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Mezgebe H, Gebrecherkos T, Hagos DG, Muthupandian S. Prevalence of Smear-Positive, Rifampicin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Related Factors Among Residents with Cough in Northern Ethiopian Refugee Health Facilities. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1135-1145. [PMID: 38525474 PMCID: PMC10961074 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s453306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To ascertain the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) among refugees suspected of tuberculosis (TB) and related risk factors, including smear-positive and Rifampicin-resistant M.tb. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2020 and May 2020 among 384 refugees in four refugee camps in Northwest Tigray, Ethiopia. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected from refugees with a history of cough for more than two weeks prospectively. Spot-spot sputum samples were collected and transported in an ice box to the Shire Suhul Hospital Microbiology laboratory; and then examined using a Fluorescent Microscope. All smear-positive samples were further processed by GeneXpert to detect Rifampicin-resistant MTB. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of smear-positive PTB infection was 5.5% (21/384), but No TB case was resistant to Rifampicin detected by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. About 70% of the smear-positive pulmonary TB identified were females. Five (23.8%) of the smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases were co-infected by HIV. Sharing of drink and food materials (AOR = 4.36, 95% CI = 1.19-15.89), active TB contact (AOR 7.24, 95% CI = 1.62-32.125), BMI (AOR = 5.23, 95% CI = 1.28-21.29), opening window practice (AOR = 4.32, 95% CI = 1.02-18.30) and HIV status (AOR = 9.36, 95% CI = 1.64-53.35) were statistically significant predisposing factors. Conclusion The prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary TB among northwest Tigray refugee camps was still high. The prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection was also high. Minimizing close contact with active TB cases, reducing malnutrition, rapid TB/HIV screening, and establishing a ventilation system can reduce the transmission of TB among refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailemariam Mezgebe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Teklay Gebrecherkos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Gebreegziabiher Hagos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
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Oladimeji O, Oladimeji KE, Nanjoh M, Banda L, Adeleke OA, Apalata T, Mbokazi J, Hyera FLM. Contributory Factors to Successful Tuberculosis Treatment in Southwest Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080194. [PMID: 36006286 PMCID: PMC9416220 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest human diseases, and preventing treatment failure is critical. This is because TB cases pose a risk to the immediate and remote communities due to the potential for spread, particularly for multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains that have been associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates. Hence, this study looked at the factors that influence TB treatment outcomes in Southwest Nigeria. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 712 TB patients from 25 directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) centers, out of which 566 (79.49%) were new treatment cases, and 102 (14.33%) were retreatment cases. The outcome variable was computed into successful treatment where ‘Yes’ was assigned to TB treatment completed and cured, and ‘No’ was assigned to all the remaining outcomes following the standard TB definition. Independent variables included in the analysis were the patient’s socio-demographic characteristics (such as age, sex, distance from the facility, marital status, family type, education, and computed socioeconomic status from modified DHS household assets), clinical and facility parameters (such as the HIV status, facility of access to healthcare, healthcare workers attitudes, services offered at the facility, appearance of the facility, number of people seeking care and waiting time at the facility). Bivariate analysis showed that HIV status (OR: 3.53, 95% CI: 1.83–6.82; p = 0.001), healthcare worker attitude (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.21–3.74; p = 0.01), services offered at the facility (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49–0.92; p = 0.01), appearance of facility (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.46–0.98; p = 0.04), and number of people seeking care (OR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.72–3.55; p = 0.001) were associated with higher odds of successful treatment outcome with statistical significance. After multivariate analysis, reactive HIV status (aOR: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.67–6.80; p = 0.001), positive attitude of healthcare workers (aOR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.36–4.89; p = 0.04), excellent services offered at the healthcare facility (aOR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.36–0.78; p = 0.001) and few people seeking care (aOR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.21–3.84; p = 0.001) became independent significant determinants of successful treatment outcome. The study concluded that reactive HIV status, positive attitude of healthcare workers, few people seeking healthcare, and excellent service provided were all factors that contributed to successful treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olanrewaju Oladimeji
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Correspondence: or
| | - Kelechi Elizabeth Oladimeji
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Mirabel Nanjoh
- Medical Education Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Lucas Banda
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Teke Apalata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Jabu Mbokazi
- Office of the Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Francis Leonard Mpotte Hyera
