed and the mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic calcium, and mitochondrial membrane potential changes (Δψm) of the brain tissues were measured. The expressions of cytoplasmic cytochrome c (cyt c), second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac), and cleaved caspase-3 B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2) in cells were determined and cellular apoptosis was detected. The treatment of TMP resulted in less apoptotic cells and milder mitochondrial injury and potentially performed better in the neurobehavioral outcome compared to those with saline. Also, TMP ameliorated calcium overload in mitochondria and cytoplasm and alleviated the decrease of Δψm. In addition, TMP inhibited the expression of cytoplasmic cyt c, Smac, and cleaved caspase-3, yet it upregulated the expression of bcl-2. These findings suggest that TMP exerts an antiapoptosis property in the SAH rat model and this is probably mediated by the caspase-3 apoptotic pathway triggered by mitochondrial calcium overload. The finding offers a new therapeutic candidate for early brain injury after SAH.
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19
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Xu B, Xu X, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wu G, Yan M, Jia M, Xie T, Jia X, Wang P, Lei H. Synthesis and protective effect of new ligustrazine-vanillic acid derivatives against CoCl 2-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:20. [PMID: 28293281 PMCID: PMC5331027 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligustrazine-vanillic acid derivatives had been reported to exhibit promising neuroprotective activities. In our continuous effort to develop new ligustrazine derivatives with neuroprotective effects, we attempted the synthesis of several ligustrazine-vanillic acid amide derivatives and screened their protective effect on the injured PC12 cells damaged by CoCl2. The results showed that most of the newly synthesized derivatives exhibited higher activity than ligustrazine, of which, compound VA-06 displayed the highest potency with EC50 values of 17.39 ± 1.34 μM. Structure-activity relationships were briefly discussed.Graphical abstractNew series of ligustrazine-vanillic acid amide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their protective effect on the injured PC12 cells damaged by CoCl2. VA-06 was found to be the most active one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Chenze Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - GaoRong Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Menglu Jia
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Tianxin Xie
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Xiaohui Jia
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102 China
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Mikawlrawng K, Rani R, Kumar S, Bhardwaj AR, Prakash G. Anti-paralytic medicinal plants - Review. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 8:4-10. [PMID: 29321983 PMCID: PMC5755955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralysis is the loss of the ability of one or more muscles to move, due to disruption of signaling between the nervous system and muscles. The most common causes of paralysis are stroke, head injury, spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple sclerosis. The search for cure of paralysis is yet to be found. Many ethnobotanical surveys have reported the use of medicinal plants by various ethnic communities in treating and curing paralysis. The present review discusses the use of medicinal plants in India for ameliorating and curing paralytic conditions, as well as discuses some of the important developments in future possible applications of medicinal plants in treatment of paralysis. This review reports the use of 37 medicinal plants for their application and cure of ailments related to paralysis. Out of the 37 plants documented, 11 plants have been reported for their ability to cure paralysis. However, the information on the documented plants were mostly found to be inadequate, requiring proper authentication with respect to their specificity, dosage, contradictions etc. It is found that despite the claims presented in many ethnobotanical surveys, the laboratory analysis of these plants remain untouched. It is believed that with deeper intervention on analysis of bioactive compounds present in these plants used by ethic traditional healers for paralysis, many potential therapeutic compounds can be isolated for this particular ailment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roma Rani
- Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Ankur R Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Geeta Prakash
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, India
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Wang L, Zhang X, Chan JYW, Shan L, Cui G, Cui Q, Wang Y, Li J, Chen H, Zhang Q, Yu P, Han Y, Wang Y, Lee SMY. A Novel Danshensu Derivative Prevents Cardiac Dysfunction and Improves the Chemotherapeutic Efficacy of Doxorubicin in Breast Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:94-105. [PMID: 26058377 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic widely used in clinics as an anticancer agent. However, the use of Dox is limited by its cardiotoxicity. We have previously shown that a Danshensu (DSS) derivative, ADTM, displayed strong cardioprotective effects. With improved chemical stability and activity, a novel DSS derivative, D006, based on the structure of ADTM, was synthesized. In the present study, the protective effects of D006, indexed by attenuation of the cardiotoxicity induced by Dox as well as chemosensitizing effects that increase the antitumor activity of Dox, were investigated. Our results showed that D006 was more potent than either parental compound, or their use in combination, in ameliorating Dox-induced toxicity in H9c2 cells. In our zebrafish model, D006, but not DSS, alone significantly preserved the ventricular function of zebrafish after Dox treatment. Moreover, D006 upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis and increased mtDNA copy number after Dox treatment of H9c2 cells. D006 promoted the expression of HO-1 protein in a time-dependent manner while the HO-1 inhibitor, Znpp, reversed the protective effects of D006. In human breast tumor MCF-7 cells, D006 enhanced Dox-induced cytotoxicity by increasing apoptosis. In conclusion, our results indicate that a new DSS derivative exhibits promising protective effects against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro, an effect at least partially mediated by induction of HO-1 expression and the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Meanwhile, D006 also potentiated the anti-cancer effects of Dox in breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Judy Yuet-Wa Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Luchen Shan
- Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozhen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qingbin Cui
- Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingfei Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Huanxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Medicine, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Tetramethylpyrazine Ameliorates Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats: Involvement of Its Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Actions. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4866-4878. [PMID: 27514753 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder. Apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress are the current hypothesized mechanisms for PD pathogenesis. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), the major bioactive component of Ligusticum wallichii Franchat (ChuanXiong), Family Apiaceae, reportedly has anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study investigated the role of 'TMP' in preventing rotenone-induced neurobiological and behavioral sequelae. A preliminary dose-response study was conducted where rats received TMP (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) concomitantly with rotenone (2 mg/kg, s.c.) for 4 weeks. Catalepsy, locomotor activity, striatal dopamine content, and tyrosine hydroxylase "TH" and α-synuclein immunoreactivity were evaluated. The selected TMP dose (20 mg/kg) was used for western blot analysis of Bax, Bcl2, and DJ-1, immunohistochemical detection of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, in addition to biochemical analysis of caspase-3 activity, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels. Results showed that TMP (20 mg/kg) significantly improved midbrain and striatal TH expression and striatal dopamine content as well as the motor deficits, compared to rotenone-treated group. These results were correlated with reduction in caspase-3 activity and α-synuclein expression, along with improvement of midbrain and striatal Bax/Bcl2 ratio compared to rotenone-treated group. TMP also attenuated rotenone-induced upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Furthermore, TMP downregulated rotenone-induced neuroinflammation markers: NF-кB, iNOS, COX2, and GFAP expression in both the midbrain and striatum. Taken together, the current study suggests that TMP is entitled to, at least partially, preventing PD neurobiological and behavioral deficits by virtue of its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions.
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Huang JH, Cao Y, Zeng L, Wang G, Cao M, Lu HB, Hu JZ. Tetramethylpyrazine enhances functional recovery after contusion spinal cord injury by modulation of MicroRNA-21, FasL, PDCD4 and PTEN expression. Brain Res 2016; 1648:35-45. [PMID: 27431939 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has protective effects against SCI. In this study, we aimed to uncover the mechanism underlying the protective effects of TMP in SCI. SCI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with a modified weight-drop device. One group was subjected to SCI in combination with TMP administration at a dose of 200mg/kgd, for 3 days. Concurrently, another group received SCI in combination with an equal volume of 0.9% saline. Locomotor functional recovery was assessed during the 4 weeks post-injury by performing the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) rating procedure. Lesion size and spared tissue were measured by cresyl violet staining. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) expression was determined by real-time PCR and in situ hybridization. FasL, PDCD4, and PTEN are direct targets of miR-21 in many diseases and cell types; their levels were analyzed by western blot. Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe the expression of PDCD4 and PTEN. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining and DNA laddering. TMP treatment after contusion SCI significantly improved functional recovery, decreased lesion size, and increased tissue sparing and miR-21 levels; expression of FasL, PDCD4, and PTEN was decreased. TMP treatment also reduced apoptosis after SCI. Thus, TMP administration improved functional recovery and reduced cell apoptosis. Its protective effect may partly based on increasing the expression of miR-21 and decreasing the expression of FasL, PDCD4, and PTEN. These could serve as new exploratory targets for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hu Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Department of orthopaedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, 350001, PR China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Hong-Bin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Research Center of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.
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Therapeutic Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Spinal Cord Injury: A Promising Supplementary Treatment in Future. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:8958721. [PMID: 27118982 PMCID: PMC4826935 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8958721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder caused by trauma. Pathophysiological events occurring after SCI include acute, subacute, and chronic phases, while complex mechanisms are comprised. As an abundant source of natural drugs, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) attracts much attention in SCI treatment recently. Hence, this review provides an overview of pathophysiology of SCI and TCM application in its therapy. Methods. Information was collected from articles published in peer-reviewed journals via electronic search (PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and CNKI), as well as from master's dissertations, doctoral dissertations, and Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Results. Both active ingredients and herbs could exert prevention and treatment against SCI, which is linked to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, or antiapoptosis effects. The detailed information of six active natural ingredients (i.e., curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, ligustrazine, quercitrin, and puerarin) and five commonly used herbs (i.e., Danshen, Ginkgo, Ginseng, Notoginseng, and Astragali Radix) was elucidated and summarized. Conclusions. As an important supplementary treatment, TCM may provide benefits in repair of injured spinal cord. With a general consensus that future clinical approaches will be diversified and a combination of multiple strategies, TCM is likely to attract greater attention in SCI treatment.
