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Hushmandi K, Saadat SH, Raei M, Daneshi S, Aref AR, Nabavi N, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M. Implications of c-Myc in the pathogenesis and treatment efficacy of urological cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 259:155381. [PMID: 38833803 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Urological cancers, including prostate, bladder, and renal cancers, are significant causes of death and negatively impact the quality of life for patients. The development and progression of these cancers are linked to the dysregulation of molecular pathways. c-Myc, recognized as an oncogene, exhibits abnormal levels in various types of tumors, and current evidence supports the therapeutic targeting of c-Myc in cancer treatment. This review aims to elucidate the role of c-Myc in driving the progression of urological cancers. c-Myc functions to enhance tumorigenesis and has been documented to increase growth and metastasis in prostate, bladder, and renal cancers. Furthermore, the dysregulation of c-Myc can result in a diminished response to therapy in these cancers. Non-coding RNAs, β-catenin, and XIAP are among the regulators of c-Myc in urological cancers. Targeting and suppressing c-Myc therapeutically for the treatment of these cancers has been explored. Additionally, the expression level of c-Myc may serve as a prognostic factor in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hassan Saadat
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health,School of Health,Jiroft University Of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Manupati K, Hao M, Haas M, Yeo SK, Guan JL. Role of NuMA1 in breast cancer stem cells with implications for combination therapy of PIM1 and autophagy inhibition in triple negative breast cancer. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3953289. [PMID: 38645153 PMCID: PMC11030541 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3953289/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (NuMA1) is a cell cycle protein and upregulated in breast cancer. However, the role of NuMA1 in TNBC and its regulation in heterogenous populations remains elusive. Methods We performed CRISPR mediated deletion of NuMA1 in mouse TNBC cells, BF3M. FACS was utilized to isolate BCSCs, and bulk cells based on CD29 and CD61 markers. Cell viability, migration, and invasion ability of BCSCs and bulk cells was evaluated using MTT, wound healing and transwell invasion assays, respectively. In vivo mouse breast cancer and lung metastatic models were generated to evaluate the combination treatment of SMI-4a and Lys-o5 inhibitors. Results We identified that high expression of NuMA1 associated with poor survival of breast cancer patients. Further, human tissue microarray results depicted high expression of NuMA1 in TNBC relative to non-adjacent normal tissues. Therefore, we performed CRISPR mediated deletion of NuMA1 in a mouse mammary tumor cell line, BF3M and revealed that NuMA1 deletion reduced mammary tumorigenesis. We also showed that NuMA1 deletion reduced ALDH+ and CD29hiCD61+ breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), indicating a role of NuMA1 in BCSCs. Further, sorted and characterized BCSCs from BF3M depicted reduced metastasis with NuMA1 KO cells. Moreover, we found that PIM1, an upstream kinase of NuMA1 plays a preferential role in maintenance of BCSCs associated phenotypes, but not in bulk cells. In contrast, PIM1 kinase inhibition in bulk cells depicted increased autophagy (FIP200). Therefore, we applied a combination treatment strategy of PIM1 and autophagy inhibition using SMI-4a and Lys05 respectively, showed higher efficacy against cell viability of both these populations and further reduced breast tumor formation and metastasis. Together, our study demonstrated NuMA1 as a potential therapeutic target and combination treatment using inhibitors for an upstream kinase PIM1 and autophagy inhibitors could be a potentially new therapeutic approach for TNBC. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that combination treatment of PIM1 inhibitor and autophagy inhibitor depicted reduced mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis by targeting NuMA1 in BCSCs and bulk cells of TNBC, demonstrating this combination treatment approach could be a potentially effective therapy for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanakaraju Manupati
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Michael Haas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Syn Kok Yeo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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Pyle LC, Kim J, Bradfield J, Damrauer SM, D'Andrea K, Einhorn LH, Godse R, Hakonarson H, Kanetsky PA, Kember RL, Jacobs LA, Maxwell KN, Rader DJ, Vaughn DJ, Weathers B, Wubbenhorst B, Regeneron Genetics Center Research Team, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Greene MH, Nathanson KL, Stewart DR. Germline Exome Sequencing for Men with Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Reveals Coding Defects in Chromosomal Segregation and Protein-targeting Genes. Eur Urol 2024; 85:337-345. [PMID: 37246069 PMCID: PMC10676450 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is the most common cancer among young White men. TGCT is highly heritable, although there are no known high-penetrance predisposition genes. CHEK2 is associated with moderate TGCT risk. OBJECTIVE To identify coding genomic variants associated with predisposition to TGCT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The study involved 293 men with familial or bilateral (high risk; HR)-TGCT representing 228 unique families and 3157 cancer-free controls. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We carried out exome sequencing and gene burden analysis to identify associations with TGCT risk. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Gene burden association identified several genes, including loss-of-function variants of NIN and QRSL1. We identified no statistically significant association with the sex- and germ-cell development pathways (hypergeometric overlap test: p = 0.65 for truncating variants, p = 0.47 for all variants) or evidence of associations with the regions previously identified via genome-wide association studies (GWAS). When considering all significant coding variants together with genes associated with TGCT on GWAS, there were associations with three major pathways: mitosis/cell cycle (Gene Ontology identity GO:1903047: observed/expected variant ratio [O/E] 6.17, false discovery rate [FDR] 1.53 × 10-11), co-translational protein targeting (GO:0006613: O/E 18.62, FDR 1.35 × 10-10), and sex differentiation (GO:0007548: O/E 5.25, FDR 1.90 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the largest to date on men with HR-TGCT. As in previous studies, we identified associations with variants for several genes, suggesting multigenic heritability. We identified associations with co-translational protein targeting, and chromosomal segregation and sex determination, identified via GWAS. Our results suggest potentially druggable targets for TGCT prevention or treatment. PATIENT SUMMARY We searched for gene variations that increase the risk of testicular cancer and found numerous new specific variants that contribute to this risk. Our results support the idea that many gene variants inherited together contribute to the risk of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Pyle
- Rare Disease Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jung Kim
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt D'Andrea
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Rama Godse
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linda A Jacobs
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kara N Maxwell
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Vaughn
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benita Weathers
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Longoria-García S, Sánchez-Domínguez CN, Sánchez-Domínguez M, Delgado-Balderas JR, Islas-Cisneros JF, Vidal-Gutiérrez O, Gallardo-Blanco HL. Design and Characterization of pMyc/pMax Peptide-Coupled Gold Nanosystems for Targeting Myc in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2802. [PMID: 37887952 PMCID: PMC10609645 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Myc and Max are essential proteins in the development of prostate cancer. They act by dimerizing and binding to E-box sequences. Disrupting the Myc:Max heterodimer interaction or its binding to E-box sequences to interrupt gene transcription represent promising strategies for treating cancer. We designed novel pMyc and pMax peptides from reference sequences, and we evaluated their ability to bind specifically to E-box sequences using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Then, we assembled nanosystems (NSs) by coupling pMyc and pMax peptides to AuNPs, and determined peptide conjugation using UV-Vis spectroscopy. After that, we characterized the NS to obtain the nanoparticle's size, hydrodynamic diameter, and zeta potential. Finally, we evaluated hemocompatibility and cytotoxic effects in three different prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145) and a non-cancerous cell line (Vero CCL-81). EMSA results suggests peptide-nucleic acid interactions between the pMyc:pMax dimer and the E-box. The hemolysis test showed little hemolytic activity for the NS at the concentrations (5, 0.5, and 0.05 ng/µL) we evaluated. Cell viability assays showed NS cytotoxicity. Overall, results suggest that the NS with pMyc and pMax peptides might be suitable for further research regarding Myc-driven prostate adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Longoria-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Celia N. Sánchez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Margarita Sánchez-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV, S.C.), Unidad Monterrey, Apodaca 66628, Mexico
| | - Jesús R. Delgado-Balderas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico
| | - José F. Islas-Cisneros
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Oscar Vidal-Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Oncología, Centro Universitario Contra el Cáncer (CUCC), Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 66451, Mexico
| | - Hugo L. Gallardo-Blanco
- Servicio de Oncología, Centro Universitario Contra el Cáncer (CUCC), Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 66451, Mexico
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5
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Sridaran D, Bradshaw E, DeSelm C, Pachynski R, Mahajan K, Mahajan NP. Prostate cancer immunotherapy: Improving clinical outcomes with a multi-pronged approach. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101199. [PMID: 37738978 PMCID: PMC10591038 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has gained traction in recent years owing to remarkable tumor clearance in some patients. Despite the notable success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in multiple malignancies, engagement of the immune system for targeted prostate cancer (PCa) therapy is still in its infancy. Multiple factors contribute to limited response, including the heterogeneity of PCa, the cold tumor microenvironment, and a low number of neoantigens. Significant effort is being invested in improving immune-based PCa therapies. This review is a summary of the status of immunotherapy in treating PCa, with a discussion of multiple immune modalities, including vaccines, adoptively transferred T cells, and bispecific T cell engagers, some of which are undergoing clinical trials. In addition, this review also focuses on emerging mechanism-based small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors with immune modulatory properties that, either as single agents or in combination with other immunotherapies, have the potential to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Sridaran
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elliot Bradshaw
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carl DeSelm
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs (CHiiPs), Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Russell Pachynski
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs (CHiiPs), Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kiran Mahajan
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St Louis, Cancer Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Markouli M, Strepkos D, Piperi C. Impact of Histone Modifications and Their Therapeutic Targeting in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13657. [PMID: 36362442 PMCID: PMC9654260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are a large and heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized by complex pathogenetic mechanisms. The abnormal regulation of epigenetic mechanisms and specifically, histone modifications, has been demonstrated to play a central role in hematological cancer pathogenesis and progression. A variety of epigenetic enzymes that affect the state of histones have been detected as deregulated, being either over- or underexpressed, which induces changes in chromatin compaction and, subsequently, affects gene expression. Recent advances in the field of epigenetics have revealed novel therapeutic targets, with many epigenetic drugs being investigated in clinical trials. The present review focuses on the biological impact of histone modifications in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies, describing a wide range of therapeutic agents that have been discovered to target these alterations and are currently under investigation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (D.S.)
