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Jian J, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhou C, Hou X, Huang Y, Hou J, Lin Y, Wei X. Molecular landscape for risk prediction and personalized therapeutics of castration-resistant prostate cancer: at a glance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1360430. [PMID: 38887275 PMCID: PMC11180744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1360430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is commonly occurred with high incidence in men worldwide, and many patients will be eventually suffered from the dilemma of castration-resistance with the time of disease progression. Castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) is an advanced subtype of PCa with heterogeneous carcinogenesis, resulting in poor prognosis and difficulties in therapy. Currently, disorders in androgen receptor (AR)-related signaling are widely acknowledged as the leading cause of CRPC development, and some non-AR-based strategies are also proposed for CRPC clinical analyses. The initiation of CRPC is a consequence of abnormal interaction and regulation among molecules and pathways at multi-biological levels. In this study, CRPC-associated genes, RNAs, proteins, and metabolites were manually collected and integrated by a comprehensive literature review, and they were functionally classified and compared based on the role during CRPC evolution, i.e., drivers, suppressors, and biomarkers, etc. Finally, translational perspectives for data-driven and artificial intelligence-powered CRPC systems biology analysis were discussed to highlight the significance of novel molecule-based approaches for CRPC precision medicine and holistic healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Jian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin’an Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenchao Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorui Hou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianquan Hou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuedong Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Bahmad HF, Thiravialingam A, Sriganeshan K, Gonzalez J, Alvarez V, Ocejo S, Abreu AR, Avellan R, Arzola AH, Hachem S, Poppiti R. Clinical Significance of SOX10 Expression in Human Pathology. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:10131-10158. [PMID: 38132479 PMCID: PMC10742133 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic development of neural crest cells and subsequent tissue differentiation are intricately regulated by specific transcription factors. Among these, SOX10, a member of the SOX gene family, stands out. Located on chromosome 22q13, the SOX10 gene encodes a transcription factor crucial for the differentiation, migration, and maintenance of tissues derived from neural crest cells. It plays a pivotal role in developing various tissues, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, melanocytes, chondrocytes, and odontoblasts. Mutations in SOX10 have been associated with congenital disorders such as Waardenburg-Shah Syndrome, PCWH syndrome, and Kallman syndrome, underscoring its clinical significance. Furthermore, SOX10 is implicated in neural and neuroectodermal tumors, such as melanoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), and schwannomas, influencing processes like proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In mesenchymal tumors, SOX10 expression serves as a valuable marker for distinguishing between different tumor types. Additionally, SOX10 has been identified in various epithelial neoplasms, including breast, ovarian, salivary gland, nasopharyngeal, and bladder cancers, presenting itself as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker. However, despite these associations, further research is imperative to elucidate its precise role in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F. Bahmad
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA;
| | - Aran Thiravialingam
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Karthik Sriganeshan
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Jeffrey Gonzalez
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Veronica Alvarez
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Stephanie Ocejo
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Alvaro R. Abreu
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Rima Avellan
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Alejandro H. Arzola
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Sana Hachem
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - Robert Poppiti
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Lundberg A, Zhang M, Aggarwal R, Li H, Zhang L, Foye A, Sjöström M, Chou J, Chang K, Moreno-Rodriguez T, Shrestha R, Baskin A, Zhu X, Weinstein AS, Younger N, Alumkal JJ, Beer TM, Chi KN, Evans CP, Gleave M, Lara PN, Reiter RE, Rettig MB, Witte ON, Wyatt AW, Feng FY, Small EJ, Quigley DA. The Genomic and Epigenomic Landscape of Double-Negative Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2023; 83:2763-2774. [PMID: 37289025 PMCID: PMC10425725 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic targeted therapy in prostate cancer is primarily focused on ablating androgen signaling. Androgen deprivation therapy and second-generation androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy selectively favor the development of treatment-resistant subtypes of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), defined by AR and neuroendocrine (NE) markers. Molecular drivers of double-negative (AR-/NE-) mCRPC are poorly defined. In this study, we comprehensively characterized treatment-emergent mCRPC by integrating matched RNA sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing from 210 tumors. AR-/NE- tumors were clinically and molecularly distinct from other mCRPC subtypes, with the shortest survival, amplification of the chromatin remodeler CHD7, and PTEN loss. Methylation changes in CHD7 candidate enhancers were linked to elevated CHD7 expression in AR-/NE+ tumors. Genome-wide methylation analysis nominated Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) as a driver of the AR-/NE- phenotype, and KLF5 activity was linked to RB1 loss. These observations reveal the aggressiveness of AR-/NE- mCRPC and could facilitate the identification of therapeutic targets in this highly aggressive disease. SIGNIFICANCE Comprehensive characterization of the five subtypes of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer identified transcription factors that drive each subtype and showed that the double-negative subtype has the worst prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Lundberg
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Meng Zhang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Haolong Li
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Li Zhang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adam Foye
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Martin Sjöström
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan Chou
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kevin Chang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thaidy Moreno-Rodriguez
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Raunak Shrestha
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Avi Baskin
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alana S. Weinstein
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Noah Younger
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joshi J. Alumkal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tomasz M. Beer
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kim N. Chi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher P. Evans
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Martin Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Primo N. Lara
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Rob E. Reiter
- Departments of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew B. Rettig
- Departments of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Owen N. Witte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexander W. Wyatt
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Felix Y. Feng
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric J. Small
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David A. Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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4
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Lamichhane S, Mo JS, Sharma G, Joung SM, Chae SC. MIR133A regulates cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis by targeting SOX9 in human colorectal cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:3223-3241. [PMID: 35968353 PMCID: PMC9360235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microRNA 133A (MIR133A) was identified as a CRC-associated miRNA. It was down-regulated in human CRC tissues. We identified the putative MIR133A1 and A2 target genes by comparing the transcriptome analysis data of MIR133A1 and A2 knock-in cells with the candidate MIR133A target genes predicted by bioinformatics tools. We identified 29 and 33 putative MIR133A and A2 direct target genes, respectively. Among them, we focused on the master transcription regulator gene SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), which exhibits a pleiotropic role in cancer. We confirmed that SOX9 is a direct target gene of MIR133A by luciferase reporter assay, quantitative RT-PCR, and western blot analysis. Overexpression of MIR133A in CRC cell lines significantly decreased SOX9 and its downstream PIK3CA-AKT1-GSK3B-CTNNB1 and KRAS-BRAF-MAP2K1-MAPK1/3 pathways and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, functional studies reveal that cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration ability were significantly decreased by MIR133A-overexpressed CRC cell lines. Knockdown of SOX9 in CRC cell lines by SOX9 gene silencing showed similar results. We also used a xenograft model to show that MIR133A overexpression suppresses tumor growth and proliferation. Our results suggest that MIR133A regulates cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis by targeting SOX9 in human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Lamichhane
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang UniversityIksan, Chonbuk 54538, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Mo
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang UniversityIksan, Chonbuk 54538, Korea
| | - Grinsun Sharma
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang UniversityIksan, Chonbuk 54538, Korea
| | - Sun-Myoung Joung
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang UniversityIksan, Chonbuk 54538, Korea
| | - Soo-Cheon Chae
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang UniversityIksan, Chonbuk 54538, Korea
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang UniversityIksan, Chonbuk 54538, Korea
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5
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Kant Tripathi S, Kumar Sahoo R, Kumar Biswal B. SOX9 as an emerging target for anticancer drugs and a prognostic biomarker for cancer drug resistance. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2541-2550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Ji A, Qian L, Tian Z, Cui J. WDR5 promotes the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma by inducing SOX9 expression. Biomark Med 2021; 15:1599-1609. [PMID: 34743548 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: WDR5 is a coactivator of transcription factor which promotes the progression of several cancer types, but its function in lung adenocarcinoma (AC) is unknown. Materials & methods: We detected WDR5 expression in lung AC with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results: WDR5 was significantly overexpressed in ACs compared with normal lung tissues. Moreover, WDR5 was an independent prognostic biomarker of lung AC. With clinical analyzation and in vitro experiments, we proved that SOX9 was a downstream effector of WDR5 in promoting A549 proliferation, and that SOX9 was also an unfavorable prognostic biomarker of lung AC. Conclusion: WDR5 and SOX9 are both prognostic biomarkers predicting poor outcome of lung AC. WDR5 could promote proliferation of lung AC by elevating SOX9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Zhenmin Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital of Ankang City, Ankang, Shaanxi, 725000, China
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7
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Hyväkkä A, Virtanen V, Kemppainen J, Grönroos TJ, Minn H, Sundvall M. More Than Meets the Eye: Scientific Rationale behind Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Targeting of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) in Metastatic Prostate Cancer and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092244. [PMID: 34067046 PMCID: PMC8125679 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein that is overexpressed in prostate cancer and correlates with the aggressiveness of the disease. PSMA is a promising target for imaging and therapeutics in prostate cancer patients validated in prospective trials. However, the role of PSMA in prostate cancer progression is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the biology and scientific rationale behind the use of PSMA and other targets in the detection and theranostics of metastatic prostate cancer. Abstract Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer type in men globally. Although the prognosis for localized prostate cancer is good, no curative treatments are available for metastatic disease. Better diagnostic methods could help target therapies and improve the outcome. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is overexpressed on malignant prostate tumor cells and correlates with the aggressiveness of the disease. PSMA is a clinically validated target for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging-based diagnostics in prostate cancer, and during recent years several therapeutics have been developed based on PSMA expression and activity. The expression of PSMA in prostate cancer can be very heterogeneous and some metastases are negative for PSMA. Determinants that dictate clinical responses to PSMA-targeting therapeutics are not well known. Moreover, it is not clear how to manipulate PSMA expression for therapeutic purposes and develop rational treatment combinations. A deeper understanding of the biology behind the use of PSMA would help the development of theranostics with radiolabeled compounds and other PSMA-based therapeutic approaches. Along with PSMA several other targets have also been evaluated or are currently under investigation in preclinical or clinical settings in prostate cancer. Here we critically elaborate the biology and scientific rationale behind the use of PSMA and other targets in the detection and therapeutic targeting of metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Hyväkkä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.H.); (V.V.)
| | - Verneri Virtanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.H.); (V.V.)
