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Del Casino C, Conti V, Licata S, Cai G, Cantore A, Ricci C, Cantara S. Mitigation of UV-B Radiation Stress in Tobacco Pollen by Expression of the Tardigrade Damage Suppressor Protein (Dsup). Cells 2024; 13:840. [PMID: 38786062 PMCID: PMC11119994 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pollen, the male gametophyte of seed plants, is extremely sensitive to UV light, which may prevent fertilization. As a result, strategies to improve plant resistance to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation are required. The tardigrade damage suppressor protein (Dsup) is a putative DNA-binding protein that enables tardigrades to tolerate harsh environmental conditions, including UV radiation, and was therefore considered as a candidate for reducing the effects of UV exposure on pollen. Tobacco pollen was genetically engineered to express Dsup and then exposed to UV-B radiation to determine the effectiveness of the protein in increasing pollen resistance. To establish the preventive role of Dsup against UV-B stress, we carried out extensive investigations into pollen viability, germination rate, pollen tube length, male germ unit position, callose plug development, marker protein content, and antioxidant capacity. The results indicated that UV-B stress has a significant negative impact on both pollen grain and pollen tube growth. However, Dsup expression increased the antioxidant levels and reversed some of the UV-B-induced changes to pollen, restoring the proper distance between the tip and the last callose plug formed, as well as pollen tube length, tubulin, and HSP70 levels. Therefore, the expression of heterologous Dsup in pollen may provide the plant male gametophyte with enhanced responses to UV-B stress and protection against harmful environmental radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Del Casino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.D.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Veronica Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Silvia Licata
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.D.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.D.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Anna Cantore
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (C.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Claudia Ricci
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (C.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Cantara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (C.R.); (S.C.)
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Hsieh YSY, Kao MR, Tucker MR. The knowns and unknowns of callose biosynthesis in terrestrial plants. Carbohydr Res 2024; 538:109103. [PMID: 38555659 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Callose, a linear (1,3)-β-glucan, is an indispensable carbohydrate polymer required for plant growth and development. Advances in biochemical, genetic, and genomic tools, along with specific antibodies, have significantly enhanced our understanding of callose biosynthesis. As additional components of the callose synthase machinery emerge, the elucidation of molecular biosynthetic mechanisms is expected to follow. Short-term objectives involve defining the stoichiometry and turnover rates of callose synthase subunits. Long-term goals include generating recombinant callose synthases to elucidate their biochemical properties and molecular mechanisms, potentially culminating in the determination of callose synthase three-dimensional structure. This review delves into the structures and intricate molecular processes underlying callose biosynthesis, emphasizing regulatory elements and assembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Mu-Rong Kao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia.
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Parrotta L, Faleri C, Del Casino C, Mareri L, Aloisi I, Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Del Duca S, Cai G. Biochemical and cytological interactions between callose synthase and microtubules in the tobacco pollen tube. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1301-1318. [PMID: 35303156 PMCID: PMC9110548 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The article concerns the association between callose synthase and cytoskeleton by biochemical and ultrastructural analyses in the pollen tube. Results confirmed this association and immunogold labeling showed a colocalization. Callose is a cell wall polysaccharide involved in fundamental biological processes, from plant development to the response to abiotic and biotic stress. To gain insight into the deposition pattern of callose, it is important to know how the enzyme callose synthase is regulated through the interaction with the vesicle-cytoskeletal system. Actin filaments likely determine the long-range distribution of callose synthase through transport vesicles but the spatial/biochemical relationships between callose synthase and microtubules are poorly understood, although experimental evidence supports the association between callose synthase and tubulin. In this manuscript, we further investigated the association between callose synthase and microtubules through biochemical and ultrastructural analyses in the pollen tube model system, where callose is an essential component of the cell wall. Results by native 2-D electrophoresis, isolation of callose synthase complex and far-western blot confirmed that callose synthase is associated with tubulin and can therefore interface with cortical microtubules. In contrast, actin and sucrose synthase were not permanently associated with callose synthase. Immunogold labeling showed colocalization between the enzyme and microtubules, occasionally mediated by vesicles. Overall, the data indicate that pollen tube callose synthase exerts its activity in cooperation with the microtubular cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521, Cesena, Italy.
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Del Casino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lavinia Mareri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Abstract
We here describe measurements of respiratory enzymes in situ, which can be done on very small cell samples and make mitochondrial isolation unnecessary. The method is based on the ability of the fungal peptide alamethicin to permeate biological membranes from the net positively charged side, and form nonspecific ion channels. These channels allow rapid transport of substrates and products across the plasma membrane, the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the inner plastid envelope. In this way, mitochondrial enzyme activities can be studied without disrupting the cells. The enzymes can be investigated in their natural proteinaceous environment and the activity of enzymes, also those sensitive to detergents or to dilution, can be quantified on a whole cell basis. We here present protocols for in situ measurement of two mitochondrial enzymatic activities: malate oxidation measured as oxygen consumption by the electron transport chain, which is sensitive to detergents, and NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase, a tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme that dissociates upon dilution.
