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Guarnaccia L, Navone SE, Begani L, Barilla E, Garzia E, Campanella R, Miozzo M, Fontana L, Alotta G, Cordiglieri C, Gaudino C, Schisano L, Ampollini A, Riboni L, Locatelli M, Marfia G. Testing calpain inhibition in tumor endothelial cells: novel targetable biomarkers against glioblastoma malignancy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1355202. [PMID: 39156707 PMCID: PMC11327812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1355202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma IDH-wildtype (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis of approximately 15 months after diagnosis. Most patients suffer from a recurrence in <1 year, and this renders GBM a life-threatening challenge. Among molecular mechanisms driving GBM aggressiveness, angiogenesis mediated by GBM endothelial cells (GECs) deserves consideration as a therapeutic turning point. In this scenario, calpains, a family of ubiquitously expressed calcium-dependent cysteine proteases, emerged as promising targets to be investigated as a novel therapeutic strategy and prognostic tissue biomarkers. Methods To explore this hypothesis, GECs were isolated from n=10 GBM biopsies and characterized phenotypically by immunofluorescence. The expression levels of calpains were evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western blot, and their association with patients' prognosis was estimated by Pearson correlation and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Calpain targeting efficacy was assessed by a time- and dose-dependent proliferation curve, MTT assay for viability, caspase-3/7 activity, migration and angiogenesis in vitro, and gene and protein expression level modification. Results Immunofluorescence confirmed the endothelial phenotype of our primary GECs. A significant overexpression was observed for calpain-1/2/3 (CAPN) and calpain-small-subunits-1/2 (CAPNS1), whereas calpastatin gene, the calpain natural inhibitor, was reported to be downregulated. A significant negative correlation was observed between CAPN1/CAPNS1 and patient overall survival. GEC challenging revealed that the inhibition of calpain-1 exerts the strongest proapoptotic efficacy, so GEC mortality reached the 80%, confirmed by the increased activity of caspase-3/7. Functional assays revealed a strong affection of in vitro migration and angiogenesis. Gene and protein expression proved a downregulation of MAPK, VEGF/VEGFRs, and Bcl-2, and an upregulation of caspases and Bax-family mediators. Conclusion Overall, the differential expression of calpains and their correlation with patient survival suggest a novel promising target pathway, whose blockade showed encouraging results toward precision medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guarnaccia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Elena Navone
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Begani
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Garzia
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Mother and Child, San Paolo Hospital Medical School, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
- Aerospace Medicine Institute “A. Mosso”, Italian Air Force, Milan, Italy
| | - Rolando Campanella
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fontana
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Cordiglieri
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Gaudino
- Department of Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Schisano
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Ampollini
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Locatelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marfia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Aerospace Medicine Institute “A. Mosso”, Italian Air Force, Milan, Italy
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Enomoto A, Fukasawa T. The role of calcium-calpain pathway in hyperthermia. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 2:1005258. [PMID: 39086981 PMCID: PMC11285567 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.1005258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a promising anticancer treatment modality. Heat stress stimulates proteolytic machineries to regulate cellular homeostasis. Calpain, an intracellular calcium (Ca2+)-dependent cysteine protease, is a modulator that governs various cellular functions. Hyperthermia induces an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and triggers calpain activation. Contrastingly, pre-exposure of cells to mild hyperthermia induces thermotolerance due to the presence of cellular homeostatic processes such as heat shock response and autophagy. Recent studies suggest that calpain is a potential key molecule that links autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we briefly introduce the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, basic features of calpains with their implications in cancer, immune responses, and the roles and cross-talk of calpains in cellular protection and cell death in hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Enomoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takemichi Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain-1 and calpain-2 are prototypical classical isoforms of the calpain family of calcium-activated cysteine proteases. Their substrate proteins participate in a wide range of cellular processes, including transcription, survival, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Dysregulated calpain activity has been implicated in tumorigenesis, suggesting that calpains may be promising therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED This review covers clinical and basic research studies implicating calpain-1 and calpain-2 expression and activity in tumorigenesis and metastasis. We highlight isoform specific functions and provide an overview of substrates and cancer-related signalling pathways affected by calpain-mediated proteolytic cleavage. We also discuss efforts to develop clinically relevant calpain specific inhibitors and spotlight the challenges facing inhibitor development. EXPERT OPINION Rationale for targeting calpain-1 and calpain-2 in cancer is supported by pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrating that calpain inhibition has the potential to attenuate carcinogenesis and block metastasis of aggressive tumors. The wide range of substrates and cleavage products, paired with inconsistencies in model systems, underscores the need for more complete understanding of physiological substrates and how calpain cleavage alters their function in cellular processes. The development of isoform specific calpain inhibitors remains an important goal with therapeutic potential in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shapovalov
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Danielle Harper
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Peter A Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart Street, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
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Szymczak-Pajor I, Fleszar K, Kasznicki J, Gralewska P, Śliwińska A. A potential role of calpains in sulfonylureas (SUs) -mediated death of human pancreatic cancer cells (1.2B4). Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105128. [PMID: 33652124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonylureas (SUs) are suggested to accelerate the pancreatic β-cells mass loss via apoptosis. However, little is known whether calpains mediate this process. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the involvement of calpains in SUs-induced death of human pancreatic cancer (PC) cell line 1.2B4. The cells were exposed to: glibenclamide, glimepiride and gliclazide for 72 h. The expression analysis of caspase-3 (CASP-3), TP53, calpain 1 (CAPN-1), calpain 2 (CAPN-2) and calpain 10 (CAPN-10) was detected using RT-PCR method. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, CASP-3 activity and total calpain activity were also evaluated. Our results have shown that glibenclamide and glimepiride decrease 1.2B4 cells viability with accompanied increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and increased expression of apoptosis-related CASP-3 and TP53. Gliclazide did not affect 1.2B4 cell viability and Ca2+ concentration, however, it downregulated CASP-3 and upregulated TP53. Interestingly, 50 μM glimepiride increased expression of CAPN-1, CAPN-2 and CAPN-10 whereas 50 μM glibenclamide solely upregulated CAPN-2 expression. We have shown that 10 μM and 50 μM glibenclamide and glimepiride increased the activity of CASP-3, but decreased total calpain activity. Our results suggest that calpains may be involved in glibenclamide- and glimepiride-induced death of PC cells. However, further investigation is required to confirm the engagement of calpains in SUs-mediated death of PC cells, especially studies on protein level of particular isoforms of calpains should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szymczak-Pajor
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Fleszar
- Student Scientific Society of Civilization Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jacek Kasznicki
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Gralewska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Śliwińska
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
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Genome-wide global identification of NRF2 binding sites in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells by ChIP-Seq reveals NRF2 regulation of genes involved in focal adhesion pathways. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12600-12623. [PMID: 31884422 PMCID: PMC6949066 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-derived-2-like 2(NRF2) regulates its downstream genes through binding with antioxidant responsive elements in their promoter regions. Hyperactivation of NRF2 results in oncogenesis and drug resistance in various cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, identification of the genes and pathways regulated by NRF2 in NSCLC warrants further investigation. We investigated the global NRF2 genomic binding sites using the high-throughput ChIP-Seq technique in KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1)-mutated A549 (NSCLC) cells. We next carried out an integrated analysis of the ChIP-Seq data with transcriptomic data from A549 cells with NRF2-knockdown and RNA-Seq data from TCGA patients with altered KEAP1 to identify downstream and clinically-correlated genes respectively. Furthermore, we applied transcription factor enrichment analysis, generated a protein-protein interaction network, and used kinase enrichment analysis. Moreover, functional annotation of NRF2 binding sites using DAVID v7 identified the genes involved in focal adhesion. Putative focal adhesion genes regulated by NRF2 were validated using qRT-PCR. Further, we selected one novel conserved focal adhesion gene regulated by NRF2–LAMC1 (laminin subunit gamma 1) and validated it using a reporter assay. Overall, the identification of NRF2 target genes paves the way for identifying the molecular mechanism of NRF2 signaling in NSCLC development and therapy. Moreover, our data highlight the complexity of the pathways regulated by NRF2 in lung tumorigenesis.