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7
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Yin F, Zhao R, Gorja DR, Fu X, Lu N, Huang H, Xu B, Chen H, Shim JH, Liu K, Li Z, Laster KV, Dong Z, Lee MH. Novel dual inhibitor for targeting PIM1 and FGFR1 kinases inhibits colorectal cancer growth in vitro and patient-derived xenografts in vivo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4122-4137. [PMID: 36386480 PMCID: PMC9643289 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. The pro-viral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1 (PIM1) is a proto-oncogene and belongs to the serine/threonine kinase family, which are involved in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Small molecule HCI-48 is a derivative of chalcone, a class of compounds known to possess anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. However, the underlying mechanism of chalcones against colorectal cancer remains unclear. This study reports that HCI-48 mainly targets PIM1 and FGFR1 kinases, thereby eliciting antitumor effects on colorectal cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. HCI-48 inhibited the activity of both PIM1 and FGFR1 kinases in an ATP-dependent manner, as revealed by computational docking models. Cell-based assays showed that HCI-48 inhibited cell proliferation in CRC cells (HCT-15, DLD1, HCT-116 and SW620), and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase through modulation of cyclin A2. HCI-48 also induced cellular apoptosis, as evidenced by an increase in the expression of apoptosis biomarkers such as cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 7. Moreover, HCI-48 attenuated the activation of downstream components of the PIM1 and FGFR1 signaling pathways. Using patient-derived xenograft (PDX) murine tumor models, we found that treatment with HCI-48 diminished the PDX tumor growth of implanted CRC tissue expressing high protein levels of PIM1 and FGFR1. This study suggests that the inhibitory effect of HCI-48 on colorectal tumor growth is mainly mediated through the dual-targeting of PIM1 and FGFR1 kinases. This work provides a theoretical basis for the future application of HCI-48 in the treatment of clinical CRC.
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Kunder R, Velyunskiy M, Dunne SF, Cho BK, Kanojia D, Begg L, Orriols AM, Fleming-Trujillo E, Vadlamani P, Vialichka A, Bolin R, Perrino JN, Roth D, Clutter MR, Zielinski-Mozny NA, Goo YA, Cristofanilli M, Mendillo ML, Vassilopoulos A, Horiuchi D. Synergistic PIM kinase and proteasome inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for MYC-overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:358-372.e5. [PMID: 34525344 PMCID: PMC8901784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the breast cancer subtype with the poorest clinical outcome. The PIM family of kinases has emerged as a factor that is both overexpressed in TNBC and associated with poor outcomes. Preclinical data suggest that TNBC with an elevated MYC expression is sensitive to PIM inhibition. However, clinical observations indicate that the efficacy of PIM inhibitors as single agents may be limited, suggesting the need for combination therapies. Our screening effort identifies PIM and the 20S proteasome inhibition as the most synergistic combination. PIM inhibitors, when combined with proteasome inhibitors, induce significant antitumor effects, including abnormal accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, increased proteotoxic stress, and the inability of NRF1 to counter loss in proteasome activity. Thus, the identified combination could represent a rational combination therapy against MYC-overexpressing TNBC that is readily translatable to clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratika Kunder
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michelle Velyunskiy
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Adlai E. Stevenson High School, Lincolnshire, IL 60069, USA
| | - Sara F Dunne
- High-Throughput Analysis Laboratory, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Byoung-Kyu Cho
- Proteomics Center for Excellence, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lauren Begg
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Adrienne M Orriols
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Erica Fleming-Trujillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Pranathi Vadlamani
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alesia Vialichka
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rosemary Bolin
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jessica N Perrino
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Diane Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew R Clutter
- High-Throughput Analysis Laboratory, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nicolette A Zielinski-Mozny
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Comparative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Proteomics Center for Excellence, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marc L Mendillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Athanassios Vassilopoulos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dai Horiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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9
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Toth RK, Solomon R, Warfel NA. Stabilization of PIM Kinases in Hypoxia Is Mediated by the Deubiquitinase USP28. Cells 2022; 11:1006. [PMID: 35326457 PMCID: PMC8947361 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proviral integration sites for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases are upregulated at the protein level in response to hypoxia and have multiple protumorigenic functions, promoting cell growth, survival, and angiogenesis. However, the mechanism responsible for the induction of PIM in hypoxia remains unknown. Here, we examined factors affecting PIM kinase stability in normoxia and hypoxia. We found that PIM kinases were upregulated in hypoxia at the protein level but not at the mRNA level, confirming that PIMs were upregulated in hypoxia in a hypoxia inducible factor 1-independent manner. PIM kinases were less ubiquitinated in hypoxia than in normoxia, indicating that hypoxia reduced their proteasomal degradation. We identified the deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 28 (USP28) as a key regulator of PIM1 and PIM2 stability. The overexpression of USP28 increased PIM protein stability and total levels in both normoxia and hypoxia, and USP28-knockdown significantly increased the ubiquitination of PIM1 and PIM2. Interestingly, coimmunoprecipitation assays showed an increased interaction between PIM1/2 and USP28 in response to hypoxia, which correlated with reduced ubiquitination and increased protein stability. In a xenograft model, USP28-knockdown tumors grew more slowly than control tumors and showed significantly lower levels of PIM1 in vivo. In conclusion, USP28 blocked the ubiquitination and increased the stability of PIM1/2, particularly in hypoxia. These data provide the first insight into proteins responsible for controlling PIM protein degradation and identify USP28 as an important upstream regulator of this hypoxia-induced, protumorigenic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Toth
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Regina Solomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Noel A. Warfel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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10
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Molecular landscape of c-Myc signaling in prostate cancer: A roadmap to clinical translation. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 233:153851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Yan Y, Zhou B, Qian C, Vasquez A, Kamra M, Chatterjee A, Lee YJ, Yuan X, Ellis L, Di Vizio D, Posadas EM, Kyprianou N, Knudsen BS, Shah K, Murali R, Gertych A, You S, Freeman MR, Yang W. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) stabilizes c-Myc and is a therapeutic target in prostate cancer metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:669. [PMID: 35115556 PMCID: PMC8813925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in prostate cancer (PC) therapeutics, distant metastasis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality from PC. Thus, there is growing recognition that preventing or delaying PC metastasis holds great potential for substantially improving patient outcomes. Here we show receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a clinically actionable target for inhibiting PC metastasis. RIPK2 is amplified/gained in ~65% of lethal metastatic castration-resistant PC. Its overexpression is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis, and its genetic knockout substantially reduces PC metastasis. Multi-level proteomics analyses reveal that RIPK2 strongly regulates the stability and activity of c-Myc (a driver of metastasis), largely via binding to and activating mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), which we identify as a direct c-Myc-S62 kinase. RIPK2 inhibition by preclinical and clinical drugs inactivates the noncanonical RIPK2/MKK7/c-Myc pathway and effectively impairs PC metastatic outgrowth. These results support targeting RIPK2 signaling to extend metastasis-free and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Yan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- InterVenn Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Vasquez
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohini Kamra
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Avradip Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yeon-Joo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaopu Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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PIM1 phosphorylation of the androgen receptor and 14-3-3 ζ regulates gene transcription in prostate cancer. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1221. [PMID: 34697370 PMCID: PMC8546101 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PIM1 is a serine/threonine kinase over-expressed in prostate cancer. We have previously shown that PIM1 phosphorylates the androgen receptor (AR), the primary therapeutic target in prostate cancer, at serine 213 (pS213), which alters expression of select AR target genes. Therefore, we sought to investigate the mechanism whereby PIM1 phosphorylation of AR alters its transcriptional activity. We previously identified the AR co-activator, 14-3-3 ζ, as an endogenous PIM1 substrate in LNCaP cells. Here, we show that PIM1 phosphorylation of AR and 14-3-3 ζ coordinates their interaction, and that they extensively occupy the same sites on chromatin in an AR-dependent manner. Their occupancy at a number of genes involved in cell migration and invasion results in a PIM1-dependent increase in the expression of these genes. We also use rapid immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins on chromatin (RIME), to find that select AR co-regulators, such as hnRNPK and TRIM28, interact with both AR and 14-3-3 ζ in PIM1 over-expressing cells. We conclude that PIM1 phosphorylation of AR and 14-3-3 ζ coordinates their interaction, which in turn recruits additional co-regulatory proteins to alter AR transcriptional activity.
