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Ranepura GA, Mao J, Vermaas JV, Wang J, Gisriel CJ, Wei RJ, Ortiz-Soto J, Uddin MR, Amin M, Brudvig GW, Gunner MR. Computing the Relative Affinity of Chlorophylls a and b to Light-Harvesting Complex II. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10974-10986. [PMID: 38097367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
In plants and algae, the primary antenna protein bound to photosystem II is light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), a pigment-protein complex that binds eight chlorophyll (Chl) a molecules and six Chl b molecules. Chl a and Chl b differ only in that Chl a has a methyl group (-CH3) on one of its pyrrole rings, while Chl b has a formyl group (-CHO) at that position. This blue-shifts the Chl b absorbance relative to Chl a. It is not known how the protein selectively binds the right Chl type at each site. Knowing the selection criteria would allow the design of light-harvesting complexes that bind different Chl types, modifying an organism to utilize the light of different wavelengths. The difference in the binding affinity of Chl a and Chl b in pea and spinach LHCII was calculated using multiconformation continuum electrostatics and free energy perturbation. Both methods have identified some Chl sites where the bound Chl type (a or b) has a significantly higher affinity, especially when the protein provides a hydrogen bond for the Chl b formyl group. However, the Chl a sites often have little calculated preference for one Chl type, so they are predicted to bind a mixture of Chl a and b. The electron density of the spinach LHCII was reanalyzed, which, however, confirmed that there is negligible Chl b in the Chl a-binding sites. It is suggested that the protein chooses the correct Chl type during folding, segregating the preferred Chl to the correct binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan A Ranepura
- Ph.D. Program in Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Junjun Mao
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Christopher J Gisriel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Rongmei Judy Wei
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jose Ortiz-Soto
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Md Raihan Uddin
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Muhamed Amin
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood, Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - M R Gunner
- PhD Program in Physics, in Chemistry and in Biochemistry at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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2
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Zhang L, Yang C, Liu C. Revealing the significance of chlorophyll b in the moss Physcomitrium patens by knocking out two functional chlorophyllide a oxygenase. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 158:171-180. [PMID: 37653264 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll b (Chl b). In the moss Physcomitrium patens (P. patens), two distinct gene copies, PpCAO1 and PpCAO2, are present. In this study, we investigate the differential expression of these CAOs following light exposure after a period of darkness (24 h) and demonstrate that the accumulation of Chl b is only abolished when both genes are knocked out. In the ppcao1cao2 mutant, most of the antenna proteins associated with both photosystems (PS) I and II are absent. Despite of the existence of LHCSR proteins and zeaxanthin, the mutant exhibits minimal non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) capacity. Nevertheless, the ppcao1cao2 mutant retains a certain level of pseudo-cyclic electron transport to provide photoprotection for PSI. These findings shed light on the dual dependency of Chl b synthesis on two CAOs and highlight the distinct effects of Chl b deprival on PSI and PSII core complexes in P. patens, a model species for bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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3
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Zhang X, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Pan H. FsHemF is involved in the formation of yellow Forsythia leaves by regulating chlorophyll synthesis in response to light intensity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107746. [PMID: 37210861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of Forsythia koreana 'Suwon Gold' are yellow under natural light condition and can revert to green when the light intensity is reduced. To understand the molecular mechanism of leaf color changes in response to light intensity, we compared the chlorophyll content and precursor content between yellow- and green-leaf Forsythia under shade and light-recovery conditions. We identified the conversion of coproporphyrin III (Coprogen III) to protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) as the primary rate-limiting step of chlorophyll biosynthesis in yellow-leaf Forsythia. Further analysis of the activity of the enzymes that catalyze this step and the expression pattern of the chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes under different light intensities revealed that the negatively regulated expression of FsHemF by light intensity was the major cause affecting the leaf color change in response to light intensity in yellow-leaf Forsythia. To further understand the cause of differential expression pattern of FsHemF in yellow- and green-leaf lines, we compared the coding sequence and promoter sequence of FsHemF between yellow- and green-leaf Forsythia. We found that one G-box light-responsive cis-element was absent in the promoter region of green-leaf lines. To investigate the functional role of FsHemF, we performed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of FsHemF in green-leaf Forsythia, which leads to yellowing leaf veins, decreased chlorophyll b content, and inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis. The results will assist in elucidating the mechanism of yellow-leaf Forsythia in response to light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhengtian Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Silva PJ, Osswald-Claro M, Castro Mendonça R. How to tune the absorption spectrum of chlorophylls to enable better use of the available solar spectrum. PEERJ PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-pchem.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photon capture by chlorophylls and other chromophores in light-harvesting complexes and photosystems is the driving force behind the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excitation of photosystem II allows it to receive electrons from the water-oxidizing oxygen-evolution complex and to transfer them to an electron-transport chain that generates a transmembrane electrochemical gradient and ultimately reduces plastocyanin, which donates its electron to photosystem I. Subsequently, excitation of photosystem I leads to electron transfer to a ferredoxin which can either reduce plastocyanin again (in so-called “cyclical electron-flow”) and release energy for the maintenance of the electrochemical gradient, or reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Although photons in the far-red (700–750 nm) portion of the solar spectrum carry enough energy to enable the functioning of the photosynthetic electron-transfer chain, most extant photosystems cannot usually take advantage of them due to only absorbing light with shorter wavelengths. In this work, we used computational methods to characterize the spectral and redox properties of 49 chlorophyll derivatives, with the aim of finding suitable candidates for incorporation into synthetic organisms with increased ability to use far-red photons. The data offer a simple and elegant explanation for the evolutionary selection of chlorophylls a, b, c, and d among all easily-synthesized singly-substituted chlorophylls, and identified one novel candidate (2,12-diformyl chlorophyll a) with an absorption peak shifted 79 nm into the far-red (relative to chlorophyll a) with redox characteristics fully suitable to its possible incorporation into photosystem I (though not photosystem II). chlorophyll d is shown by our data to be the most suitable candidate for incorporation into far-red utilizing photosystem II, and several candidates were found with red-shifted Soret bands that allow the capture of larger amounts of blue and green light by light harvesting complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Silva
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FP-I3ID,FP-BHS, Fac. de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Identification of a biomass unaffected pale green mutant gene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Sci Rep 2022; 12:7731. [PMID: 35546169 PMCID: PMC9095832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is an essential component of the photosynthetic apparatus and pigments in plant greening. Leaf color is an important agronomic and commercial trait of Chinese cabbage. In this study, we identified a pale green mutant pgm created by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis in Chinese cabbage. Compared with wild-type (FT), pgm had a lower Chl content with a higher Chl a/b ratio, imperfect chloroplast structure, and lower non-photochemical quenching. However, its net photosynthetic rate and biomass showed no significant differences. Genetic analysis revealed that the pale green phenotype of pgm was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene, designated as Brpgm. We applied BSR-Seq, linkage analysis, and whole-genome resequencing to map Brpgm and predicted that the target gene was BraA10g007770.3C (BrCAO), which encodes chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO). Brcao sequencing results showed that the last nucleotide of its first intron changed from G to A, causing the deletion of the first nucleotide in its second CDS and termination of the protein translation. The expression of BrCAO in pgm was upregulated, and the enzyme activity of CAO in pgm was significantly decreased. These results provide an approach to explore the function of BrCAO and create a pale green variation in Chinese cabbage.