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Tivadar ST, McIntosh RS, Chua JX, Moss R, Parsons T, Zaitoun AM, Madhusudan S, Durrant LG, Vankemmelbeke M. Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Sialyl-di-Lewis a-Containing Internalizing and Noninternalizing Glycoproteins with Cancer Immunotherapy Development Potential. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:790-801. [PMID: 31871270 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor glycans constitute attractive targets for therapeutic antibodies. The sialylated glycocalyx plays a prominent role in cancer progression and immune evasion. Here, we describe the characterization of the mAb, FG129, which targets tumor-associated sialylated glycan, and demonstrate its potential for multimodal cancer therapy. FG129, obtained through BALB/c mouse immunizations with liposomes containing membrane glycan extracts from the colorectal cancer cell line LS180, is an mIgG1κ that targets sialyl-di-Lewisa-containing glycoproteins. FG129, as well as its chimeric human IgG1 variant, CH129, binds with nanomolar functional affinity to a range of colorectal, pancreatic, and gastric cancer cell lines. FG129 targets 74% (135/182) of pancreatic, 50% (46/92) of gastric, 36% (100/281) of colorectal, 27% (89/327) of ovarian, and 21% (42/201) of non-small cell lung cancers, by IHC. In our pancreatic cancer cohort, high FG129 glyco-epitope expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis (P = 0.004). Crucially, the glyco-epitope displays limited normal tissue distribution, with FG129 binding weakly to a small percentage of cells within gallbladder, ileum, liver, esophagus, pancreas, and thyroid tissues. Owing to glyco-epitope internalization, we validated payload delivery by CH129 through monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) or maytansinoid (DM1 and DM4) conjugation. All three CH129 drug conjugates killed high-binding colorectal and pancreatic cancer cell lines with (sub)nanomolar potency, coinciding with significant in vivo xenograft tumor control by CH129-vcMMAE. CH129, with its restricted normal tissue distribution, avid tumor binding, and efficient payload delivery, is a promising candidate for the treatment of sialyl-di-Lewisa-expressing solid tumors, as an antibody-drug conjugate or as an alternative cancer immunotherapy modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana T Tivadar
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S McIntosh
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Xin Chua
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Moss
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Parsons
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abed M Zaitoun
- Section of Surgery, School of Medicine, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom. .,Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mireille Vankemmelbeke
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Pancreatic duct-like cell line derived from pig embryonic stem cells: expression of uroplakin genes in pig pancreatic tissue. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:285-301. [PMID: 30868438 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of a cell line, PICM-31D, with phenotypic characteristics like pancreatic duct cells is described. The PICM-31D cell line was derived from the previously described pig embryonic stem cell-derived exocrine pancreatic cell line, PICM-31. The PICM-31D cell line was morphologically distinct from the parental cells in growing as a monolayer rather than self-assembling into multicellular acinar-like structures. The PICM-31D cells were propagated for over a year at split ratios of 1:3 to 1:10 at each passage without change in phenotype or growth rate. Electron microscopy showed the cells to be a polarized epithelium of cuboidal cells joined by tight junction-like adhesions at their apical/lateral aspect. The cells contained numerous mucus-like secretory vesicles under their apical cell membrane. Proteomic analysis of the PICM-31D's cellular proteins detected MUC1 and MUC4, consistent with mucus vesicle morphology. Gene expression analysis showed the cells expressed pancreatic ductal cell-related transcription factors such as GATA4, GATA6, HES1, HNF1A, HNF1B, ONECUT1 (HNF6), PDX1, and SOX9, but little or no pancreas progenitor cell markers such as PTF1A, NKX6-1, SOX2, or NGN3. Pancreas ductal cell-associated genes including CA2, CFTR, MUC1, MUC5B, MUC13, SHH, TFF1, KRT8, and KRT19 were expressed by the PICM-31D cells, but the exocrine pancreas marker genes, CPA1 and PLA2G1B, were not expressed by the cells. However, the exocrine marker, AMY2A, was still expressed by the cells. Surprisingly, uroplakin proteins were prominent in the PICM-31D cell proteome, particularly UPK1A. Annexin A1 and A2 proteins were also relatively abundant in the cells. The expression of the uroplakin and annexin genes was detected in the cells, although only UPK1B, UPK3B, ANXA2, and ANXA4 were detected in fetal pig pancreatic duct tissue. In conclusion, the PICM-31D cell line models the mucus-secreting ductal cells of the fetal pig pancreas.