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Mohammed KAS, Khudhair GS, Al-Rabeai DB. Prevalence and Drug Resistance Pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolated from Tuberculosis Patients in Basra, Iraq. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:205-215. [PMID: 35675816 PMCID: PMC9252138 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (DR-MTB) is a major health threat to human beings. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and drug resistance profile of MTB. Data were collected from 2,296 newly diagnosed, and 246 retreated tuberculosis (TB) patients who attended the Advisory Clinic for Chest Diseases and Respiratory in Basra province from January 2016 to December 2020. Both new diagnostic and retreated TB cases showed that DR-MTB cases were significantly higher at age 15–34 years, pulmonary TB, and urban residents but with no significant difference regarding gender. The drugs resistance was significantly higher among the retreated cases compared with the new diagnostic patients (20.3% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.0001), with the percentage of the resistance to first-line drugs in primary and secondary cases including isoniazid (1% and 17.1%), rifampicin (0.78% and 15.8%), ethambutol (0.56% and 8.5%), streptomycin (1.3% and 9.75%). Notice that the most common drug resistance was against streptomycin with 1.3% in new patients and against isoniazid (17.1%) in retreated patients. The rate of total drug-resistant TB, multi-drug resistant TB, mono-drug resistant TB, and rifampicin-resistant TB among new tuberculosis cases increased in this period from 2.2 to 6.7%, 0.17 to 1.6%, 0.85 to 4%, and 0.17 to 4%, with a percentage change of 204.54, 841.17, 370.58, 22.5%, respectively. The rates of poly drug-resistant TB and ethambutol-resistant-TB dropped in this period by 15.96%, and 0.7%, with a decrease from 1.19 to 1% and from 1 to 0.3%, respectively. Similarly, the increase of drug-resistant TB among secondary cases has also occurred. In conclusion, the temporal trend showed an increase in the rate of drug resistance of M. tuberculosis since 2016, with a predominant multi-drug-resistant TB and isoniazid-resistant TB. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairallah A S Mohammed
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology, Southern Technical University, Basra, Iraq
| | - Ghorob S Khudhair
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, College of Health and Medical Technology, Southern Technical University, Basra, Iraq
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Zamir H, Ahmad B, Ali S, Khan SA, Sarwar R, Khan A, Ali J, Khan AA. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through MPT64 gene polymorphism using next-generation sequencing technology. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:763-772. [PMID: 35473398 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To characterize and analyze polymorphism of the MPT64 gene and evaluate AgMPT64-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) specificity associated with polymorphism. Materials & methods: A total of 1449 suspected samples were tested for tuberculosis (TB), and the MPT64/rv1980c gene was sequenced using next-generation sequencing for polymorphism analysis. Results: Of the TB-positive individuals, 200 (13.80%), 186 (12.84%) and 129 (8.90%) were positive using the liquid culture, GeneXpert and fluorescence microscopy assays, respectively. Liquid culture medium-based samples were confirmed using ICA, in which 193 (96.5%) were positive while seven (3.5%) were negative. Out of 14 sequenced samples, seven were positive and seven negative; 13 were identical to the reference and just one (ICA positive) showed a C477A point mutation (F159L). Conclusion: The results indicate that AgMPT64 can be considered as a potent vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Zamir
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, KP, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, KP, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Ali
- Provincial Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Peshawar, KP, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Medicine, Kabir Medical College, Peshawar, KP, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Raheela Sarwar
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, KP, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Alamzeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale school of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Johar Ali
- Centre for Genomics Sciences, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, KP, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Abid A Khan
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, KP, 25120, Pakistan.,Centre for Genomics Sciences, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, KP, 25120, Pakistan.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, KP, 28420, Pakistan
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Maharjan B, Gopali RS, Zhang Y. A scoping review on climate change and tuberculosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1579-1595. [PMID: 33728507 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a global public health challenge. The changes in climatic factors affect the pattern and burden of tuberculosis, which is a worldwide public health problem affecting low and middle-income countries. However, the evidence related to the impact of climate change on tuberculosis is few and far between. This study is a scoping review following a five-stage version of Arksey and O'Malley's method. We searched the literature using the keywords and their combination in Google scholar, and PubMed. Climate change affects tuberculosis through diverse pathways: changes in climatic factors like temperature, humidity, and precipitation influence host response through alterations in vitamin D distribution, ultraviolet radiation, malnutrition, and other risk factors. The rise in extreme climatic events induces population displacement resulting in a greater number of vulnerable and risk populations of tuberculosis. It creates a conducive environment of tuberculosis transmission and development of active tuberculosis and disrupts tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment services. Therefore, it stands to reasons that climate change affects tuberculosis, particularly in highly vulnerable countries and areas. However, further studies and novel methodologies are required to address such a complex relationship and better understand the occurrence of tuberculosis attributable to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Maharjan
- Japan-Nepal Health and Tuberculosis Research Association, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Ram Sharan Gopali
