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Wang Z, Kang Y, Wang Y, Tan Y, Yao B, An K, Su J. Himalayan Marmot ( Marmota himalayana) Redistribution to High Latitudes under Climate Change. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2736. [PMID: 37684999 PMCID: PMC10486415 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate warming and human activities impact the expansion and contraction of species distribution. The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) is a unique mammal and an ecosystem engineer in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). This pest aggravates grassland degradation and is a carrier and transmitter of plagues. Therefore, exploring the future distribution of Himalayan marmots based on climate change and human activities is crucial for ecosystem management, biodiversity conservation, and public health safety. Here, a maximum entropy model was explored to forecast changes in the distribution and centroid migration of the Himalayan marmot in the 2050s and 2070s. The results implied that the human footprint index (72.80%) and altitude (16.40%) were the crucial environmental factors affecting the potential distribution of Himalayan marmots, with moderately covered grassland being the preferred habitat of the Himalayan marmot. Over the next 30-50 years, the area of suitable habitat for the Himalayan marmot will increase slightly and the distribution center will shift towards higher latitudes in the northeastern part of the plateau. These results demonstrate the influence of climate change on Himalayan marmots and provide a theoretical reference for ecological management and plague monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Wang
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.W.); (K.A.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yukun Kang
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.W.); (K.A.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.W.); (K.A.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuchen Tan
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.W.); (K.A.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Baohui Yao
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.W.); (K.A.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Kang An
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.W.); (K.A.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Junhu Su
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.W.); (K.A.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Qin S, Liang J, Tang D, Chen Y, Duan R, Lu X, Bukai A, Zheng X, Lv D, He Z, Wu W, Han H, Jing H, Wang X. Serological investigation of plague and brucellosis infection in Marmota himalayana plague foci in the Altun Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Front Public Health 2022; 10:990218. [PMID: 36466443 PMCID: PMC9716105 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.990218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Altun Mountains are among the most active regions of Marmota himalayana plague foci of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau where animal plague is prevalent, whereas only three human cases have been found since 1960. Animal husbandry is the main income for the local economy; brucellosis appears sometimes in animals and less often in humans. In this study, a retrospective investigation of plague and brucellosis seroprevalence among humans and animals was conducted to improve prevention and control measures for the two diseases. Animal and human sera were collected for routine surveillance from 2018 to 2021 and screened for plague and brucellosis. Yersinia pestis F1 antibody was preliminarily screened by the colloidal gold method at the monitoring site to identify previous infections with positive serology. Previous plague infection was found in 3.2% (14/432) of the studied human population having close contact with livestock, which indicates evidence of exposure to the Yersinia antigen (dead or live pathogenic materials) in the Altun Mountains. Seroprevalence of brucellosis was higher in camels (6.2%) and sheepdogs (1.8%) than in other livestock such as cattle and sheep, suggesting a possible transmission route from secondary host animals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Junrong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhuang Chen
- Shenzhen Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Lu
- Akesai Kazak Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, China
| | - Asaiti Bukai
- Akesai Kazak Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, China
| | - Xiaojin Zheng
- Akesai Kazak Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, China
| | - Dongyue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaokai He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haonan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xin Wang
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3
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Arotolu TE, Wang H, Lv J, Kun S, Huang L, Wang X. Environmental suitability of Yersinia pestis and the spatial dynamics of plague in the Qinghai Lake region, China. VET MED-CZECH 2022; 67:569-578. [PMID: 38623480 PMCID: PMC11016303 DOI: 10.17221/81/2021-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Plague, a highly infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis, has killed millions of people in history and is still active in the natural foci of the world nowadays. Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of plague outbreaks in history is critically important, as it may help facilitate the prevention and control for potential future outbreaks. This study's objective was to estimate the effect of the topography, vegetation, climate, and other environmental factors on the Y. pestis ecological niche. A maximum entropy algorithm spatially modelled plague occurrence data from 2004-2018 and the environmental variables to evaluate the contribution of the variables to the distribution of Y. pestis. Our results found that the average minimum temperature in September (-8 °C to +5 °C) and the sheep population density (250 sheep per km2) were influential in characterising the niche. The rim of Qinghai Lake showed more favourable conditions for Y. pestis presence than other areas within the study area. Identifying various factors will assist any future modelling efforts. Our suitability map identifies hotspots and will help public health officials in resource allocation in their quest to abate future plague outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Emmanuel Arotolu