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Solymosi K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. The Role of Membranes and Lipid-Protein Interactions in the Mg-Branch of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663309. [PMID: 33995458 PMCID: PMC8113382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for photosynthesis and needs to be produced throughout the whole plant life, especially under changing light intensity and stress conditions which may result in the destruction and elimination of these pigments. All steps of the Mg-branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis leading to Chl formation are carried out by enzymes associated with plastid membranes. Still the significance of these protein-membrane and protein-lipid interactions in Chl synthesis and chloroplast differentiation are not very well-understood. In this review, we provide an overview on Chl biosynthesis in angiosperms with emphasis on its association with membranes and lipids. Moreover, the last steps of the pathway including the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid phytyl moiety and the esterification of Chlide are also summarized. The unique biochemical and photophysical properties of the light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) enzyme catalyzing Pchlide photoreduction and located to peculiar tubuloreticular prolamellar body (PLB) membranes of light-deprived tissues of angiosperms and to envelope membranes, as well as to thylakoids (especially grana margins) are also reviewed. Data about the factors influencing tubuloreticular membrane formation within cells, the spectroscopic properties and the in vitro reconstitution of the native LPOR enzyme complexes are also critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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7
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Zhang J, Sui C, Liu H, Chen J, Han Z, Yan Q, Liu S, Liu H. Effect of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes on the leaf color in Hosta (Hosta plantaginea Aschers) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:45. [PMID: 33451287 PMCID: PMC7811250 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Regal Splendour' (Hosta variety) is famous for its multi-color leaves, which are useful resources for exploring chloroplast development and color changes. The expressions of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes (HrHEMA, HrPOR and HrCAO) in Hosta have been demonstrated to be associated with leaf color. Herein, we isolated, sequenced, and analyzed HrHEMA, HrPOR and HrCAO genes. Subcellular localization was also performed to determine the location of the corresponding enzymes. After plasmid construction, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was carried out to reduce the expressions of those genes. In addition, HrHEMA-, HrPOR- and HrCAO-overexpressing tobacco plants were made to verify the genes function. Changes of transgenic tobacco were recorded under 2000 lx, 6000 lx and 10,000 lx light intensity. Additionally, the contents of enzyme 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG), chlorophyll a and b (Chla and Chlb), carotenoid (Cxc), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro) and catalase (CAT) under different light intensities were evaluated. RESULTS The silencing of HrHEMA, HrPOR and HrCAO genes can induce leaf yellowing and chloroplast structure changes in Hosta. Specifically, leaves of Hosta with HrCAO silencing were the most affected, while those with HrPOR silencing were the least affected. Moreover, all three genes in tobacco were highly expressed, whereas no expression was detected in wild-type (WT). However, the sensitivities of the three genes to different light intensities were different. The highest expression level of HrHEMA and HrPOR was detected under 10,000 lx of illumination, while HrCAO showed the highest expression level under 6000 lx. Lastly, the 5-ALA, Chla, Cxc, SOD, POD, MDA, Pro and CAT contents in different transgenic tobaccos changed significantly under different light intensities. CONCLUSION The overexpression of these three genes in tobacco enhanced photosynthesis by accumulating chlorophyll content, but the influential level varied under different light intensities. Furthermore, HrHEMA-, HrPOR- and HrCAO- overexpressing in tobacco can enhance the antioxidant capacity of plants to cope with stress under higher light intensity. However, under lower light intensity, the antioxidant capacity was declined in HrHEMA-, HrPOR- and HrCAO- overexpressing tobaccos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhang
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhai Sui
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Engineering Vocational College, Siping City, Jilin, 136000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjiao Chen
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Han
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yan
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Liu
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhang Liu
- College of Life sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, 130000, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Negi S, Perrine Z, Friedland N, Kumar A, Tokutsu R, Minagawa J, Berg H, Barry AN, Govindjee G, Sayre R. Light regulation of light-harvesting antenna size substantially enhances photosynthetic efficiency and biomass yield in green algae †. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:584-603. [PMID: 32180283 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the major factors limiting biomass productivity in algae is the low thermodynamic efficiency of photosynthesis. The greatest thermodynamic inefficiencies in photosynthesis occur during the conversion of light into chemical energy. At full sunlight the light-harvesting antenna captures photons at a rate nearly 10 times faster than the rate-limiting step in photosynthetic electron transport. Excess captured energy is dissipated by non-productive pathways including the production of reactive oxygen species. Substantial improvements in photosynthetic efficiency have been achieved by reducing the optical cross-section of the light-harvesting antenna by selectively reducing chlorophyll b levels and peripheral light-harvesting complex subunits. Smaller light-harvesting antenna, however, may not exhibit optimal photosynthetic performance in low or fluctuating light environments. We describe a translational control system to dynamically adjust light-harvesting antenna sizes for enhanced photosynthetic performance. By expressing a chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) gene having a 5' mRNA extension encoding a Nab1 translational repressor binding site in a CAO knockout line it was possible to continuously alter chlorophyll b levels and correspondingly light-harvesting antenna sizes by light-activated Nab1 repression of CAO expression as a function of growth light intensity. Significantly, algae having light-regulated antenna sizes had substantially higher photosynthetic rates and two-fold greater biomass productivity than the parental wild-type strains as well as near wild-type ability to carry out state transitions and non-photochemical quenching. These results have broad implications for enhanced algae and plant biomass productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Negi
