Interleukin-10-819 promoter polymorphism in association with gastric cancer risk

Genetic Markers of Susceptibility in Gastric Cancer: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

This systematic review synthesizes findings from various studies that examine genetic markers associated with susceptibility to gastric cancer. By conducting a comprehensive search across multiple databases, we analyzed studies on the relationship between specific genetic polymorphisms and the risk of developing gastric cancer. Our review highlights significant genetic markers, including mucin 1 (MUC1), prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), and interleukin-8 (IL-8), emphasizing their roles across different ethnic and demographic contexts. The findings demonstrate a robust association between these markers and gastric cancer susceptibility, particularly noting variations in risk among diverse populations. Such variations could inform personalized treatment and screening strategies. The review also underscores the need for further research to explore how these polymorphisms influence cancer development and to confirm their potential clinical applications. We discuss the implications of these genetic markers for global health strategies and personalized medicine, highlighting the importance of integrating genetic testing into current gastric cancer management protocols.

Impacts of Interleukin-10 Promoter Genotypes on Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene have been implicated in PCa susceptibility, development, and progression. This study aims to assess the contributions of three IL-10 promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), A-1082G (rs1800896), T-819C (rs3021097), and A-592C (rs1800872), to the risk of PCa in Taiwan. The three IL-10 genotypes were determined using PCR-RFLP methodology and were evaluated for their contributions to PCa risk among 218 PCa patients and 436 non-PCa controls. None of the three IL-10 SNPs were significantly associated with the risks of PCa (p all > 0.05) in the overall analyses. However, the GG at rs1800896 combined with smoking behavior was found to significantly increase the risk of PCa by 3.90-fold (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.28-11.89, p = 0.0231). In addition, the rs1800896 AG and GGs were found to be correlated with the late stages of PCa (odds ratio [OR] = 1.90 and 6.42, 95% CI = 1.05-3.45 and 2.30-17.89, p = 0.0452 and 0.0003, respectively). The IL-10 promoter SNP, A-1082G (rs1800896), might be a risk factor for PCa development among smokers and those at late stages of the disease. These findings should be validated in larger and more diverse populations.

The pertinence of gastric cancer and interleukin 10-819 single nucleotide polymorphisms: a meta-analysis and systematic review

PURPOSE

Cytokines regulate the interaction between the immune system and malignant tumors. Among them, interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional anti-inflammatory cytokine mainly produced by immune cells. The correlation between gastric cancer and T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter-819(rs1800871)was opaque and remained to be determined. We aim to explore the pertinence of gastric cancer and SNP of interleukin 10-819 by meta-analysis via five statistical models.

METHODS

Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, the Scopus, and Google Scholars were comprehensively retrieved for the eligible studies on the related topic from inception to March 2022. Odds ratios (ORs) were generated for dichotomous variants by meta-analysis in each model via STATA 17.0 MP. The statistical models comprised recessive model, over-dominant model, allele model, co-dominant model and dominant model. Subgroup analysis was performed to investigate the difference across races as well as the source of heterogeneity if necessary.

RESULTS

Eventually a total of 15 articles reporting 7779 patients were enrolled in our study. There were 2383 patients and 5396 controls, collectively. There was no correlation between gastric cancer and IL-10 819 in recessive model, co-dominant model or dominant model, and subgroup analysis showed that Asian, Latin American and Caucasian had no correlation with the risk of gastric cancer. In the allelic model, there was significant correlation between gastric cancer and IL-10 819 (OR = 3.96%, 95%CI: 3.28 to 3.78). In the over-dominant model, there is no correlation between gastric cancer and IL-10 819, but subgroup analysis uncovered significant vulnerability of Asian people with regard to gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, both Asians, Latin Americans, and Europeans showed an increased risk of gastric cancer in the allelic model, whereas only Asians showed significant susceptibility in the super dominant model. Of course, more large cohort studies are needed to confirm our results.

Gene polymorphisms of interleukin 10 (− 819 C/T and − 1082 G/A) in women with ovarian cancer

Background

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death associated with gynecologic cancer. IL-10 plays an important role in tumorigenesis. We investigated IL-10 gene polymorphisms in OC patients. The current case–control study screened forty-eight women with OC and forty-eight healthy women who did not have OC. The genotyping of SNPs (− 1082 G > A; rs1800896 and − 819 C > T; rs1800871) of the IL-10 gene was done by tetra primers sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) technique. The plasma levels of IL-10 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

For IL-10 (− 1082 G/A) polymorphism, the G (wild allele) was significantly associated with increasing the risk of OC (OR = 2.054 with CI = 1.154–3.657; P < 0.05), while the A (variant allele) and AA genotype was significantly associated with decreasing the risk of OC (OR = 0.487 with CI = 0.273–0.867; P < 0.05) and (OR = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.04–0.63; P < 0.05), respectively. For IL-10 (− 819C/T) polymorphisms, the T allele (variant allele) and (TT, CT genotypes) were significantly associated with increasing the risk of OC (OR = 2.800 with 95% CI = 1.577–5.037; P < 0.05), (OR = 18.33 with 95% CI = 3.46–97.20; P < 0.001), and (OR = 9.44 with 95% CI = 2.52–35.40; P < 0.001), respectively, while the C (wild allele) was significantly associated with decreasing the risk of OC (OR = 0.357 with 95% CI = 0.199–0.642; P < 0.05). The haplotype analysis for (− 1082 G > A and − 819 C > T shows the GT haplotype was significantly associated with increasing the risk of OC (OR = 50.09 with CI = 6.34–395.92; P < 0.001). OC was substantially correlated with IL-10 level (r = 0.457; p < 0.001). There is no linkage disequilibrium (LD) between IL 10 − 1082 G/A and IL 10 − 819 C/T (D′ = 0.1315, r2 = 0.016; P = NS). A statistically significant positive relationship existed between IL-10 and CA125 and ALT (P < 0.05). IL-10 and albumin showed a strong negative association (P < 0.05), whereas the correlation of IL10 plasma level with BUN, AST, T. Bil., TLC, PLT, Cr., and HB has not any significant value (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Overall, this study supports an association of IL-10 (− 1082 G/A and − 819C/T) polymorphisms with the risk of ovarian cancer.

Peptic Ulcer and Gastric Cancer: Is It All in the Complex Host-Microbiome Interplay That Is Encoded in the Genomes of "Us" and "Them"?

It is increasingly being recognized that severe gastroduodenal diseases such as peptic ulcer and gastric cancer are not just the outcomes of Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach. Rather, both diseases develop and progress due to the perfect storms created by a combination of multiple factors such as the expression of different H. pylori virulence proteins, consequent human immune responses, and dysbiosis in gastrointestinal microbiomes. In this mini review, we have discussed how the genomes of H. pylori and other gastrointestinal microbes as well as the genomes of different human populations encode complex and variable virulome–immunome interplay, which influences gastroduodenal health. The heterogeneities that are encrypted in the genomes of different human populations and in the genomes of their respective resident microbes partly explain the inconsistencies in clinical outcomes among the H. pylori-infected people.