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Smertenko A. Phragmoplast navigator needs high IQ. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:712-713. [PMID: 34031542 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Adhikari PB, Liu X, Kasahara RD. Mechanics of Pollen Tube Elongation: A Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:589712. [PMID: 33193543 PMCID: PMC7606272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.589712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube (PT) serves as a vehicle that delivers male gametes (sperm cells) to a female gametophyte during double fertilization, which eventually leads to the seed formation. It is one of the fastest elongating structures in plants. Normally, PTs traverse through the extracellular matrix at the transmitting tract after penetrating the stigma. While the endeavor may appear simple, the molecular processes and mechanics of the PT elongation is yet to be fully resolved. Although it is the most studied "tip-growing" structure in plants, several features of the structure (e.g., Membrane dynamics, growth behavior, mechanosensing etc.) are only partially understood. In many aspects, PTs are still considered as a tissue rather than a "unique cell." In this review, we have attempted to discuss mainly on the mechanics behind PT-elongation and briefly on the molecular players involved in the process. Four aspects of PTs are particularly discussed: the PT as a cell, its membrane dynamics, mechanics of its elongation, and the potential mechanosensors involved in its elongation based on relevant findings in both plant and non-plant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Babu Adhikari
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (HBMC), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (HBMC), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ryushiro D. Kasahara
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center (HBMC), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Wang Q, Yuan E, Ling X, Zhu-Salzman K, Guo H, Ge F, Sun Y. An aphid facultative symbiont suppresses plant defence by manipulating aphid gene expression in salivary glands. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2311-2322. [PMID: 32596816 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aphids often carry facultative symbionts to achieve diverse advantages. Serratia symbiotica, one of facultative endosymbionts, increases aphid tolerance to heat. However, whether it benefits aphid colonization on host plants is yet to be determined. In the current study, we found that Acyrthosiphon pisum harbouring S. symbiotica had longer feeding duration on Medicago truncatula than Serratia-free aphids. Contrastingly, Serratia-free aphids triggered higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), jasmonic acid and salicylic acid responsive genes and cytosolic Ca2+ elevations than Serratia-infected aphids. Transcriptomic analysis of salivary glands indicated that a histidine-rich Ca2+ -binding protein-like gene (ApHRC) was expressed more highly in the salivary gland of Serratia-infected aphids than that of Serratia-free aphids. Once ApHRC was silenced, Serratia-infected aphids also displayed shorter phloem-feeding duration and caused Ca2+ elevation and ROS accumulation in plants. Our results suggest that ApHRC, a potential effector up-regulated by S. symbiotica in the salivary glands, impairs plant defence response by suppressing Ca2+ elevation and ROS accumulation, allowing colonization of aphids. This study has provided an insight into how facultative symbionts facilitate aphid colonization and adaptation to host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Khan RAA, Najeeb S, Hussain S, Xie B, Li Y. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma spp. against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E817. [PMID: 32486107 PMCID: PMC7356054 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi, causing significant economic and production losses, are becoming a serious threat to global food security. Due to an increase in fungal resistance and the hazardous effects of chemical fungicides to human and environmental health, scientists are now engaged to explore alternate non-chemical and ecofriendly management strategies. The use of biocontrol agents and their secondary metabolites (SMs) is one of the potential approaches used today. Trichoderma spp. are well known biocontrol agents used globally. Many Trichoderma species are the most prominent producers of SMs with antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Detailed information about these secondary metabolites, when grouped together, enhances the understanding of their efficient utilization and further exploration of new bioactive compounds for the management of plant pathogenic fungi. The current literature provides the information about SMs of Trichoderma spp. in a different context. In this review, we summarize and group different antifungal SMs of Trichoderma spp. against phytopathogenic fungi along with a comprehensive overview of some aspects related to their chemistry and biosynthesis. Moreover, a brief overview of the biosynthesis pathway, action mechanism, and different approaches for the analysis of SMs and the factors affecting the regulation of SMs in Trichoderma is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Asad Ali Khan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (Plant Pathology Lab), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.A.A.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Saba Najeeb
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (Plant Pathology Lab), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.A.A.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Shaukat Hussain
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan;
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (Plant Pathology Lab), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.A.A.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (Plant Pathology Lab), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (R.A.A.K.); (S.N.)