- Japan-Nepal Health and Tuberculosis Research Association, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Ullah W, Wali A, Haq MU, Yaqoob A, Fatima R, Khan GM. Public-Private Mix Models of Tuberculosis Care in Pakistan: A High-Burden Country Perspective. Front Public Health 2021; 9:703631. [PMID: 34447737 PMCID: PMC8383070 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.703631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pakistan ranks fifth in the globally estimated burden of tuberculosis (TB) case incidence. Annually, a gap of 241,688 patients with TB exists between estimated TB incidence and actual TB case notification in Pakistan. These undetected/missed TB cases initiate TB care from providers in the private healthcare system who are less motivated to notify patients to the national database that leads to significant underdetection of actual TB cases in the Pakistani community. To engage these private providers in reaching out to missing TB cases, a national implementation trial of the Public–Private Mix (PPM) model was cohesively launched by National TB Control Program (NTP) Pakistan in 2014. The study aims to assess the implementation, contribution, and relative treatment outcomes of cohesively implemented PPM model in comparison to the non-PPM model. Methods: A retrospective record review of all forms (new and relapse) patients with TB notified from July 2015 to June 2016 was conducted both for PPM- and non-PPM models. Results: The PPM model was implemented in 92 districts in total through four different approaches and contributed 25% (81,016 TB cases) to the national TB case notification. The PPM and non-PPM case notification showed a strong statistical difference in proportions among compared variables related to gender (p < 0.001), age group (p < 0.000), and province (p < 0.000). Among PPM approaches, general practitioners and non-governmental-organization facilities achieve a treatment success of 94–95%; private hospitals achieve 82% success, whereas Parastatals are unable to follow more than half of their notified TB cases. Discussion: The PPM model findings in Pakistan are considerably consistent with countries that have prioritized PPM for an increasing trend in the TB case notification to their national TB control programs. Different PPM approaches need to be scaled up in terms of PPM implemented districts, PPM coverage, PPM coverage efficiency, and PPM coverage outcome in the Pakistani healthcare system in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Wali
- Health Department, Provincial Tuberculosis Control Program Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Mahboob Ul Haq
- Policy Strategy and Drug Management Unit, National Tuberculosis Control Program, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aashifa Yaqoob
- Research Unit, National Tuberculosis Control Program, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Razia Fatima
- Research Unit, National Tuberculosis Control Program, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Merza MA. A 5-year experience characterizing the demographic and clinical profile and directly observed treatment short-course treatment outcome in National Tuberculosis Center of Duhok province, Iraqi Kurdistan. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120921055. [PMID: 32435487 PMCID: PMC7222648 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120921055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The objectives were to describe the demographic and clinical profile and treatment outcomes in the National Tuberculosis Program Center of Duhok governorate. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study of all forms of drug-susceptible tuberculosis cases in the National Tuberculosis Program Center of Duhok. The Electronic Nominal Recording Reporting System data of tuberculosis cases were reviewed during 2014–2018. Information on the demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the patients were analyzed. Tuberculosis trends and treatment outcomes were determined. Results: A total of 1063 tuberculosis patients visited the National Tuberculosis Program Center, of whom 905 were from Duhok. The estimated tuberculosis notification rate per 100,000 people in Duhok governorate was 14.06, 16.16, 10.43, 11.05, and 10.34 for the years 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. The most affected age group was 15–24 years. The male cases were predominant. Most patients (97.3%) were native Iraqi. There were 718 (67.5%) pulmonary tuberculosis cases and 345 (32.5%) extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases; tuberculosis lymphadenitis was the most common presentation. The majority of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients were females aged 15–24 years (p = 0.019), and patients aged ⩾65 years were associated with pulmonary tuberculosis and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in males (p ⩽ 0.001). The highest tuberculosis incidence occurred in winter (288 patients). The patient treatment outcomes were as follows: 90.7% successful treatment, 1.6% lost to follow-up, 6.7% death, 0.3 transferred out, and 0.8 treatment failure. Conclusion: There was a high frequency of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, which may reflect overestimation in its diagnosis. Therefore, meticulous evaluations should be provided. The treatment outcome was satisfactory in the center. Hence, we should maintain the favorable work to attain tuberculosis control objectives. Performing GeneXpert for all tuberculosis cases and introducing culture and drug susceptibility testing should be an urgent plan to strengthen the diagnosis of susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Aghali Merza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azadi Teaching Hospital, College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
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Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan- A nation-wide multicenter retrospective study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232134. [PMID: 32343714 PMCID: PMC7188211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pakistan is fifth among high burden countries for tuberculosis. A steady increase is seen in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), which now accounts for 20% of all notified TB cases. There is very limited information on the epidemiology of EPTB. This study was performed with the aim to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of EPTB patients in Pakistan. Method We performed descriptive analysis on routinely collected data for cohorts of TB patients registered nationwide in 2016 at health facilities selected using stratified convenient sampling. Findings Altogether 54092 TB including 15790 (29.2%) EPTB cases were registered in 2016 at 50 study sites. The median age was 24 years for EPTB and 30 years for PTB patients. The crude prevalence of EPTB in females was 30.5% (95%CI; 29.9–31.0) compared to 27.9% (95%CI; 27.3–28.4) in males. The likelihood of having EPTB (OR), was 1.1 times greater for females, 2.0 times for children, and 3.3 times for residents of provinces in the North-West. The most common forms of EPTB were pleural (29.6%), lymphatic (22.7%) and abdominal TB (21.0%). Pleural TB was the most common clinical manifestation in adults (34.2%) and abdominal TB in children (38.4%). An increase in the prevalence of pleural and osteoarticular and decline in lymphatic and abdominal TB was observed with advancing age. Diversity in demography and clinical manifestations were noted between provinces. The treatment success rate for all type EPTB was significantly high compared to bacteriology confirmed PTB with the exception of EPTB affecting CNS with a high mortality rate. Conclusions The study provides an insight into demography, clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of EPTB. Further studies are needed to explain significant diversities observed between provinces, specific risk factors and challenges concerning EPTB management.