- Center of Conservation Medicine & Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases and Biosecurity Management, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - HaoNing Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - JiaNing Lv
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Shi Kun
- Wildlife Institute, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - LiYa Huang
- Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Antu, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - XiaoLong Wang
- Center of Conservation Medicine & Ecological Safety, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife Diseases and Biosecurity Management, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
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Spatiotemporal Variations of Plague Risk in the Tibetan Plateau from 1954-2016. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020304. [PMID: 35205170 PMCID: PMC8869688 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plague persists in the plague natural foci today. Although previous studies have found climate drives plague dynamics, quantitative analysis on animal plague risk under climate change remains understudied. Here, we analyzed plague dynamics in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) which is a climate-sensitive area and one of the most severe animal plague areas in China to disentangle variations in marmot plague enzootic foci, diffusion patterns, and their possible links with climate and anthropogenic factors. Specifically, we developed a time-sharing ecological niche modelling framework to identify finer potential plague territories and their temporal epidemic trends. Models were conducted by assembling animal records and multi-source ecophysiological variables with actual ecological effects (both climatic predictors and landscape factors) and driven by matching plague strains to periods corresponding to meteorological datasets. The models identified abundant animal plague territories over the TP and suggested the spatial patterns varied spatiotemporal dimension across the years, undergoing repeated spreading and contractions. Plague risk increased in the 1980s and 2000s, with the risk area increasing by 17.7 and 55.5 thousand km2, respectively. The 1990s and 2010s were decades of decreased risk, with reductions of 71.9 and 39.5 thousand km2, respectively. Further factor analysis showed that intrinsic conditions (i.e., elevation, soil, and geochemical landscape) provided fundamental niches. In contrast, climatic conditions, especially precipitation, led to niche differentiation and resulted in varied spatial patterns. Additionally, while increased human interference may temporarily reduce plague risks, there is a strong possibility of recurrence. This study reshaped the plague distribution at multiple time scales in the TP and revealed multifactorial synergistic effects on the spreading and contraction of plague foci, confirming that TP plague is increasingly sensitive to climate change. These findings may facilitate groups to take measures to combat the plague threats and prevent potential future human plague from occurring.
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Carlson CJ, Bevins SN, Schmid BV. Plague risk in the western United States over seven decades of environmental change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:753-769. [PMID: 34796590 PMCID: PMC9299200 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
After several pandemics over the last two millennia, the wildlife reservoirs of plague (Yersinia pestis) now persist around the world, including in the western United States. Routine surveillance in this region has generated comprehensive records of human cases and animal seroprevalence, creating a unique opportunity to test how plague reservoirs are responding to environmental change. Here, we test whether animal and human data suggest that plague reservoirs and spillover risk have shifted since 1950. To do so, we develop a new method for detecting the impact of climate change on infectious disease distributions, capable of disentangling long-term trends (signal) and interannual variation in both weather and sampling (noise). We find that plague foci are associated with high-elevation rodent communities, and soil biochemistry may play a key role in the geography of long-term persistence. In addition, we find that human cases are concentrated only in a small subset of endemic areas, and that spillover events are driven by higher rodent species richness (the amplification hypothesis) and climatic anomalies (the trophic cascade hypothesis). Using our detection model, we find that due to the changing climate, rodent communities at high elevations have become more conducive to the establishment of plague reservoirs-with suitability increasing up to 40% in some places-and that spillover risk to humans at mid-elevations has increased as well, although more gradually. These results highlight opportunities for deeper investigation of plague ecology, the value of integrative surveillance for infectious disease geography, and the need for further research into ongoing climate change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and SecurityGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Sarah N. Bevins
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service–Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research CenterFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Boris V. Schmid