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Escobar Bravo R, Chen G, Grosser K, Van Dam NM, Leiss KA, Klinkhamer PGL. Ultraviolet radiation enhances salicylic acid-mediated defense signaling and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 in a jasmonic acid-deficient tomato mutant. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1581560. [PMID: 30782061 PMCID: PMC6512923 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1581560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is an important modulator of plant defenses against biotic stresses. We have recently described that different supplemental UV exposure times and irradiance intensities enhanced tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance to Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). UV increased jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and salicylic acid (SA) levels, as well as the expression of JA- and SA-responsive genes, before thrips herbivory. Here we report how UV affects tomato defense responses upon thrips infestation, and resistance to pathogens that are susceptible to the activation of SA-associated defenses. Our experiments reveal that, at 7 days after thrips infestation, UV did not enhance the levels of jasmonates, auxin or abscisic acid. UV also did not affect the expression of JA-responsive genes in the cultivar Moneymaker, the jasmonate deficient mutant def-1, the type-VI trichome deficient mutant od-2, or their wild-type Castlemart. However, UV strongly activated SA-associated defense responses in def-1 after thrips infestation. Further bioassays showed that UV increased def-1 resistance to the hemi-biotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, which is susceptible to SA-mediated defenses. Our results suggest that UV might enhance tomato resistance to this pathogen in the JA deficient genotype through the activation of SA defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Escobar Bravo
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Chen
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Grosser
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M. Van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Gena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Horticulture, Wageningen University & Research, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nalam V, Louis J, Shah J. Plant defense against aphids, the pest extraordinaire. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:96-107. [PMID: 30709498 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are amongst the most damaging pests of plants that use their stylets to penetrate the plant tissue to consume large amounts of phloem sap and thus deprive the plant of photoassimilates. In addition, some aphids vector important viral diseases of plants. Plant defenses targeting aphids are broadly classified as antibiosis, which interferes with aphid growth, survival and fecundity, and antixenosis, which influences aphid behavior, including plant choice and feeding from the sieve elements. Here we review the multitude of steps in the infestation process where these defenses can be exerted and highlight the progress made on identifying molecular factors and mechanisms that contribute to host defense, including plant resistance genes and signaling components, as well as aphid-derived effectors that elicit or attenuate host defenses. Also discussed is the impact of aphid-vectored plant viruses on plant-aphid interaction and the concept of tolerance, which allows plant to withstand or recover from damage resulting from the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Nalam
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 46805, USA.
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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Wu SW, Kumar R, Iswanto ABB, Kim JY. Callose balancing at plasmodesmata. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5325-5339. [PMID: 30165704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plants, communication and molecular exchanges between different cells and tissues are dependent on the apoplastic and symplastic pathways. Symplastic molecular exchanges take place through the plasmodesmata, which connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells in a highly controlled manner. Callose, a β-1,3-glucan polysaccharide, is a plasmodesmal marker molecule that is deposited in cell walls near the neck zone of plasmodesmata and controls their permeability. During cell differentiation and plant development, and in response to diverse stresses, the level of callose in plasmodesmata is highly regulated by two antagonistic enzymes, callose synthase or glucan synthase-like and β-1,3-glucanase. The diverse modes of regulation by callose synthase and β-1,3-glucanase have been uncovered in the past decades through biochemical, molecular, genetic, and omics methods. This review highlights recent findings regarding the function of plasmodesmal callose and the molecular players involved in callose metabolism, and provides new insight into the mechanisms maintaining plasmodesmal callose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Wu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science (CK1 program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Dotson BR, Soltan D, Schmidt J, Areskoug M, Rabe K, Swart C, Widell S, Rasmusson AG. The antibiotic peptaibol alamethicin from Trichoderma permeabilises Arabidopsis root apical meristem and epidermis but is antagonised by cellulase-induced resistance to alamethicin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:165. [PMID: 30097019 PMCID: PMC6086028 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma fungi live in the soil rhizosphere and are beneficial for plant growth and pathogen resistance. Several species and strains are currently used worldwide in co-cultivation with crops as a biocontrol alternative to chemical pesticides even though little is known about the exact mechanisms of the beneficial interaction. We earlier found alamethicin, a peptide antibiotic secreted by Trichoderma, to efficiently permeabilise cultured tobacco cells. However, pre-treatment with Trichoderma cellulase made the cells resistant to subsequent alamethicin, suggesting a potential mechanism for plant tolerance to Trichoderma, needed for mutualistic symbiosis. RESULTS We here investigated intact sterile-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings germinated in water or growth medium. These could be permeabilised by alamethicin but not if pretreated with cellulase. By following the fluorescence from the membrane-impermeable DNA-binding probe propidium iodide, we found alamethicin to mainly permeabilise root tips, especially the apical meristem and epidermis cells, but not the root cap and basal meristem cells nor cortex cells. Alamethicin permeabilisation and cellulase-induced resistance were confirmed by developing a quantitative in situ assay based on NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase accessibility. The combined assays also showed that hyperosmotic treatment after the cellulase pretreatment abolished the induced cellulase resistance. CONCLUSION We here conclude the presence of cell-specific alamethicin permeabilisation, and cellulase-induced resistance to it, in root tip apical meristem and epidermis of the model organism A. thaliana. We suggest that contact between the plasma membrane and the cell wall is needed for the resistance to remain. Our results indicate a potential mode for the plant to avoid negative effects of alamethicin on plant growth and localises the point of potential damage and response. The results also open up for identification of plant genetic components essential for beneficial effects from Trichoderma on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Dotson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dia Soltan