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13
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Leu JD, Wang CY, Lo CC, Lin MY, Chang CY, Hung WC, Lin ST, Wang BS, Lee YJ. Involvement of c-Myc in low dose radiation-induced senescence enhanced migration and invasion of unirradiated cancer cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22208-22231. [PMID: 34552037 PMCID: PMC8507273 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is known to cause cell apoptosis at high dose range, but little is known about the cellular response to low dose radiation. In this study, we found that conditioned medium harvested from WI-38 lung fibroblasts and H1299 lung adenocarcinoma cells exposed to 0.1Gy to 1Gy could enhance the migration and invasion of unirradiated H1299 cells in both 2D and 3D culturing circumstances. Low dose radiation did not induce apoptosis, but induced senescence in irradiated cells. We next examined the expression of immediately early genes including c-Myc and K-Ras. Although both genes could be up-regulated by low dose radiation, induction of c-Myc was more specific to low dose range (0.5Gy) at transcriptional and translational levels. Knockdown of c-Myc by shRNA could repress the senescence induced by low dose radiation. The conditioned medium of irradiated cells induced migration of unirradiated cells was also repressed by knockdown of c-Myc. The c-Myc inhibitor 10058-F4 could suppress low dose radiation induced cell senescence, and the conditioned medium harvested from irradiated cells pretreated with 10058-F4 also lost the ability to enhance the migration of unirradiated cells. The cytokine array analysis revealed that immunosuppressive monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increased by low dose radiation could be repressed by 10058-F4. We also showed that 10058-F4 could suppress low dose radiation induced tumor progression in a xenograft tumor model. Taken together, current data suggest that -Myc is involved in low dose radiation induced cell senescence and potent bystander effect to increase the motility of unirradiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Der Leu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng Chi University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yih Wang
- Radiotherapy, Department of Medical Imaging, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chien Lo
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Min-Ying Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-2681, USA
| | - Wen-Chin Hung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ting Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Shen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jang Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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14
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Püschel J, Dubrovska A, Gorodetska I. The Multifaceted Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4703. [PMID: 34572930 PMCID: PMC8472046 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the only tumor cells possessing self-renewal and differentiation properties, making them an engine of tumor progression and a source of tumor regrowth after treatment. Conventional therapies eliminate most non-CSCs, while CSCs often remain radiation and drug resistant, leading to tumor relapse and metastases. Thus, targeting CSCs might be a powerful tool to overcome tumor resistance and increase the efficiency of current cancer treatment strategies. The identification and isolation of the CSC population based on its high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) is widely accepted for prostate cancer (PCa) and many other solid tumors. In PCa, several ALDH genes contribute to the ALDH activity, which can be measured in the enzymatic assay by converting 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) aminoacetaldehyde (BAAA) into the fluorescent product BODIPY-aminoacetate (BAA). Although each ALDH isoform plays an individual role in PCa biology, their mutual functional interplay also contributes to PCa progression. Thus, ALDH proteins are markers and functional regulators of CSC properties, representing an attractive target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the current state of research regarding the role of individual ALDH isoforms in PCa development and progression, their possible therapeutic targeting, and provide an outlook for the future advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Püschel
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ielizaveta Gorodetska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
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15
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Rathi A, Kumar D, Hasan GM, Haque MM, Hassan MI. Therapeutic targeting of PIM KINASE signaling in cancer therapy: Structural and clinical prospects. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129995. [PMID: 34455019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIM kinases are well-studied drug targets for cancer, belonging to Serine/Threonine kinases family. They are the downstream target of various signaling pathways, and their up/down-regulation affects various physiological processes. PIM family comprises three isoforms, namely, PIM-1, PIM-2, and PIM-3, on alternative initiation of translation and they have different levels of expression in different types of cancers. Its structure shows a unique ATP-binding site in the hinge region which makes it unique among other kinases. SCOPE OF REVIEW PIM kinases are widely reported in hematological malignancies along with prostate and breast cancers. Currently, many drugs are used as inhibitors of PIM kinases. In this review, we highlighted the physiological significance of PIM kinases in the context of disease progression and therapeutic targeting. We comprehensively reviewed the PIM kinases in terms of their expression and regulation of different physiological roles. We further predicted functional partners of PIM kinases to elucidate their role in the cellular physiology of different cancer and mapped their interaction network. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A deeper mechanistic insight into the PIM signaling involved in regulating different cellular processes, including transcription, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, cell migration and senescence, is provided. Furthermore, structural features of PIM have been dissected to understand the mechanism of inhibition and subsequent implication of designed inhibitors towards therapeutic management of prostate, breast and other cancers. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Being a potential drug target for cancer therapy, available drugs and PIM inhibitors at different stages of clinical trials are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Rathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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16
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Co-Targeting PIM Kinase and PI3K/mTOR in NSCLC. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092139. [PMID: 33946744 PMCID: PMC8125027 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary PIM kinases interact with major oncogenic players, including the PI3K/Akt pathway, and provide an escape mechanism leading to drug resistance. This study examined PIM kinase expression in NSCLC and the potential of PIM1 as a prognostic marker. The effect on cell signaling of novel preclinical PI3K/mTOR/PIM kinase inhibitor IBL-301 was compared to PI3K/mTOR inhibition in vitro and ex vivo. PI3K-mTOR inhibitor sensitive (H1975P) and resistant (H1975GR) cells were compared for altered IL6/STAT3 pathway expression and sensitivity to IBL-301. All three PIM kinases are expressed in NSCLC and PIM1 is a marker of poor prognosis. IBL-301 inhibited c-Myc, the PI3K-Akt and JAK/STAT pathways in vitro and in NSCLC tumor tissue explants. IBL-301 also inhibited secreted pro-inflammatory cytokine MCP-1. PIM kinases were activated in H1975GR cells which were more sensitive to IBL-301 than H1975P cells. A miRNA signature of PI3K-mTOR resistance was validated. Co-targeting PIM kinase and PI3K-mTOR warrants further clinical investigation. Abstract PIM kinases are constitutively active proto-oncogenic serine/threonine kinases that play a role in cell cycle progression, metabolism, inflammation and drug resistance. PIM kinases interact with and stabilize p53, c-Myc and parallel signaling pathway PI3K/Akt. This study evaluated PIM kinase expression in NSCLC and in response to PI3K/mTOR inhibition. It investigated a novel preclinical PI3K/mTOR/PIM inhibitor (IBL-301) in vitro and in patient-derived NSCLC tumor tissues. Western blot analysis confirmed PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3 are expressed in NSCLC cell lines and PIM1 is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. IBL-301 decreased PIM1, c-Myc, pBAD and p4EBP1 (Thr37/46) and peIF4B (S406) protein levels in-vitro and MAP kinase, PI3K-Akt and JAK/STAT pathways in tumor tissue explants. IBL-301 significantly decreased secreted pro-inflammatory cytokine MCP-1. Altered mRNA expression, including activated PIM kinase and c-Myc, was identified in Apitolisib resistant cells (H1975GR) by an IL-6/STAT3 pathway array and validated by Western blot. H1975GR cells were more sensitive to IBL-301 than parent cells. A miRNA array identified a dysregulated miRNA signature of PI3K/mTOR drug resistance consisting of regulators of PIM kinase and c-Myc (miR17-5p, miR19b-3p, miR20a-5p, miR15b-5p, miR203a, miR-206). Our data provides a rationale for co-targeting PIM kinase and PI3K-mTOR to improve therapeutic response in NSCLC.
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17
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Lee B, Lee H, Cho J, Yoon SE, Kim SJ, Park WY, Kim WS, Ko YH. Mutational Profile and Clonal Evolution of Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:628807. [PMID: 33777778 PMCID: PMC7992425 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.628807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary refractory/relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (rrDLBCL) is an unresolved issue for DLBCL treatment and new treatments to overcome resistance is required. To explore the genetic mechanisms underlying treatment resistance in rrDLBCL and to identify candidate genes, we performed targeted deep sequencing of 430 lymphoma-related genes from 58 patients diagnosed with rrDLBCL. Genetic alterations found between the initial biopsy and biopsy at recurrence or refractory disease were investigated. The genes most frequently altered (> 20%) were (in decreasing order of frequency) CDKN2A, PIM1, CD79B, TP53, MYD88, MYC, BTG2, BTG1, CDKN2B, DTX1, CD58, ETV6, and IRF4. Genes mutation of which in pretreatment sample were associated with poor overall survival included NOTCH1, FGFR2, BCL7A, BCL10, SPEN and TP53 (P < 0.05). FGFR2, BCL2, BCL6, BCL10, and TP53 were associated with poor progression-free survival (P < 0.05). Most mutations were truncal and were maintained in both the initial biopsy and post-treatment biopsy with high dynamics of subclones. Immune-evasion genes showed increased overall mutation frequency (CD58, B2M) and variant allele fraction (CD58), and decreased copy number (B2M, CD70) at the post-treatment biopsy. Using the established mutational profiles and integrative analysis of mutational evolution, we identified information about candidate genes that may be useful for the development of future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Lee
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Lee
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junhun Cho
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Eun Yoon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Won Seog Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Wen QL, Yi HQ, Yang K, Yin CT, Yin WJ, Xiang FY, Bao M, Shuai J, Song YW, Ge MH, Zhu X. Role of oncogene PIM-1 in the development and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Involvement of oxidative stress. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 523:111144. [PMID: 33383107 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of PIM-1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in vitro and investigate the relationship between PIM-1 and redox proteins (NOX4, SOD2, and GPX2) at the tissue and cellular levels. As a PIM-1 inhibitor, SGI-1776 inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and induced an increase in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in two PTC cell lines (BCPAP and TPC-1). The expressions of PIM-1, SOD2 and GPX2 were downregulated after siNOX4 exposure. Immunohistochemistry in 120 PTC patients showed that all four proteins exhibited higher expression levels in PTC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. PIM-1 expression was related to NOX4, SOD2, and GPX2 expressions. The Cancer Genome Atlas database analysis showed the significant correlation between the expression of NOX4 and PIM-1. Our results demonstrated that PIM-1 played an important oncogenic role in PTC carcinogenesis that may be related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Liang Wen
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - He-Qing Yi
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ke Yang
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chang-Tian Yin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wen-Juan Yin
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fang-Yue Xiang
- Stomatology College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Miao Bao
- Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China.