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM), University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland;
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Docrates Cancer Center, FI-00180 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tove J. Grönroos
- Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Heikki Minn
- Department of Oncology, FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland;
| | - Maria Sundvall
- Institute of Biomedicine, Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.H.); (V.V.)
- Department of Oncology, FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland;
- Correspondence:
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Panda M, Tripathi SK, Biswal BK. SOX9: An emerging driving factor from cancer progression to drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188517. [PMID: 33524528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of transcription factors is one of the common problems in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Among them, SOX9 is one of the critical transcription factors involved in various diseases, including cancer. The expression of SOX9 is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), methylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. Interestingly, SOX9 acts as a proto-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene, relying upon kinds of cancer. Recent studies have reported the critical role of SOX9 in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, activation of SOX9 signaling or SOX9 regulated signaling pathways play a crucial role in cancer development and progression. Accumulating evidence also suggests that SOX9 acquires stem cell features to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, SOX9 has been broadly studied in the field of cancer stem cell (CSC) and EMT in the last decades. However, the link between SOX9 and cancer drug resistance has only recently been discovered. Furthermore, its differential expression could be a potential biomarker for tumor prognosis and progression. This review outlined the various biological implications of SOX9 in cancer progression and cancer drug resistance and elucidated its signaling network, which could be a potential target for designing novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Panda
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Surya Kant Tripathi
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Bijesh K Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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9
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Kriegsmann K, Flechtenmacher C, Heil J, Kriegsmann J, Mechtersheimer G, Aulmann S, Weichert W, Sinn HP, Kriegsmann M. Immunohistological Expression of SOX-10 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Descriptive Analysis of 113 Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176407. [PMID: 32899175 PMCID: PMC7503807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SRY-related HMG-box 10 (SOX-10) is commonly expressed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, data on the biological significance of SOX-10 expression is limited. Therefore, we investigated immunhistological SOX-10 expression in TNBC and correlated the results with genetic alterations and clinical data. Methods: A tissue microarray including 113 TNBC cases was stained by SOX-10. Immunohistological data of AR, BCL2, CD117, p53 and Vimentin was available from a previous study. Semiconductor-based panel sequencing data including commonly altered breast cancer genes was also available from a previous investigation. SOX-10 expression was correlated with clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic data. Results: SOX-10 was significantly associated with CD117 and Vimentin, but not with AR expression. An association of SOX-10 with BCL2, EGFR or p53 staining was not observed. SOX-10-positive tumors harbored more often TP53 mutations but less frequent mutations of PIK3CA or alterations of the PIK3K pathway. SOX-10 expression had no prognostic impact either on disease-free, distant disease-free, or overall survival. Conclusions: While there might be a value of SOX-10 as a differential diagnostic marker to identify metastases of TNBC, its biological role remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Christa Flechtenmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.); (G.M.); (H.-P.S.)
| | - Jörg Heil
- Breast Unit, Women’s Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jörg Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, Cytology and Molecular Pathology, 54296 Trier, Germany;
- Danube Private University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Gunhild Mechtersheimer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.); (G.M.); (H.-P.S.)
| | | | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, TU Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Hans-Peter Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.); (G.M.); (H.-P.S.)
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.F.); (G.M.); (H.-P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-36930
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10
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Fang L, Lin X, Yang Y, Song Z, Ding X, Tan L, Gao P. Genetic variability, phylogeny and functional implication of the long control region in human papillomavirus type 16, 18 and 58 in Chengdu, China. Virol J 2020; 17:106. [PMID: 32677948 PMCID: PMC7364514 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long control region (LCR) of human papillomavirus (HPV) has shown multiple functions on regulating viral transcription. The variations of LCR related to different lineages/sub-lineages have been found to affect viral persistence and cervical cancer progression differently. In this study, we focused on gene polymorphism of HPV16/18/58 LCR to assess the effect variations caused on transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) and provided more data for further study of LCR in Southwest China. METHODS LCR of HPV16/18/58 were amplified and sequenced to do polymorphic and phylogenetic anlysis. Sequences of each type were aligned with the reference sequence by MEGA 6.0 to identify SNPs. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA 6.0. Transcription factor binding sites were predicted by JASPAR database. RESULTS The prevalence of these three HPVs ranked as HPV16 (12.8%) > HPV58 (12.6%) > HPV18 (3.5%) in Chengdu, Southwest China. 59 SNPs were identified in HPV16-LCR, 18 of them were novel mutations. 30 SNP were found in HPV18-LCR, 8 of them were novel. 55 SNPs were detected in HPV58-LCR, 18 of them were novel. Also, an insertion (CTTGTCAGTTTC) was detected in HPV58-LCR between position 7279 and 7280. As shown in the neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees, most isolates of HPV16/18/58 were clustered into lineage A. In addition, one isolate of HPV16 was classified into lineage C and 3 isolates of HPV58 were classified as lineage B. JASPAR results suggested that TFBS were potentially influenced by 7/6 mutations on LCR of HPV16/18. The insertion and 5 mutations were shown effects in LCR of HPV58. CONCLUSION This study provides more data for understanding the relation among LCR mutations, lineages and carcinogenesis. It also helps performing further study to demonstrate biological function of LCR and find potential marker for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liping Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Guan N, Wang R, Feng X, Li C, Guo W. Long non-coding RNA NBAT1 inhibits the progression of glioma through the miR-21/SOX7 axis. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:3024-3034. [PMID: 32782620 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most prevalent types of malignancy in the central nervous system worldwide, and the prognosis of patients with late stage glioma remains poor. Thus, the development of promising therapeutic strategies against glioma is essential. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules involved in the initiation and progression of tumors, including glioma. Investigation on the regulatory roles of lncRNAs may facilitate the development of effective treatments. lncRNA NBAT1 is associated with the growth and metastasis of cancer; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of NBAT1 in glioma. The expression levels of NBAT1, microRNA (miRNA/miR)-21 and SOX7 in patients with glioma, and healthy donors using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. Human glioma cells (A172 and AM138) and normal astrocytes were used to establish the NBAT1-knockdown and overexpression models. Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays were performed to determine whether NBAT1 exerted effects on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The results demonstrated that NBAT1 expression decreased in glioma tissues compared to normal samples. Additionally, downregulation of NBAT1 was detected in human glioma cells compared with normal astrocytes. Overexpression of NBAT1 inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In addition, miR-21 was identified as a potential target of NBAT1, and the effects of miR-21-induced cell proliferation and metastasis were reversed following overexpression of NBAT1. Furthermore, SOX7 was predicted as the potential target of miR-21, and its expression was upregulated in glioma cells by overexpression of NBAT1 compared with the vehicle only control. Taken together, the results of the present study provide novel insight into the functions of NBAT1 in glioma, suggesting that the NBAT1/miR-21/SOX7 axis may act as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Wenshi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
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12
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Schneider AJ, Gawdzik J, Vezina CM, Baker TR, Peterson RE. Sox9 in mouse urogenital sinus epithelium mediates elongation of prostatic buds and expression of genes involved in epithelial cell migration. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119075. [PMID: 31669249 PMCID: PMC6927329 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies identified Sox9 as a critical mediator of prostate development but the precise stage when Sox9 acts had not been determined. A genetic approach was used to delete Sox9 from mouse urogenital sinus epithelium (UGE) prior to prostate specification. All prostatic bud types (anterior, dorsolateral and ventral) were stunted in Sox9 conditional knockouts (cKOs) even though the number of prostatic buds did not differ from that of controls. We concluded that Sox9 is required for prostatic bud elongation and compared control male, control female, Sox9 cKO male and Sox9 cKO female UGE transcriptomes to identify potential molecular mediators. We identified 702 sex-dependent and 95 Sox9-dependent genes. Thirty-one genes were expressed in both a sex- and Sox9-dependent pattern. A comparison of Sox9 cKO female vs control female UGE transcriptomes revealed 74 Sox9-dependent genes, some of which also function in cell migration. SOX9 regulates, directly or indirectly, a largely different profile of genes in male and female UGE. Eighty-three percent of Sox9-dependent genes in male UGE were not Sox9-dependent in female UGE. Only 16 genes were Sox9-dependent in the UGE of both sexes and seven had cell migration functions. These results support the notion that Sox9 promotes cell migration activities needed for prostate ductal elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schneider
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Joseph Gawdzik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Chad M Vezina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Tracie R Baker
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Richard E Peterson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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13
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Novel role of sex-determining region Y-box 7 (SOX7) in tumor biology and cardiovascular developmental biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:49-56. [PMID: 31473269 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sex-determining region Y-box 7 (Sox7) is an important member of the SOX F family, which is characterized by a high-mobility-group DNA-binding domain. Previous studies have demonstrated the role of SOX7 in cardiovascular development. SOX7 expression could be detected in normal adult tissues. Furthermore, the expression levels of SOX7 were different in different tumors. Most studies showed the downregulation of SOX7 in tumors, while some studies reported its upregulation in tumors. In this review, we first summarized the upstream regulators (including transcription factors, microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and some exogenous regulators) and downstream molecules (including factors in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and some other signaling pathways) of SOX7. Then, the roles of SOX7 in multiple tumors were presented. Finally, the significance of divergent SOX7 expression during cardiovascular development was briefly discussed. The information compiled in this study characterized SOX7 during tumorigenesis and cardiovascular development, which should facilitate the design of future research and promote SOX7 as a therapeutic target.