Therapeutic effects of placenta derived-, umbilical cord derived-, and adipose tissue derived-mesenchymal stem cells in chronic Helicobacter pylori infection: comparison and novel mechanisms

Supported with significant rejuvenating and regenerating actions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in various gastrointestinal diseases including Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastric diseases, we have compared these actions among placenta derived-MSCs (PD-MSCs), umbilical cord derived-MSCs (UC-MSCs), and adipose tissue derived-MSCs (AD-MSCs) and explored contributing genes implicated in rejuvenation of H. pylori-chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and tumorigenesis. In this study adopting H. pylori-initiated, high salt diet-promoted gastric carcinogenesis model, we have administered three kinds of MSCs around 15-18 weeks in H. pylori infected C57BL/6 mice and sacrificed at 24 and 48 weeks, respectively, in order to either assess the rejuvenating capability or anti-tumorigenesis. At 24 weeks, MSCs all led to significantly mitigated atrophic gastritis, for which significant inductions of autophagy, preservation of tumor suppressive 15-PGDH, attenuated apoptosis, and efficient efferocytosis was imposed with MSCs administration during atrophic gastritis. At 48 weeks, MSCs administered during H. pylori-associated atrophic gastritis afforded significant blocking the progression of CAG, as evidenced with statistically significant reduction in H. pylori-associated gastric tumor (p<0.05) accompanied with significant decreases in IL-1β, COX-2, STAT3, and NF-κB. Combined together with the changes of stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), and IL-10 known as biomarkers reflecting stem cell activities at 48 weeks after H. pylori, PD-MSCs among MSCs afforded the best rejuvenating action against H. pylori-associated CAG via additional actions of efferocytosis, autophagy, and anti-apoptosis at 24 weeks. In conclusion, MSCs, especially PD-MSCs, exerted rejuvenating actions against H. pylori-associated CAG via anti-mutagenesis of IL-10, CD-36, ATG5 and cancer suppressive influences of STC-1, TSP-1, and 15-PGDH.

Association of polymorphisms in TP53 and the promoter region of IL10 with gastric cancer in a Kazakh population

The emerging evidence indicates that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 10 (IL10), tumor protein p53 (TP53), and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) genes may determine individual susceptibility to gastric cancer (GC). We aimed to investigate the associations for polymorphisms of the TNF, IL10, TP53, and CD14 genes in a population of Kazakhs, to identify potential risk or protective associations of the SNPs with GC. A case group of 143 patients hospitalized for GC was enrolled. Controls were 355 volunteers with no history of any cancer and frequency matched with cases by age. Differences in proportions for categorical variables and the assessment of genotypic frequencies conforming to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium law were evaluated by the Chi-square test. Associations between genetic polymorphisms and the risk of GC were estimated by regression analysis. For genetic analysis, three genetic models (additive, dominant, and recessive) were used. Four significant associations were found. The SNPs rs1042522 of TP53 and rs1800896 of IL10 were risk factors for GC by the additive model. Two polymorphisms of IL10 were protective of GC, namely, rs1800872 by additive model and rs1800871 by recessive model. No significant associations were observed between the TNF and CD14 polymorphisms and GC. The polymorphisms TP53 rs1042522 and IL10 rs1800896 are associated with GC risk, while the polymorphisms IL10 rs1800872 and rs1800871 are protective of GC in the population of Kazakhs.

Epigenetic Changes Associated With Interleukin-10

IL-10 is a regulator of inflammation and immunosuppression. IL-10 regulates a variety of immune cells to limit and stop the inflammatory response, and thus plays an important role in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. IL-10 is closely related to epigenetic modification, in which changes in DNA methylation of IL-10 gene can affect mRNA and protein levels of IL-10. In addition, changes in histone modifications, especially histone acetylation, can also lead to abnormal expression of IL-10 mRNA. At the same time, a handful of IL-10 related microRNAs (miRNAs) are found to be aberrantly expressed in multiple diseases. Besides, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) growth arrest specific transcript 5 (GAS5) also inhibits IL-10 expression. Here, we reviewed the epigenetic changes related to IL-10 in various diseases, as well as the regulation of IL-10 gene expression in various diseases by epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, miRNA, and lncRNA.

Genetic polymorphisms of IL-10, IL-18 and IL12B are associated with risk of non-small cell lung cancer in a Chinese Han population

PURPOSE

IL-10, IL-18 and IL-12 are reported to participate in the inflammation process. The potential influences of IL-10, IL-18 and IL-12 polymorphisms on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk were explored in this study.

METHODS

Six candidate SNPs from 500 NSCLC patients and 500 controls were genotyped. The correlation between the SNPs and NSCLC risk was evaluated by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Comparisons of the allele and genotype frequencies showed that five SNPs were correlated with NSCLC risk. The minor allele 'G' of IL-18 rs5744256 and rs1834481 and IL-10 rs3021094 was correlated with a decreased risk of NSCLC (p < 0.05). In contrast, the minor allele 'T' of IL-18 rs5744224 and the minor allele 'G' of IL-12B rs3212227 were correlated with an increased risk of NSCLC (p < 0.05). By genetic model analysis, we found that rs5744256 and rs1834481 were associated with a decreased risk of NSCLC under dominant and log-additive models (p < 0.05). Rs3021094 was correlated with a decreased risk of NSCLC under all three models (p < 0.05). In contrast, rs5744224 was associated with an increased risk of NSCLC under the recessive model (p = 0.005), and rs3212227 was associated with an increased risk of NSCLC under all three models (p < 0.05). Finally, the GGA haplotype of rs5744256, rs1834481 and rs5744224 and the GT haplotype of rs3021094 and rs3790622 were associated with a decreased risk of NSCLC (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our results provided new candidate SNPs for the prediction and prevention of NSCLC.

Polymorphisms in IL-10 and TGF-β gene promoter are associated with lower risk to gastric cancer in a Mexican population

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori infection is recognized as the main risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), the fifth most common neoplasia worldwide. H. pylori interacts with the immune system, disrupting the cytokine network and inducing chronic inflammation. This work aimed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in selected cytokine gene promoters and GC.

METHODS

The study included 359 subjects, 125 GC patients, 109 intestinal metaplasia (IM) patients and 125 asymptomatic controls. DNA was extracted from white blood cells and nine SNPs in cytokine gene promoters were genotyped using predesigned 5'-endonulease assays. The association of the SNPs with IM and GC was evaluated using multinomial regression models.

RESULTS

Both genotypes, TC (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.27-0.98) and TT (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.20-0.91) in the locus - 509 of the TGF-β promoter were significantly associated with GC. The TT genotype in the locus - 819 of the IL-10 promoter was also significantly associated with GC (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.17-0.81). No significant association was found with SNPs IL-4 -590 T/C (rs1800629), IL-6 -573G/C (rs1800796), IL-10 -592C/A (rs1800872), IL-10 -1082A/G (rs1800896), and, IFN-γ -1615C/T (rs2069705).

CONCLUSIONS

SNPs in TGFβ (- 509 C/T, rs1800469) and IL-10 (- 819 C/T, rs1800871) promoters were associated with a lower risk for GC in a Mexican population.

Association of host immunity with Helicobacter pylori infection in recurrent gastric cancer

Background

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the incidence of gastric cancer. Endoscopic resection has been developed as a proper technique to treat early stage of gastric cancer. However, some patients develop recurrent gastric cancer within 5 years after endoscopic treatment. The aim of the present study is to explore a biomarker for detecting people who has high risk of gastric cancer recurrence.

Methods

We analyzed the Interleukin-10 (IL-10) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and IgG subclass responses to the bacteria in patients with early gastric cancer and recurrent gastric cancer.

Results

Patients with hetero-type in the 1082 SNP and CC genotype in the 592 SNP were at high risk of recurrence of gastric cancer. In patients with genotype carrying high risk of recurrence, IgG1 level tended to be higher than that in patients with other genotypes.

Conclusions

Dominance of T helper 2 (Th2) immunity controlled by IL-10 cytokine may be associated with H. pylori-associated gastric cancer recurrence.

ASSOCIATION OF INTERLEUKIN-10 -592A>C AND -819T>C POLYMORPHISMS WITH GASTRIC CANCER RISK: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF 44 CASE-CONTROL STUDIES

INTRODUCTION

A series of studies have evaluated the association between -592A>C and -819T>C polymorphisms in the promoter regions of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and gastric cancer (GC) risk. However, the results remain inconclusive.

