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Kapustova L, Banovcin P, Bobcakova A, Jurkova Malicherova E, Kapustova D, Petrovicova O, Slenker B, Markocsy A, Oleksak F, Vorcakova K, Jesenak M. The use of ketotifen as long-term anti-inflammatory prophylaxis in children with PFAPA syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1302875. [PMID: 38143757 PMCID: PMC10748580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1302875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis syndrome (PFAPA) is the most frequent periodic fever syndrome in children. Its pathogenesis is still unknown, but some disease-modifying factors were observed. Several medications were tested for the long-term prophylaxis of inflammatory flares; however, none are standardly used. Methods This prospective clinical trial enrolled 142 children (71 girls, 50%) meeting diagnostic criteria for PFAPA syndrome. We analysed selected clinical characteristics and compared laboratory parameters during the flare and attack-free period (at least two weeks after the attack). Moreover, we assessed the possible therapeutic effect of ketotifen on the duration of attack free-periods and clinical picture. Results The mean age of patients was 6.81 ± 3.03 years and the mean age of onset of symptoms was 2.31 ± 2.02 years. No significant differences were observed between genders.We recorded a positive family history for PFAPA in 31.69% of patients. Attacks lasted for 2.8 ± 1.2 days, with intervals between attacks of 4 ± 1 weeks. We administered ketotifen in 111 (77.8%) patients, and a positive effect was observed in 86 (77.5%) of patients. We observed prolonged attack-free intervals in patients treated with ketotifen (14.7 ± 8.9 days in comparison with 4.4 ± 1.9 days before the treatment; p<0.001). The used dose of ketotifen was 0.08 ± 0.01 mg/kg/day. Mild side effects were observed in four patients (restlessness, irritability, agitation and constipation). Discussion Our data supports the use of ketotifen for long-term prophylaxis in children with PFAPA syndrome with positive effects on the attenuation of disease activity and the prolongation of attack-free periods. Further well-designed studies should confirm the preliminary data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kapustova
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Peter Banovcin
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Anna Bobcakova
- Department of Pneumology and Phthisiology, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Jurkova Malicherova
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Kapustova
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Otilia Petrovicova
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Slenker
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Adam Markocsy
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Filip Oleksak
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Karolina Vorcakova
- Clinic of Dermatovenerology, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
- Department of Pneumology and Phthisiology, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovakia
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2
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Fortea M, Albert-Bayo M, Abril-Gil M, Ganda Mall JP, Serra-Ruiz X, Henao-Paez A, Expósito E, González-Castro AM, Guagnozzi D, Lobo B, Alonso-Cotoner C, Santos J. Present and Future Therapeutic Approaches to Barrier Dysfunction. Front Nutr 2021; 8:718093. [PMID: 34778332 PMCID: PMC8582318 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.718093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is converging and increasing evidence, but also uncertainty, for the role of abnormal intestinal epithelial barrier function in the origin and development of a growing number of human gastrointestinal and extraintestinal inflammatory disorders, and their related complaints. Despite a vast literature addressing factors and mechanisms underlying changes in intestinal permeability in humans, and its connection to the appearance and severity of clinical symptoms, the ultimate link remains to be established in many cases. Accordingly, there are no directives or clinical guidelines related to the therapeutic management of intestinal permeability disorders that allow health professionals involved in the management of these patients to carry out a consensus treatment based on clinical evidence. Instead, there are multiple pseudoscientific approaches and commercial propaganda scattered on the internet that confuse those affected and health professionals and that often lack scientific rigor. Therefore, in this review we aim to shed light on the different therapeutic options, which include, among others, dietary management, nutraceuticals and medical devices, microbiota and drugs, and epigenetic and exosomes-manipulation, through an objective evaluation of the scientific publications in this field. Advances in the knowledge and management of intestinal permeability will sure enable better options of dealing with this group of common disorders to enhance quality of life of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fortea
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience, Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mercé Albert-Bayo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John-Peter Ganda Mall
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Serra-Ruiz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Henao-Paez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elba Expósito
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María González-Castro
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danila Guagnozzi
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Zhao YH, Zhang SW, Zhao HJ, Qin HY, Wu F, Zhang J, Zhang YQ, Liu XL, Liang S, Zhang H, Wu JD, Zhao ZY, Wang HZ, Shao M, Liu J, Dong JT, Zhang WJ. Gadolinium chloride pre-treatment reduces the inflammatory response and preserves intestinal barrier function in a rat model of sepsis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1143. [PMID: 34504589 PMCID: PMC8393272 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response is closely associated with sepsis occurrence and progression. Damage to the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier is considered to be the ῾initiation factor᾿ for the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, which is the most severe progression of sepsis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) could alleviate the systemic inflammatory response and protect the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier in a rat model of sepsis. The mechanism underlying this protective effect was also explored. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Sham, sham + GdCl3, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; a model of sepsis) and CLP + GdCl3. In each group, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta, and intestinal tissue was collected after 6, 12 and 24 h of successful modeling. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β were determined using ELISA. Western blot analysis was used to determine levels of occludin, tight junction protein ZO-1 (ZO-1), myosin light chain kinase 3 (MLCK), NF-κB and caspase-3 in intestinal tissues. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the degree of damage to intestinal tissue. The results indicated that in CLP sepsis model rats treated with GdCl3, the release of systemic and intestinal pro-inflammatory factors was reduced and tissue damage was alleviated when compared with untreated CLP rats. Additionally, the expression of occludin and ZO-1 was increased, while that of NF-κB, MLCK, and caspase-3 was reduced in the CLP + GdCl3 rats compared with the CLP rats. GdCl3 may alleviate systemic and intestinal inflammatory responses and reduce the expression of MLCK through inhibition of the activation of NF-kB. The results of the present study also indicated that GdCl3 promoted the expression of occludin and ZO-1. GdCl3 was also demonstrated to reduce cell apoptosis through the inhibition of caspase-3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Heng Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Shun Wen Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Hai Jun Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yuan Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ling Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Su Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Dong Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Meng Shao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Tao Dong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Wan Jiang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
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Parrella E, Porrini V, Benarese M, Pizzi M. The Role of Mast Cells in Stroke. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050437. [PMID: 31083342 PMCID: PMC6562540 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are densely granulated perivascular resident cells of hematopoietic origin. Through the release of preformed mediators stored in their granules and newly synthesized molecules, they are able to initiate, modulate, and prolong the immune response upon activation. Their presence in the central nervous system (CNS) has been documented for more than a century. Over the years, MCs have been associated with various neuroinflammatory conditions of CNS, including stroke. They can exacerbate CNS damage in models of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke by amplifying the inflammatory responses and promoting brain–blood barrier disruption, brain edema, extravasation, and hemorrhage. Here, we review the role of these peculiar cells in the pathophysiology of stroke, in both immature and adult brain. Further, we discuss the role of MCs as potential targets for the treatment of stroke and the compounds potentially active as MCs modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Parrella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Benarese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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5
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Li J, Xiang X, Xu Z. Cilostazol protects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury by activating transcription factor EB (TFEB). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:555-563. [PMID: 30994947 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although cilostazol was proved to have antitumor biological effects, its function in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms were not fully illustrated yet. In this study, a rat model of I/R injury was constructed and quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence (IF) assay were performed. Our results showed that cilostazol increased LC3 II/LC3 I ratio, reduced p62 abundance, and promoted the expressions of LAMP1, LAMP2, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D, indicating that cilostazol could activate autophagy and elevated lysosome activation. Following analysis showed that cilostazol enhanced nuclear protein expression of transcription factor EB (TFEB), an important regulator of autophagy-lysosome pathway. Furthermore, CCI-779, an inhibitor of TFEB, could reverse the effects of cilostazol on autophagic activity and lysosome activation. Importantly, cilostazol suppressed I/R injury-induced apoptosis by decreasing the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that cilostazol reduced the serum levels of CTn1 and CK-MB and decreased infract size caused by I/R injuries. Altogether this study suggested that cilostazol protects against I/R injury by regulating autophagy, lysosome, and apoptosis in a rat model of I/R injury. The protective mechanism of cilostazol was partially through increasing the transcriptional activity of TFEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Ocak U, Ocak PE, Wang A, Zhang JH, Boling W, Wu P, Mo J, Zhang T, Huang L. Targeting mast cell as a neuroprotective strategy. Brain Inj 2018; 33:723-733. [PMID: 30554528 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1556807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Mast cells (MCs) are perivascularly located immune cells of haematopoietic origin. Emerging evidences suggest that the activation of MCs play important roles in the pathogenesis of blood brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Objectives: In this review, we aimed to discuss the detrimental effects of MCs in response to various types of brain injury, as well as the therapeutic potential and neuroprotective effects of targeting the activation and degranulation of MCs, particularly in the management of the acute phase. Methods: An extensive online literature search was conducted through Pubmed/Central on March 2018. Then, we comprehensively summarized the effects of the activation of brain MCs in acute brain injury along with current pharmacological strategies targeting at the activation of MCs. Results: The review of the current literature indicated that the activation and degranulation of brain MCs significantly contribute to the acute pathological process following different types of brain injury including focal and global cerebral ischaemia, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. Conclusions: Brain MCs significantly contribute to the acute pathological processes following brain injury. In that regard, targeting brain MCs may provide a novel strategy for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Ocak
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Pinar Eser Ocak
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Annie Wang
- b Department of Anesthesiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - John H Zhang
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,b Department of Anesthesiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,c Department of Neurosurgery , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Warren Boling
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Pei Wu