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14
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Moreno CS. SOX4: The unappreciated oncogene. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:57-64. [PMID: 31445218 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SOX4 is an essential developmental transcription factor that regulates stemness, differentiation, progenitor development, and multiple developmental pathways including PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ signaling. The SOX4 gene is frequently amplified and overexpressed in over 20 types of malignancies, and multiple lines of evidence support that notion that SOX4 is an oncogene. Its overexpression is due to both gene amplification and to activation of PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ pathways that SOX4 regulates. SOX4 interacts with multiple other transcription factors, rendering many of its impacts on gene expression context and tissue-specific. Nevertheless, there are common themes that run through many of the effects of SOX4 hyperactivity, such as the promotion of cell survival, stemness, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, migration, and metastasis. Specific targeting of SOX4 remains a challenge for future cancer research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Bldg, Rm 105J, 615 Michael St. Atlanta, GA, USA.
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15
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Interplay Between SOX9, Wnt/β-Catenin and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092066. [PMID: 31027362 PMCID: PMC6540097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a key role not only in the initiation of prostate cancer (PCa) but also in its transition to aggressive and invasive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the crosstalk of AR with other signaling pathways contributes significantly to the emergence and growth of CRPC. Wnt/β-catenin signaling facilitates ductal morphogenesis in fetal prostate and its anomalous expression has been linked with PCa. β-catenin has also been reported to form complex with AR and thus augment AR signaling in PCa. The transcription factor SOX9 has been shown to be the driving force of aggressive and invasive PCa cells and regulate AR expression in PCa cells. Furthermore, SOX9 has also been shown to propel PCa by the reactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In this review, we discuss the critical role of SOX9/AR/Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis in the development and progression of CRPC. The phytochemicals like sulforaphane and curcumin that can concurrently target SOX9, AR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in PCa may thus be beneficial in the chemoprevention of PCa.
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16
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Aguilar-Medina M, Avendaño-Félix M, Lizárraga-Verdugo E, Bermúdez M, Romero-Quintana JG, Ramos-Payan R, Ruíz-García E, López-Camarillo C. SOX9 Stem-Cell Factor: Clinical and Functional Relevance in Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:6754040. [PMID: 31057614 PMCID: PMC6463569 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6754040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional and epigenetic embryonic programs can be reactivated in cancer cells. As result, a specific subset of undifferentiated cells with stem-cells properties emerges and drives tumorigenesis. Recent findings have shown that ectoderm- and endoderm-derived tissues continue expressing stem-cells related transcription factors of the SOX-family of proteins such as SOX2 and SOX9 which have been implicated in the presence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in tumors. Currently, there is enough evidence suggesting an oncogenic role for SOX9 in different types of human cancers. This review provides a summary of the current knowledge about the involvement of SOX9 in development and progression of cancer. Understanding the functional roles of SOX9 and clinical relevance is crucial for developing novel treatments targeting CSCs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Mariana Avendaño-Félix
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Erik Lizárraga-Verdugo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Rosalío Ramos-Payan
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Erika Ruíz-García
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional y Departamento de Tumores Gastro-Intestinales, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. CDMX, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
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17
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Verma S, Shukla S, Pandey M, MacLennan GT, Gupta S. Differentially Expressed Genes and Molecular Pathways in an Autochthonous Mouse Prostate Cancer Model. Front Genet 2019; 10:235. [PMID: 30972102 PMCID: PMC6445055 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a major public health problem and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the United States. The present study aims to understand the molecular pathway(s) of prostate cancer which is essential for early detection and treatment. Dorsolateral prostate from 20 week transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice, which spontaneously develops prostate cancer and recapitulates human disease and age-matched non-transgenic littermates were utilized for microarray analysis. Mouse genome network and pathway analyses were mapped to the human genome using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery. In total, 136 differentially expressed genes, including 32 downregulated genes and 104 upregulated genes were identified in the dorsolateral prostate of TRAMP, compared to non-transgenic mice. A subset of differentially expressed genes were validated by qRT-PCR. Alignment with human genome database identified 18 different classes of proteins, among these, 36% were connected to the nucleic acid binding, including ribosomal proteins, which play important role in protein synthesis—the most enriched pathway in the development of prostate cancer. Furthermore, the results suggest deregulation of signaling molecules (9%) and enzyme modulators (8%) affect various pathways. An imbalance in other protein classes, including transporter proteins (7%), hydrolases (6%), oxidoreductases, and cytoskeleton proteins (5%), contribute to cancer progression. Our study evaluated the underlying pathways and its connection to human prostate cancer, which may further help assess the risk of disease development and progression and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Verma
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mitali Pandey
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory T MacLennan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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18
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He H, Liao X, Yang Q, Liu Y, Peng Y, Zhong H, Yang J, Zhang H, Yu Z, Zuo Y, Guan C, Xu Z. MicroRNA-494-3p Promotes Cell Growth, Migration, and Invasion of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Targeting Sox7. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 17:1533033818809993. [PMID: 30381030 PMCID: PMC6259066 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818809993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is mounting evidence that microRNAs play an important role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which is widely prevalent in South China and is the most prevalent metastatic cancer among head and neck cancers. Recently, it has been shown that miR-494 is involved in the progression and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, little is known about the function and mechanism of miR-494-3p in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of miR-494-3p on the migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and to further explore the underlying mechanisms of these processes. Methods: The expression levels of miR-494-3p and Sox7 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma specimens and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Luciferase reporter assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting were used to confirm whether Sox7 was a direct target of miR-494-3p. Additionally, the roles of miR-494-3p and Sox7 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, wound healing assay, and Boyden chamber assay, respectively. Results: Our study demonstrated that miR-494-3p was commonly upregulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma specimens and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines compared with nontumor nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue or nasopharyngeal cells (NP69). Moreover, miR-494-3p negatively regulated Sox7 at the posttranscriptional level by binding to a specific site in the Sox7 3′-untranslated region. In addition, synthetic miR-494-3p mimics significantly promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of S18 and S26 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, while a synthetic miR-494-3p inhibitor resulted in suppressed nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell migration and invasion. Conclusion: miR-494-3p promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth, migration, and invasion by directly targeting Sox7. Our results suggest that miR-494-3p might be a potential therapeutic target for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping He
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xianghui Liao
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qingmei Yang
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- 2 Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Peng
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongzhen Zhong
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Yang
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huiqing Zhang
- 3 The Third Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhonghua Yu
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yufang Zuo
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chengnong Guan
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zumin Xu
- 1 Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
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19
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Peng W, Guo L, Tang R, Liu X, Jin R, Dong JT, Xing CG, Zhou W. Sox7 negatively regulates prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression through PSMA-enhancer. Prostate 2019; 79:370-378. [PMID: 30488457 PMCID: PMC6344945 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PSMA expression in the prostate epithelium is controlled by a cis-element, PSMA enhancer (PSME). PSME contains multiple binding sites for Sox proteins, and in this study, we identified Sox7 protein as a negative regulator of PSMA expression through its interaction with PSME. METHODS The statistical correlation between Sox7 and PSMA mRNA expression was evaluated using five prostate cancer studies from cBioportal. In vitro and in vivo interaction between Sox7 and PSME was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and luciferase reporter assay. Synthetic oligonucleotides were generated to define the sites in PSME that interact with Sox7 protein. Sox7 mutants were generated to identify the region of this protein required to regulate PSMA expression. Sox7 was also stably expressed in LNCaP/C4-2 and 22Rv1 cells to validate the regulation of PSMA expression by Sox7 in vivo. RESULTS Sox7 mRNA expression negatively correlated with PSMA/FOLH1 and PSMAL/FOLH1B mRNA expression in Broad/Cornell, TCGA and MSKCC studies, but not in two studies containing only metastatic prostate tumors. PC-3 cells mostly expressed the 48.5 KDa isoform 2 of Sox7, and the depletion of this isoform did not restore PSMA expression. Ectopic expression of canonical, wild-type Sox7 in C4-2 and 22Rv1 cells suppressed PSMA protein expression. ChIP assay revealed that canonical Sox7 protein preferentially interacts with PSME in vivo, and EMSA identified the SOX box sites #2 and #4 in PSME as required for its interaction. Sox7 was capable of directly binding to PSME and suppressed PSME-mediated transcription. The NLS regions of Sox7, but not its β-catenin interacting motif, are essential for this suppressing activity. Furthermore, restoration of wild-type Sox7 expression but not Sox7-NLS mutant in Sox7-null prostate cancer cell lines suppressed PSMA expression. CONCLUSIONS The inactivation of canonical Sox7 is responsible for the upregulated expression of PSMA in non-metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215004, P.R. China
| | - Lizheng Guo
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ruoyi Tang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health
| | - Xiuju Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Rui Jin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Chun-gen Xing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
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20
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Xu ZJ, Tang CY, Zhou JD, Ma JC, Wen XM, Deng ZQ, Leng JY, Qiu ZY, Qian J, Lin J. SOX7 methylation is an independent prognostic factor in myelodysplastic syndromes. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 215:322-328. [PMID: 30554866 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SOX7 downregulation caused by its promoter methylation was associated with poor survival in several types of human solid tumors. However, the pattern of SOX7 methylation and its clinical significance are less studied in hematological malignancies. Herein, we evaluated the methylation pattern of SOX7 in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and determined its clinical implication in patients with MDS. METHODS SOX7 methylation was determined by real-time quantitative methylation-specific PCR (RQ-MSP) in 99 MDS patients. Bisulfite sequencing PCR was applied to confirm the results of RQ-MSP. RESULTS SOX7 methylation was detected in 55.6% of 99 patients but not in healthy donors. No correlation was found between SOX7 methylation and clinical parameters including patient age, gender, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and platelet count. However, patients with SOX7 methylation harbored more U2AF1 mutation than patients without SOX7 methylation (P = 0.015). Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that the patients with SOX7 methylation presented reduced overall survival (OS) (P = 0.034). Furthermore, subgroup analysis indicated that SOX7 methylation was associated with poor OS in male patients (P = 0.034) and in patients older than 60 years (P = 0.019). According to the multivariate analysis, SOX7 methylation remained as an independent prognosis factor in MDS patients both as dichotomous (HR = 2.14, P = 0.041) and as continuous (HR = 1.55, P = 0.042) variable. Importantly, SOX7 methylation was significantly increased during progression from MDS to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that SOX7 methylation conferred adverse prognosis in MDS patients and was associated with leukemia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jun Xu