| | - Jing Shuai
- Stomatology College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi-Wei Song
- Stomatology College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Hua Ge
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Zhu
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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19
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Komar D, Juszczynski P. Rebelled epigenome: histone H3S10 phosphorylation and H3S10 kinases in cancer biology and therapy. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:147. [PMID: 33054831 PMCID: PMC7556946 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the discovery that more than half of human cancers harbor mutations in chromatin proteins, deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms has been recognized a hallmark of malignant transformation. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone proteins, as main components of epigenetic regulatory machinery, are also broadly accepted as therapeutic target. Current “epigenetic” therapies target predominantly writers, erasers and readers of histone acetylation and (to a lesser extent) methylation, leaving other types of PTMs largely unexplored. One of them is the phosphorylation of serine 10 on histone H3 (H3S10ph). Main body H3S10ph is emerging as an important player in the initiation and propagation of cancer, as it facilitates cellular malignant transformation and participates in fundamental cellular functions. In normal cells this histone mark dictates the hierarchy of additional histone modifications involved in the formation of protein binding scaffolds, transcriptional regulation, blocking repressive epigenetic information and shielding gene regions from heterochromatin spreading. During cell division, this mark is essential for chromosome condensation and segregation. It is also involved in the function of specific DNA–RNA hybrids, called R-loops, which modulate transcription and facilitate chromosomal instability. Increase in H3S10ph is observed in numerous cancer types and its abundance has been associated with inferior prognosis. Many H3S10-kinases, including MSK1/2, PIM1, CDK8 and AURORA kinases, have been long considered targets in cancer therapy. However, since these proteins also participate in other critical processes, including signal transduction, apoptotic signaling, metabolic fitness and transcription, their chromatin functions are often neglected. Conclusions H3S10ph and enzymes responsible for deposition of this histone modification are important for chromatin activity and oncogenesis. Epigenetic-drugs targeting this axis of modifications, potentially in combination with conventional or targeted therapy, provide a promising angle in search for knowledge-driven therapeutic strategies in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Komar
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Gandhi 14 Str, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Przemyslaw Juszczynski
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Gandhi 14 Str, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Motylewska E, Braun M, Stępień H. High Expression of NEK2 and PIM1, but Not PIM3, Is Linked to an Aggressive Phenotype of Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 2020; 31:264-273. [PMID: 32504181 PMCID: PMC7395916 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulations of the NEK2 and PIM1-3 kinase signaling axes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several cancers, including those with a neuroendocrine phenotype. However, their impact on bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms (BP-NENs) has not been investigated. The aim of this pilot study was to determine mRNA and protein levels of NEK2, PIM1, and PIM3 in a group of 49 patients with BP-NENs: 11 typical carcinoids, 5 atypical carcinoids, 11 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, 22 small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC). The expression was measured using TaqMan-based RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. NEK2 and PIM1 mRNA levels were higher in the SCLC patients than in the other BP-NEN groups (p < 0.001). There was an association between NEK2 mRNA and protein expression (p = 0.023) and elevated NEK2 mRNA levels were related to reduced survival in BP-NEN patients (p = 0.015). Patients with higher PIM1 protein expression had also diminished survival comparing with those with weak or no PIM1 expression (p = 0.037). Elevated NEK2 and PIM1 expression were related to aggressive tumor phenotype and indirectly affected the overall survival of BP-NEN patients. Our pilot study supports the need for future investigation of the biological function of NEK2 and PIM1 in BP-NEN transformation to verify the clinical value of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Motylewska
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Henryk Stępień
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
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21
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Mobasheri T, Rayzan E, Shabani M, Hosseini M, Mahmoodi Chalbatani G, Rezaei N. Neuroblastoma-targeted nanoparticles and novel nanotechnology-based treatment methods. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1751-1775. [PMID: 32735058 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a complicated pediatric tumor, originating from the neural crest, which is the most prevalent in adrenal glands, but may rarely be seen in some other tissues as well. Studies are focused on developing new strategies through novel chemo- and immuno-therapeutic drug targets. Different types of oncogenes such as MYCN, tumor suppressor genes such as p53, and some structural genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor are considered as targets for neuroblastoma therapy. The individual expression patterns in NB cells make them appropriate for this purpose. The combined effect of nano-drug delivery systems and specific drug targets will result in lower systemic side effects, prolonged therapeutic effects, and improvements in the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs. Some of these novel drug delivery systems with a focus on liposomes as carriers are also discussed. In this review, genes and protein products that are beneficial as drug targets in the treatment of neuroblastoma have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranom Mobasheri
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Rayzan
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsima Shabani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mina Hosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (RCID), Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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22
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Panchal NK, Sabina EP. A serine/threonine protein PIM kinase as a biomarker of cancer and a target for anti-tumor therapy. Life Sci 2020; 255:117866. [PMID: 32479955 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The PIM Kinases belong to the family of a proto-oncogene that essentially phosphorylates the serine/threonine residues of the target proteins. They are primarily categorized into three types PIM-1, PIM-2, PIM-3 which plays an indispensable regulatory role in signal transduction cascades, by promoting cell survival, proliferation, and drug resistance. These kinases are overexpressed in several solid as well as hematopoietic tumors which supports in vitro and in vivo malignant cell growth along with survival by regulating cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis. They lack regulatory domain which makes them constitutively active once transcribed. PIM kinases usually appear to be important downstream effectors of oncoproteins which overexpresses and helps in mediating drug resistance to available agents, such as rapamycin. Structural studies of PIM kinases revealed that they have unique hinge regions where two Proline resides and makes ATP binding unique, by offering a target for an increasing number of potent PIM kinase inhibitors. Preclinical studies of those inhibitory compounds in various cancers indicate that these novel agents show promising activity and some of them currently being under examination. In this review, we have outlined PIM kinases molecular mechanism and signaling pathways along with matriculation in various cancer and list of inhibitors often used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Kishan Panchal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - E P Sabina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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23
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Singh N, Padi SKR, Bearss JJ, Pandey R, Okumura K, Beltran H, Song JH, Kraft AS, Olive V. PIM protein kinases regulate the level of the long noncoding RNA H19 to control stem cell gene transcription and modulate tumor growth. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:974-990. [PMID: 32146726 PMCID: PMC7191193 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) serine/threonine kinases have an oncogenic and prosurvival role in hematological and solid cancers. However, the mechanism by which these kinases drive tumor growth has not been completely elucidated. To determine the genes controlled by these protein kinases, we carried out a microarray analysis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) comparing early progenitor (ETP-ALL) cell lines whose growth is driven by PIM kinases to more mature T-ALL cells that have low PIM levels. This analysis demonstrated that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 was associated with increased PIM levels in ETP-ALL. Overexpression or knockdown of PIM in these T-ALL cell lines controlled the level of H19 and regulated the methylation of the H19 promoter, suggesting a mechanism by which PIM controls H19 transcription. In these T-ALL cells, the expression of PIM1 induced stem cell gene expression (SOX2, OCT-4, and NANOG) through H19. Identical results were found in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines where PIM kinases drive cancer growth, and both H19 and stem cell gene levels. Small molecule pan-PIM inhibitors (PIM-i) currently in clinical trials reduced H19 expression in both of these tumor types. Importantly, the knockdown of H19 blocked the ability of PIM to induce stem cell genes in T-ALL cells, suggesting a novel signal transduction cascade. In PCa, increases in SOX2 levels have been shown to cause both resistance to the androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and the induction of neuroendocrine PCa, a highly metastatic form of this disease. Treatment of PCa cells with a small molecule pan-PIM-i reduced stem cell gene transcription and enhanced ADT, while overexpression of H19 suppressed the ability of pan-PIM-i to regulate hormone blockade. Together, these results demonstrate that the PIM kinases control the level of lncRNA H19, which in turn modifies stem cell gene transcription regulating tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sathish K R Padi
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Bearss
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ritu Pandey
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Koichi Okumura
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin H Song
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Virginie Olive
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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24
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Luszczak S, Kumar C, Sathyadevan VK, Simpson BS, Gately KA, Whitaker HC, Heavey S. PIM kinase inhibition: co-targeted therapeutic approaches in prostate cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:7. [PMID: 32296034 PMCID: PMC6992635 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PIM kinases have been shown to play a role in prostate cancer development and progression, as well as in some of the hallmarks of cancer, especially proliferation and apoptosis. Their upregulation in prostate cancer has been correlated with decreased patient overall survival and therapy resistance. Initial efforts to inhibit PIM with monotherapies have been hampered by compensatory upregulation of other pathways and drug toxicity, and as such, it has been suggested that co-targeting PIM with other treatment approaches may permit lower doses and be a more viable option in the clinic. Here, we present the rationale and basis for co-targeting PIM with inhibitors of PI3K/mTOR/AKT, JAK/STAT, MYC, stemness, and RNA Polymerase I transcription, along with other therapies, including androgen deprivation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Such combined approaches could potentially be used as neoadjuvant therapies, limiting the development of resistance to treatments or sensitizing cells to other therapeutics. To determine which drugs should be combined with PIM inhibitors for each patient, it will be key to develop companion diagnostics that predict response to each co-targeted option, hopefully providing a personalized medicine pathway for subsets of prostate cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Luszczak
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Benjamin S Simpson
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathy A Gately
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin 8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Heavey
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK.