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Nizamani P, Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Talpur FN, Baig JA. Essential trace elemental levels (zinc, iron and copper) in the biological samples of smoker referent and pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1230-1239. [PMID: 31799123 PMCID: PMC6883299 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is linked with tuberculosis recurrence. Pakistan has not only high TB number of TB cases (fifth) but also high level of multidrug-resistant TB (fourth) in the world. Cu/Zn ratio was also considerably greater in all biological samples of TB patients as compared to the control group. The analysis the levels of the elements, {Fe, Cu, Zn and Cu/Zn ratio} may help the studies on the development of TB disease.
Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of illnesses and deaths throughout world particularly in Asia. Smoking is linked with tuberculosis recurrence and its mortality and may influence bacteriological conversion, clinical symptoms and treatment outcome. The aim of current study was to estimate association among essential trace elements {zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)} in human biological samples particularly blood, serum, scalp hair, saliva, sputum, and nasal fluid of smoking and nonsmoking pulmonary tuberculosis patients (n = 165, age ranged 16–35 years) residents of Hyderabad, Pakistan. The biological samples of age matched healthy controls were chosen as referents of both genders (n = 171) for the comparison purpose. The human biological samples were wet digested in microwave oven by 65 % HNO3 and 30 % H2O2 with (2:1) ratio. The concentrations of elements in acid digested samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average zinc and iron concentration was lower, while level of copper was higher in the biological samples of pulmonary Tuberculosis patients as compared to referent subjects (p < .001). It was also concluded as a result of Zn and Fe deficiency combined with high contact of copper due to smoking of tobacco can be synergistic with the risk factors related with pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palwasha Nizamani
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naz Talpur
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Jameel Ahmed Baig
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
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Ejeta E, Beyene G, Balay G, Bonsa Z, Abebe G. Factors associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome in tuberculosis patients among refugees and their surrounding communities in Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205468. [PMID: 30335777 PMCID: PMC6193657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of public health challenges among immigrant refugees and their surrounding communities in developing countries. Evaluating the treatment outcome of TB patients is one of the key indicators to understand the performance of TB control program. Hence, this study aims to assess profile, treatment outcome and factors associated with unsuccessful outcome of TB patients treated under the TB control program among refugees and their surrounding communities (SCs) in Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY Retrospective study was conducted in the health facilities of refugee and their SCs in Gambella Regional State from March 1 to May 30, 2017. Demographic and related data of all TB patients registered in TB Control Program between September, 2008 and October, 2017 in health facilities of refugee and the SCs was extracted using data extraction format. Eight years trend of TB, treatment outcome and factors associated with unsuccessful outcome among refugees and the SCs were computed using SPSS version 20.0 software. RESULT A total of 886 refugees and 3284 SCs TB patients, registered for anti TB treatment in the last eight years, were evaluated in the study. The trend of all forms of TB is progressively increasing among refugees contrary to the SCs in the course of the study period (X2 trend = 207.7; P<0.0001). Smear positive pulmonary TB (PTB+) was found to be predominant (57.6%) TB form in refugees while smear negative pulmonary TB (PTB-) (44.8%) is in the SCs (X2 = 185.834; P<0.0001). There was also significant difference in the treatment outcome (X2 = 170.915; P<0.0001). Mean treatment success rate was 74.2% and 88.1% for refugees and the SCs, respectively (X2 = 92.887; P<0.0001). The study also revealed that the risk of unsuccessful TB treatment outcome was significantly higher among refugee (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.69-2.77), retreated cases (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.07-2.17), patients aged between 35-44 years (AOR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.0-1.91), and greater than 44 years old (AOR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.28-2.44), and patients with extra pulmonary TB (EPTB) form (AOR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.04-1.73) compared to their counterparts. Patient coming from rural area (AOR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62-0.97), who are female (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63-0.91) and TB/HIV non-infected (AOR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.51-0.77) were more likely to be successfully treated. CONCLUSION The study confirmed that there was low treatment success rate among refugees compared to the SCs. Being refugee, retreated case, patient's age ≥35 years old, EPTB form, gender, rural patient address and HIV status were predictor factors for unsuccessful treatment outcome. Hence, the study urges the need for strengthened TB prevention program among refugees with due consideration of identified predictor factors to prevent the potential effect of hosting refugee to the SCs and the nations at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyasu Ejeta
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Getenet Beyene
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Balay
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zegeye Bonsa
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gemeda Abebe
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Adejumo OA, Daniel OJ, Abdur-Razzaq HA, Shogbamimu YO, Femi-Adebayo T, Adepoju VA, Adebayo BI, Sodipo OO. Trend of tuberculosis case notification and treatment outcome in Lagos State, Nigeria: a 5-year retrospective study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:300-307. [PMID: 29165702 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study assessed trends of tuberculosis (TB) case notification rate (CNR) and treatment outcomes between 2011 and 2015 in Lagos State, Nigeria. Methods A retrospective review of TB notification data to the Lagos State Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme (LSTBLCP) between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2015 was conducted. Results A total of 44 516 TB cases were notified during the study period, representing 9.4% of the national figure. The male:female ratio was 1.3:1. About 53%, 44.1% and 2.7% of patients were smear positive, smear negative and extrapulmonary TB cases, respectively. TB notification increased by 12.2% between 2011 and 2013 and subsequently declined by 7.2% in 2015 relative to 2013. The TB CNR declined from 82.9 per 100 000 in 2013 to 72.1 per 100 000 in 2015. However, directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) and microscopy site expansion increased from 0.3 to 0.64 per 25 000 population and from 0.16 to 0.4 per 50 000 population, respectively, from 2011 to 2015. Similarly, there was a slight increase in treatment success rate, from 80.1% in 2011 to 82% in 2015. Conclusion The CNR declined in Lagos State despite an increasing trend in DOTS and microscopy site expansions between 2013 and 2015. The LSTBLCPs need to re-engineer current strategies of active TB case findings in order to improve case notification in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola A Adejumo