OBJECTIVE

To better understand the association of the polymorphisms with GC risk, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis.

METHOD

An electronic search was performed of several databases to identify relevant studies up to April 2018.

RESULTS

A total of 44 case-control studies, including 26 studies on IL-10 -592A>C (5,332 cases and 8,272 controls) and 18 studies on IL-10 -819T>C (3,431 cases and 6,109 controls) were selected. Overall, -592A>C polymorphism was associated with the risk of GC under the heterozygote model (OR=1.153, 95% CI=1.020-1.305, p=0.023), but not -819T>C polymorphism. When stratified by ethnicity, significant association was only observed in the Asians under the allele model (OR=1.153, 95% CI=1.007-1.320, p=0.040) and the heterozygote model (OR=1.218, 95% CI=1.076-1.379, p=0.002) for -592A>C.

CONCLUSION

The current meta-analysis results inconsistent with previous meta-analyses; showed that the IL-10 -592A>C polymorphism, but not -819T>C polymorphism, may be contributed to the susceptibility of GC in overall and Asian populations.

IL-10 and PRKDC polymorphisms are associated with glioma patient survival

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and DNA repair gene PRKDC mutations are implicated in the development of multiple human cancers, including glioma. We investigated associations between IL-10 and PRKDC gene polymorphisms and prognosis in low- and high-grade glioma patients. We analyzed the associations of one IL-10 and one PRKDC single nucleotide polymorphism with patient clinical factors in 481 glioma patients using Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier curves. We also assessed associations between patient clinical characteristics and prognosis. Our data showed that the extent of tumor resection (gross-total resection) and application of chemotherapy were associated with improved patient outcomes in all glioma cases. Additionally, univariate (Log-rank p = 0.019) and multivariate Cox regression analyses (p = 0.022) showed that the IL-10 rs1800871 C/T genotype correlates with improved overall survival in cases of low-grade glioma, whereas the PRKDC rs7003908 C/C genotype correlated with reduced overall and progression-free survival in high-grade glioma patients in univariate (Log-rank p = 0.000 and p = 0.000, respectively) and multivariate Cox regression analyses (p = 0.001; p = 0.002, respectively). These results suggest that IL-10 rs1800871 and PRKDC rs7003908 may be useful biomarkers for predicting glioma patient outcome. Further functional studies are needed to evaluate the mechanisms by which these polymorphisms affect glioma progression.

The Association of Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer With Polymorphisms in the Inflammatory-related Genes IL-4 and IL-10 in Iranian Population

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE

The current study aimed at assessing the relationship between gastritis and peptic ulcer susceptibility and inflammation-related gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients.Gastritis and peptic ulcer are common medical complications with serious outcomes on the quality of life. Inflammatory responses of gastric mucosa are associated with helicobacter pylori, but most infected patients remain asymptomatic. There is strong evidence that inflammatory response is a major part of its etiology.

METHODS

The current case-control study aimed atexamining genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 using polymerase chain reaction-variable number tandem reaped (PCR-VNTR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) methods, respectively in 603 genotyped patients admitted to Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran(198 patients with gastritis, 84 with peptic ulcer, and 321 patients as controls).

RESULTS

No significant associations were detected in genotype and allele frequencies of IL-10 and IL-4 between the case (with gastritis and peptic ulcer) and control groups.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the results of the analyses suggested that these polymorphisms may not predispose the carriers to gastritis and peptic ulcer development.

Protective effects of Xinji'erkang on myocardial infarction induced cardiac injury in mice

BACKGROUND

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major risk factor responsible for morbidity and mortality. Xinji'erkang (XJEK) has been clinically used as an effective medication in the treatment of coronary heart disease and myocarditis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cardioprotective effect of Xinji'erkang on MI mice.

METHODS

Forty male mice were randomly assigned into four groups as follows (n = 10): sham, model, MI with administration of XJEK and fosinopril for four weeks. At the end of studies, hemodynamic parameters and electrocardiography (ECG) were recorded. Heart and body mass were measured and heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) ratio was calculated as index of hypertrophy. The hypertrophy of heart and aorta was examined using the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and the collagen deposition was evaluated using Van Gieson (VG) staining. Serum nitric oxide level (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were assayed by colorimetric analysis. The expressions of endothelial NO synthetase (eNOS) expression in serum and cardiac tissues were determined using ELISA assay and immunohistochemistry. Angiotensin II (Ang II) in serum and cardiac tissues was measured using ELISA assay. Besides, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin1β (IL-1β) and interleukin10 (IL-10) were observed in cardiac tissues with ELISA assay as well.

RESULTS

The administration of XJEK significantly improved cardiac dysfunction and abnormal ECG with reduced HW/BW ratio and ameliorated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen deposition compared to MI, which was partly due to the decreased SOD and increased MDA in serum. Moreover, XJEK treatment also improved endothelial dysfunction (ED) with not only enhanced eNOS activities in serum and cardiac tissues and elevated NO levels in serum, but also decreased Ang II content in serum and cardiac tissues. Finally, protein expressions of pro-inflammation cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β in the cardiac tissues with XJEK treatment were significantly decreased compared to model. On the contrary, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrated in cardiac tissues was significantly enhanced compared to model.

CONCLUSION

Xinji'erkang exerts cardioprotective effect on myocardial infarction in mice, which may be due to the improvement of endothelial dysfunction and the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation response.

Circulating blood levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-10 as potential diagnostic biomarkers in gastric cancer: a controlled study

Background

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Helicobacter pylori infection activates a signaling cascade that induces production of cytokines and chemokines involved in the chronic inflammatory response that drives carcinogenesis. We evaluated circulating cytokines and chemokines as potential diagnostic biomarkers for gastric cancer.

Methods

We included 201 healthy controls and 162 patients with distal gastric cancer who underwent primary surgical resection between 2009 and 2012 in Mexico City. The clinical and pathological data of patients were recorded by questionnaire, and the cancer subtype was classified as intestinal or diffuse. Pathological staging of cancer was based on the tumor–node–metastasis staging system of the International Union Against Cancer. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and MCP-1 in serum were measured using multiplex analyte profiling technology and concentrations of IL-8, IFN-γ, and TGF-β in plasma were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-10 were significantly higher and that of MCP-1 was lower in gastric cancer patients compared with controls. No differences in IL-8 or TNF-α levels were observed between gastric cancer and controls. IFN-γ and IL-10 were significantly higher in both intestinal and diffuse gastric cancer, whereas IL-1β and IL-6 were higher and TGF-β lower only in intestinal gastric cancer; MCP-1 was lower only in diffuse gastric cancer. IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in early (I/II) and late stage (III/IV) gastric cancer; IL-1β and IL-8 were higher and MCP-1 was lower only in late stage (IV) patients. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that for diagnosis of GC, IL-6 had high specificity (0.97) and low sensitivity (0.39), IL-10 had moderate specificity (0.82) and low sensitivity (0.48), and IL-1β and IFN-γ showed low specificity (0.43 and 0.53, respectively) and moderate sensitivity (0.76 and 0.71, respectively).

Conclusions

Increased levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-10 might be useful as diagnostic biomarkers for GC; however, this needs to be confirmed with larger number of patients and with control groups other than blood donors, properly age paired. IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TGF-β differentiate intestinal from diffuse GC. IFN-γ and IL-10 might be useful for diagnosis of early stage GC, and IL-1β, IL-8, and MCP-1 for late stages of the disease.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3310-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Association between TNF-α rs1799964 and RAF1 rs1051208 MicroRNA binding site SNP and gastric cancer susceptibility in an Iranian population

AIM

The aim of this study was to find the relationship between rs1799964 in TNF-α gene as well as rs1051208 of RAF1 gene SNPs on GC in an Iranian population.

