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Verma D, Kaushal N, Balhara R, Singh K. Genome-wide analysis of Catalase gene family reveal insights into abiotic stress response mechanism in Brassica juncea and B. rapa. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 330:111620. [PMID: 36738937 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stresses affect the yield and productivity of Brassica crops. Catalases are important antioxidant enzymes involved in reducing excess hydrogen peroxide produced by environmental stresses. In the present study, nine and seven CAT family members in two oilseed Brassica species (B. juncea and B. rapa) were identified with complete characterization based on gene and protein structure. Phylogenetic classification categorized CAT proteins into three classes and differentiated the monocot and dicot-specific CAT proteins. Further, the gene and protein characterizations revealed a high degree of conservation across the CAT family members. Differences were observed in the CAT-HEME binding affinity in CAT1, CAT2, and CAT3 isozymes, which could suggest their differential enzyme activities in different conditions. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction with other antioxidant proteins suggested their coordinated role in ROS scavenging mechanisms. Notably, the differential gene expression of BjuCATs and BraCATs and CAT enzyme activities suggested their crucial roles in major abiotic stresses faced by Brassica species. Promoter analysis in BjuCATs and BraCATs suggested the presence of abiotic-stress responsive cis-regulatory elements. Gene regulatory network analysis suggested miRNA and TF mediated stress response in BjuCATs and BraCATs. CAT family screening and characterization in Brassica sp. has established a basic ground for further functional validation in abiotic and heavy-metal stresses which can help in developing stress tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Nishant Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rinku Balhara
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block I, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Ben Hsouna A, Michalak M, Kukula-Koch W, Ben Saad R, ben Romdhane W, Zeljković SĆ, Mnif W. Evaluation of Halophyte Biopotential as an Unused Natural Resource: The Case of Lobularia maritima. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1583. [PMID: 36358933 PMCID: PMC9687265 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Halophytes are plant species widely distributed in saline habitats, such as beaches, postindustrial wastelands, irrigated lands, salt flats, and others. Excessive salt level, known to limit plant growth, is not harmful to halophytes, which have developed a variety of defense mechanisms allowing them to colonize harsh environments. Plants under stress are known to respond with several morpho-anatomical adaptations, but also to enhance the production of secondary metabolites to better cope with difficult conditions. Owing to these adaptations, halophytes are an interesting group of undemanding plants with a high potential for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, this review aims to present the characteristics of halophytes, describe changes in their gene expression, and discuss their synthesized metabolites of pharmacognostic and pharmacological significance. Lobularia maritima is characterized as a widely spread halophyte that has been shown to exhibit various pharmacological properties in vitro and in vivo. It is concluded that halophytes may become important sources of natural products for the treatment of various ailments and for supplementing the human diet with necessary non-nutrients and minerals. However, extensive studies are needed to deepen the knowledge of their biological potential in vivo, so that they can be introduced to the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ben Hsouna
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Nutrition, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir-Tunisia, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Monika Michalak
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX WiekówKielc 19, 35-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rania Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Walid ben Romdhane
- Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Wissem Mnif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Balgarn, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
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Isolation and Functional Characterization of a LEAFY Gene in Mango (Mangifera indica L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073974. [PMID: 35409334 PMCID: PMC9000169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LEAFY (LFY) plays an important role in the flowering process of plants, controlling flowering time and mediating floral meristem differentiation. Owing to its considerable importance, the mango LFY gene (MiLFY; GenBank accession no. HQ585988) was isolated, and its expression pattern and function were characterized in the present study. The cDNA sequence of MiLFY was 1152 bp, and it encoded a 383 amino acid protein. MiLFY was expressed in all tested tissues and was highly expressed in flowers and buds. Temporal expression analysis showed that MiLFY expression was correlated with floral development stage, and two relative expression peaks were detected in the early stages of floral transition and floral organ differentiation. Moreover, 35S::GFP-MiLFY fusion protein was shown to be localized to the nucleus of cells. Overexpression of MiLFY in Arabidopsis promoted early flowering and the conversion of lateral meristems into terminal flowers. In addition, transgenic plants exhibited obvious morphological changes, such as differences in cauline leaf shape, and the number of lateral branches. When driven by the MiLFY promoter, GFP was highly expressed in leaves, floral organs, stems, and roots, during the flowering period. Exogenous gibberellin (GA3) treatment downregulated MiLFY promoter expression, but paclobutrazol (PPP333) upregulated it. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays showed that the MiLFY protein can interact with zinc-finger protein 4 (ZFP4) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (MiSOC1D). Taken together, these results indicate that MiLFY plays a pivotal role in controlling mango flowering, and that it is regulated by gibberellin and paclobutrazol.
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Abideen Z, Hanif M, Munir N, Nielsen BL. Impact of Nanomaterials on the Regulation of Gene Expression and Metabolomics of Plants under Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050691. [PMID: 35270161 PMCID: PMC8912827 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant salinity resistance results from a combination of responses at the physiological, molecular, cellular, and metabolic levels. This article focuses on plant stress tolerance mechanisms for controlling ion homeostasis, stress signaling, hormone metabolism, anti-oxidative enzymes, and osmotic balance after nanoparticle applications. Nanoparticles are used as an emerging tool to stimulate specific biochemical reactions related to plant ecophysiological output because of their small size, increased surface area and absorption rate, efficient catalysis of reactions, and adequate reactive sites. Regulated ecophysiological control in saline environments could play a crucial role in plant growth promotion and survival of plants under suboptimal conditions. Plant biologists are seeking to develop a broad profile of genes and proteins that contribute to plant salt resistance. These plant metabolic profiles can be developed due to advancements in genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic techniques. In order to quantify plant stress responses, transmembrane ion transport, sensors and receptors in signaling transduction, and metabolites involved in the energy supply require thorough study. In addition, more research is needed on the plant salinity stress response based on molecular interactions in response to nanoparticle treatment. The application of nanoparticles as an aspect of genetic engineering for the generation of salt-tolerant plants is a promising area of research. This review article addresses the use of nanoparticles in plant breeding and genetic engineering techniques to develop salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Abideen
- Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Maria Hanif
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Neelma Munir
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (B.L.N.)
| | - Brent L. Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (B.L.N.)