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25
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Wu Y, Deng Y, Zhu J, Duan Y, Weng W, Wu X. Pim1 promotes cell proliferation and regulates glycolysis via interaction with MYC in ovarian cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6647-6656. [PMID: 30349298 PMCID: PMC6186298 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s180520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death among women with gynecologic malignancies. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Pim1, which belongs to a group of constitutively activated serine/threonine kinases, in cancer development. However, the effect of Pim1 in OC is largely unclear. Methods OC cell lines with Pim1 overexpression or knockdown were constructed with len-tivirus transduction. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, glycolysis stress test and in vivo mice models were carried out to assess the effect of Pim1 on OC biological functions. Co-immunoprecipitation assay coupled with western blot were performed to explore the intrinsic mechanisms of Pim1 in OC. Bioinformatic analysis was then performed to evaluate the expression and prognostic value of Pim1. Results We present the first evidence that silencing or overexpressing Pim1 can suppress or promote, respectively, OC cell proliferation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Pim1 can significantly enhance glycolysis in OC cells. In vivo experiments further confirmed that knockdown of Pim1 inhibits the growth of tumors derived from the SKOV3 cell line. To search for the underlying molecular mechanism, we examined the effect of Pim1 on MYC, a pivotal gene in glycolysis, and observed that Pim1-mediated phosphorylation of c-Myc activated the expression of glycolysis-associated key genes such as PGK1 and LDHA. Moreover, we found that the Pim1 inhibitor SMI4a induced chemosensitization to cisplatin. Clinically, Pim1 was also overexpressed in OC and correlated with poor overall survival by bioinformatics analysis. Conclusion Together, these results suggest that Pim1 contributes to proliferation and gly-colysis in OC via interaction with MYC and may serve as a potential target in the treatment of OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yachen Duan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - WeiWei Weng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
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26
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Xiang X, Yuan D, Liu Y, Li J, Wen Q, Kong P, Gao L, Zhang C, Gao L, Peng X, Zhang X. PIM1 overexpression in T-cell lymphomas protects tumor cells from apoptosis and confers doxorubicin resistance by upregulating c-myc expression. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:800-806. [PMID: 30020405 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) are a malignancy characterized by tumor aggression and resistance to traditional chemotherapy. Disruption of the extrinsic cell death pathway is essential for resistance to chemotherapy. PIM1 serves as a crucial modulator in cancers. However, the role of PIM1 in TCLs remains unclear. In this study, we studied the roles of PIM1 in established T-lymphoma cell lines Jurkat and HUT-78. CCK-8 assay was conducted to evaluate cell survival and flow cytometry was performed to evaluate cell death of TCL cells. siRNAs were used to knockdown the expression of PIM1 and c-myc. qRT-PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of c-myc and PIM1. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the protein expression levels of PIM1, c-myc, STAT3, and phospho-STAT3. Doxorubicin was used to determine the effect of PIM1 on apoptosis. Our results showed that PIM1 expression was markedly enhanced and induced c-myc expression in TCL cells. Doxorubicin inhibited the expressions of c-myc and PIM1, and triggered the extrinsic cell death of TCLs by suppressing the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway. Moreover, PIM1 silencing via siRNA suppressed c-myc expression, promoted the cell death of TCLs, and increased doxorubicin sensitivity. Conversely, PIM1 overexpression in TCL cells induced c-myc expression, suppressed TCL cell death, and promoted doxorubicin resistance. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PIM1 overexpression in TCLs participates in cancer cell protection from apoptosis and leads to doxorubicin resistance by inducing c-myc expression, indicating that PIM1 may be a promising target in TCL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Xiang
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Yuan
- Department of Educational Technology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Wen
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peiyan Kong
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Gao
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangui Peng
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Center of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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27
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An J, Xu J, Li J, Jia S, Li X, Lu Y, Yang Y, Lin Z, Xin X, Wu M, Zheng Q, Pu H, Gui X, Li T, Lu D. HistoneH3 demethylase JMJD2A promotes growth of liver cancer cells through up-regulating miR372. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49093-49109. [PMID: 28467776 PMCID: PMC5564752 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in histone lysine methylation status have been observed during cancer formation. JMJD2A protein is a demethylase that is overexpressed in several tumors. Herein, our results demonstrate that JMJD2A accelerates malignant progression of liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, JMJD2A promoted the expression and mature of pre-miR372 epigenetically. Notably, miR372 blocks the editing of 13th exon-introns-14th exon and forms a novel transcript(JMJD2AΔ) of JMJD2A. In particular, JMJD2A inhibited P21(WAF1/Cip1) expression by decreasing H3K9me3 dependent on JMJD2AΔ. Thereby, JMJD2A could enhance Pim1 transcription by suppressing P21(WAF1/Cip1). Furthermore, through increasing the expression of Pim1, JMJD2A could facilitate the interaction among pRB, CDK2 and CyclinE which prompts the transcription and translation of oncogenic C-myc. Strikingly, JMJD2A may trigger the demethylation of Pim1. On the other hand, Pim1 knockdown and P21(WAF1/Cip1) overexpression fully abrogated the oncogenic function of JMJD2A. Our observations suggest that JMJD2A promotes liver cancer cell cycle progress through JMJD2A-miR372-JMJD2AΔ-P21WAF1/Cip1-Pim1-pRB-CDK2-CyclinE-C-myc axis. This study elucidates a novel mechanism for JMJD2A in liver cancer cells and suggests that JMJD2A can be used as a novel therapeutic targets of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui An
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Song Jia
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Yanan Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Zhuojia Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Xiaoru Xin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Mengying Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Qidi Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Hu Pu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Xin Gui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Tianming Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Dongdong Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 20092, China
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28
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Zhang M, Liu T, Sun H, Weng W, Zhang Q, Liu C, Han Y, Sheng W. Pim1 supports human colorectal cancer growth during glucose deprivation by enhancing the Warburg effect. Cancer Sci 2018. [PMID: 29516572 PMCID: PMC5980151 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells metabolize glucose mainly by glycolysis and are well adapted to metabolic stress. Pim1 is an oncogene that promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) growth and metastasis, and its expression is positively correlated with CRC progression. However, the mechanism underlying Pim1 overexpression during CRC progression and the role of Pim1 in CRC metabolism remains unclear. In the present study, we discovered that Pim1 expression was significantly upregulated in response to glucose deprivation‐induced metabolic stress by AMP‐activated protein kinase signaling. Pim1 promoted CRC cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Clinical observations showed that Pim1 expression was higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Pim1 overexpression in CRC tissues not only predicted CRC prognosis in patients but also showed a positive relationship with 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. Further in vitro experiments showed that Pim1 promoted the Warburg effect and that Pim1 expression was positively correlated with hexokinase 2 and lactate dehydrogenase A expression. Pim1‐silenced cells were more vulnerable to glucose starvation, and Pim1‐induced tumor proliferation or tolerance to glucose starvation was attenuated by blocking the Warburg effect. In conclusion, glucose deprivation is one of the mechanisms that leads to elevated Pim1 expression in CRC, and Pim1 upregulation ensures CRC growth in response to glucose deprivation by facilitating the Warburg effect in a compensatory way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Weng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xu J, Zhu X, Li Q, Chen C, Guo Z, Tan Z, Zheng C, Ge M. Loss of PIM1 correlates with progression and prognosis of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:22. [PMID: 29467592 PMCID: PMC5819291 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence indicates that PIM1 is a potential prognostic marker and target for cancer treatment but its precise mechanisms of action remain to be determined in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). This study aims to decipher the prognostic and mechanistic role of PIM1 in progression of SACC cells and tumor tissues. Methods A SACC cell line (ACC-M) was transfected with shRNA plasmids targeting the PIM1 gene. The expression levels of PIM1, RUNX3 and p21 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Subcellular translocalization of RUNX3 and p21 proteins was assessed using immunofluorescence, and cell cycle phase was quantified using flow cytometry. A total of 97 SACC patients were retrospectively analyzed by clinicopathologic characteristics and survival outcomes. Results After down-regulation of PIM1 in ACC-M cells, RUNX3 and p21 proteins were translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus, with a decrease of p21 expression and increase of G0/G1 phase cells. PIM1 and RUNX3 levels show a distinct covariance. PIM1 is associated with T-status, lymph node involvement, nerve invasion, and distant metastasis in SACC tissues. Patients with low PIM1 level had a better outcome than those with higher PIM1 level. Conclusions PIM1 is multifunctional in ACC-M cells and it serves as a neoteric therapeutic target and potential prognostic marker for SACC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Xu
- 1Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
| | - Xin Zhu
- 2Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310022 China
| | - Qingling Li
- 3Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022 China
| | - Chao Chen
- 1Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhenying Guo
- 4Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022 China
| | - Zhuo Tan
- 1Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
| | - Chuanming Zheng
- 1Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
| | - Minghua Ge
- 1Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
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30