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Ruppert AM, Baud L, Rabbe N, Perez J, Duruisseaux M, Vieira T, Antoine M, Cadranel J, Wislez M. Calpain 1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is associated with poor prognosis in lepidic predominant pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Bull Cancer 2019; 106:179-188. [PMID: 30683309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calpain 1 is a proinflammatory calcium-activated cysteine protease, which can be partly externalized. Extracellular calpains limit inflammatory processes and promote tissue repair, through cell proliferation and migration. Toll like receptor (TLR) 2 has been identified as a target of extracellular calpains in lymphocytes. The aim was to investigate the externalization of calpain 1 and the release of soluble TLR2 during tumor progression of pulmonary lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma (LPA). Extracellular calpain 1, soluble fragment of TLR2 and cytokines were analyzed by ELISA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) supernatants from patients with LPA (n=68). Source of calpain was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and soluble TLR2 by flow cytometry on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and human lung cancer cell lines. Extracellular calpain 1, secreted by tumor cells, was associated to tumor progression, neutrophilic inflammation, with a poor prognostic factor on survival (P=0.003). TLR2 was expressed on PMN and tumor cells and decreased after calpain exposure. Soluble fragment of TLR2 in BALF supernatants was correlated to the extracellular calpain 1 concentration (r=0.624; P<0.001), and its high level was associated with tumor progression and a pro-inflammatory environment. Extracellular calpain 1 secreted by tumor cells, could participate in inflammatory microenvironment and tumor progression through TLR2 in LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ruppert
- Sorbonne université, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Hôpitaux universitaires de l'est parisien, hôpital Tenon (AP-HP), service de pneumologie, 75970 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Baud
- Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S1155 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), 4, rue de la Chine, 75252 Paris, France; Inserm, UMR_S1155, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Rabbe
- Sorbonne université, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Hôpitaux universitaires de l'est parisien, hôpital Tenon (AP-HP), service de pneumologie, 75970 Paris, France; Paris Descartes université, équipe « cancer, immune control and escape », centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm UMR_S1138, 75006 Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpitaux universitaires Paris centre, hôpital Cochin, unité d'oncologie thoracique, service de pneumologie, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Perez
- Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S1155 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), 4, rue de la Chine, 75252 Paris, France
| | | | - Thibault Vieira
- Sorbonne université, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Martine Antoine
- Sorbonne université, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpitaux universitaires de l'est parisien, hôpital Tenon, service de cytologie et anatomie pathologique, 75970 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Cadranel
- Sorbonne université, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Hôpitaux universitaires de l'est parisien, hôpital Tenon (AP-HP), service de pneumologie, 75970 Paris, France
| | - Marie Wislez
- Sorbonne université, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Hôpitaux universitaires de l'est parisien, hôpital Tenon (AP-HP), service de pneumologie, 75970 Paris, France; Paris Descartes université, équipe « cancer, immune control and escape », centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm UMR_S1138, 75006 Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpitaux universitaires Paris centre, hôpital Cochin, unité d'oncologie thoracique, service de pneumologie, 75014 Paris, France.