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Divya K, Palakolanu SR, Kavi Kishor P, Rajesh AS, Vadez V, Sharma KK, Mathur PB. Functional characterization of late embryogenesis abundant genes and promoters in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) for abiotic stress tolerance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1616-1628. [PMID: 34455597 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes display distinct functions in response to abiotic stresses in plants. In pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), a total of 21 PgLEA genes were identified and classified into six groups including LEA1, LEA2, LEA3, LEA5, LEA7, and dehydrins (DHN). Open reading frames (ORFs) of PgLEAs range from 291 bp (PgLEA1-1) to 945 bp (PgLEA2-11) and distributed randomly among the seven chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all PgLEA proteins are closely related to sorghum LEA proteins. The PgLEAs were found to be expressed differentially under high progressive vapor pressure deficit (VPD), PgLEA7 was significantly expressed under high VPD and was selected for functional validation. In silico analysis of the PgLEA promoter regions revealed abiotic stress-specific cis-acting elements such as ABRE, CCAAT, MYBS, and LTRE. Based on the type of motifs, PgLEAPC promoter (758 bp), its deletion 1 (PgLpd1, 349 bp) and deletion 2 (PgLpd2, 125 bp) were cloned into the plant expression vector pMDC164 having the promoter-less uidA gene. All the three plant expression vectors were introduced into tobacco through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation to obtain T1 and T2 generations of transgenic plants. Based on expression of the uidA gene, tissue-specific expression was observed in mature stems, roots and seedlings of PgLEAPC and PgLpd1 carrying transgenics only. While the transgenic PgLEAPC plants displayed significantly higher uidA expression in the stem and root tissues under salt, drought, heat, and cold stresses, very low or no expression was observed in PgLpd1 and PgLpd2 transgenics under the tested stress conditions. The results of this study indicate that the complete promoter of PgLEAPC plays a role in developing abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kummari Divya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhakar Reddy Palakolanu
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Polavarapu Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research Deemed to be University, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Aishwarya Shankhapal Rajesh
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vincent Vadez
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kiran K Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Bhatnagar Mathur
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Boulc'h PN, Caullireau E, Faucher E, Gouerou M, Guérin A, Miray R, Couée I. Abiotic stress signalling in extremophile land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5771-5785. [PMID: 32687568 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant life relies on complex arrays of environmental stress sensing and signalling mechanisms. Extremophile plants develop and grow in harsh environments with extremes of cold, heat, drought, desiccation, or salinity, which have resulted in original adaptations. In accordance with their polyphyletic origins, extremophile plants likely possess core mechanisms of plant abiotic stress signalling. However, novel properties or regulations may have emerged in the context of extremophile adaptations. Comparative omics of extremophile genetic models, such as Arabidopsis lyrata, Craterostigma plantagineum, Eutrema salsugineum, and Physcomitrella patens, reveal diverse strategies of sensing and signalling that lead to a general improvement in abiotic stress responses. Current research points to putative differences of sensing and emphasizes significant modifications of regulatory mechanisms, at the level of secondary messengers (Ca2+, phospholipids, reactive oxygen species), signal transduction (intracellular sensors, protein kinases, transcription factors, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis) or signalling crosstalk. Involvement of hormone signalling, especially ABA signalling, cell homeostasis surveillance, and epigenetic mechanisms, also shows that large-scale gene regulation, whole-plant integration, and probably stress memory are important features of adaptation to extreme conditions. This evolutionary and functional plasticity of signalling systems in extremophile plants may have important implications for plant biotechnology, crop improvement, and ecological risk assessment under conditions of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Nicolas Boulc'h
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Emma Caullireau
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Elvina Faucher
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Maverick Gouerou
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Amandine Guérin
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Romane Miray
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
| | - Ivan Couée
- University of Rennes 1, Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, France
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7
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Ben Saad R, Ben Romdhane W, Zouari N, Ben Hsouna A, Harbaoui M, Brini F, Ghneim-Herrera T. Characterization of a novel LmSAP gene promoter from Lobularia maritima: Tissue specificity and environmental stress responsiveness. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236943. [PMID: 32735612 PMCID: PMC7394455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophyte Lobularia maritima LmSAP encodes an A20AN1 zinc-finger stress-associated protein which expression is up-regulated by abiotic stresses and heavy metals in transgenic tobacco. To deepen our understanding of LmSAP function, we isolated a 1,147 bp genomic fragment upstream of LmSAP coding sequence designated as PrLmSAP. In silico analyses of PrLmSAP revealed the presence of consensus CAAT and TATA boxes and cis-regulatory elements required for abiotic stress, phytohormones, pathogen, and wound responses, and also for tissue-specific expression. The PrLmSAP sequence was fused to the β-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter gene and transferred to rice. Histochemical GUS staining showed a pattern of tissue-specific expression in transgenic rice, with staining observed in roots, coleoptiles, leaves, stems and floral organs but not in seeds or in the root elongation zone. Wounding strongly stimulated GUS accumulation in leaves and stems. Interestingly, we observed a high stimulation of the promoter activity when rice seedlings were exposed to NaCl, PEG, ABA, MeJA, GA, cold, and heavy metals (Al3+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+). These results suggest that the LmSAP promoter can be a convenient tool for stress-inducible gene expression and is a potential candidate for crop genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ben Saad