- New Mexico Consortium and Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Zoee Perrine
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | | | - Anil Kumar
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Ryutaro Tokutsu
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Howard Berg
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Amanda N Barry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, Center of Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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9
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Chang G, Yue B, Gao T, Yan W, Pan G. Phytoremediation of phenol by Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and associated effects on physiological parameters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121569. [PMID: 31945590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenol contamination is a common occurrence in aquatic environments in different parts of the world and strategies that utilize cheap and eco-friendly phytoremediation technologies are required to overcome associated environmental problems. In the present study, the submersed macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle was exposed to different concentrations of phenol (0-200 mg L-1) to assess its potential in phenol treatment. H. verticillata efficiently degraded phenol in solutions with initial concentrations lower than 200 mg L-1. The adverse effects of phenol on physiological parameters of H. verticillata were also investigated after 7 d of phenol stress. In order to explore the effect of phenol on the metabolism of H. verticillata during phytoremediation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze endogenous soluble organic compounds. The results revealed the presence of greater than 60 soluble organic compounds in H. verticillata. In the process of phenol degradation, fatty acid composition and carbon number distribution were affected in the plants while unsaturated fatty acid content was significantly lower, and several compounds including aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic ketones were degraded while new compounds were synthesized by the plant. In summary, H. verticillata is a promising candidate for the phytoremediation of the phenol-contaminated aquatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Chang
- School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou City University, The Engineering Research Center of Mining Pollution Treatment and Ecological Restoration of Gansu Province, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Bin Yue
- School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou City University, The Engineering Research Center of Mining Pollution Treatment and Ecological Restoration of Gansu Province, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Tianpeng Gao
- School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou City University, The Engineering Research Center of Mining Pollution Treatment and Ecological Restoration of Gansu Province, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wende Yan
- Research Section of Ecology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham 999020, UK
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10
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Friedland N, Negi S, Vinogradova-Shah T, Wu G, Ma L, Flynn S, Kumssa T, Lee CH, Sayre RT. Fine-tuning the photosynthetic light harvesting apparatus for improved photosynthetic efficiency and biomass yield. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13028. [PMID: 31506512 PMCID: PMC6736957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic electron transport rates in higher plants and green algae are light-saturated at approximately one quarter of full sunlight intensity. This is due to the large optical cross section of plant light harvesting antenna complexes which capture photons at a rate nearly 10-fold faster than the rate-limiting step in electron transport. As a result, 75% of the light captured at full sunlight intensities is reradiated as heat or fluorescence. Previously, it has been demonstrated that reductions in the optical cross-section of the light-harvesting antenna can lead to substantial improvements in algal photosynthetic rates and biomass yield. By surveying a range of light harvesting antenna sizes achieved by reduction in chlorophyll b levels, we have determined that there is an optimal light-harvesting antenna size that results in the greatest whole plant photosynthetic performance. We also uncover a sharp transition point where further reductions or increases in antenna size reduce photosynthetic efficiency, tolerance to light stress, and impact thylakoid membrane architecture. Plants with optimized antenna sizes are shown to perform well not only in controlled greenhouse conditions, but also in the field achieving a 40% increase in biomass yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Friedland
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - S Negi
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - T Vinogradova-Shah
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA.,Pebble Labs, 100 Entrada Drive, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - G Wu
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - L Ma
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - S Flynn
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - T Kumssa
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - C-H Lee
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - R T Sayre
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA. .,Pebble Labs, 100 Entrada Drive, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA.
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11
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, D'Andrea L, Pulido P. Control of plastidial metabolism by the Clp protease complex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2049-2058. [PMID: 30576524 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant metabolism is strongly dependent on plastids. Besides hosting the photosynthetic machinery, these endosymbiotic organelles synthesize starch, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, tetrapyrroles, and isoprenoids. Virtually all enzymes involved in plastid-localized metabolic pathways are encoded by the nuclear genome and imported into plastids. Once there, protein quality control systems ensure proper folding of the mature forms and remove irreversibly damaged proteins. The Clp protease is the main machinery for protein degradation in the plastid stroma. Recent work has unveiled an increasing number of client proteins of this proteolytic complex in plants. Notably, a substantial proportion of these substrates are required for normal chloroplast metabolism, including enzymes involved in the production of essential tetrapyrroles and isoprenoids such as chlorophylls and carotenoids. The Clp protease complex acts in coordination with nuclear-encoded plastidial chaperones for the control of both enzyme levels and proper folding (i.e. activity). This communication involves a retrograde signaling pathway, similarly to the unfolded protein response previously characterized in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Coordinated Clp protease and chaperone activities appear to further influence other plastid processes, such as the differentiation of chloroplasts into carotenoid-accumulating chromoplasts during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucio D'Andrea