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, PR China; Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China; The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Tang
- Department of Nephropathy and Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Aksu Prefecture of Xinjiang, Aksu 843000, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Dong Zhou
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China; Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Chun Ma
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, PR China; Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China; The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Mei Wen
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, PR China; Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China; The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Qun Deng
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, PR China; Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China; The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Jia-Yan Leng
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China; Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China; Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Jiang Lin
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, PR China; Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China; The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang 212002, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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Higo N, Okumura H, Uchikado Y, Omoto I, Sasaki K, Kita Y, Ryosuke D, Noda M, Owaki T, Ishigami S, Natsugoe S. Expression of SOX9 Is Related to Prognosis in Patients with Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. In Vivo 2018; 32:835-838. [PMID: 29936467 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) is an important transcription factor for the development and differentiation of cells and their organization. In the present study, the clinical significance of SOX9 expression in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS SOX9 expression in surgical specimens of primary tumours were immunohistochemically investigated in 175 patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas. RESULTS SOX9 was expressed (moderately or strongly) in 62.9% of samples. Expression of SOX9 was significantly positively correlated with depth of invasion, advanced stage, lymphatic and venous invasion, and poor prognosis. Univariate analysis showed that depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, stage, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and SOX9 expression were prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis indicated that depth of invasion and stage were independent prognostic factors, but SOX9 expression was not. CONCLUSION SOX9 expression is related to prognosis in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, although it is not an independent prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotomo Higo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okumura
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuto Uchikado
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Itaru Omoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ken Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Desaki Ryosuke
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Owaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sumiya Ishigami
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Digestive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Kriegsmann M, Kriegsmann K, Harms A, Longuespée R, Zgorzelski C, Leichsenring J, Muley T, Winter H, Kazdal D, Goeppert B, Warth A. Expression of HMB45, MelanA and SOX10 is rare in non-small cell lung cancer. Diagn Pathol 2018; 13:68. [PMID: 30205833 PMCID: PMC6134496 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-018-0751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma are frequent entities in routine diagnostics. Whereas the differential diagnosis is usually straight forward based on histomorphology, it can be challenging in poorly differentiated tumors as melanoma may mimic various histological patterns. Distinction of the two entities is of outmost importance as both are treated differently. HMB45 and MelanA are recommended immunohistological markers for melanoma in this scenario. SOX10 has been described as an additional marker for melanoma. However, comprehensive large-scale data about the expression of melanoma markers in NSCLC tumor tissue specimen are lacking so far. METHODS Therefore, we analyzed the expression of these markers in 1085 NSCLC tumor tissue samples. Tissue microarrays of NSCLC cases were immunohistochemically stained for HMB45, MelanA, and SOX10. Positivity of a marker was defined as ≥1% positive tumor cells. RESULTS In 1027 NSCLC tumor tissue samples all melanoma as well as conventional immunohistochemical markers for NSCLC could be evaluated. HMB45, MelanA, and SOX10 were positive in 1 (< 1%), 0 (0%) and 5 (< 1%) cases. The HMB45 positive case showed co-expression of SOX10 and was classified as large cell carcinoma. Three out of five SOX10 positive cases were SqCC and one case was an adenosquamous carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Expression of HMB45, MelanA and SOX10 is evident but exceedingly rare in NSCLC cases. Together with conventional immunomarkers a respective marker panel allows a clear-cut differential diagnosis even in poorly differentiated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Harms
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Zgorzelski
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Leichsenring
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Goeppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Warth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
- Present address: Institute of Pathology, Cytopathology, and Molecular Pathology, UEGP, Gießen, Wetzlar, Limburg, Germany
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23
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Bongiovanni L, Caposano F, Romanucci M, Grieco V, Malatesta D, Brachelente C, Massimini M, Benazzi C, Thomas RE, Salda LD. Survivin and Sox9: Potential Stem Cell Markers in Canine Normal, Hyperplastic, and Neoplastic Canine Prostate. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:200-207. [PMID: 30131013 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818794161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Canine prostatic carcinoma is a relevant model for human prostatic carcinoma. Survivin is proposed as a biomarker of malignancy in human prostatic cancer. Sox9 is a stem cell marker required for prostate development and expressed in several adult tissues. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the patterns and expression levels of 2 putative stem cell markers, survivin and Sox9, in canine benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic carcinoma to investigate their potential as stem cell markers. Immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies was performed on 3 samples of normal prostate gland, 18 samples of canine BPH, and 16 samples of prostatic carcinoma. The basal cell layer of normal and hyperplastic prostatic lobules had nuclear Sox9 immunolabeling and nuclear and rarely cytoplasmic survivin immunostaining, identifying them as potential stem cell markers. Significantly more frequent survivin and Sox9 expression (≥10% of nuclei) was observed in prostatic carcinoma as compared with BPH. The potential coexpression of survivin with Sox9, androgen receptor, and p63 was also investigated in selected BPH and prostatic carcinoma cases with immunofluorescence, and a partial colocalization was observed. Results indicate that Sox9 and survivin could be considered markers of stemness in canine prostate cells. Given its role in proliferation, cells in the basal cell layer with nuclear survivin expression are likely to be transit-amplifying cells that maintain some stem cell proprieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bongiovanni
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Valeria Grieco
- 3 Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Benazzi
- 5 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rachel E Thomas
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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24
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HIGO NAOTOMO, OKUMURA HIROSHI, UCHIKADO YASUTO, OMOTO ITARU, SASAKI KEN, KITA YOSHIAKI, RYOSUKE DESAKI, NODA MASAHIRO, OWAKI TETSUHIRO, ISHIGAMI SUMIYA, NATSUGOE SHOJI. Expression of SOX9 Is Related to Prognosis in Patients with Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. In Vivo 2018; 32. [PMID: 29936467 PMCID: PMC6117787 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.112316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) is an important transcription factor for the development and differentiation of cells and their organization. In the present study, the clinical significance of SOX9 expression in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS SOX9 expression in surgical specimens of primary tumours were immunohistochemically investigated in 175 patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas. RESULTS SOX9 was expressed (moderately or strongly) in 62.9% of samples. Expression of SOX9 was significantly positively correlated with depth of invasion, advanced stage, lymphatic and venous invasion, and poor prognosis. Univariate analysis showed that depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, stage, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and SOX9 expression were prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis indicated that depth of invasion and stage were independent prognostic factors, but SOX9 expression was not. CONCLUSION SOX9 expression is related to prognosis in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, although it is not an independent prognostic factor.
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25
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Harbhajanka A, Chahar S, Miskimen K, Silverman P, Harris L, Williams N, Varadan V, Gilmore H. Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular correlation of neural crest transcription factor SOX10 expression in triple-negative breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 80:163-169. [PMID: 29894722 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX10 mediates the differentiation of neural crest-derived cells, and SOX10 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used primarily for the diagnosis of melanoma. SOX10 expression has been previously documented in benign breast myoepithelial cells. However there is limited literature on its expression in triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC). The aim was to study the clinical, pathologic and molecular profiles of SOX10+ tumors in TNBC. Tissue microarrays of TNBC were evaluated for SOX10 expression in 48 cases. SOX10 expression was correlated with clinical and pathologic features such as age, grade, and stage. Gene expression was analyzed on RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens with Affymetrix 2.0 HTA. Co-expression of SOX10 with androgen receptor (AR), WT1, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), mammaglobin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CK5/6 and GATA transcription factor 3 (GATA3) were also assessed. The mean age was 59.38 (range, 28-90 years). Overall, 37.5% cases (18/48) were SOX10+. There was no association between SOX10 expression and age, grade or stage of patients; 6 of 10 (60%) cases of basal-like 1 (BL1), and 5 of 8 cases of unstable (UNS) molecular subtype were SOX10+. One of 5 basal-like-2 (BL2), 1 of 6 immunomodulatory (IM), 1 of 4 mesenchymal (M), 1 of 5 luminal androgen receptor (LAR) and 2 of 8 mesenchymal stem cell (MSL) showed lower frequencies of SOX10 expression. There was negative correlation between SOX10 and AR+ subtypes (P < .002). SOX10 was positively correlated with WT1 (P = .05). SOX10 did not show significant correlation with mammaglobin, GCDFP15, EGFR, CK5/6 and GATA3. SOX10 expression in the basal-like and unstable molecular subtypes supports the concept that these neoplasms show myoepithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Harbhajanka
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH.
| | - Satyapal Chahar
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | - Kristy Miskimen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | - Paula Silverman
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Nicole Williams
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Hospitals, 43210 Columbus, OH
| | - Vinay Varadan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | - Hannah Gilmore
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH
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26
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SOX7 Target Genes and Their Contribution to Its Tumor Suppressive Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051451. [PMID: 29757932 PMCID: PMC5983648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX7 is a transcription factor and acts as a tumor suppressor, but its target genes in cancers are poorly explored. We revealed SOX7-mediated gene expression profile in breast cancer cells using microarray chips and discovered multiple altered signaling pathways. When combinatorially analyzing the microarray data with a gene array dataset from 759 breast cancer patients, we identified four genes as potential targets of SOX7 and validated them by quantitative PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Among these four genes, we determined that SOX7-activated SPRY1 and SLIT2, and SOX7-repressed TRIB3 and MTHFD2 could all differentially contribute to SOX7-mediated tumor suppression. Overall, we identified multiple cancer-related pathways mediated by SOX7 and for the first time revealed SOX7-regulated target genes in a cancer-relevant context.
