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Infection prevention requirements for the medical care of immunosuppressed patients: recommendations of the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO) at the Robert Koch Institute. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2022; 17:Doc07. [PMID: 35707229 PMCID: PMC9174886 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Germany, guidelines for hygiene in hospitals are given in form of recommendations by the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, "KRINKO"). The KRINKO and its voluntary work are legitimized by the mandate according to § 23 of the Infection Protection Act (Infektionsschutzgesetz, "IfSG"). The original German version of this document was published in February 2021 and has now been made available to the international professional public in English. The guideline provides recommendations on infection prevention and control for immunocompromised individuals in health care facilities. This recommendation addresses not only measures related to direct medical care of immunocompromised patients, but also management aspects such as surveillance, screening, antibiotic stewardship, and technical/structural aspects such as patient rooms, air quality, and special measures during renovations.
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Lehrnbecher T, Fisher BT, Phillips B, Alexander S, Ammann RA, Beauchemin M, Carlesse F, Castagnola E, Davis BL, Dupuis LL, Egan G, Groll AH, Haeusler GM, Santolaya M, Steinbach WJ, van de Wetering M, Wolf J, Cabral S, Robinson PD, Sung L. Guideline for Antibacterial Prophylaxis Administration in Pediatric Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:226-236. [PMID: 31676904 PMCID: PMC7312235 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteremia and other invasive bacterial infections are common among children with cancer receiving intensive chemotherapy and in pediatric recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Systemic antibacterial prophylaxis is one approach that can be used to reduce the risk of these infections. Our purpose was to develop a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis administration in pediatric patients with cancer and those undergoing HSCT. Methods An international and multidisciplinary panel was convened with representation from pediatric hematology/oncology and HSCT, pediatric infectious diseases (including antibiotic stewardship), nursing, pharmacy, a patient advocate, and a CPG methodologist. The panel used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to generate recommendations based on the results of a systematic review of the literature. Results The systematic review identified 114 eligible randomized trials of antibiotic prophylaxis. The panel made a weak recommendation for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis for children receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Weak recommendations against the routine use of systemic antibacterial prophylaxis were made for children undergoing induction chemotherapy for ALL, autologous HSCT and allogeneic HSCT. A strong recommendation against its routine use was made for children whose therapy is not expected to result in prolonged severe neutropenia. If used, prophylaxis with levofloxacin was recommended during severe neutropenia. Conclusions We present a CPG for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis administration in pediatric cancer and HSCT patients. Future research should evaluate the long-term effectiveness and adverse effects of prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Brian T Fisher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bob Phillips
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds General Infirmary , Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, Leeds West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Alexander
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland A Ammann
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Beauchemin
- Columbia University/Herbert Irving Cancer Center, Pediatric Oncology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fabianne Carlesse
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, GRAACC/Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elio Castagnola
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - L Lee Dupuis
- Department of Pharmacy, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Egan
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreas H Groll
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gabrielle M Haeusler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, National Centre for Infections in Cancer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Santolaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - William J Steinbach
- Duke University Medical Center, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Joshua Wolf
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sandra Cabral
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lillian Sung
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Anforderungen an die Infektionsprävention bei der medizinischen Versorgung von immunsupprimierten Patienten. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2021; 64:232-264. [PMID: 33394069 PMCID: PMC7780910 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Halpern AB, Othus M, Howard NP, Hendrie PC, Percival MEM, Scott BL, Gernsheimer TB, Baclig NV, Buckley SA, Cassaday RD, Hartley GA, Welch VL, Estey EH, Walter RB. Comparison of outpatient care following intensive induction versus post-remission chemotherapy for adults with acute myeloid leukemia and other high-grade myeloid neoplasms. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 62:234-238. [PMID: 32921204 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1821008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Halpern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan Othus
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Howard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul C Hendrie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary-Elizabeth M Percival
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bart L Scott
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terry B Gernsheimer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikita V Baclig
- Department of Medicine, Residency Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah A Buckley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Residency Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan D Cassaday