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Pulido
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Sawicki A, Willows RD, Chen M. Spectral signatures of five hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a derivatives chemically derived from chlorophyll b or chlorophyll f. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 140:115-127. [PMID: 30604202 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-00611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophylls (Chls) are pigments involved in light capture and light reactions in photosynthesis. Chl a, Chl b, Chl d, and Chl f are characterized by unique absorbance maxima in the blue (Soret) and red (Qy) regions with Chl b, Chl d, and Chl f each possessing a single formyl group at a unique position. Relative to Chl a the Qy absorbance maximum of Chl b is blue-shifted while Chl d and Chl f are red-shifted with the shifts attributable to the relative positions of the formyl substitutions. Reduction of a formyl group of Chl b to form 7-hydroxymethyl Chl a, or oxidation of the vinyl group of Chl a into a formyl group to form Chl d was achieved using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or β-mercaptoethanol (BME/O2), respectively. During the consecutive reactions of Chl b and Chl f using a three-step procedure (1. NaBH4, 2. BME/O2, and 3. NaBH4) two new 7-hydroxymethyl Chl a species were prepared possessing the 3-formyl or 3-hydroxymethyl groups and three new 2-hydroxymethyl Chl a species possessing the 3-vinyl, 3-formyl, or 3-hydroxymethyl groups, respectively. Identification of the spectral properties of 2-hydroxymethyl Chl a may be biologically significant for deducing the latter stages of Chl f biosynthesis if the mechanism parallels Chl b biosynthesis. The spectral features and chromatographic properties of these modified Chls are important for identifying potential intermediates in the biosynthesis of Chls such as Chl f and Chl d and for identification of any new Chls in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Sawicki
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Robert D Willows
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2019, Australia
| | - Min Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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13
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Reinbothe S, Bartsch S, Rossig C, Davis MY, Yuan S, Reinbothe C, Gray J. A Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) a Oxygenase for Plant Viability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:593. [PMID: 31156665 PMCID: PMC6530659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants contain a small, 5-member family of Rieske non-heme oxygenases that comprise the inner plastid envelope protein TIC55, phaeophorbide a oxygenasee (PAO), chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO), choline monooxygenase, and a 52 kDa protein (PTC52) associated with the precursor NADPH:protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase A (pPORA) A translocon (PTC). Some of these chloroplast proteins have documented roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis (CAO) and degradation (PAO and TIC55), whereas the function of PTC52 remains unresolved. Biochemical evidence provided here identifies PTC52 as Pchlide a oxygenase of the inner plastid envelope linking Pchlide b synthesis to pPORA import. Protochlorophyllide b is the preferred substrate of PORA and its lack no longer allows pPORA import. The Pchlide b-dependent import pathway of pPORA thus operates in etiolated seedlings and is switched off during greening. Using dexamethasone-induced RNA interference (RNAi) we tested if PTC52 is involved in controlling both, pPORA import and Pchlide homeostasis in planta. As shown here, RNAi plants deprived of PTC52 transcript and PTC52 protein were unable to import pPORA and died as a result of excess Pchlide a accumulation causing singlet oxygen formation during greening. In genetic studies, no homozygous ptc52 knock-out mutants could be obtained presumably as a result of embryo lethality, suggesting a role for PTC52 in the initial greening of plant embryos. Phylogenetic studies identified PTC52-like genes amongst unicellular photosynthetic bacteria and higher plants, suggesting that the biochemical function associated with PTC52 may have an ancient evolutionary origin. PTC52 also harbors conserved motifs with bacterial oxygenases such as the terminal oxygenase component of 3-ketosteroid 9-alpha-hydroxylase (KshA) from Rhodococcus rhodochrous. 3D-modeling of PTC52 structure permitted the prediction of amino acid residues that contribute to the substrate specificity of this enzyme. In vitro-mutagenesis was used to test the predicted PTC52 model and provide insights into the reaction mechanism of this Rieske non-heme oxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe, John Gray,
| | - Sandra Bartsch
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe, John Gray,
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14
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Einali A. The induction of salt stress tolerance by propyl gallate treatment in green microalga Dunaliella bardawil, through enhancing ascorbate pool and antioxidant enzymes activity. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:601-611. [PMID: 28990124 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of propyl gallate (PG), a synthetic antioxidant, on antioxidant responses and salinity tolerance was investigated in the cells of the green microalga, Dunaliella bardawil. Algal suspensions grown at three salinity levels of 1, 2, and 3 M NaCl were incubated with 1 mM of PG. The number of cells was significantly lower in all PG-treated cells compared to untreated controls. Despite PG-induced cell death, the fresh weight of all PG-treated cells was considerably higher than controls. PG-treated cells had enhanced antioxidant capacity because of increased levels of Chlorophyll a, β-carotene, reduced ascorbate, protein, and enzymatic activities, but accumulated lower levels of malonyldialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide compared to untreated cells. The results suggest that PG acts as a signal molecule both directly by reducing of free radical oxidants and indirectly by augmenting ascorbate pool levels, β-carotene production, and antioxidant enzymes activity to boost the capacity of antioxidant systems and radical oxygen species scavenging. Therefore, induction of salt stress tolerance by PG in D. bardawil is associated with metabolic adjustments through activation or synthesis of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic molecules involved in antioxidant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Einali
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.