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Ben Romdhane
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil Zouari
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Anis Ben Hsouna
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Departments of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Harbaoui
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faical Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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8
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Cui H, Wang Y, Yu T, Chen S, Chen Y, Lu C. Heterologous Expression of Three Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Dehydrin Genes Confers Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9020193. [PMID: 32033313 PMCID: PMC7076708 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a xerophyte plant that belongs to the family Leguminosae, adapts to extremely arid, hot, and cold environments, making it an excellent woody plant to study the molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance. Three dehydrin genes, AmDHN132, AmDHN154, and AmDHN200 were cloned from abiotic stress treated A. mongolicus seedlings. Cytomembrane-located AmDHN200, nucleus-located AmDHN154, and cytoplasm and nucleus-located AmDHN132 were characterized by constitutive overexpression of their genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of AmDHN132, AmDHN154, and AmDHN200 in transgenic Arabidopsis improved salt, osmotic, and cold tolerances, with AmDHN132 having the largest effect, whereas the growth of transformed plants is not negatively affected. These results indicate that AmDHNs contribute to the abiotic stress tolerance of A. mongolicus and that AmDHN genes function differently in response to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, they have the potential to be used in the genetic engineering of stress tolerance in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tingqiao Yu
- College of Life Science, Pecking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cunfu Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Liu H, Zhu K, Tan C, Zhang J, Zhou J, Jin L, Ma G, Zou Q. Identification and characterization of PsDREB2 promoter involved in tissue-specific expression and abiotic stress response from Paeonia suffruticosa. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7052. [PMID: 31223528 PMCID: PMC6571008 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration-responsive element-binding factor 2 (DREB2) belongs to the C-repeat-binding factor (CBF)/DREB subfamily of proteins. In this study, a 2,245 bp PsDREB2 promoter fragment was isolated from the genome of Paeonia suffruticosa. The fragment was rich in A/T bases and contained TATA box sequences, abscisic acid (ABA)-response elements, and other cis-elements, such as MYB and CAAT box. The promoter was fused with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene to generate an expression vector. Arabidopsis thaliana was transformed with a flower dipping method. Gus activity in different tissues and organs of transgenic plants was determined via histochemical staining and quantified via GUS fluorescence. The activity of promoter regulatory elements in transgenic plants under drought, low-temperature, high-salt, and ABA stresses was analyzed. The results showed that the PsDREB2 gene promoter was expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and silique pods but not in the seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis. Furthermore, the promoter was induced by drought, low temperature, high salt, and ABA. Hence, the PsDREB2 promoter is tissue- and stress-specific and can be used in the genetic engineering of novel peony cultivars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichun Liu
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhu
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqiang Zhang
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianghua Zhou
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangying Ma
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingcheng Zou
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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10
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A novel salt-inducible CrGPDH3 promoter of the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for transgene overexpression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3487-3499. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Tiwari V, Patel MK, Chaturvedi AK, Mishra A, Jha B. Cloning and functional characterization of the Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX1) gene promoter from an extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata. Gene 2019; 683:233-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Liao Q, Zhou T, Yao JY, Han QF, Song HX, Guan CY, Hua YP, Zhang ZH. Genome-scale characterization of the vacuole nitrate transporter Chloride Channel (CLC) genes and their transcriptional responses to diverse nutrient stresses in allotetraploid rapeseed. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208648. [PMID: 30571734 PMCID: PMC6301700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chloride Channel (CLC) gene family is reported to be involved in vacuolar nitrate (NO3-) transport. Nitrate distribution to the cytoplasm is beneficial for enhancing NO3- assimilation and plays an important role in the regulation of nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE). In this study, genomic information, high-throughput transcriptional profiles, and gene co-expression analysis were integrated to identify the CLCs (BnaCLCs) in Brassica napus. The decreased NO3- concentration in the clca-2 mutant up-regulated the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase, contributing to increase N assimilation and higher NUE in Arabidopsis thaliana. The genome-wide identification of 22BnaCLC genes experienced strong purifying selection. Segmental duplication was the major driving force in the expansion of the BnaCLC gene family. The most abundant cis-acting regulatory elements in the gene promoters, including DNA-binding One Zinc Finger, W-box, MYB, and GATA-box, might be involved in the transcriptional regulation of BnaCLCs expression. High-throughput transcriptional profiles and quantitative real-time PCR results showed that BnaCLCs responded differentially to distinct NO3- regimes. Transcriptomics-assisted gene co-expression network analysis identified BnaA7.CLCa-3 as the core member of the BnaCLC family, and this gene might play a central role in vacuolar NO3- transport in crops. The BnaCLC members also showed distinct expression patterns under phosphate depletion and cadmium toxicity. Taken together, our results provide comprehensive insights into the vacuolar BnaCLCs and establish baseline information for future studies on BnaCLCs-mediated vacuolar NO3- storage and its effect on NUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun-yue Yao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing-fen Han
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-xing Song
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-yun Guan