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,d Department of Neurosurgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Jun Mo
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,e Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital , School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Yiwu , Zhejiang , China
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,d Department of Neurosurgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Lei Huang
- a Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.,c Department of Neurosurgery , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
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Ngo Nyekel F, Pacreau E, Benadda S, Msallam R, Åbrink M, Pejler G, Davoust J, Benhamou M, Charles N, Launay P, Blank U, Gautier G. Mast Cell Degranulation Exacerbates Skin Rejection by Enhancing Neutrophil Recruitment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2690. [PMID: 30515167 PMCID: PMC6255985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences indicate an important role of tissue inflammatory responses by innate immune cells in allograft acceptance and survival. Here we investigated the role of mast cells (MC) in an acute male to female skin allograft rejection model using red MC and basophil (RMB) mice enabling conditional MC depletion. Kinetic analysis showed that MCs markedly accelerate skin rejection. They induced an early inflammatory response through degranulation and boosted local synthesis of KC, MIP-2, and TNF. This enhanced early neutrophil infiltration compared to a female-female graft-associated repair response. The uncontrolled neutrophil influx accelerated rejection as antibody-mediated depletion of neutrophils delayed skin rejection. Administration of cromolyn, a MC stabilizer and to a lesser extent ketotifen, a histamine type I receptor antagonist, and absence of MCPT4 chymase also delayed graft rejection. Together our data indicate that mediators contained in secretory granules of MC promote an inflammatory response with enhanced neutrophil infiltration that accelerate graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Ngo Nyekel
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Pacreau
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Samira Benadda
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Rasha Msallam
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean Davoust
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Gregory Gautier
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
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8
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Sinniah A, Yazid S, Flower RJ. The Anti-allergic Cromones: Past, Present, and Future. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:827. [PMID: 29184504 PMCID: PMC5694476 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-allergic cromones were originally synthesized in the 1960s by Fisons Plc, and the first drug to emerge from this program, disodium cromoglycate was subsequently marketed for the treatment of asthma and other allergic conditions. Whilst early studies demonstrated that the ability of the cromones to prevent allergic reactions was due to their 'mast cell stabilizing' properties, the exact pharmacological mechanism by which this occurred, remained a mystery. Here, we briefly review the history of these drugs, recount some aspects of their pharmacology, and discuss two new explanations for their unique actions. We further suggest how these findings could be used to predict further uses for the cromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajantha Sinniah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samia Yazid
- Trio Medicines Ltd., Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick J Flower
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, St Barts and the Royal London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Efficacy of antihistamines on mortality in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: an observational study using propensity score matching. Heart Vessels 2017; 32:1195-1201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-0989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Granger DN, Holm L, Kvietys P. The Gastrointestinal Circulation: Physiology and Pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:1541-83. [PMID: 26140727 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) circulation receives a large fraction of cardiac output and this increases following ingestion of a meal. While blood flow regulation is not the intense phenomenon noted in other vascular beds, the combined responses of blood flow, and capillary oxygen exchange help ensure a level of tissue oxygenation that is commensurate with organ metabolism and function. This is evidenced in the vascular responses of the stomach to increased acid production and in intestine during periods of enhanced nutrient absorption. Complimenting the metabolic vasoregulation is a strong myogenic response that contributes to basal vascular tone and to the responses elicited by changes in intravascular pressure. The GI circulation also contributes to a mucosal defense mechanism that protects against excessive damage to the epithelial lining following ingestion of toxins and/or noxious agents. Profound reductions in GI blood flow are evidenced in certain physiological (strenuous exercise) and pathological (hemorrhage) conditions, while some disease states (e.g., chronic portal hypertension) are associated with a hyperdynamic circulation. The sacrificial nature of GI blood flow is essential for ensuring adequate perfusion of vital organs during periods of whole body stress. The restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) to GI organs following ischemia elicits an exaggerated tissue injury response that reflects the potential of this organ system to generate reactive oxygen species and to mount an inflammatory response. Human and animal studies of inflammatory bowel disease have also revealed a contribution of the vasculature to the initiation and perpetuation of the tissue inflammation and associated injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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El-Shitany NA, El-Desoky K. Cromoglycate, not ketotifen, ameliorated the injured effect of warm ischemia/reperfusion in rat liver: role of mast cell degranulation, oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokine, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:5237-46. [PMID: 26396497 PMCID: PMC4577270 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s88337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (ISCH/REP) is a major clinical problem that is considered to be the most common cause of postoperative liver failure. Recently, mast cells have been proposed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of ISCH/REP in many organs. In contrast, the role played by mast cells during ISCH/REP-induced liver damage has remained an issue of debate. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of mast cells in order to search for an effective therapeutic agent that could protect against fatal ISCH/REP-induced liver damage. A model of warm ISCH/REP was induced in the liver of rats. Four groups of rats were used in this study: Group I: SHAM (normal saline, intravenously [iv]); Group II: ISCH/REP; Group III: sodium cromoglycate + ISCH/REP (CROM + ISCH/REP), and Group IV: ketotifen (KET) + ISCH/REP (KET + ISCH/REP). Liver damage was assessed both histopathologically and biochemically. Mast cell degranulation was assessed histochemically. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]) as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the formation of nitric oxide (NO), and the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were determined. The results of this study revealed increased mast cell degranulation in the liver during the acute phase of ISCH/REP. Moreover, CROM, but not KET, decreased the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactic dehydrogenase and maintained normal liver tissue histology. Both CROM and KET protected against mast cell degranulation in the liver. In addition, both CROM and KET decreased IL-6 and TNF-α. However, CROM, but not KET, decreased MDA formation and increased GSH. Furthermore, KET, but not CROM, increased both NO formation and iNOS expression. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated mast cell degranulation in warm ISCH/REP in the liver of rats. More importantly, CROM, but not KET, ameliorated the effect of ISCH/REP-induced injury in rat liver. CROM may protect the liver through mast cell stabilization, inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, and iNOS and increased GSH. KET may maintain ISCH/REP-induced liver injury through the NO/iNOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagla A El-Shitany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Karema El-Desoky
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Propofol Attenuates Small Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury through Inhibiting NADPH Oxidase Mediated Mast Cell Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:167014. [PMID: 26246867 PMCID: PMC4515292 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both oxidative stress and mast cell (MC) degranulation participate in the process of small intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IIR) injury, and oxidative stress induces MC degranulation. Propofol, an anesthetic with antioxidant property, can attenuate IIR injury. We postulated that propofol can protect against IIR injury by inhibiting oxidative stress subsequent from NADPH oxidase mediated MC activation. Cultured RBL-2H3 cells were pretreated with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or propofol and subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation without or with MC degranulator compound 48/80 (CP). H2O2 significantly increased cells degranulation, which was abolished by NAC or propofol. MC degranulation by CP further aggravated H2O2 induced cell degranulation of small intestinal epithelial cell, IEC-6 cells, stimulated by tryptase. Rats subjected to IIR showed significant increases in cellular injury and elevations of NADPH oxidase subunits p47(phox) and gp91(phox) protein expression, increases of the specific lipid peroxidation product 15-F2t-Isoprostane and interleukin-6, and reductions in superoxide dismutase activity with concomitant enhancements in tryptase and β-hexosaminidase. MC degranulation by CP further aggravated IIR injury. And all these changes were attenuated by NAC or propofol pretreatment, which also abrogated CP-mediated exacerbation of IIR injury. It is concluded that pretreatment of propofol confers protection against IIR injury by suppressing NADPH oxidase mediated MC activation.
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Yang M, Ma Y, Ding J, Rao L, Li J. Preconditioning donor livers with cromolyn or compound 48/80 prolongs recipient survival in a rat orthotopic liver transplantation model. Transplant Proc 2015; 46:1554-9. [PMID: 24935329 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute rejection (AR) remains a challenge in organ transplantation. Preconditioning donor organs can reduce AR and prolong survival. Whether preconditioning with cromolyn (CRM), a mast cell (MC) stabilizer, or compound 48/80 (CMP 48/80), a MC degranulator, can alleviate AR and prolong survival has not been studied. METHODS We used the male-DA-to-female-Lewis-rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model. Donors were preconditioned with CRM in a MC stabilizing way (CRM group) or CMP 48/80 in a MC depleting way (CMP 48/80 group). Rats preconditioned with phosphate-buffered saline were used as controls (PBS group). After preconditioning, OLT surgeries were carried out. OLT male-Lewis-to-female-Lewis-rats were used as the syngeneic group (syngeneic group). RESULTS Rats in the PBS group developed AR rapidly and died at 7.40 ± 1.14 days. Rats in the CRM and CMP 48/80 groups had significantly slower rejections and died at day 17.40 ± 1.67 or 14.20 ± 2.28, respectively (P < .05). Rats in the syngeneic group survived more than 60 days. Rejection activity indexes (RAIs) and liver functions were all alleviated through CRM or CMP 48/80 preconditioning. Interferon-γ messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions were reduced and interleukin-10 mRNA levels were higher in allografts in the CRM and CMP 48/80 groups, compared with the PBS group. These were confirmed by testing serum interferon-γ and interlerkin-10. CONCLUSION Preconditioning donor livers with CRM or CMP 48/80 can reduce AR and prolong survival of recipients after OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L Rao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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The role of mast cells in ischemia and reperfusion injury. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:899-905. [PMID: 25108401 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury is a challenging clinical problem that is triggered by ischemia in an organ followed by subsequent restoration of the blood supply. The effects of mast cell (MC) in IR injury are not totally clear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We review the body of literature on the role of MCs in IR injury based on an unrestricted Pubmed search for the descriptors "mast cell", "ischemia" and "reperfusion injury", as well as discuss implications for treatment and future directions. RESULTS Shortly after IR, chemicals released by MC can trigger vasoactive substance formation, tissue leakage, upregulation of adhesive molecules followed by leukocyte recruitment and infiltration, and pronecrotic pathway activation, among other physiologic changes. In the long term, MCs may influence tissue remodeling and repair as well as blood restoration after IR. Consistent with these findings, methods and drugs that target MCs have been shown to attenuate IR injury. CONCLUSION It has been demonstrated that MCs play a role in IR injury, but the mechanisms are complex and need to be further studied.