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide after lung cancer. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most important factors in the pathogenesis of this cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms have a principle role in gene expression of TNF-α and miRNAs which may lead to gastric cancer.

METHODS

In a case-control study, we investigated the risk of GC in 198 Iranians. For this purpose, 5 mL of peripheral blood was collected in EDTA -containing tube and genomic DNA was isolated. Genotyping of SNPs was also performed by PCR-RFLP; to approve the outcome, 10% of genotyping results with RFLP were sequenced.

RESULTS

The comparison between case and control groups revealed a significant association between the rs1051208 C allele of RAF1 gene and GC (P = 0.04). We did not observe any remarkable association between TNF-α -1031 in gastric cancer patients and the healthy control group.

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that C allele in RAF1 gene plays a role in susceptibility to gastric cancer. Therefore, SNPs are among notable biomarkers for predicting susceptibility to dreadful diseases, especially cancers.

Relationship Between Interleukin-10 Gene C-819T Polymorphism and Gastric Cancer Risk: Insights From a Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND As a pleiotropic cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a regulatory role in carcinogenesis and tumor growth. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the susceptibility of the IL-10 gene C-819T polymorphism to gastric cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study identification and data extraction were independently completed by 2 authors. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated and summarized. RESULTS In total, 11 articles including 1960 gastric cancer patients and 3705 controls were qualified. Overall analyses revealed a 13% reduced risk of gastric cancer conferred by the -819T allele relative to the -819C allele (OR=0.87; 95% CI: 0.77-0.97; P=0.016), without heterogeneity (I2=35.1%). In subgroup analyses, a significant difference was identified in East Asian populations (OR=0.85; 95% CI: 0.73-0.98; P=0.029, I2=43.6%), for gastric adenocarcinoma (OR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.66-0.96; P=0.017, I2=0.0%), and in population-based studies (OR=0.81; 95% CI: 0.70-0.93; P=0.003, I2=0.0%). The visual funnel plots and Egger's tests suggested no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Extending previous findings, we demonstrate a protective role of the IL-10 gene -819T allele in susceptibility to gastric cancer, and this role was more evident for gastric adenocarcinoma.

Association Between Gene Polymorphisms on Chromosome 1 and Susceptibility to Pre-Eclampsia: An Updated Meta-Analysis

Background

This meta-analysis enabled us to obtain a precise estimation of the association between gene polymorphisms on chromosome 1 (MTHFR, AGT, F5, IL-10, LEPR) and the susceptibility to pre-eclampsia (PE) in order to reach a uniform conclusion.

Material/Methods

Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochran Library (CENTRAL), and Chinese databases (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure-CNKI and Wan Fang) were electronically searched to select relevant studies for this meta-analysis. We selected 95 case-control studies investigating 5 genes (MTHFR, AGT, F5, IL-10, and LEPR) with 8 SNPs. Odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used for estimating the association.

Results

A total of 16 646 PE patients and 28 901 normal-pregnancy patients were included in this meta-analysis. The overall results suggested that rs1801133 of MTHFR (OR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.05–1.13) and rs6025 of F5 (OR=1.53, 95%CI: 1.07–2.20) are significantly associated with PE, whereas rs1801131 of MTHFR, rs699 and rs4762 of AGT, rs1800896 and rs1800871 of IL-10, and rs1137101 of LEPR have no significant association with PE. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that, except for MTHFR rs1801133 and F5 rs6025 in Caucasians, which were significantly associated with an increased risk of PE, none of these SNPs were significantly associated with PE. As suggested by a symmetric funnel plot in conjunction with the Egger’s test, there was no significant publication bias in MTHFR rs1801133 (P=0.318) and rs1801131 (P=0.204), F5 rs6025 (P=0.511), LEPR rs1137101 (P=0.511), AGT rs4762 (P=0.215) and rs699 (P=0.482), IL-10 rs1800871 (P=0.955), and rs1800896 (P=0.144).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis provides evidence that MTHFR rs1801133 and F5 rs6025 are associated with an increased risk of PE, especially in Caucasians. However, we do not have sufficient evidence to conclude there is a significant association between other gene polymorphisms and PE.

Risk allelic load in Th2 and Th3 cytokines genes as biomarker of susceptibility to HPV-16 positive cervical cancer: a case control study

Background

Alterations in the host cellular immune response allow persistent infections with High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and development of premalignant cervical lesions and cervical cancer (CC). Variations of immunosuppressive cytokine levels in cervix are associated with the natural history of CC. To assess the potential role of genetic host immunity and cytokines serum levels in the risk of developing CC, we conducted a case–control study paired by age.

Methods

Peripheral blood samples from patients with CC (n = 200) and hospital controls (n = 200), were used to evaluate nine biallelic SNPs of six cytokine genes of the adaptive immune system by allelic discrimination and cytokines serum levels by ELISA.

Results

After analyzing the SNP association by multivariate logistic regression adjusted by age, CC history and smoking history, three Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) and one Th3 (TGFB1) cytokine were significantly associated with CC. Individuals with at least one copy of the following risk alleles: T of SNP (−590C > T IL-4), C of SNP (−573G > C IL-6), A of SNP (−592C > A IL-10), T of SNP (−819C > T IL-10) and T of SNP (−509C > T TGFB1), had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.08 (95 % CI 1.475–2.934, p = 0.0001), an OR of 1.70 (95 % CI 1.208–2.404, p = 0.002), an OR of 1.87 (95 % CI 1.332–2.630, p = 0.0001), an OR of 1.67 (95 % CI 1.192–2.353, p = 0.003) and an OR of 1.91 (95 % CI 1.354–2.701, p = 0.0001), respectively, for CC. The burden of carrying two or more of these risk alleles was found to have an additive effect on the risk of CC (p trend = 0.0001). Finally, the serum levels of Th2 and Th3 cytokines were higher in CC cases than the controls; whereas IFNG levels, a Th1 cytokine, were higher in controls than CC cases.

Conclusion

The significant associations of five SNPs with CC indicate that these polymorphisms are potential candidates for predicting the risk of development of CC, representing a risk allelic load for CC and can be used as a biomarker of susceptibility to this disease.

Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma: Not all the strains and patients are alike

Gastric carcinoma (GC) develops in only 1%-3% of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infected people. The role in GC formation of the bacterial genotypes, gene polymorphisms and host's factors may therefore be important. The risk of GC is enhanced when individuals are infected by strains expressing the oncoprotein CagA, in particular if CagA has a high number of repeats containing the EPIYA sequence in its C'-terminal variable region or particular amino acid sequences flank the EPIYA motifs. H. pylori infection triggers an inflammatory response characterised by an increased secretion of some chemokines by immunocytes and colonised gastric epithelial cells; these molecules are especially constituted by proteins composing the interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) group and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Polymorphisms in the promoter regions of genes encoding these molecules, could account for high concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in the gastric mucosa, which may cause hypochlorhydria and eventually GC. Inconsistent results have been attained with other haplotypes of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Genomic mechanisms of GC development are mainly based on chromosomal or microsatellite instability (MSI) and deregulation of signalling transduction pathways. H. pylori infection may induce DNA instability and breaks of double-strand DNA in gastric mucocytes. Different H. pylori strains seem to differently increase the risk of cancer development run by the host. Certain H. pylori genotypes (such as the cagA positive) induce high degrees of chronic inflammation and determine an increase of mutagenesis rate, oxidative-stress, mismatch repair mechanisms, down-regulation of base excision and genetic instability, as well as generation of reactive oxygen species that modulate apoptosis; these phenomena may end to trigger or concur to GC development.