- National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, China
| | - Ying-peng Hua
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (ZHZ); (YPH)
| | - Zhen-hua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (ZHZ); (YPH)
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Li X, He X, Hou L, Ren Y, Wang S, Su F. Dark septate endophytes isolated from a xerophyte plant promote the growth of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus under drought condition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7896. [PMID: 29785041 PMCID: PMC5962579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSE) may facilitate plant growth and stress tolerance in stressful ecosystems. However, little is known about the response of plants to non-host DSE fungi isolated from other plants, especially under drought condition. This study aimed to seek and apply non-host DSE to evaluate their growth promoting effects in a desert species, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, under drought condition. Nine DSE strains isolated from a super-xerophytic shrub, Gymnocarpos przewalskii, were identified and used as the non-host DSE. And DSE colonization rate (30–35%) and species composition in the roots of G. przewalskii were first reported. The inoculation results showed that all DSE strains were effective colonizers and formed a strain-dependent symbiosis with A. mongolicus. Specifically, one Darksidea strain, Knufia sp., and Leptosphaeria sp. increased the total biomass of A. mongolicus compared to non-inoculated plants. Two Paraconiothyrium strains, Phialophora sp., and Embellisia chlamydospora exhibited significantly positive effects on plant branch number, potassium and calcium content. Two Paraconiothyrium and Darksidea strains particularly decreased plant biomass or element content. As A. mongolicus plays important roles in fixing moving sand and delay desertification, the ability of certain DSE strains to promote desert plant growth indicates their potential use for vegetation recovery in arid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xueli He
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Lifeng Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Ying Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Fang Su
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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Mishra A, Tanna B. Halophytes: Potential Resources for Salt Stress Tolerance Genes and Promoters. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:829. [PMID: 28572812 PMCID: PMC5435751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Halophytes have demonstrated their capability to thrive under extremely saline conditions and thus considered as one of the best germplasm for saline agriculture. Salinity is a worldwide problem, and the salt-affected areas are increasing day-by-day because of scanty rainfall, poor irrigation system, salt ingression, water contamination, and other environmental factors. The salinity stress tolerance mechanism is a very complex phenomenon, and some pathways are coordinately linked for imparting salinity tolerance. Though a number of salt responsive genes have been reported from the halophytes, there is always a quest for promising stress-responsive genes that can modulate plant physiology according to the salt stress. Halophytes such as Aeluropus, Mesembryanthemum, Suaeda, Atriplex, Thellungiella, Cakile, and Salicornia serve as a potential candidate for the salt-responsive genes and promoters. Several known genes like antiporters (NHX, SOS, HKT, VTPase), ion channels (Cl-, Ca2+, aquaporins), antioxidant encoding genes (APX, CAT, GST, BADH, SOD) and some novel genes such as USP, SDR1, SRP etc. were isolated from halophytes and explored for developing stress tolerance in the crop plants (glycophytes). It is evidenced that stress triggers salt sensors that lead to the activation of stress tolerance mechanisms which involve multiple signaling proteins, up- or down-regulation of several genes, and finally the distinctive or collective effects of stress-responsive genes. In this review, halophytes are discussed as an excellent platform for salt responsive genes which can be utilized for developing salinity tolerance in crop plants through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Mishra
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR)Bhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Bhakti Tanna
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR)Bhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi, India
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15
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Sun Z, Li Z, Huang J, Zheng B, Zhang L, Wang Z. Genome-wide comparative analysis of LEAFY promoter sequence in angiosperms. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 23:23-33. [PMID: 28250581 PMCID: PMC5313397 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the flowering mechanism is influenced by many environmental factors. Dissecting the regulatory processes upstream of the LFY (LEAFY) gene will help us to understand the molecular mechanisms of floral induction. In total, 53 LFY sequences were identified in 37 species. Among the 53 selected LFY promoters and after eliminating the short sequences, 47 LFY promoters were analyzed. Comparative genome studies for LFY promoters among plants showed that TATA-box existed in all herbaceous plants. The 1345-bp promoter sequence upstream to hickory LFY gene was cloned and analyzed, together with functional studies. The result of sequence alignment showed that the region of the hickory LFY promoter has only two conserved auxin response elements (AuxRE), whereas other plants had four. The positions of AuxRE in hickory and walnut were the same, but they were different from the positions from other plants. Furthermore the sequence analysis showed that the promoter have TATA-box and CAAT-box motifs. Deletion analysis of these motifs did not block β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity during the transient expression assay, suggesting that it may be a TATA-less promoter. Low temperature and light significantly induced the full-length promoter to increase about two folds of the GUS enzymatic activity, suggesting these environmental factors induced flowering in hickory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Sun
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Dong Hu Campus, 88 Northern Circle Road, Linan, 311300 China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Dong Hu Campus, 88 Northern Circle Road, Linan, 311300 China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Dong Hu Campus, 88 Northern Circle Road, Linan, 311300 China
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Dong Hu Campus, 88 Northern Circle Road, Linan, 311300 China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Dong Hu Campus, 88 Northern Circle Road, Linan, 311300 China
| | - Zhengjia Wang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Dong Hu Campus, 88 Northern Circle Road, Linan, 311300 China