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Zhao W, Zhou S, Yao W, Gan X, Su G, Yuan D, Hei Z. Propofol prevents lung injury after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion by inhibiting the interaction between mast cell activation and oxidative stress. Life Sci 2014; 108:80-7. [PMID: 24878149 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Both mast cells and oxidative stress are involved in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR). The aim of this study was to investigate whether propofol could improve IIR-induced ALI through inhibiting their interaction. MAIN METHODS Repetitive, brief IIR or IIR+compound 48/80 was performed in adult Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with saline, apocynin or propofol. And their lungs were excised for histology, ELISA and protein-expression measurements 2h after reperfusion. KEY FINDINGS Rats pretreated with saline developed critical ALI 2h after IIR. We found significant elevations in lung injury scores, lung wet/dry ratio and gp91phox, p47phox, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 protein expressions and higher level of malondialdehyde, interleukin-6 contents, and myeloperoxidase activities, as well as significant reductions in superoxide dismutase activities, accompanied with increases in mast cell degranulation evidenced by significant increases in mast cell counts, β-hexosaminidase concentrations, and tryptase expression. And the lung injury was aggravated in the presence of compound 48/80. However, pretreated with propofol and apocynin not only ameliorated the IIR-mediated pulmonary changes beyond the biochemical changes but also reversed the changes that were aggravated by compound 48/80. SIGNIFICANCE Propofol protects against IIR-mediated ALI, most likely by inhibiting the interaction between oxidative stress and mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 North of Rinlan Road, Foshan 528000, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiaoliang Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South of Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Guangjie Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ziqing Hei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Pivotal role of mast cell carboxypeptidase A in mediating protection against small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats after ischemic preconditioning. J Surg Res 2014; 192:177-86. [PMID: 24953986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Mast cell (MC) degranulation contributes to the protection mediated by ischemic preconditioning (IPC); however, the precise mechanisms underlying this protection remain largely unknown. Mast cell carboxypeptidase A (MC-CPA) is released solely from MCs and plays a critical role in degrading toxins and endothelin 1 (ET-1). The present study sought to explore whether MC-CPA is involved in the process of IPC in a rodent model of small intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IIR) injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS IIR injuries were induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 2 h. One cycle of 10 min intestinal ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion was used in the IPC group, and the MC stabilizer cromolyn sodium and MC potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor were administered before the start of IPC. At the end of experiment, intestine tissue was obtained for assays of the MC-CPA3, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and ET-1 contents and myeloperoxidase activities. Intestinal histologic injury scores and MC degranulation were assessed. Apoptosis indices and cleaved caspase- 3 protein expressions were quantified. RESULTS IIR resulted in severe injury, as evidenced by significant increases in injury scores and MC-CPA3, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and ET-1 contents that were accompanied with concomitant elevations in cleaved caspase 3 expression, apoptosis indices, and myeloperoxidase activities. IPC induced a significant increase in MC-CPA3, induced MC degranulation, and attenuated IIR injury by downregulating IIR-induced biochemical changes, whereas cromolyn sodium and potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor abolished the IPC-mediated changes. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that IPC protected against IIR injury via the MC degranulation-mediated release of MC-CPA.
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Zhao W, Gan X, Su G, Wanling G, Li S, Hei Z, Yang C, Wang H. The interaction between oxidative stress and mast cell activation plays a role in acute lung injuries induced by intestinal ischemia–reperfusion. J Surg Res 2014; 187:542-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The mechanism of sevoflurane preconditioning-induced protections against small intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury is independent of mast cell in rats. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:378703. [PMID: 24369442 PMCID: PMC3867927 DOI: 10.1155/2013/378703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate whether sevoflurane preconditioning can protect against small intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IIR) injury and to explore whether mast cell (MC) is involved in the protections provided by sevoflurane preconditioning. Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to sevoflurane or treated with MC stabilizer cromolyn sodium (CS) were subjected to 75-minute superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 2-hour reperfusion in the presence or absence of MC degranulator compound 48/80 (CP). Small intestinal ischemia reperfusion resulted in severe intestinal injury as demonstrated by significant elevations in intestinal injury scores and p47phox and gp91phox, ICAM-1 protein expressions and malondialdehyde and IL-6 contents, and MPO activities as well as significant reductions in SOD activities, accompanied with concomitant increases in mast cell degranulation evidenced by significant increases in MC counts, tryptase expression, and β-hexosaminidase concentrations, and those alterations were further upregulated in the presence of CP. Sevoflurane preconditioning dramatically attenuated the previous IIR-induced alterations except MC counts, tryptase, and β-hexosaminidase which were significantly reduced by CS treatment. Furthermore, CP exacerbated IIR injury was abrogated by CS but not by sevoflurane preconditioning. The data collectively indicate that sevoflurane preconditioning confers protections against IIR injury, and MC is not involved in the protective process.