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524 Egypt
| | - John Schmidt
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: MariboHilleshög AB, Säbyholmsvägen 24, 261 91 Landskrona, Sweden
| | - Mariam Areskoug
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenny Rabe
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 120, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Corné Swart
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Present Address: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Susanne Widell
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Allan G. Rasmusson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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OXI1 kinase plays a key role in resistance of Arabidopsis towards aphids (Myzus persicae). Transgenic Res 2018; 27:355-366. [PMID: 29777502 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants have co-evolved with a diverse array of pathogens and insect herbivores and so have evolved an extensive repertoire of constitutive and induced defence mechanisms activated through complex signalling pathways. OXI1 kinase is required for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and is an essential part of the signal transduction pathway linking oxidative burst signals to diverse downstream responses. Furthermore, changes in the levels of OXI1 appear to be crucial for appropriate signalling. Callose deposition also plays a key role in defence. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that OXI1 plays an important role in defence against aphids. The Arabidopsis mutant, oxi1-2, showed significant resistance both in terms of population build-up (p < 0.001) and the rate of build-up (p < 0.001). Arabidopsis mutants for β-1,3-glucanase, gns2 and gns3, showed partial aphid resistance, significantly delaying developmental rate, taking two-fold longer to reach adulthood. Whilst β-1,3-glucanase genes GNS1, GNS2, GNS3 and GNS5 were not induced in oxi1-2 in response to aphid feeding, GNS2 was expressed to high levels in the corresponding WT (Col-0) in response to aphid feeding. Callose synthase GSL5 was up-regulated in oxi1-2 in response to aphids. The results suggest that resistance in oxi1-2 mutants is through induction of callose deposition via MAPKs resulting in ROS induction as an early response. Furthermore, the results suggest that the β-1,3-glucanase genes, especially GNS2, play an important role in host plant susceptibility to aphids. Better understanding of signalling cascades underpinning tolerance to biotic stress will help inform future breeding programmes for enhancing crop resilience.
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14
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Smertenko A, Hewitt SL, Jacques CN, Kacprzyk R, Liu Y, Marcec MJ, Moyo L, Ogden A, Oung HM, Schmidt S, Serrano-Romero EA. Phragmoplast microtubule dynamics - a game of zones. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.203331. [PMID: 29074579 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis relies on the accurate positioning of the partition (cell plate) between dividing cells during cytokinesis. The cell plate is synthetized by a specialized structure called the phragmoplast, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, membrane compartments and associated proteins. The phragmoplast forms between daughter nuclei during the transition from anaphase to telophase. As cells are commonly larger than the originally formed phragmoplast, the construction of the cell plate requires phragmoplast expansion. This expansion depends on microtubule polymerization at the phragmoplast forefront (leading zone) and loss at the back (lagging zone). Leading and lagging zones sandwich the 'transition' zone. A population of stable microtubules in the transition zone facilitates transport of building materials to the midzone where the cell plate assembly takes place. Whereas microtubules undergo dynamic instability in all zones, the overall balance appears to be shifted towards depolymerization in the lagging zone. Polymerization of microtubules behind the lagging zone has not been reported to date, suggesting that microtubule loss there is irreversible. In this Review, we discuss: (1) the regulation of microtubule dynamics in the phragmoplast zones during expansion; (2) mechanisms of the midzone establishment and initiation of cell plate biogenesis; and (3) signaling in the phragmoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA .,Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Seanna L Hewitt
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Caitlin N Jacques
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Rafal Kacprzyk
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Matthew J Marcec
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Lindani Moyo
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Aaron Ogden
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hui Min Oung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Sharol Schmidt
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Erika A Serrano-Romero
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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15
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Vincent TR, Avramova M, Canham J, Higgins P, Bilkey N, Mugford ST, Pitino M, Toyota M, Gilroy S, Miller AJ, Hogenhout SA, Sanders D. Interplay of Plasma Membrane and Vacuolar Ion Channels, Together with BAK1, Elicits Rapid Cytosolic Calcium Elevations in Arabidopsis during Aphid Feeding. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1460-1479. [PMID: 28559475 PMCID: PMC5502460 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A transient rise in cytosolic calcium ion concentration is one of the main signals used by plants in perception of their environment. The role of calcium in the detection of abiotic stress is well documented; however, its role during biotic interactions remains unclear. Here, we use a fluorescent calcium biosensor (GCaMP3) in combination with the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) as a tool to study Arabidopsis thaliana calcium dynamics in vivo and in real time during a live biotic interaction. We demonstrate rapid and highly localized plant calcium elevations around the feeding sites of M. persicae, and by monitoring aphid feeding behavior electrophysiologically, we demonstrate that these elevations correlate with aphid probing of epidermal and mesophyll cells. Furthermore, we dissect the molecular mechanisms involved, showing that interplay between the plant defense coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1), the plasma membrane ion channels GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE 3.3 and 3.6 (GLR3.3 and GLR3.6), and the vacuolar ion channel TWO-PORE CHANNEL1 (TPC1) mediate these calcium elevations. Consequently, we identify a link between plant perception of biotic threats by BAK1, cellular calcium entry mediated by GLRs, and intracellular calcium release by TPC1 during a biologically relevant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Vincent