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Zhang Y, Lin C, Zhang L, Cui Y, Gu Y, Guo J, Wu D, Li Q, Song W. Cognitive Improvement during Treatment for Mild Alzheimer's Disease with a Chinese Herbal Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130353. [PMID: 26076022 PMCID: PMC4468068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the efficacy of Chinese herbal formula compared with donepezil 5 mg/day in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Patients with mild AD meeting the criteria were randomized into Chinese herbal formula Yishen Huazhuo decoction (YHD) group and donepezil hydrochloride (DH) group during the 24-week trial. The outcomes were measured by ADAS-cog, MMSE, ADL, and NPI with linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS 144 patients were randomized. The mean scores of ADAS-cog and MMSE in both YHD group and DH group both improved at the end of the 24-week treatment period. The results also revealed that YHD was better at improving the mean scores of ADAS-cog and MMSE than DH. Linear mixed-effect models with repeated measures showed statistical significance in time × group interaction effect of ADAS-cog and also in time × group interaction effect of MMSE. The data showed YHD was superior to DH in improving the scores and long term efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that Chinese herbal formula YHD is beneficial and effective for cognitive improvement in patients with mild AD and the mechanism might be through reducing amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition in the hippocampus. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-TRC-12002846.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture and Cerebropathy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuiru Lin
- Department of Acupuncture and Cerebropathy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Geriatric, Longhua Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanwu Cui
- Department of Acupuncture and Cerebropathy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Department of Geriatric, Longhua Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiakui Guo
- Department of Acupuncture and Cerebropathy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Graduate Institutes, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanshan Song
- Department of Acupuncture and Cerebropathy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Zhang C, Ma J, Fan L, Zou Y, Dang X, Wang K, Song J. Neuroprotective effects of safranal in a rat model of traumatic injury to the spinal cord by anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and edema-attenuating. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:291-300. [PMID: 25891268 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gao HJ, Liu PF, Li PW, Huang ZY, Yu FB, Lei T, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Mu QC, Huang HY. Ligustrazine monomer against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:832-40. [PMID: 26109963 PMCID: PMC4468780 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.156991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrazine (2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine) is a major active ingredient of the Szechwan lovage rhizome and is extensively used in treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The mechanism of action of ligustrazine use against ischemic cerebrovascular diseases remains unclear at present. This study summarizes its protective effect, the optimum time window of administration, and the most effective mode of administration for clinical treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We examine the effects of ligustrazine on suppressing excitatory amino acid release, promoting migration, differentiation and proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells. We also looked at its effects on angiogenesis and how it inhibits thrombosis, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. We consider that ligustrazine gives noticeable protection from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The time window of ligustrazine administration is limited. The protective effect and time window of a series of derivative monomers of ligustrazine such as 2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, CXC137 and CXC195 after cerebral ischemia were better than ligustrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China ; Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Pei-Wen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhuo-Yan Huang
- Clinical Medical College of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
| | - Feng-Bo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing-Chun Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Tan F, Fu W, Cheng N, Meng DI, Gu Y. Ligustrazine reduces blood-brain barrier permeability in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1757-1762. [PMID: 26136889 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligustrazine, also known as 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), one of the major active compounds of Ligusticum wallichii Franchat., has been shown to reduce neuroinflammation and protect neurons during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, whether it reduces blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability during ischemic stroke is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role that TMP plays in protecting the BBB integrity in ischemia/reperfusion injury and to investigate the relevant mechanisms involved. Rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg TMP 15 min before the onset of ischemia, which was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume, neurological score, brain edema, BBB permeability and tight junction protein impairment were observed. The results showed that TMP reduced the neurological score and levels of brain infarction and edema. In addition, TMP significantly decreased BBB permeability and prevented the impairment of occludin and claudin-5, two tight junction protein components of the BBB, in rat brains with ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases, enzymes responsible for the degradation of the extracellular matrix and tight junctions, were reduced in the rat brains by TMP treatment. These results combined suggest that TMP reduces BBB permeability as well as neuronal damage in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Fu
- College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Nanfang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - D I Meng
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guandong 510515, P.R. China