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Zhang W, Xing J, Liu D, Gan X, Gao W, Hei Z. Dexamethasone pretreatment alleviates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2013; 185:851-60. [PMID: 24054494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated mast cells are involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-related injury. Dexamethasone has been widely used to protect organs from I/R injury. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of treatment with dexamethasone at different stages of the II/R process on mast cell infiltration and activity and intestinal injury. METHODS Kunming mice were randomized and subjected to a sham surgery or the II/R induction by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min and then reperfusion. During the II/R induction, the mice were treated intravenously with dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) for 30 min before ischemia (pretreatment group), at 5 min after clamping the superior mesenteric artery (isc-treatment group), or at the beginning of perfusion (rep-treatment group), respectively. The levels of intestinal injury, mast cell infiltration and activity, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the intestines, and mouse survival rates were measured. RESULTS The death rates, levels of intestinal injury, mast cell infiltration and activity, and tumor necrosis factor α and myeloperoxidase activity in the intestinal tissues from the II/R group were similar to those from the isc-treatment and rep-treatment groups of mice and were significantly higher than those from the sham group. In contrast, pretreatment with dexamethasone significantly mitigated the II/R-induced mast cell infiltration and activity, inflammation, and intestinal injury and reduced the death rates in mice. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with dexamethasone inhibits II/R injury by reducing mast cell-related inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang A, Chi X, Luo G, Hei Z, Xia H, Luo C, Wang Y, Mao X, Xia Z. Mast cell stabilization alleviates acute lung injury after orthotopic autologous liver transplantation in rats by downregulating inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75262. [PMID: 24116032 PMCID: PMC3792971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the most severe complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Amplified inflammatory response after transplantation contributes to the process of ALI, but the mechanism underlying inflammation activation is not completely understood. We have demonstrated that mast cell stabilization attenuated inflammation and ALI in a rodent intestine ischemia/reperfusion model. We hypothesized that upregulation of inflammation triggered by mast cell activation may be involve in ALI after liver transplantation. Methods Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats received orthotopic autologous liver transplantation (OALT) and were executed 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after OALT. The rats were pretreated with the mast cell stabilizers cromolyn sodium or ketotifen 15 min before OALT and executed 8 h after OALT. Lung tissues and arterial blood were collected to evaluate lung injury. β-hexosaminidase and mast cell tryptase levels were assessed to determine the activation of mast cells. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in serum and lung tissue were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 translocation was assessed by Western blot. Results The rats that underwent OALT exhibited severe pulmonary damage with a high wet-to-dry ratio, low partial pressure of oxygen, and low precursor surfactant protein C levels, which corresponded to the significant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, β-hexosaminidase, and tryptase levels in serum and lung tissues. The severity of ALI progressed and maximized 8 h after OALT. Mast cell stabilization significantly inhibited the activation of mast cells, downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and translocation of NF-κB, and attenuated OALT-induced ALI. Conclusions Mast cell activation amplified inflammation and played an important role in the process of post-OALT related ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjin Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangjian Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqing Hei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hua Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenfang Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Yang MQ, Ma YY, Tao SF, Ding J, Rao LH, Jiang H, Li JY. Mast cell degranulation promotes ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver. J Surg Res 2013; 186:170-8. [PMID: 24139633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) play a role in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in many organs. However, a recent study found that MCs are not involved in I/R injury in isolated rat livers that were perfused only for 1 h. The purpose of this study is to reevaluate the role of MCs in hepatic I/R injury in rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS A warm hepatic I/R injury model of 1 h ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion was used. MC modulation was induced via cromolyn injection or a method called MC depletion using compound 48/80. The effects of MC modulation were evaluated by toluidine blue staining and assessment of mast cell tryptase in sera. The role of MCs in I/R injury was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining graded by Suzuki criteria, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in sera, and malondialdehyde levels in liver homogenates. RESULTS First, MC degranulation peaked after 2 h of reperfusion and liver damage peaked after approximately 6 h of reperfusion. Second, a method called MC depletion previously used in the skin with repeated injections of compound 48/80 worked similarly in the hepatic setting. Third, stabilization of MCs with cromolyn or depletion of MCs with compound 48/80 each decreased hepatic I/R injury. The most noticeable effects of cromolyn and compound 48/80 treatment were observed after approximately 6 h of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS MC degranulation promotes hepatic I/R injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-qing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Gan X, Liu D, Ge M, Luo C, Gao W, Hei Z. Treatment of mice with cromolyn sodium after reperfusion, but not prior to ischemia, attenuates small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:928-34. [PMID: 23864254 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilizing mast cells (MCs) can either inhibit or augment inflammation; however, how improved therapeutic benefits against small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IIRI) can be achieved by stabilizing MCs remains to be elucidated. The present study was designed to evaluate different treatments with cromolyn sodium (CS, an MC stabilizer), which was administrated either prior to ischemia or after reperfusion. Kunming mice were randomized into a sham-operated group (SH), a sole IIR group (M), in which mice were subjected to 30 min superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 3 day or 3 h reperfusion, or IIR, treated with CS 15 min prior to ischemia or 15 min after reperfusion in the PreCr and PostCr groups. The survival rate and Chiu's scores were evaluated. The levels of ET-1, histamine, TNF-α and IL-6, and expression of MC protease 7 (MCP7), MC counts and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were quantified. IIR resulted in severe injury as demonstrated by significant increases in mortality and injury score. IIR also led to substantial elevations in the levels of ET-1, histamine, TNF-α and IL-6, expression of MCP7, MC counts and MPO activities (P<0.05, M vs. SH groups). All biochemical changes were markedly reduced in the PostCr group (P<0.05, PostCr vs. M groups), whereas pretreatment of IIR mice with CS prior to ischemia exhibited no changes of ET-1 levels, injury score and inflammation (P>0.05, PreCr vs. M groups). In conclusion, administration of CS after reperfusion, but not prior to ischemia, attenuates IIRI by downregulating ET-1 and suppressing sustained MC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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Guzmán-de