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27
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Xi J, Chen J, Xu M, Yang H, Wen S, Pan Y, Wang X, Ye C, Qiu L, Sun Q. The polymorphisms of LCR, E6, and E7 of HPV-58 isolates in Yunnan, Southwest China. Virol J 2018; 15:76. [PMID: 29695285 PMCID: PMC5918753 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Variations in HPV LCR/E6/E7 have been shown to be associated with the viral persistence and cervical cancer development. So far, there are few reports about the polymorphisms of the HPV-58 LCR/E6/E7 sequences in Southwest China. This study aims to characterize the gene polymorphisms of the HPV-58 LCR/E6/E7 sequences in women of Southwest China, and assess the effects of variations on the immune recognition of viral E6 and E7 antigens. Methods Twelve LCR/E6/E7 of the HPV-58 isolates were amplified and sequenced. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 7.0, followed by the secondary structure prediction of the related proteins using PSIPRED v3.3. The selection pressure acting on the HPV-58 E6 and E7 coding regions was estimated by Bayes empirical Bayes analysis of PAML 4.8. Meanwhile, the MHC class-I and II binding peptides were predicted by the ProPred-I server and ProPred server. The transcription factor binding sites in the HPV-58 LCR were analyzed using the JASPAR database. Results Twenty nine SNPs (20 in the LCR, 3 in the E6, 6 in the E7) were identified at 27 nucleotide sites across the HPV-58 LCR/E6/E7. From the most variable to the least variable, the nucleotide variations were LCR > E7 > E6. The combinations of all the SNPs resulted in 11 unique sequences, which were clustered into the A lineage (7 belong to A1, 2 belong to A2, and 2 belong to A3). An insertion (TGTCAGTTTCCT) was found between the nucleotide sites 7280 and 7281 in 2 variants, and a deletion (TTTAT) was found between 7429 and 7433 in 1 variant. The most common non-synonymous substitution V77A in the E7 was observed in the sequences encoding the α-helix. 63G in the E7 was determined to be the only one positively selected site in the HPV-58 E6/E7 sequences. Six non-synonymous amino acid substitutions (including S71F and K93 N in the E6, and T20I, G41R, G63S/D, and V77A in the E7) were affecting multiple putative epitopes for both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. In the LCR, C7265G and C7266T were the most variable sites and were the potential binding sites for the transcription factor SOX10. Conclusion These results provide an insight into the intrinsic geographical relatedness and biological differences of the HPV-58 variants, and contribute to further research on the HPV-58 epidemiology, carcinogenesis, and therapeutic vaccine development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-0986-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juemin Xi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junying Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaoling Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Songjiao Wen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ye
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China.,Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, the Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650228, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China. .,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Leung CON, Mak WN, Kai AKL, Chan KS, Lee TKW, Ng IOL, Lo RCL. Sox9 confers stemness properties in hepatocellular carcinoma through Frizzled-7 mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 7:29371-86. [PMID: 27105493 PMCID: PMC5045402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sox9, an SRY-related HMG box transcription factor, is a progenitor/precursor cell marker of the liver expressed during embryogenesis and following liver injury. In this study, we investigated the role of Sox9 and its molecular mechanism with reference to stemness properties in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we observed upregulation of Sox9 in human HCC tissues compared with the non-tumorous liver counterparts (p < 0.001). Upregulation of Sox9 transcript level was associated with poorer tumor cell differentiation (p = 0.003), venous invasion (p = 0.026), advanced tumor stage (p = 0.044) and shorter overall survival (p = 0.042). Transcript levels of Sox9 and CD24 were positively correlated. Silencing of Sox9 in HCC cells inhibited in vitro cell proliferation and tumorsphere formation, sensitized HCC cells to chemotherapeutic agents, and suppressed in vivo tumorigenicity. In addition, knockdown of Sox9 suppressed HCC cell migration, invasion, and in vivo lung metastasis. Further studies showed that Sox9 endowed stemness features through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which was confirmed by the partial rescue effect on tumorigenicity and self-renewal upon transfection of active β-catenin in Sox9 knockdown cells. By ChIP and luciferase promoter assays, Frizzled-7 was identified to be the direct transcriptional target of Sox9. In conclusion, Sox9 confers stemness properties of HCC through Frizzled-7 mediated Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Oi-Ning Leung
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Nga Mak
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Alan Ka-Lun Kai
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan-Shuen Chan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Terence Kin-Wah Lee
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Regina Cheuk-Lam Lo
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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Pugongchai A, Bychkov A, Sampatanukul P. Promoter hypermethylation of SOX11 correlates with adverse clinicopathological features of human prostate cancer. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:341-346. [PMID: 29315911 PMCID: PMC5826943 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available tools for early diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer lack sufficient accuracy. There is a need to identify novel biomarkers for this common malignancy. SOX family genes play an important role in embryogenesis and are also implicated in various cancers. SOX11 has been recently recognized as a potential tumour suppressor that is downregulated in prostate cancer. We hypothesized that hypermethylation may be responsible for SOX11 silencing in human prostate cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate SOX11 promoter methylation in prostate adenocarcinoma by comparing it with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A total of 143 human prostate tissue samples, 62 from patients with prostate cancer and 81 from patients with BPH were examined by methylation-specific PCR. Associations between SOX11 promoter methylation and clinicopathological parameters were assessed by univariate statistics. Detection rates of SOX11 promoter methylation were 80.6% and 35.8% in prostate cancer and BPH respectively (P < 0.001). SOX11 hypermethylation was associated with adverse clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer, including higher PSA level (P < 0.01), Gleason score ≥ 7 (P = 0.03) and perineural invasion (P = 0.03). SOX11 methylation was positively correlated with the PSA level (P = 0.001). Our data indicated that SOX11 can be a promising methylation marker candidate for differential diagnosis and risk stratification for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apiwat Pugongchai
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Andrey Bychkov
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Pichet Sampatanukul
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
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Upregulated SOX9 expression indicates worse prognosis in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113163-113173. [PMID: 29348895 PMCID: PMC5762580 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently reported that increased SOX9 expression drives tumor growth and promotes cancer invasion during human tumorigenicity and metastasis. However, the prognostic value of SOX9 for the survival of patients with solid tumors remains controversial. The present meta-analysis was thus performed to highlight the link between dysregulated SOX9 expression and prognosis in cancer patients. A systematic literature search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase to identify eligible studies. A random-effects meta-analytical model was employed to correlate SOX9 expression with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and clinicopathological features. In total, 17 studies with 3307 patients were eligible for the final analysis. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) suggested that high SOX9 expression has an unfavourable impact on OS (HR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.36-2.02, P < 0.001) and DFS (HR = 3.54, 95% CI 2.29-5.47, P = 0.008) in multivariate analysis. Additionally, the pooled odds ratios (ORs) indicated that SOX9 over-expression is associated with large tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and a higher clinical stage. Overall, these results indicated that SOX9 over-expression in patients with solid tumors might be related to poor prognosis and could serve as a potential predictive marker of poor clinicopathological prognosis factor.