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Elihu H Estey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roland B Walter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Antibiotic use during cytarabine consolidation in acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol 2020; 100:79-84. [PMID: 32870366 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients undergoing consolidation chemotherapy with intermediate or high-dose cytarabine (IDAC/HiDAC) are often placed on prophylactic antibacterials. This practice is largely based on the benefits of prophylaxis (PPX) during induction chemotherapy. However, recent concerns regarding antibacterial prophylaxis have emerged including risk of Clostridioides difficile colitis, medication toxicities, and the potential for fostering multidrug-resistant pathogens. We therefore retrospectively explored whether antibacterial PPX is beneficial during cytarabine consolidation. Adult AML patients who received IDAC/HiDAC at our institution from January 2007 to March 2018 were evaluated for receipt of antibacterial PPX. The primary endpoint was rate of febrile neutropenia (FN); secondary endpoints were rates of unplanned hospitalization, bacteremia, infection from resistant organisms, C. difficile colitis, and death from infection. One hundred twenty patients with data from 229 IDAC/HiDAC cycles were included. Patients who received antibacterial PPX were more often hospitalized during cytarabine cycle 1 (C1) than those who received no PPX. Patients who received PPX had significantly more episodes of bacteremia, in addition to infections from resistant, predominantly Gram-positive organisms during cycle 1 of consolidation than those without PPX. Antibacterial PPX during IDAC/HiDAC consolidation treatment at our institution did not decrease the rates of FN, hospitalization, or bacteremia and was associated with higher risk of infection from drug-resistant bacteria in C1. Prospective studies examining antibacterial prophylaxis during cytarabine consolidation for AML patients are necessary, with strong consideration made for institution-specific protocols.
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Rodrigues ALM, do Nascimento DM, de Lima JM, Reis MLP, Leão LBC, Azevedo MC, Muccini SR, da Silva PC, Carneiro TX. Safety and Feasibility of Outpatient High Dose Cytarabine for Acute Myeloid Leukemia in the Brazilian Amazon. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2020; 14:151-156. [PMID: 33024520 PMCID: PMC7521396 DOI: 10.18502/ijhoscr.v14i3.3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The attempt to manage patients with acute myeloid leukemia as outpatients has become increasingly common due to high hospitalization costs, low availability for beds and patient preference. Publications on the subject are scarce, especially in low-income regions and the safety in this population remains to be determined. The present study aims to assess the safety of consolidation with high-dose cytarabine in the outpatient setting. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 39 patients who underwent consolidation with high-dose cytarabine, between 2009 and 2018, at Ophir Loyola Hospital, in Belém, Brazil. Patients treated after 2015 were given high-dose cytarabine as outpatients due to the decision of medical staff. Results: Twenty-seven patients received 76 cycles of cytarabine as outpatients; males were 48.14% of the total population, with a median age of approximately 45 years. The occurrence of delay between cycles was significantly lower among outpatients (48.14% vs. 83.33%, p = 0.04). There was no difference in relapse rates, transfusion requirements and non-relapse mortality between both groups. Hospitalization was required in 40.74% of patients during outpatient cycles and 18.51% of blood cultures were positive for pathogens. Non-relapse mortality was significantly higher among patients above 50 years old and treated on an outpatient basis (44.4% vs. 5.60%, p = 0.03). Conclusion: High-dose cytarabine administration on an outpatient basis appears to be safe and effective in a low-income population at the Brazilian Amazon region, but toxicity seems to be increased for patients older than 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josy Marinho de Lima
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ophir Loyola Hospital, Belém - PA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Laércio Pontes Reis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ophir Loyola Hospital, Belém - PA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Thiago Xavier Carneiro
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ophir Loyola Hospital, Belém - PA, Brazil
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The Value of Adding Surveillance Cultures to Fluoroquinolone Prophylaxis in the Management of Multiresistant Gram Negative Bacterial Infections in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111985. [PMID: 31731650 PMCID: PMC6912560 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections (MR-GNBI) are an increasing cause of mortality in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), compromising the success of antineoplastic therapy. We prospectively explored a novel strategy, including mandatory fluoroquinolone prophylaxis, weekly surveillance cultures (SC) and targeted antimicrobial therapy for febrile neutropenia, aimed to reduce infectious mortality due to MR-GNBI. Over 146 cycles of chemotherapy, cumulative incidence of colonization was 50%. Half of the colonizations occurred in the consolidation phase of treatment. Application of this strategy led to a significant reduction in the incidence of GNB and carbapenemase-producing Klebisella pneumoniae (cpKp) species, resulting in a reduction of infectious mortality (HR 0.35 [95%, CI 0.13–0.96], p = 0.042). In multivariate analysis, fluroquinolone prophylaxis in addition to SC was associated with improved survival (OR 0.55 [95% CI 0.38–0.79], p = 0.001). Targeted therapy for colonized patients did not overcome the risk of death once cpKp or XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections were developed. Mortality rate after transplant was similar between colonized and not colonized patients. However only 9% of transplanted patients were colonized by cpkp. In conclusion, colonization is a common phenomenon, not limited to the induction phase. This strategy reduces infectious mortality by lowering the global incidence of GN infections and the spread of resistant species.