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Koushki D, Latifi S, Norouzi Javidan A, Matin M. Efficacy of some non-conventional herbal medications (sulforaphane, tanshinone IIA, and tetramethylpyrazine) in inducing neuroprotection in comparison with interleukin-10 after spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis. J Spinal Cord Med 2015; 38:13-22. [PMID: 24969510 PMCID: PMC4293529 DOI: 10.1179/2045772314y.0000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI) may be responsible for further neural damages and therefore inhibition of inflammatory processes may exert a neuroprotection effect. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of some non-conventional herbal medications including sulforaphane, tanshinone IIA, and tetramethylpyrazine in reducing inflammation and compare them with a known effective anti-inflammatory agent (interleukin-10 (IL-10)). METHODS We searched relevant articles in Ovid database, Medline (PubMed) EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Scopus up to June 2013. The efficacy of each treatment and study powers were compared using random effects model of meta-analysis. To our knowledge, no conflict of interest exists. RESULTS Eighteen articles entered into the study. The meta-analysis revealed that exogenous IL-10 was more effective in comparison with the mentioned herbal extracts. The proposed pathways for each medication's effect on reducing the inflammation process are complex and many overlaps may exist. CONCLUSION IL-10 has a strong effect in the induction of neuroprotection and neurorecovery after SCI by multiple pathways. Tetramethylpyrazine has an acceptable influence in reducing inflammation through the up-regulation of IL-10. Outcomes of sulforaphane and tanshinone IIA administration are acceptable but still weaker than IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Latifi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Sahar Latifi, Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Imam Khomeini Medical Center, Keshavarz Avenue, Tehran, Iran, PO Box: 6114185. or
| | - Abbas Norouzi Javidan
- Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Matin
- Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cai J, Pan R, Jia X, Li Y, Hou Z, Huang RY, Chen X, Huang S, Yang GY, Sun J, Huang Y. The combination of astragalus membranaceus and ligustrazine ameliorates micro-haemorrhage by maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity in cerebrally ischaemic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt A:301-309. [PMID: 25456435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Haemorrhagic transformation is an asymptomatic event that frequently occurs after following ischaemic stroke, particularly when pharmaceutical thrombolysis is used. However, the mechanism responsible for haemorrhagic transformation remains unknown, and therapeutics have not been identified. In this study, we administered a combination of astragalus membranaceus and ligustrazine to rats with cerebral ischaemia that had undergone thrombolysis. We analysed the effect of this combination on the attenuation of haemorrhagic transformation and the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. METHODS A rat model of focal cerebral ischaemia was induced with autologous blood clot injections. Thrombolysis was performed via the intravenous injection of rt-PA. Astragalus membranaceus, ligustrazine or a combination of Astragalus membranaceus and ligustrazine was administered immediately after the clot injection. The cerebral infarct area, neurological deficits, blood-brain barrier integrity, and cerebral haemorrhage status were determined after 3, 6 and 24h of ischaemia. The ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier was examined with a transmission electron microscope. The expression of tight junction proteins, including claudin-1, claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludens-1, and matrix metallopeptidase-9 activation was further evaluated in terms of their roles in the protective effects of the combination drug on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. RESULTS Ischaemia-induced Evans blue leakage and cerebral haemorrhage were markedly reduced in the combination drug-treated rats compared to the rats treated with either astragalus membranaceus or ligustrazine alone (p<0.05). The disruption of the ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier and the neurological deficits were ameliorated by the combination treatment (p<0.05). The reductions in the expression of laudin-1, claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 were smaller in the rats that received the combination treatment. In addition, MMP-9 activity was suppressed in the combination-treated rats compared to the controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a combination of astragalus membranaceus and ligustrazine alleviated ischaemia-induced micro-haemorrhage transformation by maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; Post-doctoral Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruihuan Pan
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; Post-doctoral Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang Jia
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yue Li
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zijun Hou
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Run-Yue Huang
- Department of Rheumatism, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shengping Huang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Bedreag OH, Rogobete AF, Sărăndan M, Cradigati A, Păpurică M, Roşu OM, Dumbuleu CM, Săndesc D. Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in traumatic spinal cord injuries. Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care 2014; 21:123-129. [PMID: 28913444 PMCID: PMC5505350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by motor, vegetative and sensitive dysfunctions that can significantly decrease the chance of the complete recovery of the patients. The pathophysiological implication of these dysfunctions is represented by the increased production of the reactive species that are extremely aggressive to the surrounding tissue. The combination of massive production of free radicals, low concentration of antioxidants and the hypermetabolism present in patients with SCI leads to enhancement of the oxidative stress. Current studies are focused on several biological active compounds that are able to reduce the effects of free radicals - tissue necrosis, inflammation, infection, apoptosis. In this paper, the mechanism of the action of several biological active compounds that are able to significantly reduce oxidative stress in critical patients with spinal cord injury is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Horea Bedreag
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Clinic, Emergency County Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Alexandru Florin Rogobete
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Clinic, Emergency County Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timişoara, Romania