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Wang J, Zhang S, Wu J, Lu Z, Yang J, Wu H, Chen H, Lin B, Cao T. Clinical significance and prognostic value of SOX7 expression in liver and pancreatic carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:499-506. [PMID: 28586005 PMCID: PMC5482098 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determining region Y‑box 7 (SOX7) is known to function as a tumor suppressor in a number of types of cancer; however, its role in liver and pancreatic carcinoma remains unclear. The present study investigated the association between SOX7 expression and the clinical pathology of these carcinomas, in particular if SOX7 expression may be used to predict recurrence and patient prognosis following radical resection of liver and pancreatic carcinoma. SOX7 expression in human liver and pancreatic carcinoma was detected by immunohistochemical analyses and validated using mRNA data from a high‑throughput sequencing dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). SOX7 expression was significantly downregulated in liver and pancreatic carcinoma relative to the adjacent benign tissues [immunoreactivity scores: Liver carcinoma (3.53±1.57) vs. benign (7.00±0.00), P<0.001; and pancreatic carcinoma (2.39±1.88) vs. benign (4.80±0.45), P=0.005]. In addition, downregulation of SOX7 was significantly associated with advanced stage liver carcinoma, and the primary pathological tumor stage and regional lymph node stages. These findings were further validated in the TCGA dataset. However, SOX7 down regulation was closely associated with the only pathological grade in pancreatic patients. Kaplan‑Meier analyses revealed significant differences in overall and disease‑free survival between patients with high and low levels of SOX7 expression. In addition, a multivariate analysis with Cox regression indicated that SOX7 may be an independent predictor of disease‑free survival. The results indicate that SOX7 may inhibit the progression of liver carcinoma and that SOX7 downregulation may accurately predict poor prognosis in liver carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Jiamian Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Zhuocai Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Tiansheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
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HOTAIR genetic variants are associated with prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia in an Iranian population. Gene 2017; 613:20-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Chen Z, Gerke T, Bird V, Prosperi M. Trends in Gene Expression Profiling for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review. Biomed Hub 2017; 2:1-15. [PMID: 31988908 PMCID: PMC6945900 DOI: 10.1159/000472146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to review biotechnology advances in gene expression profiling on prostate cancer (PCa), focusing on experimental platform development and gene discovery, in relation to different study designs and outcomes in order to understand how they can be exploited to improve PCa diagnosis and clinical management. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review on gene expression profiling studies through PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science between 2000 and 2016. Tissue biopsy and clinical gene profiling studies with different outcomes (e.g., recurrence, survival) were included. RESULTS Over 3,000 papers were screened and 137 full-text articles were selected. In terms of technology used, microarray is still the most popular technique, increasing from 50 to 70% between 2010 and 2015, but there has been a rise in the number of studies using RNA sequencing (13% in 2015). Sample sizes have increased, as well as the number of genes that can be screened all at once, but we have also observed more focused targeting in more recent studies. Qualitative analysis on the specific genes found associated with PCa risk or clinical outcomes revealed a large variety of gene candidates, with a few consistent cross-studies. CONCLUSIONS The last 15 years of research in gene expression in PCa have brought a large volume of data and information that has been decoded only in part, but advancements in high-throughput sequencing technology are increasing the amount of data that can be generated. The variety of findings warrants the execution of both validation studies and meta-analyses. Genetic biomarkers have tremendous potential for early diagnosis of PCa and, if coupled with other diagnostics (e.g., imaging), can effectively be used to concretize less-invasive, personalized prediction of PCa risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Victoria Bird
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mattia Prosperi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Xue Y, Yang G, Wang C, Li X, Du G. Effects of shRNA-Mediated SOX9 Inhibition on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Human HCC Cell Line Hep3B Mediated by Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction (UTMD). Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 73:553-558. [PMID: 27352352 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-015-0685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive tumors in humans. The survival rate of patients is still very poor as current therapies offer limited treatment efficacy. Therefore, it is necessary to explore novel and more effective strategies to treat HCC. Recently, Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has been shown to be a better alternative to viral vectors in delivering plasmid DNA into cells. In this study, we thus first determined the effect of combining UTMD with effectene on the transfection efficiency in human Hep3B cells. Transfection rate of the [effectene + shRNA-SOX9 + UTMD] group was the highest among the five groups, and were significantly higher than that of the [effectene + shRNA-SOX9] or [shRNA-SOX9 + UTMD] groups, while there was no significant difference between [shRNA-SOX9 alone] and [shRNA-SOX9 + UTMD] groups. Expression of SOX9 mRNA and protein was the lowest in effectene + shRNA-SOX9 + UTMD group. Moreover, transfection of shRNA-SOX9 with UTMD and effectene in combination could markedly inhibit the proliferation and induced cell apoptosis of Hep3B cells. These results suggest that the efficiency of gene delivery is remarkably increased when UTMD is combined with other transfection strategies, such as effectene. In conclusion, our research demonstrates that combining conventional transfection methods with UTMD achieves better transfection efficiency and that this can provide an improved gene delivery system for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- Department of Ultrasound, Linyi People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Linyi, 276003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilun Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Linyi People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Linyi, 276003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changmei Wang
- Department of Healthcare, Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Linyi People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Linyi, 276003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guijin Du
- Department of Medical Imaging, Linyi People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Linyi, 276003, People's Republic of China
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Kato M, Nishihara H, Hayashi H, Kimura T, Ishida Y, Wang L, Tsuda M, Tanino MA, Tanaka S. Clinicopathological evaluation of Sox10 expression in diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma. Med Oncol 2016; 34:8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nabavi S. Identifying candidate drivers of drug response in heterogeneous cancer by mining high throughput genomics data. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:638. [PMID: 27526849 PMCID: PMC4986197 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With advances in technologies, huge amounts of multiple types of high-throughput genomics data are available. These data have tremendous potential to identify new and clinically valuable biomarkers to guide the diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and treatment of complex diseases, such as cancer. Integrating, analyzing, and interpreting big and noisy genomics data to obtain biologically meaningful results, however, remains highly challenging. Mining genomics datasets by utilizing advanced computational methods can help to address these issues. RESULTS To facilitate the identification of a short list of biologically meaningful genes as candidate drivers of anti-cancer drug resistance from an enormous amount of heterogeneous data, we employed statistical machine-learning techniques and integrated genomics datasets. We developed a computational method that integrates gene expression, somatic mutation, and copy number aberration data of sensitive and resistant tumors. In this method, an integrative method based on module network analysis is applied to identify potential driver genes. This is followed by cross-validation and a comparison of the results of sensitive and resistance groups to obtain the final list of candidate biomarkers. We applied this method to the ovarian cancer data from the cancer genome atlas. The final result contains biologically relevant genes, such as COL11A1, which has been reported as a cis-platinum resistant biomarker for epithelial ovarian carcinoma in several recent studies. CONCLUSIONS The described method yields a short list of aberrant genes that also control the expression of their co-regulated genes. The results suggest that the unbiased data driven computational method can identify biologically relevant candidate biomarkers. It can be utilized in a wide range of applications that compare two conditions with highly heterogeneous datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Nabavi
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 371 Fairfield Way, Unit 4155, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA.
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Wang HY, Lian P, Zheng PS. SOX9, a potential tumor suppressor in cervical cancer, transactivates p21WAF1/CIP1 and suppresses cervical tumor growth. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20711-22. [PMID: 26036262 PMCID: PMC4653037 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-box 9 protein (SOX9) is a transcription factor that may act as both oncogene and tumor suppressor depending on tumor origin. Here we found that SOX9 expression was progressively decreased in cervical carcinoma in situ and especially in invasive cervical carcinoma, compared with normal cervix tissue. The effects of SOX9 on the proliferation, viability, and tumor formation of cervical carcinoma cells were assessed through the silencing and overexpression of SOX9. Overexpression of SOX9 in cervical carcinoma cells (SiHa and C33A) inhibited cell growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. In agreement, the silencing of SOX9 in HeLa cells promoted cell growth in culture and tumor formation in mice. Overexpression of SOX9 transactivated p21WAF1/CIP1 via a specific promoter region, thus blocking G1/S transition. The quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed physical interaction between SOX9 and the specific region of the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter. We suggest that SOX9 is a potential therapeutic target in cervical carcinoma, that specifically transactivates p21WAF1/CIP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Lian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, China
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Takeda K, Hara N, Nishiyama T, Tasaki M, Ishizaki F, Tomita Y. Corepressive function of nuclear receptor coactivator 2 in androgen receptor of prostate cancer cells treated with antiandrogen. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:332. [PMID: 27225190 PMCID: PMC4880970 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruitment of cofactors in the interaction of the androgen receptor (AR) and AR ligands plays a critical role in determining androgenic/antiandrogenic effects of the AR ligand on signaling, but the functions of key cofactors, including nuclear receptor coactivator (NCOA), remain poorly understood in prostate cancer cells treated with AR ligands. METHODS We examined prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and VCaP expressing mutated and wild-type ARs, respectively, to clarify the significance of NCOAs in the effect of antiandrogens. Hydroxyflutamide showed antagonistic activity against VCaP and an agonistic effect on LNCaP. Bicalutamide served as an antagonist for both. We analyzed mRNA transcription and protein expression of NCOAs in these cells pretreated with dihydrotestosterone and thereafter treated with the mentioned antiandrogens. Transcriptional silencing of candidate NCOAs and AR was performed using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell proliferation was evaluated with MTT assay. RESULTS LNCaP treated with bicalutamide showed an about four-fold increase in the expression of NCOA2 mRNA compared to those pretreated with dihydrotestosterone alone (P <0.01). In VCaP pretreated with dihydrotestosterone, transcriptions of NCOA2 and NCOA7 were slightly increased with bicalutamide (1.96- and 2.42-fold, respectively) and hydroxyflutamide (1.33-fold in both). With Western blotting, the expression of NCOA2 protein also increased in LNCaP cells treated with bicalutamide compared with that in control cells pretreated with dihydrotestosterone alone. Following silencing with siRNA for NCOA2, PSA levels in media with LNCaP receiving bicalutamide were elevated compared with those in non-silencing controls (101.6 ± 4.2 vs. 87.8 ± 1.4 ng/mL, respectively, P =0.0495). In LNCaP cells treated with dihydrotestosterone and bicalutamide, NCOA2-silencing was associated with a higher proliferation activity compared with non-silencing control and AR-silencing. CONCLUSION NCOA2, which has been thought to be recruited as a coactivator, possibly plays a corepressive role in AR of prostate cancer cells when treated with antiandrogens, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takeda
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noboru Hara
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. .,Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Signal Transduction Research, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. .,, Asahimachi 1, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Nishiyama
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tasaki
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumio Ishizaki
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tomita
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Hao Y, Zhang S, Sun S, Zhu J, Xiao Y. MiR-595 targeting regulation of SOX7 expression promoted cell proliferation of human glioblastoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:121-126. [PMID: 27133048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicated that dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) were involved with human disease including cancer. Recently, miR-595 was reported as a tumor promoter in malignant mesothelioma. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-595 in human glioblastoma (GBM) cells have not been well elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of miR-595 in human GBM. MiR-595 expression was significantly upregulated in GBM tissues and cells. We modified miR-595 levels in GBM cells and investigated their effects on the cell proliferation by MTT, colony formation and anchorage-independent growth assays. We found that miR-595 significantly increased GBM cell proliferation. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that miR-595 may target the 3'-UTR of SOX7and suppressed its translation, and further confirmed by luciferase assay. In sum, these observations together indicated that miR-595 played a critical role in carcinogenesis by suppression of SOX7, and may serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hao
- Clinical laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China
| | - Shubao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China
| | - Shaojun Sun
- Clinical laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China
| | - Yilei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China
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Sox10 expression in ovarian epithelial tumors is associated with poor overall survival. Virchows Arch 2016; 468:597-605. [PMID: 26951260 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sox10 is a transcription factor regulating the development of several cell lineages and is involved in tumor development. However, the clinicopathological relevance of Sox10 expression in ovarian cancer has not been examined. We assessed expression of Sox10 in ovarian epithelial tumors by immunohistochemistry and assessed its prognostic value by analyzing the correlation between its expression and clinicopathological factors. We used tissue microarrays including 244 ovarian epithelial tumors. Sox10 staining was found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of tumor cells. Malignant serous, mucinous, and endometrioid tumors were significantly more likely to express Sox10 than benign and borderline tumors. Expression patterns in adenocarcinomas were different for histologic subtypes: nuclear Sox10 staining was common in clear-cell adenocarcinomas and serous adenocarcinomas, whereas all cases of mucinous and endometrioid tumors were negative for nuclear staining. Nuclear Sox10 staining was also associated with chemoresistance and shorter overall survival in ovarian adenocarcinomas, notably in high-grade serous adenocarcinoma. Sox10 is expressed in many ovarian carcinomas, suggesting that it might be involved in oncogenesis of ovarian carcinoma. Expression pattern of Sox10 differs between histological subtypes. Nuclear Sox10 expression is an independent indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian adenocarcinomas, notably in high-grade serous adenocarcinomas.