- Department of Community Health and Primary Health Care, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Olusoji J Daniel
- Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Husseine A Abdur-Razzaq
- Lagos State Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme, Lagos State Ministry of Health, Alausa, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Yeside O Shogbamimu
- Directorate of Disease Control, Lagos State Ministry of Health, Alausa, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Toriola Femi-Adebayo
- Department of Community Health and Primary Health Care, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Victor A Adepoju
- KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation Nigeria/Challenge TB Project, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Bisola I Adebayo
- Department of Community Health and Primary Health Care, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwajimi O Sodipo
- Department of Family Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
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Memon ZM, Yilmaz E, Shah AM, Sahin U, Kazi TG, Devrajani BR, Soylak M. Trace elements in blood samples of smoker and nonsmoker active pulmonary tuberculosis patients from Jamshoro, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26513-26520. [PMID: 28948455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a serious public threat throughout the world. PTB and smoking have a strong correlation. Malnutrition, poverty, addiction, overcrowding, illiteracy, unemployment, and poor hygienic conditions are the collective aspects for the disease progress. Pakistan is the fifth among 22 high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries and the fourth regarding multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The aim of study was to determine the concentration of essential and toxic elements from blood samples of smoker and nonsmoker PTB patients by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) followed by microwave acid digestion and compared with control subjects (n = 30). Eighty PTB patients were selected from different hospitals with age ranging 20-70 years. It was interpreted that the mean age among males and females was found to be 35.6 ± 1.4 and 33.5 ± 1.2, respectively, and the male patients were highly affected in contrast to females. Essential elements such as Mn, Fe, Zn, and Se were statistically found to be lower while Ca, Co, and Cu were found to be higher compared to the control group (p = 0.00). However, toxic elements like Al, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb were statistically elevated in smokers than nonsmokers. Further research is needed to understand the degree of the impact of essential trace elements on treatment outcome (follow-up) followed by balanced healthy nutritional supplementation along with medical therapy, consequently improving the pulmonary tuberculosis outcome and survival as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Manzoor Memon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Ugur Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | | | - Mustafa Soylak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Yezli S, Zumla A, Yassin Y, Al-Shangiti AM, Mohamed G, Turkistani AM, Alotaibi B. Undiagnosed Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Pilgrims during the 2015 Hajj Mass Gathering: A Prospective Cross-sectional Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1304-1309. [PMID: 29016303 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass gatherings pose a risk for tuberculosis (TB) transmission and reactivation of latent TB infection. The annual Hajj pilgrimage attracts 2 million pilgrims many from high TB-endemic countries. We evaluated the burden of undiagnosed active pulmonary TB in pilgrims attending the 2015 Hajj mass gathering. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study in Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for nonhospitalized adult pilgrims from five high TB-endemic countries. Enrollment criteria were the presence of a cough and the ability to produce a sputum sample. Sputum samples were processed using the Xpert MTB-RIF assay. Data were analyzed for drug-resistant TB, risk factors, and comorbidities by the country of origin. Of 1,164 consenting pilgrims enrolled from five countries: Afghanistan (316), Bangladesh (222), Nigeria (176), Pakistan (302), and South Africa (148), laboratory results were available for 1,063 (91.3%). The mean age of pilgrims was 54.5 (range = 18-94 years) with a male to female ratio of 2.6:1; 27.7% had an underlying comorbidity, with hypertension and diabetes being the most common, 20% were smokers, and 2.8% gave a history of previous TB treatment. Fifteen pilgrims (1.4%) had active previously undiagnosed drug-sensitive pulmonary TB (Afghanistan [12; 80%], Pakistan [2; 13.3%], and Nigeria [1; 6.7%]). No multidrug-resistant TB cases were detected. Pilgrims from high TB-endemic Asian and African countries with undiagnosed active pulmonary TB pose a risk to other pilgrims from over 180 countries. Further studies are required to define the scale of the TB problem during the Hajj mass gathering and the development of proactive screening, treatment and prevention guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Yezli
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yara Yassin
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Al-Shangiti
- National Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal Mohamed
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Badriah Alotaibi
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) Patients Suspected to Have Drug Resistant TB in Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB Unit in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Momper JD, Misel ML, McKay DB. Sex differences in transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2017; 31:145-150. [PMID: 28262425 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex plays a role in the incidence and progression of a wide variety of diseases and conditions related to transplantation. Additionally, a growing body of clinical and experimental evidence suggests that sex can impact the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several commonly used immunosuppressive and anti-infective drugs in transplant recipients. A better understanding of these sex differences will facilitate advances in individualizing treatment for patients and improve outcomes of solid organ transplantation. Here, we provide a review of sex-related differences in transplantation and highlight opportunities for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego/La Jolla, CA
| | - Michael L Misel
- Kidney Transplant/Department of Pharmacy Services, UC San Diego Health System, University of California, San Diego/La Jolla, CA
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego/La Jolla, CA.