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Lu HP, Pang WQ, Li WX, Tan YY, Wang Q, Zhao HJ, Shu QY. Tissue-specific expression, developmentally and spatially regulated alternative splicing, and protein subcellular localization of OsLpa rice. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:100-9. [PMID: 26834011 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The OsLpa1 gene (LOC_Os57400) was identified to be involved in phytic acid (PA) metabolism because its knockout and missense mutants reduce PA content in rice grain. However, little is known about the molecular characteristics of OsLpa rice and of its homologues in other plants. In the present study, the spatial pattern of OsLpa1 expression was revealed using OsLpa1 promoter::GUS transgenic plants (GUS: β-glucuronidase); GUS histochemical assay showed that OsLpa1 was strongly expressed in stem, leaf, and root tissues, but in floral organ it is expressed mainly and strongly in filaments. In seeds, GUS staining was concentrated in the aleurone layers; a few blue spots were observed in the outer layers of embryo, but no staining was observed in the endosperm. Three OsLpa1 transcripts (OsLpa1.1, OsLpa1.2, OsLpa1.3) are produced due to alternative splicing; quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the abundance of OsLpa1.3 was negligible compared with OsLpa1.1 and OsLpa all tissues. OsLpa1.2 is predominant in germinating seeds (about 5 times that of OsLpa1.1), but its abundance decreases quickly with the development of seedlings and plants, whereas the abundance of OsLpa1.1 rises and falls, reaching its highest level in 45-d-old plants, with abundance greater than that of OsLpa both leaves and roots. In seeds, the abundance of OsLpa1 continuously increases with seed growth, being 27.5 and 15 times greater in 28-DAF (day after flowering) seeds than in 7-DAF seeds for OsLpa1.1 and OsLpa1.2, respectively. Transient expression of chimeric genes with green fluorescence protein (GFP) in rice protoplasts demonstrated that all proteins encoded by the three OsLpa1 transcripts are localized to the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Wei-qin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Wen-xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yuan-yuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Wuxi Hupper Bioseed Technology Academy Ltd., Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Hai-jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qing-yao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institution of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Liang MH, Lu Y, Chen HH, Jiang JG. The salt-regulated element in the promoter of lycopene β-cyclase gene confers a salt regulatory pattern in carotenogenesis of Dunaliella bardawil. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:982-989. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yan Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Hao-Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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18
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Agarwal P, Dabi M, More P, Patel K, Jana K, Agarwal PK. Improved Shoot Regeneration, Salinity Tolerance and Reduced Fungal Susceptibility in Transgenic Tobacco Constitutively Expressing PR-10a Gene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:217. [PMID: 26973666 PMCID: PMC4770195 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants in ecosystems are simultaneously exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses, which restrict plant growth and development. The complex responses to these stresses are largely regulated by plant hormones, which in turn, orchestrate the different biochemical and molecular pathways to maneuver stress tolerance. The PR-10 protein family is reported to be involved in defense regulation, stress response and plant growth and development. The JcPR-10a overexpression resulted in increased number of shoot buds in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), which could be due to high cytokinin to auxin ratio in the transgenics. The docking analysis shows the binding of three BAP molecules at the active sites of JcPR-10a protein. JcPR-10a transgenics showed enhanced salt tolerance, as was evident by increased germination rate, shoot and root length, relative water content, proline, soluble sugar and amino acid content under salinity. Interestingly, the transgenics also showed enhanced endogenous cytokinin level as compared to WT, which, further increased with salinity. Exposure of gradual salinity resulted in increased stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, photosynthesis rate and reduced transpiration rate. Furthermore, the transgenics also showed enhanced resistance against Macrophomina fungus. Thus, JcPR-10a might be working in co-ordination with cytokinin signaling in mitigating the stress induced damage by regulating different stress signaling pathways, leading to enhanced stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinita Agarwal
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Mitali Dabi
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Prashant More
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Khantika Patel
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Kalyanashis Jana
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Pradeep K. Agarwal
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
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19
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Koramutla MK, Bhatt D, Negi M, Venkatachalam P, Jain PK, Bhattacharya R. Strength, Stability, and cis-Motifs of In silico Identified Phloem-Specific Promoters in Brassica juncea (L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:457. [PMID: 27148290 PMCID: PMC4834444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aphids, a hemipteran group of insects pose a serious threat to many of the major crop species including Brassica oilseeds. Transgenic strategies for developing aphid-resistant plant types necessitate phloem-bound expression of the insecticidal genes. A few known phloem-specific promoters, in spite of tissue-specific activity fail to confer high level gene-expression. Here, we identified seven orthologues of phloem-specific promoters in B. juncea (Indian mustard), and experimentally validated their strength of expression in phloem exudates. Significant cis-motifs, globally occurring in phloem-specific promoters showed variable distribution frequencies in these putative phloem-specific promoters of B. juncea. In RT-qPCR based gene-expression study promoter of Glutamine synthetase 3A (GS3A) showed multifold higher activity compared to others, across the different growth stages of B. juncea plants. A statistical method employing four softwares was devised for rapidly analysing stability of the promoter-activities across the plant developmental stages. Different statistical softwares ranked these B. juncea promoters differently in terms of their stability in promoter-activity. Nevertheless, the consensus in output empirically suggested consistency in promoter-activity of the six B. juncea phloem- specific promoters including GS3A. The study identified suitable endogenous promoters for high level and consistent gene-expression in B. juncea phloem exudate. The study also demonstrated a rapid method of assessing species-specific strength and stability in expression of the endogenous promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Koramutla