Association between pro-(IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine variants and their serum levels and H. pylori-related gastric carcinogenesis in northern India

BACKGROUND

Interleukin (IL)-8 -251 T/A and IL-10 (-1082 G/A and -819/592 C/T) polymorphisms and their expression may influence gastritis, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric cancer (GC) following H. pylori infection.

METHODS

Genotyping of these genes was performed (ASO-PCR) in 200, 182 and 250 with GC, functional dyspepsia (FD) and healthy controls (HC), respectively. Anti-H. pylori IgG-antibody was tested in all and serums IL-8 and IL-10 were measured randomly in 60 subjects of each group by ELISA.

RESULTS

Pro-(IL-8)-251 AA and anti-inflammatory (IL-10)-819 TT genotypes were commoner among GC than HC (p = 0.023, OR 1.86 [1.09-3.2] and p = 0.020, OR 2.0 [1.11-3.5]) but comparable with FD. IL-8 AA and IL-10-819 T allele carriage was also commoner in H. pylori-infected GC than HC (p = 0.011, OR 2.47 [1.23-5.0], and p = 0.018, OR 2.3 (1.16-4.59). IL-10-1082 G/A genotype and haplotypes (ACC, GCC, ATA and GTA) were comparable in all groups. Circulating levels of IL-8 and IL-10 were higher among GC than HC but comparable to FD (IL-8; 57.64 [6.44-319.46] vs. 54.35 [4.24-318.96] and 26.33 [4.67-304.54] pg/ml, p < 0.001 and IL-10; 15.47 [1.01-270.87] vs. 12.28 [0.96-64.88] and 3.79 [1.24-56.65], p < 0.001 for GC vs. HC). IL-8/IL-10 ratio was lower among GC than HC but higher than FD (3.7 [0.18-38.41] vs. 6.59 [0.98-130.2], p < 0.001 and 4.22 [0.15-61.4], p < 0.01). Circulating levels of IL-8, IL-10 and IL-8/lL-10 ratios were different among H. pylori-infected and non-infected GC than HC (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Pro-(IL-8)-251 T/A and anti-inflammatory (IL-10)-819 C/T gene polymorphisms and their circulating levels may play a role in H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis in northern India.

Association between pro-(IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine variants and their serum levels and H. pylori-related gastric carcinogenesis in northern India

BACKGROUND

Interleukin (IL)-8 -251 T/A and IL-10 (-1082 G/A and -819/592 C/T) polymorphisms and their expression may influence gastritis, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric cancer (GC) following H. pylori infection.

METHODS

Genotyping of these genes was performed (ASO-PCR) in 200, 182 and 250 with GC, functional dyspepsia (FD) and healthy controls (HC), respectively. Anti-H. pylori IgG-antibody was tested in all and serums IL-8 and IL-10 were measured randomly in 60 subjects of each group by ELISA.

RESULTS

Pro-(IL-8)-251 AA and anti-inflammatory (IL-10)-819 TT genotypes were commoner among GC than HC (p = 0.023, OR 1.86 [1.09-3.2] and p = 0.020, OR 2.0 [1.11-3.5]) but comparable with FD. IL-8 AA and IL-10-819 T allele carriage was also commoner in H. pylori-infected GC than HC (p = 0.011, OR 2.47 [1.23-5.0], and p = 0.018, OR 2.3 (1.16-4.59). IL-10-1082 G/A genotype and haplotypes (ACC, GCC, ATA and GTA) were comparable in all groups. Circulating levels of IL-8 and IL-10 were higher among GC than HC but comparable to FD (IL-8; 57.64 [6.44-319.46] vs. 54.35 [4.24-318.96] and 26.33 [4.67-304.54] pg/ml, p < 0.001 and IL-10; 15.47 [1.01-270.87] vs. 12.28 [0.96-64.88] and 3.79 [1.24-56.65], p < 0.001 for GC vs. HC). IL-8/IL-10 ratio was lower among GC than HC but higher than FD (3.7 [0.18-38.41] vs. 6.59 [0.98-130.2], p < 0.001 and 4.22 [0.15-61.4], p < 0.01). Circulating levels of IL-8, IL-10 and IL-8/lL-10 ratios were different among H. pylori-infected and non-infected GC than HC (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Pro-(IL-8)-251 T/A and anti-inflammatory (IL-10)-819 C/T gene polymorphisms and their circulating levels may play a role in H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis in northern India.

Meta-analysis of associations between interleukin-17 gene polymorphisms and risk of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have indicated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the interleukin-17 (IL-17) gene are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. However, the findings were inconsistent.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To provide a more reliable estimation of the association between SNPs in the IL-17 gene and the susceptibility to gastric cancer, we searched PubMed, CNKI, and Wan Fang databases and selected finally six studies covering 2,366 cases and 3,205 controls to perform a meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Statistical analyses showed that an rs2275913 polymorphism within the IL-17A gene was significantly associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer using a generalized odds ratio (ORG, a model-free approach). Moreover, we also found that the 'A' allele carriers of IL-17A rs2275913 had a significant link with clinicopathological features. However, no significant positive signals were observed in the association analysis of the rs3748067 and rs763780 polymorphisms with the risk of gastric cancer in IL-17A and IL-17F, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite some limitations, the present meta-analysis provided a more precise estimation of the relationship between the IL-17 gene SNPs and gastric cancer risk compared with individual studies.

Genetics and gastric cancer susceptibility

Gastric cancer has high morbidity and mortality in China. It is ranked first in malignant tumors of the digestive system. Its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear, but they may be associated with a variety of factors. Genetic susceptibility genes have become a research hotspot in China. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms of gastric cancer can facilitate achieving individualized prevention and developing more effective methods to reduce clinical adverse consequences, which has important clinical significance. Genetic susceptibility results from the influence of genetic factors or specific genetic defects that endow an individual's offspring with certain physiological and metabolic features that are prone to certain diseases. Currently, studies on the genetic susceptibility genes of gastric cancer have become a hotspot. The purpose is to screen for the etiology of gastric cancer, search for gene therapy methods, and ultimately provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of gastric cancer. This article reviews the current progress of studies on genetic susceptibility genes for gastric cancer.

Interleukin-10 promotor -592A/C polymorphism is associated with slow coronary flow in Han Chinese

An accumulating body of evidence suggests that slow coronary flow (SCF) phenomenon seems to be an early-form of atherosclerosis and low-grade inflammation plays a major role in the atherosclerotic vascular processes. Interleukin (IL)-10 is a multifunctional cytokine involved in both innate and adaptive immune response. The aim of the present study is to investigate the association of IL-10 gene -592A/C polymorphism with SCF in Han Chinese. 250 patients who underwent coronary angiography and had angiographically normal coronary arteries of varying coronary flow rates without any atherosclerotic lesion were enrolled in this study. Patients who had thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame counts (TFC) above the normal cutoffs were considered to have SCF and those within normal limits were considered to have normal coronary flow (NCF). The PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used to assess the genotypes frequencies. The distribution of the IL-10 -592A/C genotypes (AA, AC, and CC) was 46.34%, 41.46%, and 12.20% in the NCF group, and 66.51%, 28.71%, and 4.78% in SCF subjects, respectively (P = 0.0280). The frequency of the A allele in the SCF group was significantly higher than that in the NCF group (80.86% vs. 67.07%, P = 0.0054). Compared with the CC genotype, the AA genotype had increased risk of SCF in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. In SCF patients, the average serum IL-10 levels in AA genotype were statistically lower than in AC + CC genotype (P = 0.0000). These findings suggest that IL-10 -592A/C polymorphism is associated with SCF and the A allele has increased risk for SCF in Han Chinese.