| | - Mirela Sărăndan
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Clinic, “Casa Austria”, Emergency County Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Alina Cradigati
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Clinic, “Casa Austria”, Emergency County Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Marius Păpurică
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Clinic, Emergency County Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Oana Maria Roşu
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Clinic, “Casa Austria”, Emergency County Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Corina Maria Dumbuleu
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Clinic, Emergency County Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Dorel Săndesc
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Clinic, Emergency County Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
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Lu C, Zhang J, Shi X, Miao S, Bi L, Zhang S, Yang Q, Zhou X, Zhang M, Xie Y, Miao Q, Wang S. Neuroprotective effects of tetramethylpyrazine against dopaminergic neuron injury in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:350-7. [PMID: 24719552 PMCID: PMC3979987 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disease. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of PD, apoptotic cell death and oxidative stress are the most prevalent mechanisms. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a biological component that has been extracted from Ligusticum wallichii Franchat (ChuanXiong), which exhibits anti-apoptotic and antioxidant roles. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of TMP against dopaminergic neuron injury in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP and to elucidate probable molecular mechanisms. The results showed that TMP could notably prevent MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurons damage, reflected by improvement of motor deficits, enhancement of TH expression and the content of dopamine and its metabolite, DOPAC. We observed MPTP-induced activation of mitochondrial apoptotic death pathway, evidenced by up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2, release of cytochrome c and cleavage of caspase 3, which was significantly inhibited by TMP. Moreover, TMP could prevent MPTP-increased TBARS level and MPTP-decreased GSH level, indicating the antioxidant role of TMP in PD model. And the antioxidant role of TMP attributes to the prevention of MPTP-induced reduction of Nrf2 and GCLc expression. In conclusion, in MPTP-induced PD model, TMP prevents the down-regulation of Nrf2 and GCLc, maintaining redox balance and inhibiting apoptosis, leading to the attenuation of dopaminergic neuron damage. The effectiveness of TMP in treating PD potentially leads to interesting therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- 2. Department of Hand Surgery, 401 Military Hospital, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaopeng Shi
- 3. Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shan Miao
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Linlin Bi
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Song Zhang
- 4. Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qian Yang
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhou
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yanhua Xie
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qing Miao
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Siwang Wang
- 1. Institute of Materia, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Meng D, Lu H, Huang S, Wei M, Ding P, Xiao X, Xu Y, Wu C. Comparative pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate in rat plasma and extracellular fluid of brain after intranasal, intragastric and intravenous administration. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:74-8. [PMID: 26579367 PMCID: PMC4590719 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate (TMPP) in plasma and extracellular fluid of the cerebral cortex of rats via three delivery routes: intranasal (i.n.), intragastric (i.g.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration. After i.n., i.g. and i.v. administration of a single-dose at 10 mg/kg, cerebral cortex dialysates and plasma samples drawn from the carotid artery were collected at timed intervals. The concentration of TMPP in the samples was analyzed by HPLC. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and the ratio of the AUCbrain to the AUCplasma (drug targeting efficiency, DTE) was calculated to evaluate the brain targeting efficiency of the drug via these different routes of administration. After i.n. administration, TMPP was rapidly absorbed to reach its peak plasma concentration within 5 min and showed a delayed uptake into cerebral cortex (t max=15 min). The ratio of the AUCbrain dialysates value between i.n. route and i.v. injection was 0.68, which was greater than that obtained after i.g. administration (0.43). The systemic bioavailability obtained with i.n. administration was greater than that obtained by the i.g. route (86.33% vs. 50.39%), whereas the DTE of the nasal route was 78.89%, close to that of oral administration (85.69%). These results indicate that TMPP is rapidly absorbed from the nasal mucosa into the systemic circulation, and then crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the cerebral cortex. Intranasal administration of TMPP could be a promising alternative to intravenous and oral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Haoyang Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Minyan Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xianglin Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuehong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 20 39943119.
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 20 39943119.