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Deepa Bhatt
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Negi
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
| | | | - Pradeep K. Jain
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute CampusNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Ramcharan Bhattacharya ;
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20
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Imtiaz M, Yang Y, Liu R, Xu Y, Khan MA, Wei Q, Gao J, Hong B. Identification and functional characterization of the BBX24 promoter and gene from chrysanthemum in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:1-19. [PMID: 26253592 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The B-box (BBX) family is a subgroup of zinc finger transcription factors that regulate flowering time, light-regulated morphogenesis, and abiotic stress in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of CmBBX24, a zinc finger transcription factor gene in chrysanthemum, results in abiotic stress tolerance. We have investigated and characterized the promoter of CmBBX24, isolating a 2.7-kb CmBBX24 promoter sequence and annotating a number of abiotic stress-related cis-regulatory elements, such as DRE, MYB, MYC, as well as cis-elements which respond to plant hormones, such as GARE, ABRE, and CARE. We also observed a number of cis-elements related to light, such as TBOX and GBOX, and some tissue-specific cis-elements, such as those for guard cells (TAAAG). Expression of the CmBBX24 promoter produced a clear response in leaves and a lower response in roots, based on β-glucuronidase histochemical staining and fluorometric analysis. The CmBBX24 promoter was induced by abiotic stresses (mannitol, cold temperature), hormones (gibberellic acid, abscisic acid), and different light treatments (white, blue, red); activation was measured by fluorometric analysis in the leaves and roots. The deletion of fragments from the 5'-end of the promoter led to different responses under various stress conditions. Some CmBBX24 promoter segments were found to be more important than others for regulating all stresses, while other segments were relatively more specific to stress type. D0-, D1-, D2-, D3-, and D4-proCmBBX24::CmBBX24 transgenic Arabidopsis lines developed for further study were found to be more tolerant to the low temperature and drought stresses than the controls. We therefore speculate that CmBBX24 is of prime importance in the regulation of abiotic stress in Arabidopsis and that the CmBBX24 promoter is inductive in abiotic stress conditions. Consequently, we suggest that CmBBX24 is a potential candidate for the use in breeding programs of important ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imtiaz
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingjie Yang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ruixue Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanjie Xu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Khan
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Wei
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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21
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Isolation, structural analysis, and expression characteristics of the maize (Zea mays L.) hexokinase gene family. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6157-66. [PMID: 24962048 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinases (HXKs, EC 2.7.1.1) play important roles in metabolism, glucose (Glc) signaling, and phosphorylation of Glc and fructose and are ubiquitous in all organisms. Despite their physiological importance, the maize HXK (ZmHXK) genes have not been analyzed systematically. We isolated and characterized nine members of the ZmHXK gene family which were distributed on 3 of the 10 maize chromosomes. A multiple sequence alignment and motif analysis revealed that the maize ZmHXK proteins share three conserved domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ZmHXK family can be divided into four subfamilies. We identified putative cis-elements in the ZmHXK promoter sequences potentially involved in phytohormone and abiotic stress responses, sugar repression, light and circadian rhythm regulation, Ca(2+) responses, seed development and germination, and CO2-responsive transcriptional activation. To study the functions of maize HXK isoforms, we characterized the expression of the ZmHXK5 and ZmHXK6 genes, which are evolutionarily related to the OsHXK5 and OsHXK6 genes from rice. Analysis of tissue-specific expression patterns using quantitative real time-PCR showed that ZmHXK5 was highly expressed in tassels, while ZmHXK6 was expressed in both tassels and leaves. ZmHXK5 and ZmHXK6 expression levels were upregulated by phytohormones and by abiotic stress.
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22
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Ramkumar G, Madhav MS, Rama Devi SJS, Manimaran P, Mohan KM, Prasad MS, Balachandran SM, Neeraja CN, Sundaram RM, Viraktamath BC. Nucleotide diversity of Pita, a major blast resistance gene and identification of its minimal promoter. Gene 2014; 546:250-6. [PMID: 24905652 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of host plant resistance is one of the best methods to protect the yield from biotic stresses. Incorporation of major resistance genes or their variants into elite rice varieties will enhance the host plant resistance and its durability. Allele mining is a preferred choice to discover the novel allelic variants of major genes from wide range of germplasm. 'True' allele mining includes coding and noncoding regions, which are known to affect the plant phenotype, eventually. In this study, major blast resistance gene, Pita was analyzed by allele and promoter mining strategy and its different allelic variants were discovered from landraces and wild Oryza species. Polymorphisms at allelic sequences as well as transcription factor binding motif (TFBM) level were examined. At motif level, MYB1AT is present in Pita(Tadukan) and other resistance alleles, but was absent in the susceptible allele. Core promoter was demarked with 449 bp, employing serial promoter deletion strategy. Promoter with 1592 bp upstream region could express the gfp two fold higher than the core promoter. The identified Pita resistance allele (Pita(Konibora)) can be directly used in rice blast resistance breeding programs. Moreover, characterization of Pita core promoter led to deeper understanding of resistance gene's regulation and the identified core promoter can be utilized to express similar genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ramkumar
- Biotechnology, Crop Improvement, DRR-ICAR, Hyderabad-30, India
| | - M S Madhav
- Biotechnology, Crop Improvement, DRR-ICAR, Hyderabad-30, India.