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Singh S, Zheng Y, Jagadeeswaran G, Ebron JS, Sikand K, Gupta S, Sunker R, Shukla GC. Deep sequencing of small RNA libraries from human prostate epithelial and stromal cells reveal distinct pattern of microRNAs primarily predicted to target growth factors. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:262-73. [PMID: 26655274 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Complex epithelial and stromal cell interactions are required during the development and progression of prostate cancer. Regulatory small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the spatiotemporal regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) and regulation of translation affecting a large number of genes involved in prostate carcinogenesis. In this study, through deep-sequencing of size fractionated small RNA libraries we profiled the miRNAs of prostate epithelial (PrEC) and stromal (PrSC) cells. Over 50 million reads were obtained for PrEC in which 860,468 were unique sequences. Similarly, nearly 76 million reads for PrSC were obtained in which over 1 million were unique reads. Expression of many miRNAs of broadly conserved and poorly conserved miRNA families were identified. Sixteen highly expressed miRNAs with significant change in expression in PrSC than PrEC were further analyzed in silico. ConsensusPathDB showed the target genes of these miRNAs were significantly involved in adherence junction, cell adhesion, EGRF, TGF-β and androgen signaling. Let-7 family of tumor-suppressor miRNAs expression was highly pervasive in both, PrEC and PrSC cells. In addition, we have also identified several miRNAs that are unique to PrEC or PrSC cells and their predicted putative targets are a group of transcription factors. This study provides perspective on the miRNA expression in PrEC and PrSC, and reveals a global trend in miRNA interactome. We conclude that the most abundant miRNAs are potential regulators of development and differentiation of the prostate gland by targeting a set of growth factors. Additionally, high level expression of the most members of let-7 family miRNAs suggests their role in the fine tuning of the growth and proliferation of prostate epithelial and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Singh
- Center of Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Yun Zheng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Guru Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jey Sabith Ebron
- Center of Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Kavleen Sikand
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Block-II, Panjab University South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University & University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ramanjulu Sunker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Girish C Shukla
- Center of Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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Bao Y, Chen B, Wu Q, Hu K, Xi X, Zhu W, Zhong X, Chen J. Overexpression of miR-664 is associated with enhanced osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion ability via targeting SOX7. Clin Exp Med 2015; 17:51-58. [PMID: 26515813 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common types of primary sarcoma of bone in children and young adults, and the long-term prognosis for OS patients still remains dismal due to the lack of effective early diagnostic biomarkers. Identifying sensitive and specific biomarkers in carcinogenesis may improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this malignancy. The expression of miR-664 in osteosarcoma cell lines and osteosarcoma tissues was examined using real-time PCR. The effects of miR-664 on osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion were evaluated by cell invasion assays, migration assays, and three-dimension spheroid invasion assay. The effect of miR-664 on SOX7 was determined by luciferase assays and Western blot assay. The clinical association between miR-664 and SOX7 was analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot assay. Expression of miR-664 was found to be upregulated in OS cell lines and tissues. Overexpression of miR-664 was associated with increased migration and invasive abilities of OS cells in vitro, whereas downregulation of miR-664 appeared to inhibit their migration and invasive potential. Furthermore, using biological approaches, we showed that miR-664 directly targeted and suppressed expression of the tumor suppressor SOX7. Additionally, the expression of miR-664 was negatively correlated with SOX7 expression in OS clinical tissues. Our findings suggest that miR-664 functions as an oncogene miRNA and has an important role in promoting human OS cell invasion and migration by suppressing SOX7 expression. Consequently, miR-664 may have potential as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Bao
- Department of Orthopedic Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University, Shaoguan, 512026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Spinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University, Shaoguan, 512026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Konghe Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University, Shaoguan, 512026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinhua Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University, Shaoguan, 512026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wengang Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University, Shaoguan, 512026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xueren Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University, Shaoguan, 512026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianting Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
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Burdelski C, Bujupi E, Tsourlakis MC, Hube-Magg C, Kluth M, Melling N, Lebok P, Minner S, Koop C, Graefen M, Heinzer H, Wittmer C, Sauter G, Wilczak W, Simon R, Schlomm T, Steurer S, Krech T. Loss of SOX9 Expression Is Associated with PSA Recurrence in ERG-Positive and PTEN Deleted Prostate Cancers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128525. [PMID: 26030748 PMCID: PMC4452277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX9 plays a crucial role in normal prostate development and has been suggested to drive prostate carcinogenesis in concert with PTEN inactivation. To evaluate the clinical impact of SOX9 and its relationship with key genomic alterations in prostate cancer, SOX9 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing 11,152 prostate cancers. Data on ERG status and deletions of PTEN, 3p13, 5q21 and 6q15 were available from earlier studies. SOX9 expression levels were comparable in luminal cells of normal prostate glands (50% SOX9 positive) and 3,671 cancers lacking TMPRSS2:ERG fusion (55% SOX9 positive), but was markedly increased in 3,116 ERG-fusion positive cancers (81% SOX9 positive, p<0.0001). While no unequivocal changes in the SOX9 expression levels were found in different stages of ERG-negative cancers, a gradual decrease of SOX9 paralleled progression to advanced stage, high Gleason grade, metastatic growth, and presence of PTEN deletions in ERG-positive cancers (p<0.0001 each). SOX9 levels were unrelated to deletions of 3p, 5q, and 6q. Down-regulation of SOX9 expression was particularly strongly associated with PSA recurrence in ERG-positive tumors harboring PTEN deletions (p=0.001), but had no significant effect in ERG-negative cancers or in tumors with normal PTEN copy numbers. In summary, the results of our study argue against a tumor-promoting role of SOX9 in prostate cancer, but demonstrate that loss of SOX9 expression characterizes a particularly aggressive subset of ERG positive cancers harboring PTEN deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Burdelski
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erzen Bujupi
- Department of Radiology, St. Franziskus-Hospital, Ahlen, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Melling
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Koop
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Wittmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Tacha D, Qi W, Ra S, Bremer R, Yu C, Chu J, Hoang L, Robbins B. A Newly Developed Mouse Monoclonal SOX10 Antibody Is a Highly Sensitive and Specific Marker for Malignant Melanoma, Including Spindle Cell and Desmoplastic Melanomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 139:530-6. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0077-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context
Recent immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated Sry-related HMG-Box gene 10 (SOX10) expression in malignant melanomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, a subset of breast carcinomas, and gliomas. SOX10 has shown important clinical utility in its ability to detect desmoplastic and spindle cell melanomas. To date, most publications have employed a research use–only goat polyclonal SOX10 antibody for immunohistochemical staining.
Objective
To describe the development of a new mouse monoclonal SOX10 antibody (BC34) and evaluate its immunohistochemical staining profile in a wide range of normal and neoplastic tissues, with an emphasis on melanoma.
Design
SOX10 antibody was optimized for staining using a polymer detection system and visualization with diaminobenzidine.
Results
In normal tissues, SOX10 was expressed in skin melanocytes and eccrine cells, breast myoepithelial and lobular epithelial cells, salivary gland myoepithelial cells, peripheral nerve Schwann cells, and central nervous system glial cells. SOX10 was expressed in 238 of 257 melanomas (92.6%), including 50 of 51 of both spindle cell and desmoplastic melanomas (98%). SOX10 was expressed in 100% of nevi (20 of 20) and schwannomas (28 of 28). In other neoplasms, SOX10 was expressed in 18 of 109 invasive ductal breast carcinomas (16.5%). All other carcinomas were negative for SOX10. SOX10 was identified in 25 of 52 central nervous system neoplasms, primarily in astrocytomas (22 of 41; 53.7%), and in 4 of 99 various sarcomas examined (4.0%).