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8
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Sivik JM, Davidson J, Hale CM, Drabick JJ, Talamo G. Addition of doxycycline to ciprofloxacin for infection prophylaxis during autologous stem cell transplants for multiple myeloma. Support Care Cancer 2018; 26:3055-3061. [PMID: 29564621 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most commonly used antibacterial prophylaxis during autologous stem cell transplants (ASCT) for multiple myeloma (MM) involves a fluoroquinolone, such as ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin. We assessed the impact of adding doxycycline to ciprofloxacin as routine antibacterial prophylaxis in these patients. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records and our ASCT database to analyze rates and types of bacterial infections in MM patients who underwent ASCT in our institution. RESULTS Among 419 patients, 118 received ciprofloxacin alone (cipro group), and 301 ciprofloxacin and doxycycline (cipro-doxy group). Neutropenic fever (NF) developed in 63 (53%) and 108 (36%) patients of the cipro and cipro-doxy groups, respectively (p = 0.010). The number of documented bacteremic episodes was 13 (11%) and 14 (4.7%) in the two groups, respectively (p = 0.017). Antimicrobial resistance and Clostridium difficile infections were uncommon. Transplant-related mortality was 1% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The addition of doxycycline to standard prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin seems to reduce the number of NF episodes and documented bacterial infections in patients with MM undergoing ASCT, without increasing rate of serious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sivik
- Department of Pharmacy, Penn State Health-M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - J Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - C M Hale
- Department of Pharmacy, Penn State Health-M.S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - J J Drabick
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - G Talamo
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Kolonen A, Sinisalo M, Huttunen R, Syrjänen J, Aittoniemi J, Huhtala H, Sankelo M, Rintala H, Räty R, Jantunen E, Nousiainen T, Säily M, Kauppila M, Itälä-Remes M, Ollikainen H, Rauhala A, Koistinen P, Elonen E. Bloodstream infections in acute myeloid leukemia patients treated according to the Finnish Leukemia Group AML-2003 protocol - a prospective nationwide study. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 49:799-808. [PMID: 28683646 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1347814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections greatly influence the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients receiving intensive treatment. The aim of this study was to establish the incidence, microbial etiology, risk factors and prognosis of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in patients with AML and compare the results with the previous treatment protocol (AML-92). METHODS Registery data were gathered prospectively from 357 patients aged 16-65 years recruited on the AML-2003 treatment protocol between November 2003 and November 2011 during different treatment cycles. RESULTS Blood culture data were available on 977 treatment episodes, in which there were 503 BSIs (51%). The overall incidence rate (IR) for BSIs (per 1000 hospital days) was 16.7. Twenty patients (5.6%) died due to an infection and 16 of them (80%) had a BSI. The most commonly detected microbes (polymicrobial episodes included) in blood cultures were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS, 24.7%), viridans group streptococci (VGS, 19.1%), enterococci (13.9%) and Enterobacteriacae group (25.9%). The etiology of BSIs varied greatly from treatment cycle to cycle. CONCLUSIONS Enterococcal BSIs have increased compared to our previous treatment protocol, and they represent significant pathogens in blood cultures. Infection-related mortality has decreased despite the increase in the IR of BSIs. Enterococci seem to be an increasingly prominent pathogen underlying BSIs in the AML patients, especially during induction therapy (20%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarne Kolonen
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Marjatta Sinisalo
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Reetta Huttunen
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Jaana Syrjänen
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | | | - Heini Huhtala
- c Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Marja Sankelo
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Hannele Rintala
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Riikka Räty
- d Department of Hematology , Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Jantunen
- e Department of Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Tapio Nousiainen
- e Department of Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Marjaana Säily
- f Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Marjut Kauppila
- g Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland.,h Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
| | - Maija Itälä-Remes
- g Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland.,h Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
| | - Hanna Ollikainen
- i Department of Hematology, Satakunta Central Hospital , Pori , Finland
| | | | - Pirjo Koistinen
- f Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland
| | - Erkki Elonen
- d Department of Hematology , Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Helsinki, Finland