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary SynthesisDepartment of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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6
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7
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Tennant WSD, Tildesley MJ, Spencer SEF, Keeling MJ. Climate drivers of plague epidemiology in British India, 1898-1949. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200538. [PMID: 32517609 PMCID: PMC7341932 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis infection, continues to threaten low- and middle-income countries throughout the world. The complex interactions between rodents and fleas with their respective environments challenge our understanding of human plague epidemiology. Historical long-term datasets of reported plague cases offer a unique opportunity to elucidate the effects of climate on plague outbreaks in detail. Here, we analyse monthly plague deaths and climate data from 25 provinces in British India from 1898 to 1949 to generate insights into the influence of temperature, rainfall and humidity on the occurrence, severity and timing of plague outbreaks. We find that moderate relative humidity levels of between 60% and 80% were strongly associated with outbreaks. Using wavelet analysis, we determine that the nationwide spread of plague was driven by changes in humidity, where, on average, a one-month delay in the onset of rising humidity translated into a one-month delay in the timing of plague outbreaks. This work can inform modern spatio-temporal predictive models for the disease and aid in the development of early-warning strategies for the deployment of prophylactic treatments and other control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren S. D. Tennant
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mike J. Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Simon E. F. Spencer
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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8
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Liu B, Bai L, Fu Y, Zhao S, Liu H, Wang R, Wang W, Li Y, Tao Y, Wang Z, Fan J, Liu E. Genetic and molecular features for hepadnavirus and plague infections in the Himalayan marmot. Genome 2020; 63:307-317. [PMID: 32308030 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2019-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana), a natural host and transmitter of plague, is also susceptible to the hepadnavirus infection. To reveal the genetic basis of the hepadnavirus susceptibility and the immune response to plague, we systematically characterized the features of immune genes in Himalayan marmot with those of human and mouse. We found that the entire major histocompatibility complex region and the hepatitis B virus pathway genes of the Himalayan marmot were conserved with those of humans. A Trim (tripartite motif) gene cluster involved in immune response and antiviral activity displays dynamic evolution, which is reflected by the duplication of Trim5 and the absence of Trim22 and Trim34. Three key regions of Ntcp, which is critical for hepatitis B virus entry, had high identity among seven species of Marmota. Moreover, we observed a severe alveolar hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltrate in the infected lungs and livers from Himalayan marmots after infection of EV76, a live attenuated Yersinia pestis strain. Lots of immune genes were remarkably up-regulated, which several hub genes Il2rγ, Tra29, and Nlrp7 are placed at the center of the gene network. These findings suggest that Himalayan marmot is a potential animal model for study on the hepadnavirus and plague infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoning Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Liang Bai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai 811602, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Weirong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yandong Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Yuanqing Tao
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai 811602, China
| | - Zhongdong Wang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai 811602, China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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Saran S, Singh P, Kumar V, Chauhan P. Review of Geospatial Technology for Infectious Disease Surveillance: Use Case on COVID-19. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN SOCIETY OF REMOTE SENSING 2020; 48. [PMCID: PMC7433774 DOI: 10.1007/s12524-020-01140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses on the increasing relevancy of geospatial technologies such as geographic information system (GIS) in the public health domain, particularly for the infectious disease surveillance and modelling strategies. Traditionally, the disease mapping tasks have faced many challenges—(1) authors rarely documented the evidence that were used to create map, (2) before evolution of GIS, many errors aroused in mapping tasks which were expanded extremely at global scales, and (3) there were no fidelity assessment of maps which resulted in inaccurate precision. This study on infectious diseases geo-surveillance is divided into four broad sections with emphasis on handling geographical and temporal issues to help in public health decision-making and planning policies: (1) geospatial mapping of diseases using its spatial and temporal information to understand their behaviour across geography; (2) the citizen’s involvement as volunteers in giving health and disease data to assess the critical situation for disease’s spread and prevention in neighbourhood effect; (3) scientific analysis of health-related behaviour using mathematical epidemiological and geo-statistical approaches with (4) capacity building program. To illustrate each theme, recent case studies are cited and case studies are performed on COVID-19 to demonstrate selected models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Saran
- Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, #4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun, 248001 India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, #4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun, 248001 India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, #4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun, 248001 India
| | - Prakash Chauhan
- Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, #4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun, 248001 India
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10
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Liu S, Feng J, Pu J, Xu X, Lu S, Yang J, Wang Y, Jin D, Du X, Meng X, Luo X, Sun H, Xiong Y, Ye C, Lan R, Xu J. Genomic and molecular characterisation of Escherichia marmotae from wild rodents in Qinghai-Tibet plateau as a potential pathogen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10619. [PMID: 31337784 PMCID: PMC6650469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife is a reservoir of emerging infectious diseases of humans and domestic animals. Marmota himalayana mainly resides 2800-4000 m above sea level in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and is the primary animal reservoir of plague pathogen Yersinia pestis. Recently we isolated a new species, Escherichia marmotae from the faeces of M. himalayana. In this study we characterised E. marmotae by genomic analysis and in vitro virulence testing to determine its potential as a human pathogen. We sequenced the genomes of the seven E. marmotae strains and found that they contained a plasmid that carried a Shigella-like type III secretion system (T3SS) and their effectors, and shared the same O antigen gene cluster as Shigella dysenterae 8 and E. coli O38. We also showed that E. marmotae was invasive to HEp-2 cells although it was much less invasive than Shigella. Thus E. marmotae is likely to be an invasive pathogen. However, E. marmotae has a truncated IpaA invasin, and lacks the environmental response regulator VirF and the IcsA-actin based intracellular motility, rendering it far less invasive in comparison to Shigella. E. marmotae also carried a diverse set of virulence factors in addition to the T3SS, including an IS1414 encoded enterotoxin gene astA with 37 copies, E. coli virulence genes lifA/efa, cif, and epeA, and the sfp gene cluster, Yersinia T3SS effector yopJ, one Type II secretion system and two Type VI secretion systems. Therefore, E. marmotae is a potential invasive pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ji Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xuefang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaochen Du
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiangli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Changyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Emerging and Re-emerging infectious diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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11
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Dai X, Shang G, Lu S, Yang J, Xu J. A new subtype of eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus discovered in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:74. [PMID: 29691370 PMCID: PMC5915441 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) has been classified into three subtypes, namely the European (Eu-TBEV), Far Eastern (FE-TBEV), and Siberian (Sib-TBEV). In this study, we discovered a new subtype of TBEV in wild rodent Marmota himalayana in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, proposed as subtype Himalayan (Him-TBEV). Two complete genomes of TBEV were obtained from respiratory samples of 200 marmots. The phylogenetic analysis using the E protein and polyprotein demonstrated that the two strains of Him-TBEV formed an independent branch, separated from Eu-TBEV, Sib-TBEV, and FE-TBEV. The nomenclature of Him-TBEV as a new subtype was also supported by comparative analysis using nucleotide and amino acid sequences of E protein and polyprotein. For E protein, The Him-TBEV showed 82.6–84.6% nucleotide identities and 92.7–95.0% amino acid identities with other three subtypes. For polyprotein, the Him-TBEV showed 83.5–85.2% nucleotide identities and 92.6–94.2% amino acids identities with other three subtypes. Furthermore, of 69 amino acid substitutions profiles detected in complete polyprotein of 112 strains of TBEV, Him-TBEV subtype displayed unique amino acids in the 36 positions. Notably, for the subtype-specific amino acid position 206 of E protein, Him-TBEV shared the Val with Eu-TBEV, but differed from FE-TBEV and Sib-TBEV. The evolutionary analysis with BEAST suggested that Him-TBEV diverged from other subtypes of eastern TBEV group about 2469 years ago. It should be mentioned that Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China is the plague endemic region where Marmota himalayana is the primary host. The public health significance of discovery of Him-TBEV in Marmota himalayana must be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, Changping, China
| | - Guobao Shang
- Haixi Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 817000, Haixi Prefecture, Qinghai, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, Changping, China.,Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging infectious diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 201508, Shanghai, Jinshan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, Changping, China.,Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging infectious diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 201508, Shanghai, Jinshan, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Beijing, Changping, China. .,Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging infectious diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 201508, Shanghai, Jinshan, China.