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Marvi A, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Darabi M, Rostami-Maskopaee F, Siamian H, Abedi G. Silent changes of tuberculosis in Iran (2005-2015): A joinpoint regression analysis. J Family Med Prim Care 2017; 6:760-765. [PMID: 29564259 PMCID: PMC5848394 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_190_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: Tuberculosis (TB) poses a severe risk to public health through the world but excessively distresses low-income nations. The aim of this study is to analyze silent changes of TB in Iran (2005–2015): A joinpoint regression analysis. Materials and Methods: This is a trend study conducted on all patients (n = 70) that register in control disease center of Joibar (one of coastal cities and tourism destination in Northern Iran which was recognized as an independent town since 1998) during 2005–2015. The characteristics of patients imported to the SPSS 19 and variation in incidence rate of different forms of pulmonary TB (PTB) (PTB+ or PTB–) and extra-PTB (EPTB)/year was analyzed. Variation in incidence rate of TB for male and female groups and different age groups (0–14, 15–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, and above 65 years) was analyzed, variation in trend of this diseases for different groups was compared in intended years, and also, variation in incidence rate of TB was analyzed by Joinpoint Regression Software. Results: The total number of TB was 70 cases during 2005–2015. The mean age of patients was 42.31 ± 21.26 years and median age was 40 years. About 71.4% of patients were PTB (55.7% for with PTB+ and 15.7% with PTB–) and rest of them (28.4%) were EPTB. In regard to classification of cases, 97.1% of them were new cases, 1.45% of them were relapsed cases, and 1.45% of them imported cases. In addition, history of hospitalization due to TB was observed in 44.3%. Conclusion: Despite recent developments of governmental health-care system in Iran and proper access to it and considering this fact that identification of TB cases with passive surveillance is possible. Hence, developing certain programs for sensitization of the covered population is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Marvi
- Department of Public Health, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Darabi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hasan Siamian
- Department of Medical Records (Health Information Technology), Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ghasem Abedi
- Department of Public Health, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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17
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Tsai SL, Lai CL, Chi MC, Chen MY. Cigarette smoking and health-promoting behaviours among tuberculosis patients in rural areas. J Clin Nurs 2016; 25:2511-9. [PMID: 27265064 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore cigarette smoking and health-promoting behaviours among disadvantaged adults before their tuberculosis diagnosis and after their tuberculosis treatment. BACKGROUND Although tuberculosis infection is associated with impaired immune function, healthy lifestyle habits can play a role in improving the immune system. However, limited research has explored the health-promoting behaviours and cigarette smoking habits among tuberculosis patients in Taiwan. DESIGN A cross-sectional retrospective study with a convenience sample. METHODS This study was conducted between May 2013-June 2014 with 123 patients at a rural district hospital in Chiayi County, Taiwan. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, univariate analysis and stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS Tuberculosis tended to be associated with less education, male sex, malnutrition, cigarette smoking and unhealthy lifestyle habits before the tuberculosis diagnosis. The percentage of smoking decreased from 46·9% before to 30·2% after the tuberculosis diagnosis. Body mass index and health-promoting behaviours also significantly improved after tuberculosis treatment. After controlling for potential confounding factors, multivariate analysis identified chronic disease and completed treatment as significant factors that were associated with current health-promoting behaviours. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of cigarette smoking and low levels of health-promoting behaviours were observed before the diagnosis and during or after completing tuberculosis treatment. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE This study's findings indicate the importance of promoting healthy lifestyle changes among tuberculosis patients; aggressive measures should be implemented immediately after the first diagnosis of tuberculosis. Furthermore, health promotion and smoking cessation programmes should be initiated in the general population to prevent activation of latent tuberculosis infection, and these programmes should specifically target men and rural residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lan Tsai
- Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Ching Chi
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Chiayi County, Taiwan.