| | - S J S Rama Devi
- Biotechnology, Crop Improvement, DRR-ICAR, Hyderabad-30, India
| | - P Manimaran
- Biotechnology, Crop Improvement, DRR-ICAR, Hyderabad-30, India
| | - K M Mohan
- Biotechnology, Crop Improvement, DRR-ICAR, Hyderabad-30, India
| | - M S Prasad
- Plant Pathology, DRR-ICAR, Hyderabad-30, India
| | | | - C N Neeraja
- Biotechnology, Crop Improvement, DRR-ICAR, Hyderabad-30, India
| | - R M Sundaram
- Biotechnology, Crop Improvement, DRR-ICAR, Hyderabad-30, India
| | - B C Viraktamath
- Biotechnology, Crop Improvement, DRR-ICAR, Hyderabad-30, India
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Tiwari V, Chaturvedi AK, Mishra A, Jha B. The Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanism of the Peroxisomal Ascorbate Peroxidase (pAPX) Gene Cloned from an Extreme Halophyte, Salicornia brachiata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 55:201-17. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhao D, Li R, Wang H, Zhang J, Wei J. X1-homologous genes family as central components in biotic and abiotic stresses response in maize (Zea mays L.). Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 14:101-10. [PMID: 24676795 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X1-homologous genes (XHS) encode plant specific proteins containing three basic domains (XH, XS, zf-XS). In spite of their physiological importance, systematic analyses of ZmXHS genes have not yet been explored. In this study, we isolated and characterized ten ZmXHS genes in a whole-of-genome analysis of the maize genome. A total of ten members of this family were identified in maize genome. The ten ZmXHS genes were distributed on seven maize chromosomes. Multiple alignment and motif display results revealed that most ZmXHS proteins share all the three conserved domains. Putative cis-elements involved in abiotic stress responsive, phytohormone, pollen-specific and quantitative, seed development and germination, light and circadian rhythms regulation, Ca(2+)-responsive, root hair cell-specific, and CO(2)-responsive transcriptional activation were observed in the promoters of ZmXHS genes. Yeast hybrid assay revealed that the XH domain of ZmXHS5 was necessary for interaction with itself and ZmXHS2. Microarray data showed that the ZmXHS genes had tissue-specific expression patterns in the maize developmental steps and biotic stresses response. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis results indicated that, except ZmXHS9, the other nine ZmXHS genes were induced in the seedling leaves by at least one of the four abiotic stresses applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
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Jha B, Lal S, Tiwari V, Yadav SK, Agarwal PK. The SbASR-1 gene cloned from an extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata enhances salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:782-92. [PMID: 22639284 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Salinity severely affects plant growth and development. Plants evolved various mechanisms to cope up stress both at molecular and cellular levels. Halophytes have developed better mechanism to alleviate the salt stress than glycophytes, and therefore, it is advantageous to study the role of different genes from halophytes. Salicornia brachiata is an extreme halophyte, which grows luxuriantly in the salty marshes in the coastal areas. Earlier, we have isolated SbASR-1 (abscisic acid stress ripening-1) gene from S. brachiata using cDNA subtractive hybridisation library. ASR-1 genes are abscisic acid (ABA) responsive, whose expression level increases under abiotic stresses, injury, during fruit ripening and in pollen grains. The SbASR-1 transcript showed up-regulation under salt stress conditions. The SbASR-1 protein contains 202 amino acids of 21.01-kDa molecular mass and has 79 amino acid long signatures of ABA/WDS gene family. It has a maximum identity (73 %) with Solanum chilense ASR-1 protein. The SbASR-1 has a large number of disorder-promoting amino acids, which make it an intrinsically disordered protein. The SbASR-1 gene was over-expressed under CaMV 35S promoter in tobacco plant to study its physiological functions under salt stress. T(0) transgenic tobacco seeds showed better germination and seedling growth as compared to wild type (Wt) in a salt stress condition. In the leaf tissues of transgenic lines, Na(+) and proline contents were significantly lower, as compared to Wt plant, under salt treatment, suggesting that transgenic plants are better adapted to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavanath Jha
- Discipline of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Road, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India.
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Cloning of galactinol synthase gene from Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and its expression in transgenic Photinia serrulata plants. Gene 2012; 513:118-27. [PMID: 23116941 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cold induced galactinol synthase gene (AmGS) and its promoter sequence were identified and cloned from the cold-tolerant tree Ammopiptanthus mongolicus by using cDNA-AFLP, RACE-PCR and TAIL-PCR strategies combined with its expression pattern analysis after cold inducing treatment. Accession number of the AmGS gene in GenBank is DQ519361. The open reading frame (ORF) region of the AmGS gene is 987 nucleotides encoding for 328 amino acid residues and a stop codon. The genomic DNA sequence of AmGS gene contains 3 exons and 2 introns. Moreover, a variety of temporal gene expression patterns of AmGS was detected, which revealed the up-regulation of AmGS gene in stresses of cold, ABA and others. Then the AmGS gene was transformed into Photinia serrulata tree by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and the transgenic plants exhibited higher cold-tolerance comparing with non-transformed plants.
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Genome-wide analysis and identification of HAK potassium transporter gene family in maize (Zea mays L.). Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8465-73. [PMID: 22711305 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The high-affinity K(+) (HAK) transporter gene family constitutes the largest family that functions as potassium transporter in plant and is important for various cellular processes of plant life. In spite of their physiological importance, systematic analyses of ZmHAK genes have not yet been investigated. In this paper, we indicated the isolation and characterization of ZmHAK genes in whole-genome wide by using bioinformatics methods. A total of 27 members (ZmHAK1-ZmHAK27) of this family were identified in maize genome. ZmHAK genes were distributed in all the maize 10 chromosomes. These genes expanded in the maize genome partly due to tandem and segmental duplication events. Multiple alignment and motif display results revealed major maize ZmHAK proteins share all the three conserved domains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated ZmHAK family can be divided into six subfamilies. Putative cis-elements involved in Ca(2+) response, abiotic stress adaption, light and circadian rhythms regulation and seed development were observed in the promoters of ZmHAK genes. Expression data mining suggested maize ZmHAK genes have temporal and spatial expression pattern. In all, these results will provide molecular insights into the potassium transporter research in maize.