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12
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Du HW, Wang Y, Zhuang DF, Jiang XS. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics in the natural plague foci of Chinese Mongolian gerbils based on spatial autocorrelation. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:124. [PMID: 28780908 PMCID: PMC5545858 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nest flea index of Meriones unguiculatus is a critical indicator for the prevention and control of plague, which can be used not only to detect the spatial and temporal distributions of Meriones unguiculatus, but also to reveal its cluster rule. This research detected the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the plague natural foci of Mongolian gerbils by body flea index from 2005 to 2014, in order to predict plague outbreaks. METHODS Global spatial autocorrelation was used to describe the entire spatial distribution pattern of the body flea index in the natural plague foci of typical Chinese Mongolian gerbils. Cluster and outlier analysis and hot spot analysis were also used to detect the intensity of clusters based on geographic information system methods. The quantity of M. unguiculatus nest fleas in the sentinel surveillance sites from 2005 to 2014 and host density data of the study area from 2005 to 2010 used in this study were provided by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS The epidemic focus regions of the Mongolian gerbils remain the same as the hot spot regions relating to the body flea index. High clustering areas possess a similar pattern as the distribution pattern of the body flea index indicating that the transmission risk of plague is relatively high. In terms of time series, the area of the epidemic focus gradually increased from 2005 to 2007, declined rapidly in 2008 and 2009, and then decreased slowly and began trending towards stability from 2009 to 2014. For the spatial change, the epidemic focus regions began moving northward from the southwest epidemic focus of the Mongolian gerbils from 2005 to 2007, and then moved from north to south in 2007 and 2008. CONCLUSIONS The body flea index of Chinese gerbil foci reveals significant spatial and temporal aggregation characteristics through the employing of spatial autocorrelation. The diversity of temporary and spatial distribution is mainly affected by seasonal variation, the human activity and natural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.6 Tongwei Road, Nangjing, 210095, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Da-Fang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiao-San Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.6 Tongwei Road, Nangjing, 210095, China.
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13
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Zhao J, Liao J, Huang X, Zhao J, Wang Y, Ren J, Wang X, Ding F. Mapping risk of leptospirosis in China using environmental and socioeconomic data. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:343. [PMID: 27448599 PMCID: PMC4957462 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a water-borne and widespread spirochetal zoonosis caused by pathogenic bacteria called leptospires. Human leptospirosis is an important zoonotic infectious disease with frequent outbreaks in recent years in China. Leptospirosis’s emergence has been linked to many environmental and ecological drivers of disease transmission. In this paper, we identified the environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with leptospirosis in China, and predict potential risk area of leptospirosis using predictive models. Methods Leptospirosis incidence data were derived from the database of China’s web-based infectious disease reporting system, a national surveillance network maintained by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We built statistical relationship between occurrence of leptospirosis and nine environmental and socioeconomic risk factors using logistic regression model and Maxent model. Results Both logistic regression model and Maxent model have high performance in predicting the occurrence of leptospirosis, with AUC value of 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. Annual mean temperature (Bio1) and annual total precipitation (Bio12) are two most important variables governing the geographic distribution of leptospirosis in China. The geographic distributions of areas at risk of leptospirosis predicted from both models show high agreement. The risk areas are located mainly in seven provinces of China: Sichuan Province, Chongqing Municipality, Hunan Province, Jiangxi Province, Guangdong Province, Guangxi Province, and Hainan Province, where surveillance and control programs are urgently needed. Logistic regression model and Maxent model predicted that 403 and 464 counties are at very high risk of leptospirosis, respectively. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of socioeconomic and environmental variables and predictive models in identifying risk areas for leptospirosis in China. The values of Geographic Information System and predictive models were demonstrated for investigating the geographic distribution, estimating socioeconomic and environmental risk factors, and enhancing our understanding of leptospirosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jishan Liao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Xu Huang
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yeping Wang
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghuan Ren
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Disease Control and Emergency Response Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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14