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Zhu X, Yu Y, Hou X, Xu J, Tan Z, Nie X, Ling Z, Ge M. Expression of PIM-1 in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: Association with tumor progression and patients' prognosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:1149-1156. [PMID: 29399171 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pim-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (PIM-1) phosphorylates a series of substrates to exert its oncogenic function in numerous malignancies. The present study investigated the clinical significance of the PIM-1 protein, apoptosis status and apoptosis-associated proteins, including forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and BCL-2-associted agonist of cell death (BAD), were investigated in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) tissues. PIM-1 expression levels in 4 pairs of ACC tissues and corresponding normal salivary gland tissues were determined by western blot analysis. PIM-1, FOXO3a, BAD and BCL-2 expression levels in 60 ACC tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). A terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay was performed to detect the apoptosis status of ACC tissues. PIM-1 was revealed to be highly expressed in ACC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. IHC staining results demonstrated high expression ratios of PIM-1, FOXO3a, BCL-2 and BAD [33.33% (20/60), 51.67% (31/60), 51.67% (31/60) and 55% (33/60)], respectively, and significant correlations between the expression of PIM-1 and FOXO3a and BCL-2 (P<0.05). Apoptotic rates were significantly associated with PIM-1, FOXO3a, BCL-2 and BAD expression levels (P<0.05). PIM-1 expression levels were significantly associated with tumor size, lymph node involvement, nerve invasion, distant metastasis and weakly associated with tumor node metastasis stage. Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that PIM-1 expression level was significantly associated with disease-free survival of patients with ACC (P=0.009). Cox regression multivariate analysis results revealed that histotype, distant metastasis and apoptotic rate were independent prognosis factors for ACC. Assessment of PIM-1 may be useful in investigating the malignant behaviors of ACC and predicting the outcome of patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Yunfang Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Hou
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Tan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xilin Nie
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Minghua Ge
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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Time-Dependent Effects of POT1 Knockdown on Proliferation, Tumorigenicity, and HDACi Response of SK-OV3 Ovarian Cancer Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7184253. [PMID: 29546066 PMCID: PMC5818924 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7184253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The roles of protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) in human ovarian cancer have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the impact of POT1 knockdown (POT1-KD) on in vitro cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) response in human ovarian cancer-derived SK-OV3 cells. The POT1 gene was knocked down by infection with POT1 lenti-shRNA. POT1, c-Myc, and hTERT mRNA levels and relative telomere length were determined by qRT-PCR; POT1 protein levels were determined by western blot. The relative telomerase activity levels were detected using qTRAP; cell proliferation was assessed using cumulative population doubling (cPD) experiments. Cell tumorigenicity was evaluated by anchorage-independent cell growth assays, and cell response to HDACi was determined by luminescence cell viability assays. Results indicate that lenti-shRNA-mediated POT1-KD significantly reduced POT1 mRNA and protein expression. POT1-KD immediately downregulated c-Myc expression, which led to the inhibition of cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and HDACi response. However, after brief suppression, c-Myc expression increased in the medium term, which resulted in enhanced cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and HDACi response in the POT1-KD cells. Furthermore, we discovered that c-Myc regulated cell proliferation and tumorigenesis via hTERT/telomerase/telomere pathway.
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Rebello RJ, Huglo AV, Furic L. PIM activity in tumours: A key node of therapy resistance. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 67:163-169. [PMID: 29111105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The PIM kinases are proto-oncogenes which have been shown to facilitate cell survival and proliferation to drive malignancy and resistance post-therapy. They are able to suppress cell death signals, sustain PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway activity and regulate the MYC oncogenic program. Recent work has revealed PIM kinase essentiality for advanced tumour maintenance and described tumour sensitivity to small molecule inhibitors targeting PIM kinase in multiple malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Rebello
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Alisée V Huglo
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Tan Y, Sementino E, Chernoff J, Testa JR. Targeting MYC sensitizes malignant mesothelioma cells to PAK blockage-induced cytotoxicity. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1724-1737. [PMID: 28861328 PMCID: PMC5574944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of malignant mesothelioma (MM) is very challenging due to marked resistance of this tumor to chemotherapy. Various mechanisms lead to a less than ideal drug concentration inside of MM cells, diminishing cytotoxicity. Consequently, single cytotoxic drugs achieve very modest response rates in MM patients, and combination regimens using standard and novel therapies have achieved only limited improvement in overall survival. Here, we demonstrate that MYC has either proliferative or pro-survival effects in MM cells during normal or stressed conditions, respectively. A MYC inhibitor 10058-F4 reduced MM cell proliferation via down regulation of cyclin D. Under serum starvation conditions, MM cells became quiescent, and the addition of MYC inhibitors triggered apoptosis in the resting MM cells. We also found that high concentrations of the PAK inhibitor PF3758309 killed MM cells, but the drug had only cytostatic effects at lower concentrations. These quiescent cells underwent apoptosis upon pharmacological inhibition of MYC. A novel MYC inhibitor KJ-Pyr-9 and a newer PAK inhibitor, FRAX597, also demonstrated marked cytotoxic cooperativity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that targeting of MYC can sensitize MM cells and provide rationale for inhibition of MYC and PAK as a novel combinatory regimen for the treatment of this otherwise therapy-resistant, clinically incurable malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfei Tan
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eleonora Sementino
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Jiménez-García MP, Lucena-Cacace A, Robles-Frías MJ, Ferrer I, Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. Inflammation and stem markers association to PIM1/PIM2 kinase-induced tumors in breast and uterus. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58872-58886. [PMID: 28938604 PMCID: PMC5601700 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM family of Ser/Thr kinase proteins has been implicated in tumorigenesis at different levels. PIM proteins are overexpressed in several tumor types and have been associated with chemoresistance. However, their role in hormone-dependent female tissues has not been explored, especially in the uterus, breast and ovary. We generated conditional transgenic mice with confined expression of human PIM1 or PIM2 genes in these tissues. We characterized the tumoral response to these genetic alterations corroborating their role as oncogenes since they induce hyperproliferation in all tissues and tumors in mammary gland and uterus. Furthermore, we observed a high degree of inflammatory infiltration in these tissues of transgenic mice accompanied by NFAT and mTOR activation and IL6 expression. Moreover, PIM1/2 were overexpressed in human breast, uterine and ovarian tumors, correlating with inflammatory features and stem cell markers. Our data suggest that PIM1/2 kinase overexpression provoke tissue alterations and a large IL6-dependent inflammatory response that may act synergistically during the process of tumorigenesis. The possible end-point is an increased percentage of cancer stem cells, which may be partly responsible for the therapy resistance found in tumors overexpressing PIM kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel-Pedro Jiménez-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - María-José Robles-Frías
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Poole CJ, van Riggelen J. MYC-Master Regulator of the Cancer Epigenome and Transcriptome. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8050142. [PMID: 28505071 PMCID: PMC5448016 DOI: 10.3390/genes8050142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of MYC is a hallmark of many human cancers. The MYC oncogene has long been thought to execute its neoplastic functions by acting as a classic transcription factor, deregulating the expression of a large number of specific target genes. However, MYC’s influence on many of these target genes is rather modest and there is little overlap between MYC regulated genes in different cell types, leaving many mechanistic questions unanswered. Recent advances in the field challenge the dogma further, revealing a role for MYC that extends beyond the traditional concept of a sequence-specific transcription factor. In this article, we review MYC’s function as a regulator of the cancer epigenome and transcriptome. We outline our current understanding of how MYC regulates chromatin structure in both a site-specific and genome-wide fashion, and highlight the implications for therapeutic strategies for cancers with high MYC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace J Poole
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1410 Laney-Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Jan van Riggelen
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1410 Laney-Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Li JQ, Yang X, Zhou XM. PIM1 gene silencing inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of human esophageal cancer cell line Eca-109. Cancer Biomark 2017; 18:149-154. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hou X, Yu Y, Feng J, Wang J, Zheng C, Ling Z, Ge M, Zhu X. Biochemical changes of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma cells induced by SGI-1776. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:403-411. [PMID: 28228352 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1 (Pim-1) has proved to be an oncogene and it is known that to depress Pim-1 activity may be a novel oncological treatment strategy. SGI-1776, a small molecule, is the first clinically tested inhibitor of the Pim kinase family. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of SGI-1776 on salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). Expression of Pim-1 was confirmed in SACC and control tissues by qRT-PCR. After SGI-1776 treatment, the Pim-1 expressions and Pim-1 kinase activity in both SACC-83 and SACC-LM cell lines were measured. Cell proliferation, cell invasion, cell cycle, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed. Also, the expression of FOXO3a, p-FOXO3a, RUNX3, Bcl-2, BAD, p-BAD, Bim and p-Bim were detected by Western blot. The results showed that Pim-1 was significantly overexpressed in SACC tissues. SGI-1776 down-regulated the Pim-1 expression, inhibited Pim-1 kinase activity, reduced cell proliferation, decreased invasive ability, increased caspase-3 activity and induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial depolarization. Reduced expression was also seen in p-FOXO3a, RUNX3, Bcl-2, p-BAD and p-Bim, whereas no significant changes were observed from FOXO3a, BAD and Bim. These results confirm the pivotal role of Pim-1 in SACC and suggest that targeting Pim-1 kinase signal pathway by SGI-1776 might be a promising therapeutic modality for SACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Hou
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Yunfang Yu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Chuanming Zheng
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Minghua Ge
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China.
| | - Xin Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China.