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18
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Qadeer E, Fatima R, Yaqoob A, Tahseen S, Ul Haq M, Ghafoor A, Asif M, Straetemans M, Tiemersma EW. Population Based National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey among Adults (>15 Years) in Pakistan, 2010-2011. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148293. [PMID: 26863617 PMCID: PMC4749340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to determine the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) amongst the adult population in 2010–2011 in Pakistan. Method A nationwide cross-sectional survey with multistage cluster sampling was conducted among adults (≥15 years) in 95 clusters in 2010–2011. All consenting participants were screened for cough and by chest X-ray. Participants with presumptive TB submitted two sputum samples for smear microscopy, culture, and molecular testing if needed. The TB prevalence estimates were adjusted for missing data and the cluster design. Result Of 131,329 eligible individuals, 105,913 (81%) participated in the survey, of whom 10,471 (9.9%) were eligible for sputum examination. We found 341 bacteriologically positive TB cases of whom 233 had sputum smear-positive TB. The adjusted prevalence estimates for smear and bacteriologically positive TB were 270/100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI) 217–323), and 398/100,000 (95% CI 333–463), respectively. Only 61% of the diagnosed TB cases screened positive on symptoms (cough >2wks), whereas the other TB cases were detected based on X-ray abnormalities. The TB prevalence increased with age and was 1.8 times higher among men than women. The prevalence-to-notification ratio of smear-positive TB was 3.1 (95% CI 2.5–3.7), was higher among men than women, and increased with age. Conclusion Our data suggest that there is under-detection and/or -notification of TB, especially among men and elderly. TB control should be strengthened specifically in these risk groups. X-ray examination should be combined with symptom screening to enhance case detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejaz Qadeer
- National Tuberculosis Control Program Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Razia Fatima
- National Tuberculosis Control Program Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aashifa Yaqoob
- National Tuberculosis Control Program Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabira Tahseen
- National Tuberculosis Control Program Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahboob Ul Haq
- National Tuberculosis Control Program Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghafoor
- National Tuberculosis Control Program Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- National Tuberculosis Control Program Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
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19
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Heunis JC, Kigozi NG, van der Merwe S, Chikobvu P, Beyers N. Sex-related trends in non-conversion of new smear-positive tuberculosis patients in the Free State, South Africa. Public Health Action 2015; 4:66-71. [PMID: 26423765 DOI: 10.5588/pha.13.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Free State Province, South Africa. OBJECTIVE To examine sex-specific trends in 2-month sputum smear non-conversion in new sputum smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) cases during a period when the DOTS strategy was operative. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of TB cases registered between 2003 and 2009 was conducted. Non-conversion was indicated by a positive 2-month sputum smear result. Descriptive and generalised linear model analyses were performed and sex-specific trends in 2-month sputum smear non-conversion rates estimated. RESULTS Overall, 2-month sputum smear non-conversion rates were 12.5% in males and 9.3% in females. Non-conversion was significantly associated with age in males (P < 0.001). Non-conversion rates declined significantly between 2003 and 2009: from 15.9% to 10.8% in males (P < 0.001) and from 12.0% to 6.6% in females (P < 0.001). The average rate of decline of non-conversion was higher among females (1.0%, 95%CI 0.8-1.2) than among males (0.8%, 95%CI 0.5-1.0). By 2009, males had a 60% higher risk of non-conversion than females (RR 1.60, CI 1.37-1.86). CONCLUSION The decline in the trend of 2-month sputum smear non-conversion confirms the relative success of the DOTS strategy in TB control, with better performance among females than males. Interventions should consider the sex and age of patients to improve the 2-month sputum smear-conversion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Heunis
- Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - N G Kigozi
- Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - P Chikobvu
- Free State Department of Health, Bloemfontein, South Africa ; Department of Community Health, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - N Beyers
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Bukhari M, Aslam MA, Khan A, Iram Q, Akbar A, Naz AG, Ahmad S, Ahmad MM, Ashfaq UA, Aziz H, Ali M. TLR8 gene polymorphism and association in bacterial load in southern Punjab of Pakistan: an association study with pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Immunogenet 2015; 42:46-51. [PMID: 25572425 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Only 5-10% of people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop active tuberculosis which suggests a role of genetic variation in host immunity. Genetic variants in TLRs are potential indicator for host susceptibility and outcome of several diseases. We explored the association of nonsynonymous genetic variants (Met1Val) with Toll-like receptor 8 in Pakistani population. Genotypic and allelic distribution of TLR8 polymorphism (rs3764880) in patients with TB and healthy donors from different areas of southern Punjab, Pakistan, was determined. Results provide that our population is highly influenced by TLR8 Met1Val SNP for TB, and G allele appeared to increase TB susceptibility. Mutant genotype GG or G/- and G allele was significantly higher among all the categories of cases than in controls. Among different levels of bacillary load and genotypes, GG or G/- and G allele significantly supports the incidence of 2 + class for bacterial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bukhari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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Dangisso MH, Datiko DG, Lindtjørn B. Trends of tuberculosis case notification and treatment outcomes in the Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia: ten-year retrospective trend analysis in urban-rural settings. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114225. [PMID: 25460363 PMCID: PMC4252125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia is one of the high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries. An analysis of trends and differentials in case notifications and treatment outcomes of TB may help improve our understanding of the performance of TB control services. Methods A retrospective trend analysis of TB cases was conducted in the Sidama Zone in southern Ethiopia. We registered all TB cases diagnosed and treated during 2003–2012 from all health facilities in the Sidama Zone, and analysed trends of TB case notification rates and treatment outcomes. Results The smear positive (PTB+) case notification rate (CNR) increased from 55 (95% CI 52.5–58.4) to 111 (95% CI 107.4–114.4) per 105 people. The CNRs of PTB+ in people older than 45 years increased by fourfold, while the mortality of cases during treatment declined from 11% to 3% for smear negative (PTB-) (X2trend, P<0.001) and from 5% to 2% for PTB+ (X2trend, P<0.001). The treatment success was higher in rural areas (AOR 1.11; CI 95%: 1.03–1.2), less for PTB- (AOR 0.86; CI 95%: 0.80–0.92) and higher for extra-pulmonary TB (AOR 1.10; CI 95%: 1.02–1.19) compared to PTB+. A higher lost-to-follow up was observed in men (AOR 1.15; CI 95%: 1.06–1.24) and among PTB- cases (AOR 1.14; CI 95%: 1.03–1.25). More deaths occurred in PTB-cases (AOR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.44–1.90) and among cases older than 65 years (AOR 3.86; CI 95%: 2.94–5.10). Lastly, retreatment cases had a higher mortality than new cases (6% vs 3%). Conclusion Over the past decade TB CNRs and treatment outcomes improved, whereas the disparities of disease burden by gender and place of residence reduced and mortality declined. Strategies should be devised to address higher risk groups for poor treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesay Hailu Dangisso
- Center for International Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Sidama Zone Health Department, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Gemechu Datiko
- Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Center for International Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
SUMMARY In general, tuberculosis (TB) is more common in men than women. However, for reasons currently not understood, women are 1.5-2 times more likely to report TB compared to men in Pashtun region (Afghanistan, adjacent provinces Pakistan and Iran). We explored whether or not gender disparity in TB notifications in the Pashtun region of Pakistan can be explained by Pashtun ethnicity. Using an ecological linear regression design, we estimated the effect of Pashtun ethnicity on female-to-male ratio (FMR) in TB notifications after adjusting for other determinants of women's health, in Pakistan. Districts with a high proportion of women of Pashtun ethnicity had a 44% (95% confidence interval 27-61) increase in FMR of notified TB cases compared to those with low proportions, after controlling for confounders. Genetic predisposition and distinct socio-cultural determinants could be possible causative factors. However, these hypotheses need further evaluation through rigorous longitudinal studies.
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Shafee M, Abbas F, Ashraf M, Alam Mengal M, Kakar N, Ahmad Z, Ali F. Hematological profile and risk factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Quetta, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 2014; 30:36-40. [PMID: 24639827 PMCID: PMC3955538 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.301.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic debilitating infectious disease affecting more than one third of the global population. This study was designed to investigate different peripheral blood parameters and risk factors in TB patients. METHODS A total of 600 (Male, 238 and Female, 362) aging 20-80 Years patients with clinical signs of prolonged cough, chest pain and fever, were evaluated for peripheral blood parameters using hematology analyzer. All the informations related to the disease were collected from the patients and recorded using predesigned questionnaire. RESULTS Erythrocytic Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes were markedly changed in both sexes. Hemoglobin was recorded lower than normal value in 55% and 53% of male and female population respectively. Total leukocyte count was also lower than normal values in 8% and 6% of male and female respectively. Similarly neutropenia was observed in 5% and 8% cases, while neutrophilia was recorded as 60% and 64% in male and female patients respectively. Lymphocytopenia was also observed in 59% and 43% patients in male and female respectively. Illiteracy, smoking habits, overcrowding and living in shared houses were the main associated risk factors contributing in the enhancement of the disease. CONCLUSION The disease was present significantly more in females and was relatively higher in older patients. Different hematological parameters like Erythrocytic sedimentation Rate (ESR), platelets and leukocytes work as hallmark and help the clinicians in early diagnosis of the disease. Malnutrition, smoking tobacco, living in shared houses, illiteracy and poverty were the common risk factors contributing to the dissemination of the tuberculosis in the target area population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafee
- Muhammad Shafee, Centre for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology & Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Ferhat Abbas
- Ferhat Abbas, Centre for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology & Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Muhammad Ashraf, Fatima Jinnah Chest & General Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Alam Mengal
- Mohammad Alam Mengal, Centre for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology & Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Niamatullah Kakar
- Niamatullah Kakar, Fatima Jinnah Chest & General Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Ahmad
- Zafar Ahmad, Centre for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology & Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Ali
- Fawad Ali, Balochistan University of Information Technology & Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
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