Conclusions
The newly developed mouse monoclonal SOX10 antibody BC34 is highly sensitive and specific for malignant melanoma, including desmoplastic and spindle cell variants, and appears highly suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tacha
- From the Chief Medical Office (Dr Tacha), and the Departments of Research and Development, Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, California (Drs Qi, Bremer, Yu, and Hoang, and Mr Chu); and the San Diego Pathologists Medical Group, San Diego, California (Drs Ra and Robbins)
| | - Weimin Qi
- From the Chief Medical Office (Dr Tacha), and the Departments of Research and Development, Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, California (Drs Qi, Bremer, Yu, and Hoang, and Mr Chu); and the San Diego Pathologists Medical Group, San Diego, California (Drs Ra and Robbins)
| | - Seong Ra
- From the Chief Medical Office (Dr Tacha), and the Departments of Research and Development, Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, California (Drs Qi, Bremer, Yu, and Hoang, and Mr Chu); and the San Diego Pathologists Medical Group, San Diego, California (Drs Ra and Robbins)
| | - Ryan Bremer
- From the Chief Medical Office (Dr Tacha), and the Departments of Research and Development, Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, California (Drs Qi, Bremer, Yu, and Hoang, and Mr Chu); and the San Diego Pathologists Medical Group, San Diego, California (Drs Ra and Robbins)
| | - Charlie Yu
- From the Chief Medical Office (Dr Tacha), and the Departments of Research and Development, Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, California (Drs Qi, Bremer, Yu, and Hoang, and Mr Chu); and the San Diego Pathologists Medical Group, San Diego, California (Drs Ra and Robbins)
| | - Joseph Chu
- From the Chief Medical Office (Dr Tacha), and the Departments of Research and Development, Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, California (Drs Qi, Bremer, Yu, and Hoang, and Mr Chu); and the San Diego Pathologists Medical Group, San Diego, California (Drs Ra and Robbins)
| | - Laura Hoang
- From the Chief Medical Office (Dr Tacha), and the Departments of Research and Development, Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, California (Drs Qi, Bremer, Yu, and Hoang, and Mr Chu); and the San Diego Pathologists Medical Group, San Diego, California (Drs Ra and Robbins)
| | - Bruce Robbins
- From the Chief Medical Office (Dr Tacha), and the Departments of Research and Development, Biocare Medical, LLC, Concord, California (Drs Qi, Bremer, Yu, and Hoang, and Mr Chu); and the San Diego Pathologists Medical Group, San Diego, California (Drs Ra and Robbins)
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Liu H, Yan ZQ, Li B, Yin SY, Sun Q, Kou JJ, Ye D, Ferns K, Liu HY, Liu SL. Reduced expression of SOX7 in ovarian cancer: a novel tumor suppressor through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:87. [PMID: 25297608 PMCID: PMC4172779 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-014-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Products of the SOX gene family play important roles in the life process. One of the members, SOX7, is associated with the development of a variety of cancers as a tumor suppression factor, but its relevance with ovarian cancer was unclear. In this study, we investigated the involvement of SOX7 in the progression and prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and the involved mechanisms. METHODS Expression profiles in two independent microarray data sets were analyzed for SOX7 between malignant and normal tissues. The expression levels of SOX7 in EOC, borderline ovarian tumors and normal ovarian tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry. We also measured levels of COX2 and cyclin-D1 to examine their possible involvement in the same signal transduction pathway as SOX7. RESULTS The expression of SOX7 was significantly reduced in ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal controls, strongly indicating that SOX7 might be a negative regulator in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ovarian cancer. By immunohistochemistry staining, the protein expression of SOX7 showed a consistent trend with that of the gene expression microarray analysis. By contrast, the protein expression level of COX2 and cyclin-D1 increased as the tumor malignancy progressed, suggesting that SOX7 may function through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as a tumor suppressor. In comparison between the protein expression levels of SOX7 with pathological features of the cancer, we found that SOX7 was down-regulated mainly in serous cystadenocarcinoma and advanced stages of the cancers. CONCLUSIONS The expression of SOX7 correlates with tumor progression as a tumor suppressor, possibly through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in ovarian cancers, suggesting that SOX7 may be a promising prognostic marker.
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Thu KL, Becker-Santos DD, Radulovich N, Pikor LA, Lam WL, Tsao MS. SOX15 and other SOX family members are important mediators of tumorigenesis in multiple cancer types. Oncoscience 2014; 1:326-35. [PMID: 25594027 PMCID: PMC4278306 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX genes are transcription factors with important roles in embryonic development and carcinogenesis. The SOX family of 20 genes is responsible for regulating lineage and tissue specific gene expression patterns, controlling numerous developmental processes including cell differentiation, sex determination, and organogenesis. As is the case with many genes involved in regulating development, SOX genes are frequently deregulated in cancer. In this perspective we provide a brief overview of how SOX proteins can promote or suppress cancer growth. We also present a pan-cancer analysis of aberrant SOX gene expression and highlight potential molecular mechanisms responsible for their disruption in cancer. Our analyses indicate the prominence of SOX deregulation in different cancer types and reveal potential roles for SOX genes not previously described in cancer. Finally, we summarize our recent identification of SOX15 as a candidate tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer and propose several research avenues to pursue to further delineate the emerging role of SOX15 in development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie L Thu
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | | | | | | | - Wan L Lam
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network at the University of Toronto
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47
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Wang C, Guo Y, Wang J, Min Z. The suppressive role of SOX7 in hepatocarcinogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97433. [PMID: 24816720 PMCID: PMC4016311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX7 is a transcription factor mediating various developmental processes. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Here, we assessed the role of SOX7 in hepatocarcinogenesis. We found HCC samples exhibited lower levels of SOX7 mRNA and protein expression than non-tumor samples, and the expression of SOX7 was negatively correlated with tumor size. SOX7 expression was also reduced in four HCC cell lines (SMMC-7721, Hep3B, HepG2 and Huh 7). Overexpression of SOX7 could inhibit HCC cell growth, with G1to S phase arrest. In SOX7-overexpression cells, cyclin D1 and c-myc, two cell cycle promoters, were down-regulated. Moreover, ectopic expression of cyclin D1 or c-myc could override G1 to S pahse arrest induced by SOX7. Furthermore, overexpression of SOX7 suppressed tumor formation with down-regulation of cyclin D1 and c-myc in vivo. The expression of Ki-67, a proliferation marker, was also reduced in SOX7-overexpression tumors. Taken together, our study suggests that SOX7 plays an important inhibitory role in hepatocarcinogenesis, and might be a novel target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqun Min
- Clinical Laboratory Center of Molecular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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48
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Cui J, Xi H, Cai A, Bian S, Wei B, Chen L. Decreased expression of Sox7 correlates with the upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the poor survival of gastric cancer patients. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:197-204. [PMID: 24788044 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sox7 is a tumor suppressor gene that plays an important role in the inhibition and progression of cancer. In the present study, we sought to investigate Sox7 expression in gastric cancer (GC) and its association with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We also wished to determine its clinicopathological significance and prognostic implications. Sox7 expression and its effects on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitro were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using the AGS, MKN-45 and GES-1 gastric cell lines. We also used immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue samples and western blot analysis on fresh tissue samples from patients with GC. The results revealed that Sox7 expression was significantly lower in the GC samples than in distal normal tissues, which was in accordance with our results obtained from our in vitro experiments on the cell lines. However, the expression levels of β-catenin were significantly higher. Sox7 and β-catenin expression significantly correlated with the depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and the TNM stage. Patient samples that were Sox7-negative correlated with a significantly shorter survival time. Multivariate survival analysis revealed that Sox7 and β-catenin had an independent effect on the survival of GC patients. Sox7 and β-catenin expression in GC had a negative liner correlation with each other. Our findings suggest that Sox7 plays an important role in inhibiting tumorigenesis and progression, and may be a potential marker for predicting the prognosis of patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Aizhen Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Bian
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Qin GQ, He HC, Han ZD, Liang YX, Yang SB, Huang YQ, Zhou L, Fu H, Li JX, Jiang FN, Zhong WD. Combined overexpression of HIVEP3 and SOX9 predicts unfavorable biochemical recurrence-free survival in patients with prostate cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:137-46. [PMID: 24493929 PMCID: PMC3908830 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s55432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify the involvement of HIVEP3 and SOX9 coexpression in prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS A small interfering RNA was used to knockdown SOX9 expression in a PCa cell line and to analyze the effects of SOX9 inhibition on the expression of HIVEP3 in vitro. Then, HIVEP3 and SOX9 expression patterns in the human PCa tissues were detected using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that the downregulation of SOX9 could inhibit the expression of HIVEP3 in the PCa cells in vitro. In addition, both HIVEP3 and SOX9 messenger RNA expression levels in the PCa tissues were significantly higher than those in the noncancerous prostate tissues (P=0.006 and P<0.001, respectively). Moreover, the immunohistochemical staining scores of HIVEP3 in the PCa tissues with PSA failure were significantly higher than those without (P=0.042); the increased SOX9 protein expression was more frequently found in the PCa tissues with a high Gleason score (P=0.045) and a high clinical stage (P=0.012). The tumors showing the HIVEP3-high/SOX9-high expression more frequently had PSA failure (P=0.024). When the patients with an HIVEP3 overexpression combined with the SOX9 overexpression, this group had a worse biochemical recurrence-free survival (P<0.001). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis showed that the HIVEP3/SOX9 coexpression was an independent predictor of an unfavorable biochemical recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSION Our data offer the convincing evidence for the first time that a combined analysis of HIVEP3 and SOX9 may help to predict the tumor progression and prognosis of PCa patients. In particular, the overexpression of HIVEP3 in PCa might partly explain the poor prognosis of patients with an upregulation of SOX9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Qin
- Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Chan He
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Dong Han
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiang Liang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Bang Yang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qiang Huang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Xian Li
- Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Neng Jiang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-de Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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50
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Stovall DB, Cao P, Sui G. SOX7: from a developmental regulator to an emerging tumor suppressor. Histol Histopathol 2013; 29:439-45. [PMID: 24288056 DOI: 10.14670/hh-29.10.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SOX7 belongs to the SOX (SRY-related HMG-box) family of transcription factors that have been shown to regulate multiple biological processes, such as hematopoiesis, vasculogenesis and cardiogenesis during embryonic development. Recent studies indicate that several SOX family members play important roles in tumorigenesis. In this review, we introduce SOX7 gene and protein structures, and discuss its expression and functional role in cancer development and progression. SOX7 is frequently downregulated in many human cancers and its reduced expression correlates with poor prognoses of several cancers. Functional studies reveal many tumor suppressive properties of SOX7 in prostate, colon, lung, and breast cancers. To date, although a few target genes of SOX7 have been identified, SOX7-mediated gene expression has not been investigated in a cancer-relevant context. Our recent studies not only for the first time demonstrate a tumor suppressive role of SOX7 in a xenograft mouse model, but also unravel that many genes regulating cell death, growth and apoptosis are affected by SOX7, strongly supporting a pivotal role of SOX7 in tumorigenesis. Thus, currently available data clearly indicate a tumor suppressive role of SOX7, but the mechanisms underlying its gene expression and tumor suppressive activity remain undetermined. The research of SOX7 in cancers remains a fertile area to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Stovall
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Paul Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Guangchao Sui
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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