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Niu C, Anstead J, Verchot J. Analysis of protein transport in the Brassica oleracea vasculature reveals protein-specific destinations. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:361-74. [PMID: 22476467 PMCID: PMC3443918 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the vascular transport properties of exogenously applied proteins to Brassica oleracea plants and compared their delivery to various aerial parts of the plant with carboxy fluorescein (CF) dye. We identified unique properties for each protein. Alexafluor-tagged bovine serum albumin (Alexa-BSA) and Alexafluor-tagged Histone H1 (Alexa-Histone) moved slower than CF dye throughout the plant. Interestingly, Alexa-Histone was retained in the phloem and phloem parenchyma while Alexa-BSA moved into the apoplast. One possibility is that Alexa-Histone sufficiently resembles plant endogenous proteins and is retained in the vascular stream, while Alexa-BSA is exported from the cell as a foreign protein. Both proteins diffuse from the leaf veins into the leaf lamina. Alexa-BSA accumulated in the leaf epidermis while Alexa-Histone accumulated mainly in the mesophyll layers. Fluorescein-tagged hepatitis C virus core protein (fluorescein-HCV) was also delivered to B. oleracea plants and is larger than Alexa-BSA. This protein moves more rapidly than BSA through the plant and was restricted to the leaf veins. Fluorescein-HCV failed to unload to the leaf lamina. These combined data suggest that there is not a single default pathway for the vascular transfer of exogenous proteins in B. oleracea plants. Specific protein properties appear to determine their destination and transport properties within the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Niu
- Entomology and Plant Pathology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK USA
| | - James Anstead
- College of Agricultural Sciences; Pennsylvania State University; University Park, PA USA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Entomology and Plant Pathology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK USA
- Correspondence to: Jeanmarie Verchot,
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29
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Wongchai C, Chaidee A, Pfeiffer W. Multivariate analyses of salt stress and metabolite sensing in auto- and heterotroph Chenopodium cell suspensions. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:129-141. [PMID: 21974771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global warming increases plant salt stress via evaporation after irrigation, but how plant cells sense salt stress remains unknown. Here, we searched for correlation-based targets of salt stress sensing in Chenopodium rubrum cell suspension cultures. We proposed a linkage between the sensing of salt stress and the sensing of distinct metabolites. Consequently, we analysed various extracellular pH signals in autotroph and heterotroph cell suspensions. Our search included signals after 52 treatments: salt and osmotic stress, ion channel inhibitors (amiloride, quinidine), salt-sensing modulators (proline), amino acids, carboxylic acids and regulators (salicylic acid, 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid). Multivariate analyses revealed hirarchical clusters of signals and five principal components of extracellular proton flux. The principal component correlated with salt stress was an antagonism of γ-aminobutyric and salicylic acid, confirming involvement of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in salt stress sensing. Proline, short non-substituted mono-carboxylic acids (C2-C6), lactic acid and amiloride characterised the four uncorrelated principal components of proton flux. The proline-associated principal component included an antagonism of 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid and a set of amino acids (hydrophobic, polar, acidic, basic). The five principal components captured 100% of variance of extracellular proton flux. Thus, a bias-free, functional high-throughput screening was established to extract new clusters of response elements and potential signalling pathways, and to serve as a core for quantitative meta-analysis in plant biology. The eigenvectors reorient research, associating proline with development instead of salt stress, and the proof of existence of multiple components of proton flux can help to resolve controversy about the acid growth theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wongchai
- Fachbereich Zellbiologie, Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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30
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Niu C, Smith N, Garteiser P, Towner R, Verchot J. Comparative analysis of protein transport in the N. benthamiana vasculature reveals different destinations. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1793-808. [PMID: 22057341 PMCID: PMC3329354 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the vascular transport of exogenously applied proteins and compared their delivery to various aerial parts of the plant with carboxy fluorescein dye. Alexafluor tagged bovine serum albumin (Alexa-BSA) moves at a low level to upper parts of the plant and unloads to the apoplast. Alexafluor tagged Histone H1 (Alexa-Histone) moves rapidly throughout the plant and is retained in the phloem and phloem parenchyma. Both Alexa-Histone and -BSA were exported from leaf veins class II and III but they unloaded completely into the leaf lamina with barely any residual fluorescence left inside the leaf veins. Fluorescein tagged hepatitis C virus core protein (fluorescein-HCV) moves more rapidly than BSA through the plant and was restricted to the leaf veins. Fluorescein-HCV failed to unload to the leaf lamina. These combined data suggest that there is not a single default pathway for the transfer of exogenous proteins through the plant. Specific protein properties appear to determine their destination and transport properties within the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Niu
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Philippe Garteiser
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Rheal Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK
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Genome-wide identification of antioxidant component biosynthetic enzymes: comprehensive analysis of ascorbic acid and tocochromanols biosynthetic genes in rice. Comput Biol Chem 2011; 35:261-8. [PMID: 22000797 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, several exciting reports have provided many advances in the role and biosynthesis of l-ascorbic acid (AsA) and tocochromanols, including tocopherols and tocotrienols, in higher plants. There are increasing bodies of experimental evidence that demonstrate that AsA and tocochromanols (especially tocopherols) play an important role as antioxidants and nutrients in mammals and photosynthetic organisms and are also involved in plant responses to stimuli. Although AsA and tocochromanol biosynthesis pathways have been well characterized using Arabidopsis, these pathways are still poorly understood in rice, which is an economically important monocot cereal crop. In this study using computational analysis of sequenced rice genome, we identified eight and seven potential non-redundant members involved in AsA and tocochromanol biosynthetic pathways, respectively. The results reveal that the common feature of these gene promoters is the combination of light-responsive, hormone-responsive, and stress-responsive elements. These findings, together with expression analysis in the MPSS database, indicate that AsA and tocochromanols might be co-related with the complex signaling pathways involved in plant responses.
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