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Tetramethylpyrazine analogue CXC195 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis through PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway in rats. Neurochem Int 2014; 66:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Yang YW, Cheng WP, Lu JK, Dong XH, Wang CB, Zhang J, Zhao LY, Gao ZF. Timing of xenon-induced delayed postconditioning to protect against spinal cord ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Br J Anaesth 2013; 113:168-76. [PMID: 24277726 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to assess the neuroprotective effect of xenon-induced delayed postconditioning on spinal cord ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and to determine the time of administration for best neuroprotection in a rat model of spinal cord IRI. METHODS Fifty male rats were randomly divided equally into a sham group, control group, and three xenon postconditioning groups (n=10 per group). The control group underwent spinal cord IRI and immediately inhaled 50% nitrogen/50% oxygen for 3 h at the initiation of reperfusion. The three xenon postconditioning groups underwent the same surgical procedure and immediately inhaled 50% xenon/50% oxygen for 3 h at the initiation of reperfusion or 1 and 2 h after reperfusion. The sham operation group underwent the same surgical procedure without aortic occlusion, and inhaled 50% nitrogen/50% oxygen. Neurological function was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score at 4, 24, and 48 h of reperfusion. Histological examination was performed using Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry, and apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labelling staining. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the three xenon postconditioning groups showed improvements in neurological outcomes, and had more morphologically normal neurones at 48 h of reperfusion. Apoptotic cell death was reduced and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax immunoreactivity increased in xenon-treated rats compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Xenon postconditioning up to 2 h after reperfusion provided protection against spinal cord IRI in rats, but the greatest neuroprotection occurred with administration of xenon for 1 h at reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - W P Cheng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - J K Lu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - X H Dong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - C B Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - L Y Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Z F Gao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
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Tóth Š, Pekárová T, Varga J, Tóth Š, Tomečková V, Gál P, Veselá J, Guzy J. Intravenous administration of tetramethylpyrazine reduces intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:817-29. [PMID: 23895154 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IIRI) is a life-threatening condition requiring prompt medical intervention. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a biologically active alkaloid isolated from Ligusticum wallichii. Previously, it was shown that TMP causes vasodilatation and inhibition of platelet aggregation as well as exhibits significant antioxidant effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate possible therapeutic effects of TMP in the prevention of IIRI. Wistar rats (n = 80) were randomly divided into eight experimental groups and subjected to a 1 h occlusion of cranial mesenteric artery followed by 0, 1, 12, and 24 h period of reperfusion. Thirty minutes before the IIRI animals received either TMP (30 mg/kg, i.v.) or identical volume of saline. In addition, a control group of 10 animals was not exposed to IIRI. Intestine morphology was evaluated by using histopathological injury index examination (HII), goblet and Paneth cells quantification as well as by applying immunofluorescent methods such as InSitu TUNEL and caspase-3 positivity assessment. Here we showed that preconditioning with TMP prior IIRI decreases the grade of injury. Significant reduction of HII was detected in TMP pretreated groups after 0, 1, and 12 h of reperfusion where injury reduction up to 75% was found. Lower histopathological damage in preconditioned groups was accompanied with increased number of secretory epithelial cells and decreased number of apoptotic cells. These results demonstrate the protective effect of TMP on the small intestine mucosa, suggesting administration of TMP as a molecule for pharmacological intervention against IIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Tóth
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Slovakia.
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Kao TK, Chang CY, Ou YC, Chen WY, Kuan YH, Pan HC, Liao SL, Li GZ, Chen CJ. Tetramethylpyrazine reduces cellular inflammatory response following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:188-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wu W, Yu X, Luo XP, Yang SH, Zheng D. Tetramethylpyrazine protects against scopolamine-induced memory impairments in rats by reversing the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:212-6. [PMID: 23916742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine is used in the treatment of many neurological diseases because of its neuroprotective effect. Here, we demonstrate that administration of tetramethylpyrazine effectively reverses memory deficits induced by scopolamine. Moreover, tetramethylpyrazine preserves postsynaptic protein synthesis and restores cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway signaling deficits. Our study not only explores the actions of tetramethylpyrazine on synapses, but also provides novel evidence for the possible therapeutic use of tetramethylpyrazine in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
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Can medical herbs stimulate regeneration or neuroprotection and treat neuropathic pain in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy? EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:423713. [PMID: 23983777 PMCID: PMC3747437 DOI: 10.1155/2013/423713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy (CIPN) has a relevant impact on the quality of life of cancer patients. There are no curative conventional treatments, so further options have to be investigated. We conducted a systematic review in English and Chinese language databases to illuminate the role of medical herbs. 26 relevant studies on 5 single herbs, one extract, one receptor-agonist, and 8 combinations of herbs were identified focusing on the single herbs Acorus calamus rhizoma, Cannabis sativa fructus, Chamomilla matricaria, Ginkgo biloba, Salvia officinalis, Sweet bee venom, Fritillaria cirrhosae bulbus, and the herbal combinations Bu Yang Huan Wu, modified Bu Yang Huan Wu plus Liuwei Di Huang, modified Chai Hu Long Gu Mu Li Wan, Geranii herba plus Aconiti lateralis praeparata radix , Niu Che Sen Qi Wan (Goshajinkigan), Gui Zhi Jia Shu Fu Tang (Keishikajutsubuto), Huang Qi Wu Wu Tang (Ogikeishigomotsuto), and Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang (Shakuyakukanzoto). The knowledge of mechanism of action is still limited, the quality of clinical trials needs further improvement, and studies have not yielded enough evidence to establish a standard practice, but a lot of promising substances have been identified. While CIPN has multiple mechanisms of neuronal degeneration, a combination of herbs or substances might deal with multiple targets for the aim of neuroprotection or neuroregeneration in CIPN.