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38
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Jiménez-García MP, Lucena-Cacace A, Robles-Frías MJ, Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. The role of PIM1/PIM2 kinases in tumors of the male reproductive system. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38079. [PMID: 27901106 PMCID: PMC5128923 DOI: 10.1038/srep38079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM family of serine/threonine kinases has three highly conserved isoforms (PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3). PIM proteins are regulated through transcription and stability by JAK/STAT pathways and are overexpressed in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The PIM kinases possess weak oncogenic abilities, but enhance other genes or chemical carcinogens to induce tumors. We generated conditional transgenic mice that overexpress PIM1 or PIM2 in male reproductive organs and analyzed their contribution to tumorigenesis. We found an increase in alterations of sexual organs and hyperplasia in the transgenic mice correlating with inflammation. We also found that PIM1/2 are overexpressed in a subset of human male germ cells and prostate tumors correlating with inflammatory features and stem cell markers. Our data suggest that PIM1/2 kinase overexpression is a common feature of male reproductive organs tumors, which provoke tissue alterations and a large inflammatory response that may act synergistically during the process of tumorigenesis. There is also a correlation with markers of cancer stem cells, which may contribute to the therapy resistance found in tumors overexpressing PIM kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pedro Jiménez-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - María José Robles-Frías
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n 41013, Seville, Spain
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Horiuchi D, Camarda R, Zhou AY, Yau C, Momcilovic O, Balakrishnan S, Corella AN, Eyob H, Kessenbrock K, Lawson DA, Marsh LA, Anderton BN, Rohrberg J, Kunder R, Bazarov AV, Yaswen P, McManus MT, Rugo HS, Werb Z, Goga A. PIM1 kinase inhibition as a targeted therapy against triple-negative breast tumors with elevated MYC expression. Nat Med 2016; 22:1321-1329. [PMID: 27775705 PMCID: PMC5341692 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), in which cells lack expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), the progesterone receptor (PR) and the ERBB2 (also known as HER2) receptor, is the breast cancer subtype with the poorest outcome. No targeted therapy is available against this subtype of cancer owing to a lack of validated molecular targets. We previously reported that signaling involving MYC-an essential, pleiotropic transcription factor that regulates the expression of hundreds of genes-is disproportionally higher in triple-negative (TN) tumors than in receptor-positive (RP) tumors. Direct inhibition of the oncogenic transcriptional activity of MYC has been challenging to achieve. Here, by conducting a shRNA screen targeting the kinome, we identified PIM1, a non-essential serine-threonine kinase, in a synthetic lethal interaction with MYC. PIM1 expression was higher in TN tumors than in RP tumors and was associated with poor prognosis in patients with hormone- and HER2-negative tumors. Small-molecule PIM kinase inhibitors halted the growth of human TN tumors with elevated MYC expression in patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) and MYC-driven transgenic mouse models of breast cancer by inhibiting the oncogenic transcriptional activity of MYC and restoring the function of the endogenous cell cycle inhibitor, p27. Our findings warrant clinical evaluation of PIM kinase inhibitors in patients with TN tumors that have elevated MYC expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Prognosis
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Horiuchi
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Roman Camarda
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alicia Y. Zhou
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christina Yau
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Cancer and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Olga Momcilovic
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanjeev Balakrishnan
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alexandra N. Corella
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Henok Eyob
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Devon A. Lawson
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Marsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brittany N. Anderton
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julia Rohrberg
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ratika Kunder
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexey V. Bazarov
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Paul Yaswen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael T. McManus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hope S. Rugo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrei Goga
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Fan YB, Li K, Huang M, Cao Y, Li Y, Jin SY, Liu WB, Wen JC, Liu D, Zhao LX. Design and synthesis of substituted pyrido[3,2-d]-1,2,3-triazines as potential Pim-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1224-8. [PMID: 26804231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of substituted pyrido[3,2-d]-1,2,3-triazines were designed and synthesized as Pim-1 inhibitors through scaffold hopping. Most of the derivatives showed potent in vitro Pim-1 inhibitory activities and anti-proliferative effects toward prostate cancer cells. Among them, 6b, 6h and 6m showed the best Pim-1 inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.69, 0.60 and 0.80 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 6b, 6i, 6j and 6m showed strong inhibitory activity to human prostate cancer LNcap and PC-3 cell lines with IC50 values at low micromolar level. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that appropriate substitutions at C-6 positions contributed to the kinase inhibition and antiproliferative effects. Moreover, western blot assay suggested that 6j could decrease the levels of p-BAD and p-4E-BP1 in a dose-dependent manner in PC-3 cells. Docking studies showed that 3-N of the scaffold formed a hydrogen bond with Lys67, aromatic 4-aniline formed a key π-π stack with Phe49. Taken together, this study might provide the first sight for developing the pyrido[3,2-d]-1,2,3-triazine scaffold as novel Pim-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Bo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shu-Yu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wen-Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jia-Chen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Lin-Xiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Tursynbay Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Tokay T, Zhumadilov Z, Wu D, Xie Y. Pim-1 kinase as cancer drug target: An update. Biomed Rep 2015; 4:140-146. [PMID: 26893828 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus-1 (Pim-1) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates multiple cellular functions such as cell cycle, cell survival, drug resistance. Aberrant elevation of Pim-1 kinase is associated with numerous types of cancer. Two distinct isoforms of Pim-1 (Pim-1S and Pim-1L) show distinct cellular functions. Pim-1S predominately localizes to the nucleus and Pim-1L localizes to plasma membrane for drug resistance. Recent studies show that mitochondrial Pim-1 maintains mitochondrial integrity. Pim-1 is emerging as a cancer drug target, particularly in prostate cancer. Recently the potent new functions of Pim-1 in immunotherapy, senescence bypass, metastasis and epigenetic dynamics have been found. The aim of the present updated review is to provide brief information regarding networks of Pim-1 kinase and focus on its recent advances as a novel drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yernar Tursynbay
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University School of Science and Technology, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Jinfu Zhang
- Institute of International Medical Research, Department of Urology and Andrology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Tursonjan Tokay
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zhaxybay Zhumadilov
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tong Ji Hospital, Tong Ji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yingqiu Xie
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University School of Science and Technology, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Kreuz S, Holmes KB, Tooze RM, Lefevre PF. Loss of PIM2 enhances the anti-proliferative effect of the pan-PIM kinase inhibitor AZD1208 in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:205. [PMID: 26643319 PMCID: PMC4672512 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A promising therapeutic approach for aggressive B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is to target kinases involved in signal transduction and gene regulation. PIM1/2 serine/threonine kinases are highly expressed in activated B-cell-like DLBCL (ABC-DLBCL) with poor prognosis. In addition, both PIM kinases have a reported synergistic effect with c-MYC in mediating tumour development in several cancers, c-MYC gene being translocated to one of the immunoglobulin loci in nearly all BLs. Methods For these reasons, we tested the efficiency of several PIM kinase inhibitors (AZD1208, SMI4a, PIM1/2 inhibitor VI and Quercetagetin) in preventing proliferation of aggressive NHL-derived cell lines and compared their efficiency with PIM1 and/or PIM2 knockdown. Results We observed that most of the anti-proliferative potential of these inhibitors in NHL was due to an off-target effect. Interestingly, we present evidence of a kinase-independent function of PIM2 in regulating cell cycle. Moreover, combining AZD1208 treatment and PIM2 knockdown additively repressed cell proliferation. Conclusion Taken together, this study suggests that at least a part of PIM1/2 oncogenic potential could be independent of their kinase activity, justifying the limited anti-tumorigenic outcome of PIM-kinase inhibitors in NHL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0477-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kreuz
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, The Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - K B Holmes
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, The Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - R M Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, The Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - P F Lefevre
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, The Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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Xie Y, Bayakhmetov S. PIM1 kinase as a promise of targeted therapy in prostate cancer stem cells. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 4:13-17. [PMID: 26835011 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the last decade, the PIM family serine/threonine kinases have become a focus in cancer research. Numerous clinical data supports that overexpression of PIM1 is associated with tumor formation in various tissues. However, little is known regarding the function of PIM1 in cancer stem cells. In cancer cells, PIM1 has essential roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell proliferation, cell survival and multiple drug resistance. In stem cells, PIM1 kinase exhibits a significant function in stem cell proliferation, self-renewal and expansion. Thus, PIM1 shows a great promise in cancer therapy by targeting stem cells. Furthermore, it is imperative to investigate Pim-1 targeting in cancer stem cells by applicable inhibitors for improving future outcomes. The present review investigated the potential of PIM1 as a therapy target in prostate cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiu Xie
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University School of Science and Technology, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Samat Bayakhmetov
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University School of Science and Technology, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
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44