Effect of three common IL-17 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the risk of developing gastric cancer

A 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted to analyze the association between three common interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-17F single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of developing gastric cancer. Genotyping of SNPs rs2275913, rs763780 and rs3748067 within the IL-17 gene were detected by performing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Gastric cancer patients were more likely to be cigarette smokers, alcohol drinkers and have a family history of cancer in their first-degree relatives. Patients carrying the rs763780 polymorphism were correlated with a significant increased risk of gastric cancer in codominant, dominant and recessive models. Additionally, individuals with the rs763780 polymorphism were correlated with a markedly increased risk of gastric cancer among alcohol drinkers in codominant, dominant and recessive models. Furthermore, a significant correlation was identified between the rs763780 polymorphism and the consumption of alcohol. However, no association was identified between rs2275913 and rs3748067 polymorphisms and the risk of developing gastric cancer. Thus, the present study reported that the rs763780 polymorphism may be associated with risk of developing gastric cancer in the population studied, particularly in alcohol drinkers.

Association of Interleukin-10 promotor polymorphisms with atrial fibrillation in Han Chinese

There is an accumulating body of evidence indicating strong association between inflammation and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). IL-10 is a multifunctional anti-inflammatory cytokine that down-regulates cell-mediated immune responses and cytotoxic inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study is to investigate the association of IL-10 gene -592A/C polymorphism with AF in Han Chinese. 117 AF patients and 100 healthy volunteers were eligible for this study. The PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used to assess the genotypes frequencies. The distribution of the IL-10 -592A/C genotypes (AA, AC, and CC) was 55.00%, 35.00%, and 10.00% in the controls, and 71.79%, 23.08%, and 5.13% in AF subjects, respectively (p = 0.0335). The frequency of the A allele in the AF group was significantly higher than that in the control group (83.33% vs 72.50%, p = 0.0063). Compared with the CC genotype, the AA genotype had increased risk of AF in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. The average serum IL-10 levels in AA genotype were statistically lower than in AC + CC genotype (p = 0.0000). These findings suggest that IL-10 -592A/C polymorphism is associated with AF and the A allele has increased risk for AF in Han Chinese.

Helicobacter pylori and neurological diseases: Married by the laws of inflammation

The purpose of this paper is to review current information about the role of inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and other inflammatory diseases including ischemic stroke. Infection with H. pylori usually persists throughout life, resulting in a chronic inflammatory response with local secretion of numerous inflammatory mediators including chemokines [interleukin (IL)-8, macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)-α] and cytokines [IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-γ], which can pass into the circulation and have a systemic effect. The persistence of detectable systemic and local concentrations of inflammatory mediators is likely to alter the outcome of neurological diseases. These proinflammatory factors can induce brain inflammation and the death of neurons and could eventually be associated to Parkinson’s disease and also may be involved in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. However, most neurological diseases are the result of a combination of multiple factors, but the systemic inflammatory response is a common component and determinant in the onset, evolution, and outcome of diseases. However, more studies are needed to allow understanding of the effects and mechanisms by which the inflammatory response generated by H. pylori infection affects neurological diseases.

Variants of interleukin-16 associated with gastric cancer risk

AIM

We conducted a case-control matched study to investigate the role of IL-16 gene polymorphisms, rs4072111, rs1131445, rs4778889 and rs11556218, in the risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population, also performing subgroup analysis by subsites.

METHODS

To test the hypothesis of involvement, we analyzed the four SNPs of IL16 in 347 cancer patients and 368 controls. Demographic data and other information were collected using a newly designed questionnaire. Genotyping of IL16 (rs4072111, rs1131445, rs4778889 and rs11556218) was performed in a 384-well plate format on the MassARRAY® platform.

RESULTS

In our study, we found the gastric cancer patients were more likely to be male and have a family history of cancer (P < 0.05). We found the rs4778889 CC and rs11556218 GG genotype was significantly associated with 1.97 and 1.84-fold increased risk of non-cardia gastric cancer, while we did not find significant association between the four IL-16 SNPs and cardia gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our study indicated that IL-16 rs4778889 CC and rs11556218 GG genotypes are associated with an increased risk of non-cardia gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Our results offer insights into the influence of IL-16 on development of gastric cancer.

miRNA polymorphisms and risk of gastric cancer in Asian population

miRNAs are endogenous 19- to 25-nt noncoding RNAs that can negatively regulate gene expression by directly cleaving target mRNA or by inhibiting its translation. Recent studies have revealed that miRNA plays a significant role in gastric cancer development either as a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene. miRNA-single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as a novel class of functional SNPs/polymorphisms, have been identified as candidate biomarkers for gastric cancer susceptibility. On the basis of recent data, the present review summarizes current knowledge of the functional effects of miRNA-SNPs and their importance as candidate gastric cancer biomarkers. Additionally, this review also includes a meta-analysis of the most frequently studied miRNA-SNPs in gastric cancer.

Ethnic differences in gastric cancer genetic susceptibility: Allele flips of interleukin gene

Polymorphisms in promoter regions of inflammatory cytokines have been widely studied, and potentially functional polymorphisms have been discovered. Conflicting results from meta-analyses of interleukin (IL)-1B and IL-10 polymorphisms show differences in gastric cancer susceptibilities between Caucasian and Asian populations. In particular, we note the suggestion of an allele flip in IL-1B and IL-10 gene polymorphisms. In Asian populations, the IL-1B-1464G/-511C/-31T haplotype indicates risk for gastric cancer, while the opposite haplotype, IL-1B-1464C/-511T/-31C is the risk-related allele in Caucasians. Furthermore, while IL-10-1082G/-819C/-592C is associated with gastric cancer in Asians, IL-10-1082A/-819T/-592T is linked to gastric cancer risk in Caucasians. These seemingly contradictory results may be attributed to distinct carcinogenic mechanisms underlying the different gastric cancer subtypes. The allele flip observed in IL-10 and gastric cancer appears to reflect allelic heterogeneity, similar to that observed in IL-1B. In this review, we focus on the allele flip phenomenon observed between different ethnic groups in an effort to resolve certain controversial results from recent studies on interleukin polymorphism. In addition, we re-emphasize the importance of stratifying gastric cancer subtypes based on anatomical site and Lauren classification to prevent false associations arising through dilution of true ones.

Genetic susceptibility and gastric cancer risk: the importance of meta-analyses as a statistical tool

Gastric cancer (GC) is a complex disease and a worldwide health burden due to its high prevalence and poor prognosis. A deeper knowledge of the factors involved in the development and progression of GC could help to identify subpopulations at risk that therefore require surveillance or early treatment strategies. Current research is based on the study of genetic variants that confer a higher risk of GC and their interactions with environmental exposure. Recently, meta-analysis has emerged as an important statistical method involving pooling of data from individual association studies to increase statistical power and obtain more conclusive results. Given the importance of chronic inflammation in the process of gastric carcinogenesis, the present article reviews the most recent meta-analyses of the contribution of cytokine gene polymorphisms to GC risk.