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Marieta Avramova
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - James Canham
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Higgins
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Bilkey
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Sam T Mugford
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Pitino
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Sanders
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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16
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Boboshko OP, Panyuta OO, Artemenko OY, Emelyanov VI, Taran NY. Time-course of pathogen induced accumulation of callose as mechanical protective barrier in wheat seedlings. CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452717010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Fan D, Li Y, Zhao L, Li Z, Huang L, Yan X. Study on Interactions between the Major Apple Valsa Canker Pathogen Valsa mali and Its Biocontrol Agent Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 Using RT-qPCR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162174. [PMID: 27611855 PMCID: PMC5017705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of biocontrol agent Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 action against Valsa mali, a major apple Valsa canker pathogen, was examined using a novel, sensitive (minimum detection limit 100 pg/μL) and reliably RT-qPCR technique. Prior to lesion formation, total concentration of V. mali in the bark showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) after 24 h of Hhs.015 treatment. This was more pronounced at 48 and 96 h post treatment. After lesion formation, levels of V. mali remained constant at the boundary between infected and uninfected bark tissues, although the relative expansion rate of the lesion was significantly reduced (p<0.05). Gene expression levels of endo-polygalacturonase, a marker for fungal pathogenicity, were sharply reduced while host induced resistance callose synthase levels increased significantly (p<0.05) at the boundary bark at 9 d after Hhs.015 treatment. The results showed that biocontrol agent Hhs.015 prevented infection of V. mali by inhibiting pathogen growth, down-regulating pathogenicity factor expression and inducing a high level of host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (XY); (LH)
| | - Xia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (XY); (LH)
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18
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Zeilinger S, Gruber S, Bansal R, Mukherjee PK. Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma – Chemistry meets genomics. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Maksimov NM, Breigin MA, Ermakov IP. Regulation of ion transport across the pollen tube plasmalemma by hydrogen peroxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x16010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Shi X, Han X, Lu TG. Callose synthesis during reproductive development in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1062196. [PMID: 26451709 PMCID: PMC4883888 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1062196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Callose, a linear β-1,3-glucan molecule, plays important roles in a variety of processes in angiosperms, including development and the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Despite the importance of callose deposition, our understanding of the roles of callose in rice reproductive development and the regulation of callose biosynthesis is limited. GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE genes encode callose synthases (GSLs), which function in the production of callose at diverse sites in plants. Studies have shown that callose participated in plant reproductive development, and that the timely deposition and degradation of callose were essential for normal male gametophyte development. In this mini-review, we described conserved sequences found in GSL family proteins from monocotyledonous (Oryza sativa and Zea mays) and dicotyledonous (Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max) plants. We also describe the latest findings on callose biosynthesis and deposition during reproductive development and discuss future challenges in unraveling the mechanism of callose synthesis and deposition in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shi
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Gene Improvement; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Gene Improvement; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Tie-gang Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Gene Improvement; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
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21
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Krauser S, Hoffmann T, Heinzle E. Directed Multistep Biocatalysis for the Synthesis of the Polyketide Oxytetracycline in Permeabilized Cells of Escherichia coli. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501825u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Krauser
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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22
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Shi X, Sun X, Zhang Z, Feng D, Zhang Q, Han L, Wu J, Lu T. GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE 5 (GSL5) Plays an Essential Role in Male Fertility by Regulating Callose Metabolism During Microsporogenesis in Rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:497-509. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Class III peroxidases are heme-containing proteins of the secretory pathway with an extremely high number of isoenzymes, indicating the tremendous and important functions of this protein family. This chapter describes fractionation of the cell in subproteomes, their separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and visualization of peroxidase isoenzymes by heme and specific in-gel staining procedures. Soluble and membrane-bound peroxidases were separated by differential centrifugation. Aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning and discontinuous sucrose density gradient were applied to resolve peroxidase profiles of plasma membranes and tonoplast. Peroxidase isoenzymes of subproteomes were further separated by PAGE techniques such as native isoelectric focussing (IEF), high resolution clear native electrophoresis (hrCNE), and modified sodium dodecyl sulfate (modSDS)-PAGE. These techniques were used as stand-alone method or in combination for two-dimensional PAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Lüthje
- Biocentre Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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24