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15
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Wang Y, Xu C, Li K, Cai X, Wu M, Chen G. Fe deficiency induced changes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) thylakoids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1380-1388. [PMID: 27783241 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is an important abiotic stress that limits productivity of crops all over the world. We selected a hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.), LYPJ, which is super high-yield and widely cultured in China, to investigate changes in the components and structure of thylakoid membranes and photosynthetic performance in response to iron deficiency. Our results demonstrated that photosystem I (PSI) is the primary target for iron deficiency, while the changes in photosystem II (PSII) are important for rebuilding a balance in disrupted energy utilization and dissipation caused by differential degradation of photosynthetic components. The result of immunoblot analysis suggested that the core subunit PsaA declined drastically, while PsbA remained relatively stable. Furthermore, several organizational changes of the photosynthetic apparatus were found by BN-PAGE, including a marked decrease in the PSI core complexes, the Cytb 6 /f complex, and the trimeric form of the LHCII antenna, consistent with the observed unstacking grana. The fluorescence induction analysis indicated a descending PSII activity with energy dissipation enhanced markedly. In addition, we proposed that the crippled CO2 assimilation could be compensated by the enhanced of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), which is suggested by the decreased ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) and photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaojie Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Zijin College, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guoxiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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16
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Nishimura K, Kato Y, Sakamoto W. Chloroplast Proteases: Updates on Proteolysis within and across Suborganellar Compartments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2280-93. [PMID: 27288365 PMCID: PMC4972267 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts originated from the endosymbiosis of ancestral cyanobacteria and maintain transcription and translation machineries for around 100 proteins. Most endosymbiont genes, however, have been transferred to the host nucleus, and the majority of the chloroplast proteome is composed of nucleus-encoded proteins that are biosynthesized in the cytosol and then imported into chloroplasts. How chloroplasts and the nucleus communicate to control the plastid proteome remains an important question. Protein-degrading machineries play key roles in chloroplast proteome biogenesis, remodeling, and maintenance. Research in the past few decades has revealed more than 20 chloroplast proteases, which are localized to specific suborganellar locations. In particular, two energy-dependent processive proteases of bacterial origin, Clp and FtsH, are central to protein homeostasis. Processing endopeptidases such as stromal processing peptidase and thylakoidal processing peptidase are involved in the maturation of precursor proteins imported into chloroplasts by cleaving off the amino-terminal transit peptides. Presequence peptidases and organellar oligopeptidase subsequently degrade the cleaved targeting peptides. Recent findings have indicated that not only intraplastidic but also extraplastidic processive protein-degrading systems participate in the regulation and quality control of protein translocation across the envelopes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the major chloroplast proteases in terms of type, suborganellar localization, and diversification. We present details of these degradation processes as case studies according to suborganellar compartment (envelope, stroma, and thylakoids). Key questions and future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nishimura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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17
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Yang Y, Xu J, Huang L, Leng Y, Dai L, Rao Y, Chen L, Wang Y, Tu Z, Hu J, Ren D, Zhang G, Zhu L, Guo L, Qian Q, Zeng D. PGL, encoding chlorophyllide a oxygenase 1, impacts leaf senescence and indirectly affects grain yield and quality in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1297-310. [PMID: 26709310 PMCID: PMC4762379 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) b is a ubiquitous accessory pigment in land plants, green algae, and prochlorophytes. This pigment is synthesized from Chl a by chlorophyllide a oxygenase and plays a key role in adaptation to various environments. This study characterizes a rice mutant, pale green leaf (pgl), and isolates the gene PGL by using a map-based cloning approach. PGL, encoding chlorophyllide a oxygenase 1, is mainly expressed in the chlorenchyma and activated in the light-dependent Chl synthesis process. Compared with wild-type plants, pgl exhibits a lower Chl content with a reduced and disorderly thylakoid ultrastructure, which decreases the photosynthesis rate and results in reduced grain yield and quality. In addition, pgl exhibits premature senescence in both natural and dark-induced conditions and more severe Chl degradation and reactive oxygen species accumulation than does the wild-type. Moreover, pgl is sensitive to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujia Leng
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengjun Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Briat JF, Dubos C, Gaymard F. Iron nutrition, biomass production, and plant product quality. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:33-40. [PMID: 25153038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the grand challenges in modern agriculture is increasing biomass production, while improving plant product quality, in a sustainable way. Of the minerals, iron (Fe) plays a major role in this process because it is essential both for plant productivity and for the quality of their products. Fe homeostasis is an important determinant of photosynthetic efficiency in algae and higher plants, and we review here the impact of Fe limitation or excess on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. We also discuss the agronomic, plant breeding, and transgenic approaches that are used to remediate Fe deficiency of plants on calcareous soils, and suggest ways to increase the Fe content and bioavailability of the edible parts of crops to improve human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Briat
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro Bâtiment 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
| | - Christian Dubos
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro Bâtiment 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier 2, SupAgro Bâtiment 7, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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19
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Oba T, Tateno Y, Ihara M, Fukusumi T, Takei N, Ito S. Radical reaction of chlorophyll derivatives triggered by AIBN. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Harada J, Mizoguchi T, Satoh S, Tsukatani Y, Yokono M, Noguchi M, Tanaka A, Tamiaki H. Specific gene bciD for C7-methyl oxidation in bacteriochlorophyll e biosynthesis of brown-colored green sulfur bacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60026. [PMID: 23560066 PMCID: PMC3613366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene named bciD, which encodes the enzyme involved in C7-formylation in bacteriochlorophyll e biosynthesis, was found and investigated by insertional inactivation in the brown-colored green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum limnaeum (previously called Chlorobium phaeobacteroides). The bciD mutant cells were green in color, and accumulated bacteriochlorophyll c homologs bearing the 7-methyl group, compared to C7-formylated BChl e homologs in the wild type. BChl-c homolog compositions in the mutant were further different from those in Chlorobaculum tepidum which originally produced BChl c: (3(1) S)-8-isobutyl-12-ethyl-BChl c was unusually predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Harada
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (JH); (HT)
| | - Tadashi Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Souichirou Satoh
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsukatani
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makio Yokono
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail: (JH); (HT)
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21