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Abdollahi A, Hakimi F, Doomanlou M, Azadegan A. Microbial and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile among Clinical Samples of Patients with Acute Leukemia. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2016; 10:61-9. [PMID: 27252805 PMCID: PMC4888150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preventing and starting early treatment of infections in patients whose immunity system is weak due to malignancies like leukemia can reduce mortality. This study aimed to determine microbial and antibiotic resistance patterns in clinical samples of patients with acute leukemia to start early treatment before the results of clinical tests are known. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the clinical samples of all patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of acute leukemia were cultured and their antibiogram was evaluated. Then, the data were analyzed by SPSS 18 based on the objectives of the study. RESULTS Of a total of 2,366 samples, 18.95% were reported to be positive blood samples, 22.96% were reported to be urine samples and 36% wound samples. E. coli was the most common bacteria isolated from the blood and urine cultures (34% in blood, 32% in urine culture) while Staphylococcus Aureus was the most common in the wound culture (35%). The highest level of sensitivity in the organisms with positive blood culture was to Ciprofloxacin, while in positive urine and wound culture was to Imipenem. The highest resistance in blood, urine and wound culture was to Cotrimoxazole. CONCLUSION According to results obtained from this study, it is necessary to conduct appropriate studies on this issue in specific conditions in our country. The findings of this study can be used in clinics for more accurate diagnosis, more effective treatment before the results of clinical tests are known and also for prevention of infection in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Abdollahi
- Associate Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Imam Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Associate Professor of Pathology, Thrombosis Hemostasis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Hakimi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Doomanlou
- MSc in Microbiology, Central Laboratory, Imam Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Azadegan
- MSc in Laboratory Medicine, Central Laboratory, Imam Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Hallböök H, Lidström AK, Pauksens K. Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis delays initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and reduces the overall use of antimicrobial agents during induction therapy for acute leukaemia: A single-centre study. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:443-8. [PMID: 27030917 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2016.1143963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to an outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, the routine use of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis was questioned. As a result, this study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the impact of ciprofloxacin-prophylaxis on the use of broad-spectrum antibioctics and anti-mycotics. METHODS A cohort of 139 consecutive patients with acute leukaemia treated with remission-inducing induction chemotherapy between 2004-2012 at the Department of Haematology in Uppsala University Hospital was analysed. RESULTS Fifty-three patients (38%) received broad-spectrum antibiotics at the initiation of chemotherapy and were not eligible for prophylaxis. Of the remaining patients, the initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics was delayed by 3 days in those receiving ciprofloxacin prophylaxis (n = 47) compared with those receiving no prophylaxis (n = 39). The median duration of systemic antibiotic treatment was 6 days shorter in patients receiving ciprofloxacin prophylaxis (12 vs 18 days; p = 0.0005) and the cumulative (total) median days on systemic antibiotic treatment was shortened by 8 days (15 vs 23 days, p = 0.0008). Piperacillin/tazobactam (p = 0.02), carbapenems (p = 0.05) and empiric broad-spectrum antifungals (p < 0.01) were used significantly less often when ciprofloxacin prophylaxis was given. CONCLUSIONS Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis delayed empiric therapy by 3 days and reduced overall antibiotic use in this study. These benefits must be evaluated vs the risks of development of resistant bacterial strains, making fluoroquinolone prophylaxis an open question for debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Hallböök
- a Department of Medical Sciences , Section of Hematology, Uppsala University , Uppsala
| | - Anna-Karin Lidström
- b Department of Medical Sciences , Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University , Uppsala
| | - Karlis Pauksens
- b Department of Medical Sciences , Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University , Uppsala
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12
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Miller TP, Getz KD, Kavcic M, Li Y, Huang YSV, Sung L, Alonzo TA, Gerbing R, Daves M, Horton TM, Pulsipher MA, Pollard J, Bagatell R, Seif AE, Fisher BT, Gamis AS, Aplenc R. A comparison of discharge strategies after chemotherapy completion in pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 57:1567-74. [PMID: 26727639 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1088652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