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Callose homeostasis at plasmodesmata: molecular regulators and developmental relevance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:138. [PMID: 24795733 PMCID: PMC4001042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined channels that are located in the plant cell wall and that physically interconnect the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of adjacent cells. Operating as controllable gates, plasmodesmata regulate the symplastic trafficking of micro- and macromolecules, such as endogenous proteins [transcription factors (TFs)] and RNA-based signals (mRNA, siRNA, etc.), hence mediating direct cell-to-cell communication and long distance signaling. Besides this physiological role, plasmodesmata also form gateways through which viral genomes can pass, largely facilitating the pernicious spread of viral infections. Plasmodesmatal trafficking is either passive (e.g., diffusion) or active and responses both to developmental and environmental stimuli. In general, plasmodesmatal conductivity is regulated by the controlled build-up of callose at the plasmodesmatal neck, largely mediated by the antagonistic action of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases. Here, in this theory and hypothesis paper, we outline the importance of callose metabolism in PD SEL control, and highlight the main molecular factors involved. In addition, we also review other proteins that regulate symplastic PD transport, both in a developmental and stress-responsive framework, and discuss on their putative role in the modulation of PD callose turn-over. Finally, we hypothesize on the role of structural sterols in the regulation of (PD) callose deposition and outline putative mechanisms by which this regulation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Geelen
- *Correspondence: Danny Geelen, Laboratory for In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:
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25
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Kredics L, Szekeres A, Czifra D, Vágvölgyi C, Leitgeb B. Recent results in alamethicin research. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:744-71. [PMID: 23681724 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged.
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26
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Parker J, Koh J, Yoo MJ, Zhu N, Feole M, Yi S, Chen S. Quantitative proteomics of tomato defense against Pseudomonas syringae infection. Proteomics 2013; 13:1934-46. [PMID: 23533086 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and microarray analyses have provided useful information in the area of plant and pathogen interactions. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) causes bacterial speck disease in tomato. Previous studies have shown that changes in response to pathogen infection at transcript level are variable at different time points. This study provides information not only on proteomic changes between a resistant and a susceptible genotype, but also information on changes between an early and a late time point. Using the iTRAQ quantitative proteomics approach, we have identified 2369 proteins in tomato leaves, and 477 of them were determined to be responsive to Pst inoculation. Unique and differential proteins after each comparison were further analyzed to provide information about protein changes and the potential functions they play in the pathogen response. This information is applicable not only to tomato proteomics, but also adds to the repertoire of proteins now available for crop proteomic analysis and how they change in response to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Parker
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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27
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Rizza S, Conesa A, Juarez J, Catara A, Navarro L, Duran-Vila N, Ancillo G. Microarray analysis of Etrog citron (Citrus medica L.) reveals changes in chloroplast, cell wall, peroxidase and symporter activities in response to viroid infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:852-64. [PMID: 22420919 PMCID: PMC6638686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are small (246-401 nucleotides), single-stranded, circular RNA molecules that infect several crop plants and can cause diseases of economic importance. Citrus are the hosts in which the largest number of viroids have been identified. Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), the causal agent of citrus exocortis disease, induces considerable losses in citrus crops. Changes in the gene expression profile during the early (pre-symptomatic) and late (post-symptomatic) stages of Etrog citron infected with CEVd were investigated using a citrus cDNA microarray. MaSigPro analysis was performed and, on the basis of gene expression profiles as a function of the time after infection, the differentially expressed genes were classified into five clusters. FatiScan analysis revealed significant enrichment of functional categories for each cluster, indicating that viroid infection triggers important changes in chloroplast, cell wall, peroxidase and symporter activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Rizza
- Department of Phytosanitary Sciences and Technologies-University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 102, 95123 Catania, Italy
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28
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Hong HTK, Nose A. Characteristics of external and internal NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in Hoya carnosa mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:655-64. [PMID: 22945465 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at characterizing NAD(P)H dehydrogenases on the inside and outside of the inner membrane of mitochondria of one phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-crassulacean acid metabolism plant, Hoya carnosa. In crassulacean acid metabolism plants, NADH is produced by malate decarboxylation inside and outside mitochondria. The relative importance of mitochondrial alternative NADH dehydrogenases and their association was determined in intact-and alamethicin-permeabilized mitochondria of H. carnosa to discriminate between internal and external activities. The major findings in H. carnosa mitochondria are: (i) external NADPH oxidation is totally inhibited by DPI and totally dependent on Ca(2+), (ii) external NADH oxidation is partially inhibited by DPI and mainly dependent on Ca(2+), (iii) total NADH oxidation measured in permeabilized mitochondria is partially inhibited by rotenone and also by DPI, (iv) total NADPH oxidation measured in permeabilized mitochondria is partially dependent on Ca(2+) and totally inhibited by DPI. The results suggest that complex I, external NAD(P)H dehydrogenases, and internal NAD(P)H dehydrogenases are all linked to the electron transport chain. Also, the total measurable NAD(P)H dehydrogenases activity was less than the total measurable complex I activity, and both of these enzymes could donate their electrons not only to the cytochrome pathway but also to the alternative pathway. The finding indicated that the H. carnosa mitochondrial electron transport chain is operating in a classical way, partitioning to both Complex I and alternative Alt. NAD(P)H dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Thi Kim Hong
- Biology Department, College of Science, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam.