la Garza FJ, Ibarra-Hernández JM, Cordero-Pérez P, Villegas-Quintero P, Villarreal-Ovalle CI, Torres-González L, Oliva-Sosa NE, Alarcón-Galván G, Fernández-Garza NE, Muñoz-Espinosa LE, Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Carrillo-Arriaga JG. Temporal relationship of serum markers and tissue damage during acute intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:1034-8. [PMID: 23917671 PMCID: PMC3715035 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(07)23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is essential to identify a serological marker of injury in order to study the pathophysiology of intestinal ischemia reperfusion. In this work, we studied the evolution of several serological markers after intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. The markers of non-specific cell damage were aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase, the markers of inflammation were tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 beta, and the markers of intestinal mucosal damage were intestinal fatty acid binding protein and D-lactate. We used Chiús classification to grade the histopathological damage. METHODS We studied 35 Wistar rats divided into groups according to reperfusion time. The superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 30 minutes, and blood and biopsies were collected at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion. We plotted the mean ± standard deviation and compared the baseline and maximum values for each marker using Student's t-test. RESULTS The maximum values of interleukin-1 beta and lactic dehydrogenase were present before the maximal histopathological damage. The maximum tumor necrosis factor alpha and D-lactate expressions coincided with histopathological damage. Alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransferase had a maximum expression level that increased following the histopathological damage. The maximum expressions of interluken-6 and intestinal fatty acid binding protein were not significantly different from the Sham treated group. CONCLUSION For the evaluation of injury secondary to acute intestinal ischemia reperfusion with a 30 minute ischemia period, we recommend performing histopathological grading, quantification of D-lactate, which is synthesized by intestinal bacteria and is considered an indicator of mucosal injury, and quantification of tumor necrosis factor alpha as indicators of acute inflammation three hours after reperfusion.
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GE MIAN, GAN XIAOLIANG, LIU DEZHAO, ZHANG WENHUA, GAO WANLING, HUANG PINJIE, HEI ZIQING. Time-course analysis of counts and degranulation of mast cells during early intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:401-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Inhibiting tryptase after ischemia limits small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury through protease-activated receptor 2 in rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 73:1138-44. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318265d08d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gan X, Liu D, Huang P, Gao W, Chen X, Hei Z. Mast-cell-releasing tryptase triggers acute lung injury induced by small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion by activating PAR-2 in rats. Inflammation 2012; 35:1144-53. [PMID: 22200983 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell has been demonstrated to be involved in the small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) injury, however, the precise role of tryptase released from mast cell on acute lung injury(ALI) induced by IIR remains to be elucidated, our study aimed to observe the roles of tryptase on ALI triggered by IIR and its underlying mechanism. Adult SD rats were randomized into sham-operated group, sole IIR group in which rats were subjected to 75 min superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 4 h reperfusion, or IIR being respectively treated with cromolyn sodium, protamine, and compound 48/80. The above agents were, respectively, administrated intravenously 5 min before reperfusion. At the end of experiment, lung tissue was obtained for assays for protein expressions of tryptase and mast cell protease 7 (MCP7) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). Pulmonary mast cell number and levels of IL-8 were quantified. Lung histologic injury scores and lung water content were measured. IIR resulted in lung injury evidenced as significant increases in lung histological scores and lung water contents, accompanied with concomitant increases of expressions of tryptase and MCP7, and elevations in PAR-2 expressions and IL-8 levels in lungs. Stabilizing mast cell with cromolyn sodium and inhibiting tryptase with protamine significantly reduced IIR-mediated ALI and the above biochemical changes while activating mast cell with compound 48/80 further aggravated IIR-mediated ALI and the increases of above parameters. Tryptase released from mast cells mediates ALI induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion by activating PAR-2 to produce IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, China
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Huang P, Liu D, Gan X, Zhang R, Gao W, Xia Z, Hei Z. Mast cells activation contribute to small intestinal ischemia reperfusion induced acute lung injury in rats. Injury 2012; 43:1250-6. [PMID: 22277108 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) injury may lead to severe local and remote tissue injury, especially acute lung injury (ALI). Mast cell activation plays an important role in IIR injury. It is unknown whether IIR mediates lung injury via mast cell activation. METHODS Adult SD rats were randomized into sham operated group (S), sole IIR group (IIR) in which rats were subjected to 75 min of superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 4h reperfusion, or IIR being respectively treated with the mast cell stabilizer Cromolyn Sodium (IIR+CS group), with the tryptase antagonist Protamine (IIR+P group), with the histamine receptor antagonist Ketotifen (IIR+K group), or with the mast cell degranulator Compound 48/80 (IIR+CP group). The above agents were, respectively, administrated intravenously 5 min before reperfusion. At the end of experiment, lung tissue was obtained for histologic assessment and assays for protein expressions of tryptase and mast cell protease 7(MCP7). Pulmonary mast cell number and levels of histamine, TNF-α and IL-8 were quantified. RESULTS IIR resulted in lung injury evidenced as significant increases in lung histological scores (P<0.05 IIR vs. S), accompanied with concomitant increases of mast cell counts and elevations in TNF-α and IL-8 concentrations and reductions in histamine levels (all P<0.05 IIR vs. S). IIR also increased lung tissue tryptase and MCP7 protein expressions (all P<0.05, IIR vs. S). Cromolyn Sodium, Ketotifen and Protamine significantly reduced whilst Compound 48/80 aggravated IIR mediated ALI and the above biochemical changes (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mast cells activation play a critical role in IIR mediated ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinjie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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Qian ZY, Shen LJ, Wang F, Ruan YH. Pretreatment with Panax notoginseng saponins protects against small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1178-1183. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i14.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the mechanism underlying the protective effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
METHODS: A rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury was generated. Rats were divided into four groups: sham-operation group, model control group, low- (200 mg/kg) and high-dose (400 mg/kg) PNS groups. After pretreatment with PNS, plasma levels of D-lactate and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were determined.Samples of the liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and blood were taken for culturing aerobic bacteria. The expression of NF-κB and TNF-α in the intestine was detected by immunohistochemistry. Cell apoptosis in the intestine was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay.