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Pickard S, Becker I, Merz KH, Richling E. Determination of the alkylpyrazine composition of coffee using stable isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SIDA-GC-MS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6274-6281. [PMID: 23745606 DOI: 10.1021/jf401223w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A stable isotope dilution analysis based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (SIDA-GC-MS) was developed for the quantitative analysis of 12 alkylpyrazines found in commercially available coffee samples. These compounds contribute to coffee flavor. The accuracy of this method was tested by analyzing model mixtures of alkylpyrazines. Comparisons of alkylpyrazine-concentrations suggested that water as extraction solvent was superior to dichloromethane. The distribution patterns of alkylpyrazines in different roasted coffees were quite similar. The most abundant alkylpyrazine in each coffee sample was 2-methylpyrazine, followed by 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, respectively. Among the alkylpyrazines tested, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine, and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine revealed the lowest concentrations in roasted coffee. By the use of isotope dilution analysis, the total concentrations of alkylpyrazines in commercially available ground coffee ranged between 82.1 and 211.6 mg/kg, respectively. Decaffeinated coffee samples were found to contain lower amounts of alkylpyrazines than regular coffee samples by a factor of 0.3-0.7, which might be a result of the decaffeination procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pickard
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Chang CH, Huang WT, Kao CH, Chen SH, Lin CH. Tetramethylpyrazine decreases hypothalamic glutamate, hydroxyl radicals and prostaglandin-E2 and has antipyretic effects. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:527-35. [PMID: 23525659 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the fever, increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and increased hypothalamic levels of glutamate, hydroxyl radicals and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS The microdialysis probes were stereotaxically and chronically implanted into the hypothalamus of rabbit brain for determining extracellular levels of glutamate, hydroxyl radials, and PGE2. In addition, both the body core temperature and plasma levels of TNF-α were measured. RESULTS All the body core temperature, plasma levels of TNF-α, and hypothalamic levels of glutamate, hydroxyl radicals, and PGE2 were up-graded by an intravenous dose of LPS (2 μg/kg). Pretreatment with intravenous TMP (10-40 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricular TMP (130 μg in 20 μl per animal) 1 h before LPS administration significantly attenuated the LPS-induced fever as well as the increased hypothalamic levels of glutamate, hydroxyl radicals, and PGE2. LPS-induced fever could also be attenuated by intravenous or intracerebroventricular TMP 1 h after LPS injection. CONCLUSION TMP preconditioning may cause its antipyretic action by reducing plasma levels of TNF-α as well as hypothalamic levels of glutamate, hydroxyl radicals, and PGE2 in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hong Chang
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Hu JZ, Huang JH, Xiao ZM, Li JH, Li XM, Lu HB. Tetramethylpyrazine accelerates the function recovery of traumatic spinal cord in rat model by attenuating inflammation. J Neurol Sci 2013; 324:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ding Y, Hou X, Chen L, Li H, Tang Y, Zhou H, Zhao S, Zheng Y. Protective action of tetramethylpyrazine on the medulla oblongata in rats with chronic hypoxia. Auton Neurosci 2012; 173:45-52. [PMID: 23218834 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), one of the active ingredients of the Chinese herb Lingusticum Wallichii Frantchat (Chuan Xiong), plays an important role in neuroprotection. However, the protective effect of TMP on the medulla oblongata, the most important region of the brain for cardiovascular and respiratory control, during chronic hypoxia remains unclear. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effect of TMP on the medulla oblongata after chronic hypoxic injury in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, TMP group, chronic hypoxia group, and chronic hypoxia+TMP group. Rats were exposed to hypoxia (10% (v/v) O₂) or normoxia for 6 h daily for 14 days. TMP (80 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before experimentation. Loss of neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex, the nucleus ambiguus, the nucleus tractus solitarius, the hypoglossal nucleus and the facial nucleus were evaluated by Nissl staining. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured, and apoptosis was monitored using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. The level of Bcl-2 mRNA and Bax mRNA was quantitatively measured by RT-PCR analysis. TMP protected Nissl bodies of neurons from injury in all nuclei observed, and reduced the loss of neurons in the nucleus ambiguus, the nucleus tractus solitarius, and the hypoglossal nucleus in rats subjected to chronic hypoxia. TMP upregulated SOD activity and inhibited the increase in MDA content in the medulla oblongata of hypoxic rats. In addition, TMP decreased the rate of apoptosis index (the percentage of apoptotic cells against the total number of cells) in all medullary structures examined, excepting the nucleus ambiguus and inhibited the decrease in Bcl-2 mRNA levels in the medulla oblongata following hypoxia. Our findings indicate that TMP may protect the medullary structures that are involved in cardiovascular and respiratory control from injury induced by chronic hypoxia in rats via its anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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Li W, Tang Y, Chen Y, Duan JA. Advances in the chemical analysis and biological activities of chuanxiong. Molecules 2012; 17:10614-51. [PMID: 22955453 PMCID: PMC6268834 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Chuan-Xiong, CX), the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae), is one of the most popular plant medicines in the World. Modern research indicates that organic acids, phthalides, alkaloids, polysaccharides, ceramides and cerebrosides are main components responsible for the bioactivities and properties of CX. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support CX's use worldwide. In the past two decades, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of CX research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the chemical analysis and biological activities of CX, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
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Shi J, Wang Y, Luo G. Ligustrazine phosphate ethosomes for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, in vitro and in animal model studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:485-92. [PMID: 22415639 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated transdermal administration of ligustrazine phosphate (LP), as an antioxidant, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The LP transdermal ethosomal system was designed and characterized. Franz-type diffusion cells and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used for the in vitro permeation studies. Furthermore, the effect of LP transdermal ethosomal system on AD was evaluated in the scopolamine-induced amnesia rats by evaluating the behavioral performance in the Morris water maze test. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes and the levels of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain of rats were also determined. The results showed that both the penetration ability and the drug deposition in skin of the LP ethosomal system were significantly higher than the aqueous one. The LP transdermal ethosomal system could recover the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and the levels of MDA in the brain of the amnesic rats to the similar status of the normal rats, which was also indirectly reflected by the improvement in the behavioral performance. In conclusion, LP might offer a potential alternative therapeutic drug in the fight against AD, and ethosomes could be vesicles of choice for transdermal delivery of LP.