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29
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Remmerie N, De Vijlder T, Laukens K, Dang TH, Lemière F, Mertens I, Valkenborg D, Blust R, Witters E. Next generation functional proteomics in non-model plants: A survey on techniques and applications for the analysis of protein complexes and post-translational modifications. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1192-218. [PMID: 21345472 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The congruent development of computational technology, bioinformatics and analytical instrumentation makes proteomics ready for the next leap. Present-day state of the art proteomics grew from a descriptive method towards a full stake holder in systems biology. High throughput and genome wide studies are now made at the functional level. These include quantitative aspects, functional aspects with respect to protein interactions as well as post translational modifications and advanced computational methods that aid in predicting protein function and mapping these functionalities across the species border. In this review an overview is given of the current status of these aspects in plant studies with special attention to non-genomic model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Remmerie
- Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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30
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Cai G. How do microtubules affect deposition of cell wall polysaccharides in the pollen tube? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:732-5. [PMID: 21455029 PMCID: PMC3172851 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.5.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Callose is the primary polysaccharide present in the so-called secondary layer of the pollen tube cell wall while the content of cellulose in such layer is usually lower. Despite its lower quantity, cellulose might be potentially able to establish the growth direction of pollen tubes. Microtubules have been shown to regulate the deposition of callose synthase in the distal regions of pollen tubes related to the synthesis of callose plugs. However, the interplay between microtubules and cellulose synthase in the pollen tube is unclear. Here, the hypothetical role of microtubules and microtubule-based motor proteins in controlling the insertion of cellulose synthase in relation with growth and directionality of pollen tubes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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31
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Cai G, Faleri C, Del Casino C, Emons AMC, Cresti M. Distribution of callose synthase, cellulose synthase, and sucrose synthase in tobacco pollen tube is controlled in dissimilar ways by actin filaments and microtubules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1169-90. [PMID: 21205616 PMCID: PMC3046577 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.171371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Callose and cellulose are fundamental components of the cell wall of pollen tubes and are probably synthesized by distinct enzymes, callose synthase and cellulose synthase, respectively. We examined the distribution of callose synthase and cellulose synthase in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes in relation to the dynamics of actin filaments, microtubules, and the endomembrane system using specific antibodies to highly conserved peptide sequences. The role of the cytoskeleton and membrane flow was investigated using specific inhibitors (latrunculin B, 2,3-butanedione monoxime, taxol, oryzalin, and brefeldin A). Both enzymes are associated with the plasma membrane, but cellulose synthase is present along the entire length of pollen tubes (with a higher concentration at the apex) while callose synthase is located in the apex and in distal regions. In longer pollen tubes, callose synthase accumulates consistently around callose plugs, indicating its involvement in plug synthesis. Actin filaments and endomembrane dynamics are critical for the distribution of callose synthase and cellulose synthase, showing that enzymes are transported through Golgi bodies and/or vesicles moving along actin filaments. Conversely, microtubules appear to be critical in the positioning of callose synthase in distal regions and around callose plugs. In contrast, cellulose synthases are only partially coaligned with cortical microtubules and unrelated to callose plugs. Callose synthase also comigrates with tubulin by Blue Native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Membrane sucrose synthase, which expectedly provides UDP-glucose to callose synthase and cellulose synthase, binds to actin filaments depending on sucrose concentration; its distribution is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton and the endomembrane system but not on microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali G. Sarfatti, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Rippa S, Eid M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Béven L. Hypersensitive-like response to the pore-former peptaibol alamethicin in Arabidopsis thaliana. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2042-9. [PMID: 20818637 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures, the peptaibol alamethicin induced a form of active cell death that was associated with cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation. The transfer of mature A. thaliana plants from a peptide-free medium to a medium containing a moderate concentration of alamethicin caused the development of lesions in leaves after a few days. These lesions were characterized by cell death, deposition of callose, production of autofluorescent phenolic compounds, and transcription of defense genes, just like in the hypersensitive response to a pathogen attack. The induction of defense-like responses in Arabidopsis by other membrane-disrupting peptides was also evaluated. The peptides selected for comparison included the natural antimicrobial melittin and the peptaibol ampullosporin A, as well as synthetic analogues of the peptaibols cervinin and trichogin. The response amplitude in A. thaliana increased with the peptaibol's ability to permeabilize biological membranes through a pore-forming mechanism and was strongly associated with their content in the helicogenic α-aminoisobutyric acid residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rippa