RESULTS: The number of positive bacterial cultures in the liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and blood was significantly lower in the PNS group than in the model control group (all P < 0.05). Plasma levels of D-lactate and LPS were significantly lower in the PNS group (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) than in the model control group (LPS: 461 EU/L, 320 EU/L vs 570 EU/L; D-lactate: 0.37 mmol/L, 0.31 mmol/L vs 0.44 mmol/L, both P < 0.05). Treatment with PNS reduced the expression of NF-κB and TNF-α and the number of apoptotic cells in intestinal tissue (all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with PNS protects against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats possibly by reducing mucosal cell apoptosis and down-regulating NF-κB and TNF-α expression in the small intestine.
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Anand P, Singh B, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Mast cells: an expanding pathophysiological role from allergy to other disorders. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:657-70. [PMID: 22562473 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mast cells are multi-effector cells with wide distribution in the different body parts and traditionally their role has been well-defined in the development of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions including bronchial asthma. Due to the availability of genetically modified mast cell-deficient mice, the broadened pathophysiological role of mast cells in diverse diseases has been revealed. Mast cells exert different physiological and pathophysiological roles by secreting their granular contents, including vasoactive amines, cytokines and chemokines, and various proteases, including tryptase and chymase. Furthermore, mast cells also synthesize plasma membrane-derived lipid mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, to produce diverse biological actions. The present review discusses the pathophysiological role of mast cells in different diseases, including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, ischemia-reperfusion injury, male infertility, autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis), anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, nociception, obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preet Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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Annecke T, Fischer J, Hartmann H, Tschoep J, Rehm M, Conzen P, Sommerhoff CP, Becker BF. Shedding of the coronary endothelial glycocalyx: effects of hypoxia/reoxygenation vs ischaemia/reperfusion. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:679-86. [PMID: 21890663 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelium is covered by a glycocalyx. Damage to the glycocalyx after systemic inflammation or ischaemia/reperfusion contributes to increased vascular permeability and leucocyte adhesion. The underlying mechanisms leading to ischaemia/reperfusion-induced glycocalyx shedding are incompletely understood, in terms of lack of oxygen, absence of flow, or return of oxygen. METHODS Isolated guinea pig hearts perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37°C underwent 20 min of either stopped-flow ischaemia or hypoxic perfusion with subsequent reperfusion/reoxygenation (n = 6 each). Hearts perfused with normoxic buffer served as time controls. Epicardial transudate was collected to assess coronary net fluid filtration, colloid extravasation, and histamine release by mast cells. Syndecan-1 and heparan sulphate were measured in coronary effluent, together with lactate, purines, and the release of mast-cell tryptase β. Additional hearts were perfusion-fixed to visualize the glycocalyx. RESULTS Both ischaemia and hypoxia with reperfusion/reoxygenation resulted in significant increases in net fluid filtration (P < 0.05) and release of syndecan-1 and heparan sulphate in coronary effluent. These effects were already seen with the onset of hypoxic perfusion. Histamine was released during hypoxia and reoxygenation and also reperfusion, as was tryptase β, and high concentrations of adenosine (>1 µmol litre⁻¹, hypoxia group) and inosine (> 7 µmol litre⁻¹, ischaemia group) were measured in effluent (P < 0.05). Damage to the coronary glycocalyx was evident upon electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Both ischaemic and hypoxic hypoxia initiate glycocalyx degradation, promoting an increase in permeability. A contributing mechanism could be purine-mediated degranulation of resident mast cells, with liberated tryptase β acting as potential 'sheddase'.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Annecke
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Kim NH, Kang IC, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Evaluation of Moon-tang on allergic reactions. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:384-90. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.522194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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