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Calpain system protein expression and activity in ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:345-361. [PMID: 30448882 PMCID: PMC6373250 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Expression of members of the calpain system are associated with clinical outcome of patients with, amongst others, breast and ovarian cancers, with calpain-2 expression in ovarian cancer being implicated in chemo-resistance and survival. This study aimed, using a large patient cohort and in vitro models, to verify its importance and further investigate the role in ovarian cancer chemoresponse. Methods Calpain-1, calpain-2, calpain-4 and calpastatin expression were evaluated in primary ovarian carcinomas (n = 575) by immunohistochemistry. Protein expression was assessed, via western blotting, in five ovarian cancer cell lines with various sensitivities towards cisplatin/carboplatin. In vitro calpain activity was inhibited by calpeptin treatment to assess changes in platinum sensitivity by proliferation assay, with expression of genes associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition being examined by RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array. Results The current study confirmed previous data that high calpain-2 expression is associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.026) and that calpain-1 was not associated with overall survival or progression-free survival. Low expression of calpastatin (P = 0.010) and calpain-4 (P = 0.003) were also associated with adverse survival. Such prognostic associations do not seem to be linked with altered tumour sensitivity towards platinum-based chemotherapy. Interestingly, low calpain-1 expression was more frequent in patients with confined tumours (stage 1) (χ2 = 11.310, df = 1, P = 0.001). Calpain and calpastatin expression varied among ovarian cancer cell lines yet their expression levels were similar between chemo-sensitive cells and resistant counterparts. Moreover, calpeptin treatment did not alter cellular response to platinum-based chemotherapy or epithelial–mesenchymal transition-related gene expression. Conclusions The conventional calpains and calpastatin have been confirmed to play an important role in ovarian cancer; however, the precise mechanisms whereby they exert effects remain to be elucidated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-018-2794-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Pu X, Storr SJ, Zhang Y, Rakha EA, Green AR, Ellis IO, Martin SG. Caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in breast cancer: caspase-3 is associated with survival. Apoptosis 2018; 22:357-368. [PMID: 27798717 PMCID: PMC5306438 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Impaired apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Caspase-3 and -8 are key regulators of the apoptotic response and have been shown to interact with the calpain family, a group of cysteine proteases, during tumorigenesis. The current study sought to investigate the prognostic potential of caspase-3 and -8 in breast cancer, as well as the prognostic value of combinatorial caspase and calpain expression. A large cohort (n = 1902) of early stage invasive breast cancer patients was used to explore the expression of caspase-3 and -8. Protein expression was examined using standard immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. High caspase-3 expression, but not caspase-8, is significantly associated with adverse breast cancer-specific survival (P = 0.008 and P = 0.056, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that caspase-3 remained an independent factor when confounding factors were included (hazard ratio (HR) 1.347, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.086–1.670; P = 0.007). The analyses in individual subgroups demonstrated the significance of caspase-3 expression in clinical outcomes in receptor positive (ER, PR or HER2) subgroups (P = 0.001) and in non-basal like subgroup (P = 0.029). Calpain expression had been previously assessed. Significant association was also found between high caspase-3/high calpain-1 and breast cancer-specific survival in the total patient cohort (P = 0.005) and basal-like subgroup (P = 0.034), as indicated by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Caspase-3 expression is associated with adverse breast cancer-specific survival in breast cancer patients, and provides additional prognostic values in distinct phenotypes. Combinatorial caspase and calpain expression can predict worse prognosis, especially in basal-like phenotypes. The findings warrant further validation studies in independent multi-centre patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Pu
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah J Storr
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Histopathology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Histopathology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Histopathology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK.