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Mueller AH, Dockter C, Gough SP, Lundqvist U, von Wettstein D, Hansson M. Characterization of mutations in barley fch2 encoding chlorophyllide a oxygenase. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1232-46. [PMID: 22537757 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutants fch2 and clo-f2 comprise an allelic group of 14 Chl b-deficient lines. The genetic map position of fch2 corresponds to the physical map position of the gene encoding chlorophyllide a oxygenase. This enzyme converts chlorophyllide a to chlorophyllide b and it is essential for Chl b biosynthesis. The fch2 and clo-f2 barley lines were shown to be mutated in the gene for chlorophyllide a oxygenase. A five-base insertion was found in fch2 and base deletions in clo-f2.101, clo-f2.105, clo-f2.2800 and clo-f2.3613. In clo-f2.105 and clo-f2.108, nonsense base exchanges were discovered. All of these mutations led to a premature stop of translation and none of the mutants formed Chl b. The mutant clo-f2.2807 was transcript deficient and formed no Chl b. Missense mutations in clo-f2.102 (leading to the amino acid exchange D495N) and clo-f2.103 (G280D) resulted in a total lack of Chl b, whereas in the missense mutants clo-f2.107 (P419L), clo-f2.109 (A94T), clo-f2.122 (C320Y), clo-f2.123 (A94T), clo-f2.133 (A376V) and clo-f2.181 (L373F) intermediate contents of Chl b were determined. The missense mutations affect conserved residues, and their effect on chlorophyllide a oxygenase is discussed. The mutations in clo-f2.102, clo-f2.103, clo-f2.133 and clo-f2.181 may influence electron transfer as illustrated in the active site of a structural model protein. The changes in clo-f2.107, clo-f2.109, clo-f2.122 and clo-f2.123 may lead to Chlb deficiency by interfering with the regulation of chlorophyllide a oxygenase. The correlation of mutations and phenotypes strongly supports that the barley locus fch2 encodes chlorophyllide a oxygenase.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Catalytic Domain
- Chlorophyll/genetics
- Chlorophyll/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Chromosomes, Plant/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Codon, Nonsense/genetics
- Codon, Nonsense/metabolism
- Electron Transport
- Frameshift Mutation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Hordeum/enzymology
- Hordeum/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation, Missense
- Oxygenases/genetics
- Oxygenases/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Sequence Alignment
- Synteny
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22
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Fukusumi T, Matsuda K, Mizoguchi T, Miyatake T, Ito S, Ikeda T, Tamiaki H, Oba T. Non-enzymatic conversion of chlorophyll-a into chlorophyll-d in vitro: a model oxidation pathway for chlorophyll-d biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2338-41. [PMID: 22659188 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) was readily converted into Chl-d under mild conditions without any enzymes. Treatment of Chl-a dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) with thiophenol and acetic acid at room temperature successfully produced Chl-d in 31% yield. During the acidic oxidation, removal of the central magnesium, pheophytinization, was sufficiently suppressed. This mild pathway can give insights into the yet unidentified Chl-d biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Fukusumi
- Department of Material and Environmental Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan
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Hederstedt L. Heme A biosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:920-7. [PMID: 22484221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiration in plants, most animals and many aerobic microbes is dependent on heme A. This is a highly specialized type of heme found as prosthetic group in cytochrome a-containing respiratory oxidases. Heme A differs structurally from heme B (protoheme IX) by the presence of a hydroxyethylfarnesyl group instead of a vinyl side group at the C2 position and a formyl group instead of a methyl side group at position C8 of the porphyrin macrocycle. Heme A synthase catalyzes the formation of the formyl side group and is a poorly understood heme-containing membrane bound atypical monooxygenase. This review presents our current understanding of heme A synthesis at the molecular level in mitochondria and aerobic bacteria. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biogenesis/Assembly of Respiratory Enzyme Complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hederstedt
- Microbiology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden.
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Hoober JK, Eggink LL, Chen M, Larkum AWD. Chapter 15 The Chemistry and Biology of Light-Harvesting Complex II and Thylakoid Biogenesis: raison d’etre of Chlorophylls b and c. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Molnárová M, Fargasová A. Se(IV) phytotoxicity for monocotyledonae cereals (Hordeum vulgare L., Triticum aestivum L.) and dicotyledonae crops (Sinapis alba L., Brassica napus L.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 172:854-861. [PMID: 19709809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The phytotoxicity of Se(IV) was determined through root and shoot growth inhibition, biomass (dry (DM), fresh (FM)) production, water content, photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) levels and Se accumulation in the roots and shoots. The sensitivities of monocotyledonae (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum) and dicotyledonae plants (Sinapis alba, Brassica napus) were also compared. Except for H. vulgare, Se(IV) inhibited root growth more than shoot growth. As for biomass production, Se reduced both FM and DM of all studied plants' roots. Although in shoots FM was decreased with increased Se concentration, DM was reduced only in monocotyledonae plants (H. vulgare, T. aestivum). No significant differences between roots and shoots were confirmed for the DM/FM relationship, except for S. alba seedlings. In all of the tested plants, except for B. napus, chlorophyll b was the strongest reduced pigment. Accumulation of Se was higher in the roots than in the shoots of all studied plants. Selenium concentration in the roots was at least 3-times higher than that in controls. Se(IV) accumulation in the shoots was not significantly different from that in controls. The exception was confirmed only for B. napus (87 mg Se(IV)l(-1)) and T. aestivum (36 mg Se(IV)l(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Molnárová
- Department of Ecosozology and Physiotactics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Shipman RL, Inoue K. Suborganellar localization of plastidic type I signal peptidase 1 depends on chloroplast development. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:938-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Masuda T, Fujita Y. Regulation and evolution of chlorophyll metabolism. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1131-49. [PMID: 18846277 DOI: 10.1039/b807210h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls are the most abundant tetrapyrrole molecules essential for photosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms. After many years of intensive research, most of the genes encoding the enzymes for the pathway have been identified, and recently the underlying molecular mechanisms have been elucidated. These studies revealed that the regulation of chlorophyll metabolism includes all levels of control to allow a balanced metabolic flow in response to external and endogenous factors and to ensure adaptation to varying needs of chlorophyll during plant development. Furthermore, identification of biosynthetic genes from various organisms and genetic analysis of functions of identified genes enables us to predict the evolutionary scenario of chlorophyll metabolism. In this review, based on recent findings, we discuss the regulation and evolution of chlorophyll metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuru Masuda