The effect of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 polymorphisms on gastric cancer risk among different ethnicities: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Potential Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) 1A1 MspI, 1A1 Ile462Val, 1A2*1 F, and/or 1A2*1C polymorphisms have been implicated in gastric cancer risk among different ethnicities. We aimed to explore the effect of CYP 1A1 MspI, 1A1 Ile462Val, 1A2*1 F, and/or 1A2*1C polymorphisms on the susceptibility to gastric cancer among different ethnicities through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Each initially included article was scored for quality appraisal. Desirable data were extracted and registered into databases. A number of 11 studies were ultimately eligible for the meta-analysis of CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism, eight studies for the meta-analysis of 1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism, and two studies for the meta-analysis of 1A2*1 F polymorphism. None of genetic model was evidently suggested, and thus all the genetic models were presented. Potential sources of heterogeneity were sought out via subgroup and sensitivity analyses, and publication biases were estimated. In our meta-analysis, significant results could be found in mutational heterozygous CT genotype, compared with wild TT genotype, among large sample size subgroup for CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism. Regarding CYP1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism, no statistically significant results could be found. For CYP1A2*1 F polymorphism, mutational heterozygous AC genotype, compared with wild-type AA, has deleterious effects, whereas mutational homozygous CC genotype, compared with mutational heterozygous type AC, has protective effects but lacks statistically significant difference despite its a proximity to 0.05. Combined mutational homozygous CC genotype and wild-type homozygous AA, compared with mutational heterozygous AC genotype, has protective effects. Our meta-analysis suggests no associations between CYP1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism and gastric cancer, but possible associations between CYP1A1 MspI and CYP1A2*1 F polymorphisms and gastric cancer, which needs to be further reinforced or refuted among different ethnicities in well-designed large-scale high-quality studies.

Gastric cancer susceptibility genes

Genetic susceptibility results from genetic factors or some genetic defects, and endows the offspring with some physiological and metabolic features prone to certain diseases. At present, gastric cancer susceptibility genes have become a hot research topic in China, and the identification and characterization of gastric cancer susceptibility genes can help develop methods for exploring gastric cancer etiology and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of this malignancy. In this paper, we will review the current progress in research of gastric cancer susceptibility genes.

Biomarkers of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer

Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and is predicted to become even more common in developing countries as the population ages. Since gastric cancer develops slowly over years to decades, and typically progresses though a series of well-defined histologic stages, cancer biomarkers have potential to identify asymptomatic individuals in whom surgery might be curative, or even those for whom antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori could prevent neoplastic transformation. Here we describe some of the challenges of biomarker discovery, summarize current approaches to biomarkers of gastric cancer, and explore some recent novel strategies.

The interleukin 10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk: a HuGE review and meta-analysis of 73 studies including 15,942 cases and 22,336 controls

The aim of the present work was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the interleukin 10 (IL-10) -819C/T (rs1800871) polymorphism and cancer risk. A total of 73 studies, including 15,942 cancer cases and 22,336 controls, were identified in this meta-analysis. The odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model. Overall, no significant association was identified between the IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk. In the subgroup analyses, the T allele and TT genotype were associated with a moderately reduced cancer risk in the Asian population (T allele vs. C allele: OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.87, 0.99; TT vs. CC: OR=0.86, 95%CI: 0.76, 0.98; TT vs. CT/CC: OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.82, 0.98). Individuals who were homozygous for the T allele (TT) were found to be associated with significantly reduced gastric cancer risk in the Asian population. The heterozygous variant (CT) and the dominant model (TT/CT vs. CC) were associated with an increased risk for cervical and ovarian cancer. However, the IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism was not significantly associated with breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, lymphoma, or melanoma. The depressed cancer risk of the TT genotype occurred in the studies of hospital-based case-control studies and the studies recruited less than 500 subjects, but no statistically significant results were found in the stratified analyses using genotyping method. The results suggest that the IL-10 -819TT genotype may be a protective factor for cancer in Asians, especially gastric cancer. In contrast, the CT genotype and the dominant model could be risk factors for cervical and ovarian cancer. The importance of stratifying by ethnicity, cancer type, study design, and sample size needs to be standardized in future studies, together with considering the association between the IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk. Furthermore, the linkage of -819C/T with other polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene may help explain the variability in findings.

Card15 mutations and gastric cancer in a Portuguese population

BACKGROUND. CARD15 is involved in the innate immune response and mutations of this gene have been linked with increased risk of Crohn's disease and colorectal cancer. The relation between CARD15 mutations and gastric cancer (GC) remains controversial. AIMS. To assess whether CARD15 mutations are risk factors for GC in Portugal and whether there are genotype-phenotype correlations in these patients. METHODS. The 3 main CARD15 mutations (3020insC, R702W and G908R) were searched in 150 patients with GC and in 202 healthy controls. RESULTS. Overall, CARD15 mutations were found in 28 patients (18.7%) and in 27 controls (13.4%) (p = 0.176). Individually, the incidence of 3020insC was significantly higher in patients than in controls (6.0% vs. 1.0%, p = 0.021). This polymorphism was linked with an increased risk for the intestinal-type of GC (p = 0.002), while no association was found with the diffuse and/or mixed types. Genotype frequencies for R702W (10.0% vs. 7.9%) and G908R (4.0% vs. 4.0%) were not statistically different between the two groups. Similarly, no significant associations were detected between these two polymorphisms and the different histological GC types. No correlations were observed between CARD15 mutations and family history, mean age at diagnosis or GC stage. CONCLUSIONS. The CARD15 3020insC variant is a risk factor for intestinal GC in Portugal. CARD15 variants are not correlated with age of diagnosis or family aggregation of the disease neither with the GC stage.

Why interleukin-10 supplementation does not work in Crohn’s disease patients

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis are chronic intestinal disorders, which are on the increase in “Westernised” countries. IBD can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has been identified as being involved in several diseases including IBD. Studies have shown that polymorphisms in the promoter region reduce serum levels of IL-10 and this reduction has been associated with some forms of IBD. Mouse models have shown promising results with IL-10 supplementation, as such IL-10 supplementation has been touted as being a possible alternative treatment for CD in humans. Clinical trials have shown that recombinant human IL-10 is safe and well tolerated up to a dose of 8 μg/kg. However, to date, the results of the clinical trials have been disappointing. Although CD activity was reduced as measured by the CD activity index, IL-10 supplementation did not result in significantly reduced remission rates or clinical improvements when compared to placebo. This review discusses why IL-10 supplementation is not effective in CD patients currently and what can be addressed to potentially make IL-10 supplementation a more viable treatment option in the future. Based on the current research we conclude that IL-10 supplementation is not a one size fits all treatment and if the correct population of patients is chosen then IL-10 supplementation could be of benefit.

Effects of IL-10 haplotype and atomic bomb radiation exposure on gastric cancer risk

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the cancers that reveal increased risk of mortality and incidence in atomic bomb survivors. The incidence of gastric cancer in the Life Span Study cohort of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) increased with radiation dose (gender-averaged excess relative risk per Gy = 0.28) and remains high more than 65 years after exposure. To assess a possible role of gene-environment interaction, we examined the dose response for gastric cancer incidence based on immunosuppression-related IL-10 genotype, in a cohort study with 200 cancer cases (93 intestinal, 96 diffuse and 11 other types) among 4,690 atomic bomb survivors participating in an immunological substudy. Using a single haplotype block composed of four haplotype-tagging SNPs (comprising the major haplotype allele IL-10-ATTA and the minor haplotype allele IL-10-GGCG, which are categorized by IL-10 polymorphisms at -819A>G and -592T>G, +1177T>C and +1589A>G), multiplicative and additive models for joint effects of radiation and this IL-10 haplotyping were examined. The IL-10 minor haplotype allele(s) was a risk factor for intestinal type gastric cancer but not for diffuse type gastric cancer. Radiation was not associated with intestinal type gastric cancer. In diffuse type gastric cancer, the haplotype-specific excess relative risk (ERR) for radiation was statistically significant only in the major homozygote category of IL-10 (ERR = 0.46/Gy, P = 0.037), whereas estimated ERR for radiation with the minor IL-10 homozygotes was close to 0 and nonsignificant. Thus, the minor IL-10 haplotype might act to reduce the radiation related risk of diffuse-type gastric cancer. The results suggest that this IL-10 haplotyping might be involved in development of radiation-associated gastric cancer of the diffuse type, and that IL-10 haplotypes may explain individual differences in the radiation-related risk of gastric cancer.