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Inhibition of c-Myc by 10058-F4 induces growth arrest and chemosensitivity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Doktorova H, Hrabeta J, Khalil MA, Eckschlager T. Hypoxia-induced chemoresistance in cancer cells: The role of not only HIF-1. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 159:166-77. [PMID: 26001024 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this review is to provide the information about molecular basis of hypoxia-induced chemoresistance, focusing on the possibility of diagnostic and therapeutic use. RESULTS Hypoxia is a common feature of tumors and represents an independent prognostic factor in many cancers. It is the result of imbalances in the intake and consumption of oxygen caused by abnormal vessels in the tumor and the rapid proliferation of cancer cells. Hypoxia-induced resistance to cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, melphalan, 5-flouoruracil, gemcitabine, and docetaxel has been reported in a number of experiments. Adaptation of tumor cells to hypoxia has important biological effects. The most studied factor responsible for these effects is hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) that significantly contributes to the aggressiveness and chemoresistance of different tumors. The HIF-1 complex, induced by hypoxia, binds to target genes, thereby increasing the expression of many genes. In addition, the expression of hundreds of genes can be also decreased in response to hypoxia in HIF-1 dependent manner, but without the detection of HIF-1 in these genes' promoters. HIF-1 independent mechanisms for drug resistance in hypoxia have been described, however, they are still rarely reported. The first clinical studies focusing on diagnosis of hypoxia and on inhibition of hypoxia-induced changes in cancer cells are starting to yield results. CONCLUSIONS The adaptation to hypoxia requires many genetic and biochemical responses that regulate one another. Hypoxia-induced resistance is a very complex field and we still know very little about it. Different approaches to circumvent hypoxia in tumors are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Doktorova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hrabeta
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Ashraf Khalil
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Cancer metastasis is highly inefficient and complex. Common features of metastatic cancer cells have been observed using cancer cell lines and genetically reconstituted mouse and human tumor xenograft models. These include cancer cell interaction with the tumor microenvironment and the ability of cancer cells to sense extracellular stimuli and adapt to adverse growth conditions. This review summarizes the coordinated response of cancer cells to soluble growth factors, such as RANKL, by a unique feed forward mechanism employing coordinated upregulation of RANKL and c-Met with downregulation of androgen receptor. The RANK-mediated signal network was found to drive epithelial to mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells, promote osteomimicry and the ability of prostate cancer cells to assume stem cell and neuroendocrine phenotypes, and confer the ability of prostate cancer cells to home to bone. Prostate cancer cells with activated RANK-mediated signal network were observed to recruit and even transform the non-tumorigenic prostate cancer cells to participate in bone and soft tissue colonization. The coordinated regulation of cancer cell invasion and metastasis by the feed forward mechanism involving RANKL, c-Met, transcription factors, and VEGF-neuropilin could offer new therapeutic opportunities to target prostate cancer bone and soft tissue metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Samuel Orchin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,
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Abstract
The initiation and progression of human cancer is frequently linked to the uncontrolled activation of survival kinases. Two such pro-survival kinases that are commonly amplified in cancer are PIM and Akt. These oncogenic proteins are serine/threonine kinases that regulate tumorigenesis by phosphorylating substrates that control the cell cycle, cellular metabolism, proliferation, and survival. Growing evidence suggests that cross-talk exists between the PIM and Akt kinases, indicating that they control partially overlapping survival signaling pathways that are critical to the initiation, progression, and metastatic spread of many types of cancer. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is activated in many human tumors, and it is well established as a promising anticancer target. Likewise, based on the role of PIM kinases in normal and tumor tissues, it is clear that this family of kinases represents an interesting target for anticancer therapy. Pharmacological inhibition of PIM has the potential to significantly influence the efficacy of standard and targeted therapies. This review focuses on the regulation of PIM kinases, their role in tumorigenesis, and the biological impact of their interaction with the Akt signaling pathway on the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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48
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Vlachostergios PJ, Papandreou CN. Targeting neuroendocrine prostate cancer: molecular and clinical perspectives. Front Oncol 2015; 5:6. [PMID: 25699233 PMCID: PMC4313607 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma, either co-present with the local adenocarcinoma disease or as a result of transdifferentiation later in time, was described as one major process of emerging resistance to androgen deprivation therapies, and at the clinical level it is consistent with the development of rapidly progressive visceral disease, often in the absence of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level. Until present, platinum-based chemotherapy has been the only treatment modality, able to produce a fair amount of responses but of short duration. Recently, several efforts for molecular characterization of this lethal phenotype have resulted in identification of novel signaling factors involved in microenvironment interactions, mitosis, and neural reprograming as potential therapeutic targets. Ongoing clinical testing of specific inhibitors of these targets, for example, Aurora kinase A inhibitors, in carefully selected patients and exploitation of expression changes of the target before and after manipulation is anticipated to increase the existing data and facilitate therapeutic decision making at this late stage of the disease when hormonal manipulations, even with the newest androgen-directed therapies are no longer feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos N Papandreou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
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49
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Zhu X, Xu JJ, Hu SS, Feng JG, Jiang LH, Hou XX, Cao J, Han J, Ling ZQ, Ge MH. Pim-1 acts as an oncogene in human salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:114. [PMID: 25551195 PMCID: PMC4304190 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Pim-1 (Provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1) belongs to the Ser/Thr kinase family and plays a pivotal role in occurrence and development of oncogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that Pim-1 phosphorylates RUNX3 and alters its subcellular localization. However, few studies have concerned the implications of Pim-1 in the salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). In this study, we aimed to clarify the function of Pim-1 in ACC in vitro. Meanwhile, we measured the levels of Pim-1 and RUNX3 in the ACC tissues. The correlations between Pim-1/RUNX3 levels and clinical parameters were also analyzed. Methods SACC-83 and SACC-LM cells were transfected with the Pim-1 siRNA. Pim-1 mRNA and protein expression were measured using real-time PCR and immnuoblot, respectively. Cell proliferation was analyzed by CCK-8 assay. Cell cycle, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry. Effects of Pim-1 on cells’ invasion were evaluated by transwell migration assay. Pim-1 and RUNX3 levels in ACC tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results Pim-1 siRNA reduces cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, causes cell cycle arrest through cell cycle related proteins (Cyclin D1 and CDK4), mitochondrial depolarization, and decreases invasive ability in SACC-83 and SACC-LM cells. Pim-1 and RUNX3 levels are significantly relevant and associated with T-stage and nerve invasion in the ACC tissues. Conclusions This study demonstrates the oncogenic role of Pim-1 in ACC. The findings also suggest that Pim-1 may serve as a neoteric therapeutic target and potential prognostic marker for ACC cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jia-jie Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Si-si Hu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jian-guo Feng
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lie-hao Jiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiu-xiu Hou
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jing Han
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhi-qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming-hua Ge
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 310022, Hangzhou, China.
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50
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Kirschner AN, Wang J, van der Meer R, Anderson PD, Franco-Coronel OE, Kushner MH, Everett JH, Hameed O, Keeton EK, Ahdesmaki M, Grosskurth SE, Huszar D, Abdulkadir SA. PIM kinase inhibitor AZD1208 for treatment of MYC-driven prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 107:dju407. [PMID: 25505253 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIM1 kinase is coexpressed with c-MYC in human prostate cancers (PCs) and dramatically enhances c-MYC-induced tumorigenicity. Here we examine the effects of a novel oral PIM inhibitor, AZD1208, on prostate tumorigenesis and recurrence. METHODS A mouse c-MYC/Pim1-transduced tissue recombination PC model, Myc-CaP allografts, and human PC xenografts were treated with AZD1208 (n = 5-11 per group). Androgen-sensitive and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) models were studied as well as the effects of hypoxia and radiation. RNA sequencing was used to analyze drug-induced gene expression changes. Results were analyzed with χ(2) test. Student's t test and nonparametric Mann-Whitney rank sum U Test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS AZD1208 inhibited tumorigenesis in tissue recombinants, Myc-CaP, and human PC xenograft models. PIM inhibition decreased c-MYC/Pim1 graft growth by 54.3 ± 39% (P < .001), decreased cellular proliferation by 46 ± 14% (P = .016), and increased apoptosis by 326 ± 170% (P = .039). AZD1208 suppressed multiple protumorigenic pathways, including the MYC gene program. However, it also downregulated the p53 pathway. Hypoxia and radiation induced PIM1 in prostate cancer cells, and AZD1208 functioned as a radiation sensitizer. Recurrent tumors postcastration responded transiently to either AZD1208 or radiation treatment, and combination treatment resulted in more sustained inhibition of tumor growth. Cell lines established from recurrent, AZD1208-resistant tumors again revealed downregulation of the p53 pathway. Irradiated AZD1208-treated tumors robustly upregulated p53, providing a possible mechanistic explanation for the effectiveness of combination therapy. Finally, an AZD1208-resistant gene signature was found to be associated with biochemical recurrence in PC patients. CONCLUSIONS PIM inhibition is a potential treatment for MYC-driven prostate cancers including CRPC, and its effectiveness may be enhanced by activators of the p53 pathway, such as radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin N Kirschner
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Riet van der Meer
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Philip D Anderson
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Omar E Franco-Coronel
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Max H Kushner
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Joel H Everett
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Omar Hameed
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Erika K Keeton
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Miika Ahdesmaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Shaun E Grosskurth
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Dennis Huszar
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA)
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Radiation Oncology (ANK), Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (JW, RvdM, JHE, OH, SAA), Department of Urology (OEFC), Department of Cancer Biology (SAA), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD (PDA); Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (MHK); AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Waltham, MA (EKK, SEG, DH); AstraZeneca, R&D Information, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK (MA); Currently at Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (SAA).
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