While most children receive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemotherapy as inpatients, there is variability in timing of discharge after chemotherapy completion. This study compared treatment-related morbidity, mortality and cumulative hospitalization in children with AML who were discharged after chemotherapy completion (early discharge) and those who remained hospitalized. Chart abstraction data for 153 early discharge-eligible patients enrolled on a Children's Oncology Group trial were compared by discharge strategy. Targeted toxicities included viridans group streptococcal (VGS) bacteremia, hypoxia and hypotension. Early discharge occurred in 11% of courses post-Induction I. Re-admission occurred in 80-100%, but median hospital stay was 7 days shorter. Patients discharged early had higher rates of VGS (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.11-2.51), hypoxia (aRR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.06-3.48) and hypotension (aRR = 4.36, 95% CI = 2.01-9.46), but there was no difference in mortality. As pressure increases to shorten hospitalizations, these results have important implications for determining discharge practices in pediatric AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly D Getz
- a Division of Oncology ;,b Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | | | - Yimei Li
- a Division of Oncology ;,c Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Yuan-Shun V Huang
- b Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Lillian Sung
- d Department of Haematology/Oncology , The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Canada
| | - Todd A Alonzo
- e Department of Preventative Medicine , University of Southern California , Arcadia , CA , USA ;,f Children's Oncology Group , Monrovia , CA , USA
| | | | - Marla Daves
- g Department of Pediatrics , Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Terzah M Horton
- h Department of Pediatrics , Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Michael A Pulsipher
- i Hematology Division , University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jessica Pollard
- j Cancer and Blood Disorders Center , Seattle Children's Hospital , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Rochelle Bagatell
- a Division of Oncology ;,k Departments of Pediatrics , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Alix E Seif
- a Division of Oncology ;,k Departments of Pediatrics , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Brian T Fisher
- b Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA ;,c Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA ;,k Departments of Pediatrics , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA ;,l Infectious Diseases , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Alan S Gamis
- m Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , Children's Mercy Hospital , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Richard Aplenc
- a Division of Oncology ;,c Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA ;,k Departments of Pediatrics , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA ;,l Infectious Diseases , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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13
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Trubiano JA, Worth LJ, Thursky KA, Slavin MA. The prevention and management of infections due to multidrug resistant organisms in haematology patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:195-207. [PMID: 24341410 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections due to resistant and multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms in haematology patients and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are an increasingly complex problem of global concern. We outline the burden of illness and epidemiology of resistant organisms such as gram-negative pathogens, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and Clostridium difficile in haematology cohorts. Intervention strategies aimed at reducing the impact of these organisms are reviewed: infection prevention programmes, screening and fluoroquinolone prophylaxis. The role of newer therapies (e.g. linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline) for treatment of resistant and MDR organisms in haematology populations is evaluated, in addition to the mobilization of older agents (e.g. colistin, pristinamycin and fosfomycin) and the potential benefit of combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Trubiano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC
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14
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Lehrnbecher T, Sung L. Anti-infective prophylaxis in pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 7:819-30. [PMID: 25359519 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2014.965140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric patients undergoing treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are at high risk for infectious complications, predominantly due to Gram-negative bacteria, viridans group streptococci and fungal pathogens. In order to prevent infections in these patients, most institutions have implemented a number of non-pharmacological approaches to supportive care. In addition, antibiotic prophylaxis reduces bacterial infection, but may increase the emergence of resistance. Antifungal prophylaxis is generally recommended for children with AML. Whereas the use of hematopoietic growth factors has not resulted in improved survival, the efficacy of prophylactic granulocyte transfusions has to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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