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Liang X, Zhou H, Ding Y, Li J, Yang C, Luo Y, Li S, Sun G, Liao X, Min W. TMP prevents retinal neovascularization and imparts neuroprotection in an oxygen-induced retinopathy model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:2157-69. [PMID: 22410554 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on retinal neovascularization (NV) and neuroprotection in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. METHODS Neonatal C57BL/6J mice were subjected to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P12 and then returned to room air. TMP (200 mg/kg) or normal saline was given daily from P12 to P17. Immunostaining, HE staining, TUNEL assay, and RT-PCR were used to assess the effects of TMP on retinal neurovascular repair. RESULTS TMP effectively prevented pathologic NV and accelerated physiologic revascularization by enhancing the formation of endothelial tip cells at the edges of the repairing capillary networks and preserving the astrocytic template in the avascular retina. TMP also prevented morphologic changes and significantly decreased TUNEL-positive cells in the avascular retina by rescuing neurons such as amacrine, rod bipolar, horizontal, and Müller cells. In TMP-treated mice retinas, there was a less obvious loss of amacrine cell bodies and their distinct bands; the number of both rod bipolar and horizontal cell bodies, as well as the density of their dendrites in the outer plexiform layer, was greater than that in OIR control mice. TMP not only decreased the loss of alignment of Müller cell bodies and distortion of processes but reduced the reactive expression of GFAP in Müller cells. Furthermore, HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA expression were downregulated in TMP-treated mice retinas. CONCLUSIONS TMP improved neurovascular recovery by preventing NV and protecting retinal astroglia cells and neurons from ischemia-induced cell death partially due to its downregulation of HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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WANG FANG, HU QIN, CHEN CHUNHUA, XU XIANGSHUN, ZHOU CHANGMAN, ZHAO YAFANG, HU BAIHE, CHANG XIN, HUANG PING, YANG LEI, LIU YUYING, WANG CHUANSHE, FAN JINGYU, ZHANG KE, LI GUOYU, WANG JINGHUI, HAN JINGYAN. The Protective Effect of Cerebralcare Granule® on Brain Edema, Cerebral Microcirculatory Disturbance, and Neuron Injury in a Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rat Model. Microcirculation 2012; 19:260-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ning N, Dang X, Bai C, Zhang C, Wang K. Panax notoginsenoside produces neuroprotective effects in rat model of acute spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:504-512. [PMID: 22154967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acute spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (SCII) is associated with pathological changes, including inflammation, edema, and neuronal apoptosis. Panax notoginsenoside (PNS), an important traditional Chinese medicine, has shown a variety of beneficial effects, including homeostasis maintenance, anti-myocardial ischemia activities, and neuroprotective functions. However, whether it can produce neuroprotective effects in SCII and the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we investigated the effects of PNS on neurological and histopathological changes after SCII as well as the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-four adult rats were randomly assigned into one of the four groups: the sham group, the ischemic group, the PNS group, and the Methylprednisolone group. A rat model of SCII was adopted from a commonly used protocol that was initially proposed by Zivin. Neurological function was evaluated with the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. Histopathological changes were examined with hematoxylin and eosin staining as well as Nissl staining. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were conducted to compare the changes in tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), member 6 of the TNF receptor superfamily (Fas), and Fas ligand (FasL) in the spinal cord. Finally, neuronal apoptosis was measured by electron microscopy. RESULTS The BBB scores of the PNS-treated injured animals were significantly increased. The gross histopathological examination showed restored neuronal morphology and increased number of neurons after the PNS treatment. The PNS treatment decreased SCII-induced up-regulation of cytokine levels. In addition, PNS suppressed the increased expression of AQP-4 after SCII, suggesting an anti-edema effect. Finally, PNS treatment inhibited injury-induced apoptosis and reduced the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins, Fas and FasL, confirming its anti-apoptosis effects against SCII. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest that PNS produces robust neuroprotective effects in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury, and this role may be mediated by its anti-inflammation, anti-edema, and anti-apoptosis actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Fan L, Wang K, Shi Z, Die J, Wang C, Dang X. Tetramethylpyrazine protects spinal cord and reduces inflammation in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Vasc Surg 2011; 54:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Protects PC12 Cells Against the Apoptosis Induced by Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:1187-94. [PMID: 21688125 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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