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Lu L, Ren Z, Yue Y, Yu X, Lu S, Li G, Li H, Wei J, Liu J, Mu Y, Hai R, Yang Y, Wei R, Kan B, Wang H, Wang J, Wang Z, Liu Q, Xu J. Niche modeling predictions of the potential distribution of Marmota himalayana, the host animal of plague in Yushu County of Qinghai. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:183. [PMID: 26912171 PMCID: PMC4765042 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the earthquake on 14, April 2010 at Yushu in China, a plague epidemic hosted by Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) became a major public health concern during the reconstruction period. A rapid assessment of the distribution of Himalayan marmot in the area was urgent. The aims of this study were to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and the distribution of burrow systems of the marmot and to predict the distribution of marmots. METHODS Two types of marmot burrows (hibernation and temporary) in Yushu County were investigated from June to September in 2011. The location of every burrow was recorded with a global positioning system receiver. An ecological niche model was used to determine the relationship between the burrow occurrence data and environmental variables, such as land surface temperature (LST) in winter and summer, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in winter and summer, elevation, and soil type. The predictive accuracies of the models were assessed by the area under the curve of the receiving operator curve. RESULTS The models for hibernation and temporary burrows both performed well. The contribution orders of the variables were LST in winter and soil type, NDVI in winter and elevation for the hibernation burrow model, and LST in summer, NDVI in summer, soil type and elevation in the temporary burrow model. There were non-linear relationships between the probability of burrow presence and LST, NDVI and elevation. LST of 14 and 23 °C, NDVI of 0.22 and 0.60, and 4100 m were inflection points. A substantially higher probability of burrow presence was observed in swamp soil and dark felty soil than in other soil types. The potential area for hibernation burrows was 5696 km(2) (37.7% of Yushu County), and the area for temporary burrows was 7711 km(2) (51.0% of Yushu County). CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that marmots preferred warm areas with relatively low altitudes and good vegetation conditions in Yushu County. Based on these results, the present research is useful in understanding the niche selection and distribution pattern of marmots in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zhoupeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yujuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xiaotao Yu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Qinghai, 811602, China.
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Guichang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Hailong Li
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Qinghai, 811602, China.
| | - Jianchun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Jingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - You Mu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Qinghai, 811602, China.
| | - Rong Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yonghai Yang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Qinghai, 811602, China.
| | - Rongjie Wei
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Qinghai, 811602, China.
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Hu Wang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Qinghai, 811602, China.
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zuyun Wang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Qinghai, 811602, China.
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
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15
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Li YF, Li DB, Shao HS, Li HJ, Han YD. Plague in China 2014-All sporadic case report of pneumonic plague. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:85. [PMID: 26895880 PMCID: PMC4759734 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Yersinia pestis is the pathogen of the plague and caused three pandemics worldwide. Pneumonic plague is rarer than bubonic and septicemic plague. We report detailed clinical and pathogenic data for all the three sporadic cases of pneumonic plagues in China in 2014. Case presentation All the three patients are herders in Gansu province of China. They were all infected by Yersinia pestis and displayed in the form of pneumonic plague respectively without related. We tested patient specimens from the upper (nasopharyngeal swabs) or the lower (sputum) respiratory tract and whole blood, plasma, and serum specimens for Yersinia pestis. All patients had fever, cough and dyspnea, and for patient 2 and 3, unconscious. Respiratory symptoms were predominant with acute respiratory failure. The chest X-ray showed signs consistent with necrotizing inflammation with multiple lobar involvements. Despite emergency treatment, all patients died of refractory multiple organ failure within 24 h after admission to hospital. All the contacts were quarantined immediately and there were no secondary cases. Conclusions Nowadays, the plague is epidemic in animals and can infect people who contact with the infected animals which may cause an epidemic in human. We think dogs maybe an intermediate vector for plague and as a source of risk for humans who are exposed to pet animals or who work professionally with canines. If a patient has been exposed to a risk factor and has fever and dyspnea, plague should be considered. People who had contact with a confirmed case should be isolated and investigated for F1 antigen analysis and receive post-exposure preventive treatment. A vaccination strategy might be useful for individuals who are occupationally exposed in areas where endemically infected reservoirs of plague-infected small mammals co-exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Li
- Radiology Department, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - De-Biao Li
- Radiology Department, the First People's Hospital of Yumen, Gansu, China.
| | - Hong-Sheng Shao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Rehabilitation Center Hospital, of Gansu Province, Gansu, China.
| | - Hong-Jun Li
- Radiology Department, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yue-Dong Han
- Imaging Diagnostic Center, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command, PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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