Genetic association between selected cytokine genes and glioblastoma in the Han Chinese population

Background

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor. Many abnormal secretion and expression of cytokines have been found in GBM, initially speculated that the occurrence of GBM may be involved in these abnormal secretion of cytokines. This study aims to detect the association of cytokine genes with GBM.

Methods

We selected seven tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) in six cytokine genes, which previously reported to be associated with brain tumors, and analyzed their association with GBM in a Han Chinese population using χ² test and genetic model analysis.

Results

We found two risk tSNPs and one protective tSNP. By χ² test, the rs1801275 in IL-4R showed an increased risk of GBM. In the genetic model analysis, the genotype “TC” of rs20541 in IL-13 gene showed an increased risk of GBM in over-dominant model (OR = 2.00; 95% CI, 1.13-3.54, p = 0.015); the genotype “CT” of rs1800871 in the IL-10 gene showed a decrease risk in the over-dominant model (OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33 – 0.97; p = 0.037). The genotype “AG” of rs1801275 in the IL-4R gene showed an increase risk in over-dominant model (OR = 2.29; 95% CI, 1.20 - 4.35; p = 0.0081) We further analyzed whether the six cytokine genes have a different effect on the disease in gender specific population, and found that the allele “G” of rs2243248 in the IL-4 gene showed a decrease risk of GBM in female (OR = 0.35, 95% CI, 0.13 - 0.94, p = 0.0032), but the allele “T” showed a decrease risk in male (OR = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.17 - 0.53, p = 0.0032).

Conclusions

Our findings, combined with previously reported results, suggest that cytokine genes have potential role in GBM development, which may be useful to early prognostics for GBM in the Han Chinese population.

Evaluation of Interleukin-10 (G-1082A) Promoter Polymorphism in Preeclampsia

BACKGROUND

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific syndrome that may be life-threatening, especially to the fetus. Several causes have been reported that may have a possible role in the development of the disorder. Interleukin-10 affect maternal intravascular inflammation, as well as endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between IL-10 G-1082A polymorphism and preeclampsia.

METHODS

A total of eighty-eight pregnant women with preeclampsia and 100 women with normal pregnancy attending the Gynecological unit of Government Maternity Hospital, Petlaburz, Hyderabad, India, were considered for the study. A standard amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) PCR was carried out for genotyping IL-10 G-1082A promoter polymorphism in all the participants. Genotypic distribution of the control and patient groups were compared with values predicted by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using χ(2) test. Odd ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the strength of association between IL-10 gene polymorphism and preeclampsia.

RESULTS

The frequencies of IL-10 G-1082A genotypes, GG, GA and AA, were 17.8%, 41.09% and 41.09% in women with preeclampsia and 25%, 28% and 47% in the controls respectively. There was no significant difference in the distribution of genotypes and alleles of IL-10 G-1082A between the two groups (Test power=0.66).

CONCLUSION

The present study suggests that the IL-10 G-1082A gene promoter polymorphism is not a major genetic regulator in the etiology of preeclampsia.

The effect of XPD/ERCC2 polymorphisms on gastric cancer risk among different ethnicities: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Potential xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD), also called excision repair cross-complimentary group two (ERCC2), Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn polymorphisms have been implicated in gastric cancer risk among different ethnicities.

Methods

We aimed to explore the effect of XPD Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn polymorphisms on the susceptibility to gastric cancer among different ethnicities through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Each initially included article was scored for quality appraisal. Desirable data were extracted and registered into databases. 13 studies were ultimately eligible for the meta-analysis of Lys751Gln polymorphism and 9 studies for the meta-analysis of Asp312Asn polymorphism. We adopted the most probably appropriate genetic model (recessive model) for both Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn polymorphisms. Potential sources of heterogeneity were sought out via subgroup and sensitivity analyses, and publication biases were estimated.

Results

Statistically significant findings were apparently noted in Asians but not in Caucasians for both XPD Lys751Gln and XPD Asp312Asn polymorphisms. A statistically significant finding could be seen in noncardia-type gastric cancer for XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism. A statistically significant finding could also be seen in high quality subgroup, small-and-moderate sample size subgroup, articles published after 2007, or PCR-RFLP genotyping subgroup for XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis indicates that XPD Gln751Gln (CC) genotype and Asn312Asn (AA) genotype may seem to be more susceptible to gastric cancer in Asian populations but not in Caucasian populations, suggesting that the two genotypes may be important biomarkers of gastric cancer susceptibility for Asian populations, the assumption that needs to be further confirmed in well-designed studies among different ethnicities. Gln751Gln (CC) genotype may also be associated with noncardia-type gastric cancer risk, which should also be confirmed among different ethnicities in the future.

A meta-analysis of interleukin-10 -592 promoter polymorphism associated with gastric cancer risk

We aimed to explore the role of IL-10 -592 A/C SNP in the susceptibility to gastric cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Each initially included article was scored for quality appraisal. 17 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. We adopted the most probably appropriate genetic model (recessive model). Potential sources of heterogeneity were sought out via subgroup and sensitivity analyses, and publication biases were estimated. IL-10-592 AA genotype is associated with the reduced risk of developing gastric cancer among Asians and even apparently observed among Asians high quality subgroup, suggesting IL-10-592 AA genotype may seem to be more protective from overall gastric cancer in Asian populations. IL-10-592 AA genotype is also associated with the overall reduced gastric cancer susceptibility in persons with H. pylori infection compared with controls without H. pylori infection, suggesting IL-10-592 AA genotype may seem to be more protective from overall gastric cancer susceptibility in persons infected with H. pylori. IL-10-592 AA genotype is not associated with either pathologic subtypes (intestinal or diffuse) or anatomic subtypes (non-cardia or cardia) of gastric cancer susceptibility. Genotyping methods like direct sequencing should be highly advocated to be conducted in future well-designed high quality studies among different ethnicities or populations.

Polymorphisms of tumor-related genes IL-10, PSCA, MTRR and NOC3L are associated with the risk of gastric cancer in the Chinese Han population

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world. Environmental and genetic factors both play critical roles in the etiology of gastric cancer. Hundreds of SNPs have been identified to have association with the risk of gastric cancer in many races. In this study, 25 SNPs in genes for IL-10, IL-1B, MTRR, TNF-а, PSCA, PLCE1 and NOC3L were analyzed to further evaluate their associations with gastric cancer susceptibility in the Chinese Han population.

METHODS

Two hundred and seventy nine gastric cancer patients and 296 healthy controls were recruited in this study. SNP genotyping was conducted using Sequenom MassARRAY RS1000. Data management and statistical analyses were conducted by Sequenom Typer 4.0 Software and Pearson's χ(2) test.

RESULTS

One protective allele and three risk alleles for gastric cancer patients were found in this study. The allele "G" of rs1801394 in MTRR showed an association with a decreased risk of gastric cancer: odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.57-0.97, P = 0.030 in the additive model; OR = 0.495, 95% CI = 0.26-0.95, P = 0.034 in the recessive model. The other three SNPs, the allele "C" of rs1800871 in IL10 (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.04-1.90; P = 0.026 in the additive model; OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.04-2.06; P = 0.030 in the recessive model), the allele "A" of rs2976391 in PSCA (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.01-1.66; P = 0.041 in the additive model and OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.04-2.11, P = 0.028 in the recessive model), and the allele "G" of rs17109928 in NOC3L gene (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.01-1.78; P = 0.042 by additive model analysis; OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.04-2.07, P = 0.028 by dominant model analysis), showed an association with an increased risk of gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate the importance of four gastric cancer susceptibility polymorphisms of IL-10, NOC3L, PSCA and MTRR in the Chinese Han population, which could be used in the determination of gastric cancer risk in clinical practice.