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Masuda T. Recent overview of the Mg branch of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis leading to chlorophylls. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 96:121-43. [PMID: 18273690 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In plants, chlorophylls (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) are the most abundant tetrapyrrole molecules and are essential for photosynthesis. The first committed step of chlorophyll biosynthesis is the insertion of Mg(2+) into protoporphyrin IX, and thus subsequent steps of the biosynthesis are called the Mg branch. As the Mg branch in higher plants is complex, it was not until the last decade--after many years of intensive research--that most of the genes encoding the enzymes for the pathway were identified. Biochemical and molecular genetic analyses have certainly modified the classic metabolic map of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, and only recently have the molecular mechanisms of regulatory pathways governing chlorophyll metabolism been elucidated. As a result, novel functions of tetrapyrroles and biosynthetic enzymes have been proposed. In this review, I summarize the recent findings on enzymes involved in the Mg branch, mainly in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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Hoober JK, Eggink LL, Chen M. Chlorophylls, ligands and assembly of light-harvesting complexes in chloroplasts. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 94:387-400. [PMID: 17505910 PMCID: PMC2117338 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) b serves an essential function in accumulation of light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) in plants. In this article, this role of Chl b is explored by considering the properties of Chls and the ligands with which they interact in the complexes. The overall properties of the Chls, not only their spectral features, are altered as consequences of chemical modifications on the periphery of the molecules. Important modifications are introduction of oxygen atoms at specific locations and reduction or desaturation of sidechains. These modifications influence formation of coordination bonds by which the central Mg atom, the Lewis acid, of Chl molecules interacts with amino acid sidechains, as the Lewis base, in proteins. Chl a is a versatile Lewis acid and interacts principally with imidazole groups but also with sidechain amides and water. The 7-formyl group on Chl b withdraws electron density toward the periphery of the molecule and consequently the positive Mg is less shielded by the molecular electron cloud than in Chl a. Chl b thus tends to form electrostatic bonds with Lewis bases with a fixed dipole, such as water and, in particular, peptide backbone carbonyl groups. The coordination bonds are enhanced by H-bonds between the protein and the 7-formyl group. These additional strong interactions with Chl b are necessary to achieve assembly of stable LHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kenneth Hoober
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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Nakagawara E, Sakuraba Y, Yamasato A, Tanaka R, Tanaka A. Clp protease controls chlorophyll b synthesis by regulating the level of chlorophyllide a oxygenase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:800-9. [PMID: 17291312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll b is one of the major light-harvesting pigments in green plants and it is essential for optimal light harvesting. Chlorophyll b is synthesized from chlorophyll a by chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) which consists of A, B and C domains. Previously, we demonstrated that the C domain alone has a catalytic function, while the A and B domains control the level of CAO protein in response to chlorophyll b accumulation. We hypothesized that the accumulation of chlorophyll b triggers the proteolytic degradation of CAO. In this study, in order to gain further insight into this regulatory mechanism we screened for mutants that have defects in the control of CAO accumulation. Seeds from a transgenic line of Arabidopsis which overexpressed a CAO-GFP fusion were mutagenized and their progenies were screened by laser-scanning confocal microscopy for mutants showing an elevated level of GFP fluorescence. One particular mutant (dca1) exhibited stronger GFP fluorescence and accumulated a GFP-CAO fusion protein at a higher level. Concomitantly, the chlorophyll a to b ratio decreased in this mutant. The mutation in the dca1 mutant was mapped to the ClpC1 gene, thereby indicating that a chloroplast Clp protease is involved in regulating chlorophyll b biosynthesis through the destabilization of CAO protein in response to the accumulation of chlorophyll b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Nakagawara
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
Tetrapyrroles play vital roles in various biological processes, including photosynthesis and respiration. Higher plants contain four classes of tetrapyrroles, namely, chlorophyll, heme, siroheme, and phytochromobilin. All of the tetrapyrroles are derived from a common biosynthetic pathway. Here we review recent progress in the research of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis from a cellular biological view. The progress consists of biochemical, structural, and genetic analyses, which contribute to our understanding of how the flow and the synthesis of tetrapyrrole molecules are regulated and how the potentially toxic intermediates of tetrapyrrole synthesis are maintained at low levels. We also describe interactions of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and other cellular processes including the stay-green events, the cell-death program, and the plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction. Finally, we present several reports on attempts for agricultural and horticultural applications in which the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway was genetically modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
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Abstract
The importance of chlorophyll (Chl) to the process of photosynthesis is obvious, and there is clear evidence that the regulation of Chl biosynthesis has a significant role in the regulation of assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus. The understanding of Chl biosynthesis has rapidly advanced in recent years. The identification of genetic loci associated with each of the biochemical steps has been accompanied by a greater appreciation of the role of Chl biosynthesis intermediates in intracellular signaling. The purpose of this review is to provide a source of information for all the steps in Chl and bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis, with an emphasis on steps that are believed to be key regulation points.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Bollivar
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61702-2900, USA.
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Utermark J, Karlovsky P. Quantification of green fluorescent protein fluorescence using real-time PCR thermal cycler. Biotechniques 2006; 41:150, 152, 154. [PMID: 16925016 DOI: 10.2144/000112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Lohr M, Im CS, Grossman AR. Genome-based examination of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:490-515. [PMID: 15849308 PMCID: PMC1104202 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.056069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a particularly important model organism for the study of photosynthesis since this alga can grow heterotrophically, and mutants in photosynthesis are therefore conditional rather than lethal. The recently developed tools for genomic analyses of this organism have allowed us to identify most of the genes required for chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis and to examine their phylogenetic relationships with homologous genes from vascular plants, other algae, and cyanobacteria. Comparative genome analyses revealed some intriguing features associated with pigment biosynthesis in C. reinhardtii; in some cases, there are additional conserved domains in the algal and plant but not the cyanobacterial proteins that may directly influence their activity, assembly, or regulation. For some steps in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, we found multiple gene copies encoding putative isozymes. Phylogenetic studies, theoretical evaluation of gene expression through analysis of expressed sequence tag data and codon bias of each gene, enabled us to generate hypotheses concerning the function and regulation of the individual genes, and to propose targets for future research. We have also used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to examine the effect of low fluence light on the level of mRNA accumulation encoding key proteins of the biosynthetic pathways and examined differential expression of those genes encoding isozymes that function in the pathways. This work is directing us toward the exploration of the role of specific photoreceptors in the biosynthesis of pigments and the coordination of pigment biosynthesis with the synthesis of proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lohr