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 6022 Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Compiègne Cedex, France
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Aidemark M, Tjellström H, Sandelius AS, Stålbrand H, Andreasson E, Rasmusson AG, Widell S. Trichoderma viride cellulase induces resistance to the antibiotic pore-forming peptide alamethicin associated with changes in the plasma membrane lipid composition of tobacco BY-2 cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:274. [PMID: 21156059 PMCID: PMC3017840 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alamethicin is a membrane-active peptide isolated from the beneficial root-colonising fungus Trichoderma viride. This peptide can insert into membranes to form voltage-dependent pores. We have previously shown that alamethicin efficiently permeabilises the plasma membrane, mitochondria and plastids of cultured plant cells. In the present investigation, tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bright Yellow-2) were pre-treated with elicitors of defence responses to study whether this would affect permeabilisation. RESULTS Oxygen consumption experiments showed that added cellulase, already upon a limited cell wall digestion, induced a cellular resistance to alamethicin permeabilisation. This effect could not be elicited by xylanase or bacterial elicitors such as flg22 or elf18. The induction of alamethicin resistance was independent of novel protein synthesis. Also, the permeabilisation was unaffected by the membrane-depolarising agent FCCP. As judged by lipid analyses, isolated plasma membranes from cellulase-pretreated tobacco cells contained less negatively charged phospholipids (PS and PI), yet higher ratios of membrane lipid fatty acid to sterol and to protein, as compared to control membranes. CONCLUSION We suggest that altered membrane lipid composition as induced by cellulase activity may render the cells resistant to alamethicin. This induced resistance could reflect a natural process where the plant cells alter their sensitivity to membrane pore-forming agents secreted by Trichoderma spp. to attack other microorganisms, and thus adding to the beneficial effect that Trichoderma has for plant root growth. Furthermore, our data extends previous reports on artificial membranes on the importance of lipid packing and charge for alamethicin permeabilisation to in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aidemark
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-223 62 LUND, Sweden
| | - Henrik Tjellström
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stina Sandelius
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Department of Biochemistry, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, P.O. Box 102, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Allan G Rasmusson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-223 62 LUND, Sweden
| | - Susanne Widell
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, SE-223 62 LUND, Sweden
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Li F, Zhang X, Yao Y, Sun X, Liu L. Whole fruit staining with aniline blue at harvest is associated with superficial pathogenesis of “Fuji” apples after storage. Biotech Histochem 2010; 86:394-403. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2010.516685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Li
- School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong Province
| | - X Zhang
- School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong Province
| | - Y Yao
- School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Shandong Province
| | - X Sun
- Rohm and Haas China Inc., Beijing
| | - L Liu
- Canzhuang Fruit Technology Service, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Province, PR China
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Musetti R, Paolacci A, Ciaffi M, Tanzarella OA, Polizzotto R, Tubaro F, Mizzau M, Ermacora P, Badiani M, Osler R. Phloem cytochemical modification and gene expression following the recovery of apple plants from apple proliferation disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 100:390-9. [PMID: 20205543 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-100-4-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of apple trees from apple proliferation was studied by combining ultrastructural, cytochemical, and gene expression analyses to possibly reveal changes linked to recovery-associated resistance. When compared with either healthy or visibly diseased plants, recovered apple trees showed abnormal callose and phloem-protein accumulation in their leaf phloem. Although cytochemical localization detected Ca(2+) ions in the phloem of all the three plant groups, Ca(2+) concentration was remarkably higher in the phloem cytosol of recovered trees. The expression patterns of five genes encoding callose synthase and of four genes encoding phloem proteins were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In comparison to both healthy and diseased plants, four of the above nine genes were remarkably up-regulated in recovered trees. As in infected apple trees, phytoplasma disappear from the crown during winter, but persist in the roots, and it is suggested that callose synthesis/deposition and phloem-protein plugging of the sieve tubes would form physical barriers preventing the recolonization of the crown during the following spring. Since callose deposition and phloem-protein aggregation are both Ca(2+)-dependent processes, the present results suggest that an inward flux of Ca(2+) across the phloem plasma membrane could act as a signal for activating defense reactions leading to recovery in phytoplasma-infected apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Musetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Protezione delle Piante, Universita di Udine, Udine, Italy.
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