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Yamasato A, Nagata N, Tanaka R, Tanaka A. The N-terminal domain of chlorophyllide a oxygenase confers protein instability in response to chlorophyll B accumulation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:1585-97. [PMID: 15805480 PMCID: PMC1091776 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.031518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants acclimate to variations in light intensity by changing the antenna size of photosystems. This acclimation allows them to undergo efficient photosynthesis and creates a protective strategy to minimize photodamage. Chlorophyll b synthesis by chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) is a key regulatory step in the control of antenna size. Recently, we found that higher plant CAOs consist of three domains (A, B, and C domains) and confirmed that the C domain possesses catalytic function. To investigate the function of the A domain, we fused various combinations of these three domains with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and introduced them into Arabidopsis thaliana. When a full-length CAO-GFP fusion protein was introduced into a chlorophyll b-less chlorina1-1 mutant, chlorophyll b accumulated to almost the same levels as in the chlorophyll b-containing Columbia wild type, but the CAO-GFP could not be detected by immunoblotting. By contrast, when a GFP-C domain fusion was introduced into chlorina1-1 or Columbia wild type, a large amount of GFP-C domain protein accumulated and the chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased drastically from 3.6 to 2.2 in Columbia wild type. When an A domain-GFP was introduced into Columbia wild type, A domain-GFP levels were very low. Conversely, a large amount of the protein accumulated when it was introduced into the chlorina1-1 mutant. These results indicate that the A domain may sense the presence of chlorophyll b and regulate the accumulation of CAO protein in the chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamasato
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
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Chen M, Eggink LL, Hoober JK, Larkum AWD. Influence of Structure on Binding of Chlorophylls to Peptide Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2052-3. [PMID: 15713076 DOI: 10.1021/ja043462b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four classes of chlorophyll (Chl), a, b, c, and d, are involved in photosynthesis within cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. These classes have different evolutionary origins, chemical properties, and biological functions. Our results demonstrate that peptide-bound ligands provided by the imidazole group of histidine and the charge-compensated glutamate-arginine ion pair readily form coordination bonds with Chls a and d but do not interact significantly with Chls b and c. These ligands are apparently not sufficiently strong Lewis bases to displace strongly coordinated water from Chls b and c. These differences determine specificity of binding of Chls in light-harvesting complexes and play an important role in assembly of stable Chl-protein complexes, which has had a profound impact on the evolution of photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Pattanayak GK, Biswal AK, Reddy VS, Tripathy BC. Light-dependent regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis in chlorophyllide a oxygenase overexpressing tobacco plants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 326:466-71. [PMID: 15582600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) that converts chlorophyllide a to chlorophyllide b was overexpressed in tobacco to increase chlorophyll (Chl) b biosynthesis and alter the Chl a/b ratio. Transgenic plants along with their wild-type cultivars were grown in low and high light intensities. In low light there was 20% increase in chlorophyll b contents in transgenic plants, which resulted in 16% reduction in the Chl a/b ratio. In high light, total Chl contents were 31% higher in transgenic plants than those of wild type. The increase in Chl a was 19% and that of Chl b was 72% leading to 31% decline of Chl a/b ratio. The increase in Chl b contents was accompanied by enhanced CAO expression that was highly pronounced in low light. As compared to low light, in high light Lhcb1 and Chl a/b transcripts abundance was significantly increased in transgenic plants suggesting a close relationship between Chl b synthesis and cab gene expression. However, there was a small increase in expression of LHCII proteins, which did not correspond to 72% increase in Chl b content in transgenic line, implying that LHCPII has the ability to bind more Chl b molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal K Pattanayak
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 11067, India
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Horn R, Paulsen H. Early steps in the assembly of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex: time-resolved fluorescence measurements. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:44400-6. [PMID: 15304514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407188200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex (LHCIIb) spontaneously assembles from its pigment and protein components in detergent solution. The formation of functional LHCIIb can be detected in time-resolved experiments by monitoring the establishment of excitation energy transfer from protein-bound chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a. To detect the possible initial steps of chlorophyll binding that may not yet give rise to chlorophyll b-to-a energy transfer, we have monitored LHCIIb assembly by measuring excitation energy transfer from a fluorescent dye, covalently bound to the protein, to the chlorophylls. In order to exclude interference of the dye with protein folding or pigment binding, the experiments were repeated with the dye bound to four different positions in the protein. Initial chlorophyll binding occurs at roughly the same rate as the establishment of chlorophyll b-to-a energy transfer, in the range of 10 s. However, under limiting chlorophyll concentrations, the binding of chlorophyll a clearly precedes that of chlorophyll b. The complex containing the apoprotein, carotenoids, and chlorophyll a but no chlorophyll b is biochemically unstable and therefore cannot be isolated. However, chlorophyll a binding into this weak complex is specific, as it does not occur with a C-terminal deletion mutant of Lhcb1 which still contains most chlorophyll-ligating amino acids but is unable to fold and assemble into functional LHCIIb. As a scenario for LHCIIb assembly in the thylakoid, we propose the initial formation of a labile Lhcb1-chlorophyll a-carotenoid complex that then becomes stabilized by the binding (or formation in situ) of chlorophyll b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Horn
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Müllerweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Andersson MX, Sandelius AS. A chloroplast-localized vesicular transport system: a bio-informatics approach. BMC Genomics 2004; 5:40. [PMID: 15236667 PMCID: PMC481061 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-5-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thylakoid membrane of higher plant chloroplasts is made of membrane lipids synthesized in the chloroplast envelope. As the inner envelope membrane and the thylakoid are separated by the aqueous stroma, a system for transporting newly synthesized lipids from the inner envelope membrane to the thylakoid is required. Ultrastructural as well as biochemical studies have indicated that lipid transport inside the chloroplast could be mediated by a system similar in characteristics to vesicular trafficking in the cytosol. If indeed the chloroplast system is related to cytosolic vesicular trafficking systems, a certain degree of sequence conservation between components of the chloroplast and the cytosolic systems could be expected. We used the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and web-based subcellular localization prediction tools to search for chloroplast-localized homologues of cytosolic vesicular trafficking components. RESULTS Out of the 28952 hypothetical proteins in the A. thaliana genome sequence, 1947 were predicted to be chloroplast-localized by two different subcellular localization predictors. In this chloroplast protein dataset, strong homologues for the main coat proteins of COPII coated cytosolic vesicles were found. Homologues of the small GTPases ARF1 and Sar1 were also found in the chloroplast protein dataset. CONCLUSION Our database search approach gives further support to that a system similar to cytosolic vesicular trafficking is operational inside the chloroplast. However, solid biochemical data is needed to support the chloroplast localization of the identified proteins as well as their involvement in intra-chloroplast lipid trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats X Andersson
- Department of Botany, Göteborg University, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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