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Storr SJ, Zhang S, Perren T, Lansdown M, Fatayer H, Sharma N, Gahlaut R, Shaaban A, Martin SG. The calpain system is associated with survival of breast cancer patients with large but operable inflammatory and non-inflammatory tumours treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47927-47937. [PMID: 27323818 PMCID: PMC5216989 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The calpains are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases that function in a variety of important cellular functions, including cell signalling, motility, apoptosis and survival. In early invasive breast cancer expression of calpain-1, calpain-2 and their inhibitor, calpastatin, have been associated with clinical outcome and clinicopathological factors.The expression of calpain-1, calpain-2 and calpastatin was determined using immunohistochemistry on core biopsy samples, in a cohort of large but operable inflammatory and non-inflammatory primary breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Information on treatment and prognostic variables together with long-term clinical follow-up was available for these patients. Diagnostic pre-chemotherapy core biopsy samples and surgically excised specimens were available for analysis.Expression of calpastatin, calpain-1 or calpain-2 in the core biopsies was not associated with breast cancer specific survival in the total patient cohort; however, in patients with non-inflammatory breast cancer, high calpastatin expression was significantly associated with adverse breast cancer-specific survival (P=0.035), as was low calpain-2 expression (P=0.031). Low calpastatin expression was significantly associated with adverse breast cancer-specific survival of the inflammatory breast cancer patients (P=0.020), as was low calpain-1 expression (P=0.003).In conclusion, high calpain-2 and low calpastatin expression is associated with improved breast cancer-specific survival in non-inflammatory large but operable primary breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In inflammatory cases, high calpain-1 and high calpastatin expression is associated with improved breast cancer-specific survival. Determining the expression of these proteins may be of clinical relevance. Further validation, in multi-centre cohorts of breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Tim Perren
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Medicine and Pathology, St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Department of Breast Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Mark Lansdown
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Medicine and Pathology, St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Hiba Fatayer
- Department of Breast Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Breast Screening Unit Leeds/Wakefield, Seacroft Hospital, Leeds, LS14 6UH, UK
| | - Renu Gahlaut
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Medicine and Pathology, St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Abeer Shaaban
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Medicine and Pathology, St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Department of Histopathology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre and The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Silencing CAPN2 Expression Inhibited Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Proliferation and Invasion via AKT/mTOR Signal Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2593674. [PMID: 28280729 PMCID: PMC5322456 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2593674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA expression of CAPN2 was upregulated in CRPC cells (DU145 and PC3) than that in non-CRPC cells. Silencing CAPN2 expression could inhibit DU145 and PC3 cells proliferation by cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Knockdown of CPAN2 level suppressed the migration and invasion capacity of CRPC cells by reducing matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 activation, as well as repressing the phosphorylation protein expression of AKT and mTOR. In addition, we found that the expression of CAPN2 was elevated in Pca tissues than that in normal control tissues. Therefore, we showed the important roles of CAPN2 in the development and progression in CRPC cells, suggesting a new therapeutic intervention for treating castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.
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Yoshida M, Miyasaka Y, Ohuchida K, Okumura T, Zheng B, Torata N, Fujita H, Nabae T, Manabe T, Shimamoto M, Ohtsuka T, Mizumoto K, Nakamura M. Calpain inhibitor calpeptin suppresses pancreatic cancer by disrupting cancer-stromal interactions in a mouse xenograft model. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1443-1452. [PMID: 27487486 PMCID: PMC5084662 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmoplasia contributes to the aggressive behavior of pancreatic cancer. However, recent clinical trials testing several antifibrotic agents on pancreatic cancer have not shown clear efficacy. Therefore, further investigation of desmoplasia‐targeting antifibrotic agents by another mechanism is needed. Calpeptin, an inhibitor of calpains, suppressed fibroblast function and inhibited fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of calpeptin on pancreatic cancer. We investigated whether calpeptin inhibited tumor progression using a mouse xenograft model. We used quantitative RT‐PCR to evaluate the expression of calpain‐1 and calpain‐2 mRNA in pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). We also undertook functional assays, including proliferation, migration, and invasion, to evaluate the inhibitory effects of calpeptin on PCCs and PSCs. Quantitative RT‐PCR indicated that PCCs and PSCs expressed calpain‐2 mRNA. Calpeptin reduced tumor volume (P = 0.0473) and tumor weight (P = 0.0471) and inhibited the tumor desmoplastic reaction (P < 0.001) in xenograft tumors in nude mice. Calpeptin also inhibited the biologic functions of PCCs and PSCs including proliferation (P = 0.017), migration (P = 0.027), and invasion (P = 0.035) in vitro. Furthermore, calpeptin reduced the migration of PCCs and PSCs by disrupting the cancer–stromal interaction (P = 0.0002). Our findings indicate that calpeptin is a promising antitumor agent for pancreatic cancer, due not only to its suppressive effect on PCCs and PSCs but also its disruption of the cancer–stromal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyasaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenoki Ohuchida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Biao Zheng
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Torata
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hayato Fujita
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshinaga Nabae
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Manabe
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takao Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Gene/protein expression of CAPN1/2-CAST system members is associated with ERK1/2 kinases activity as well as progression and clinical outcome in human laryngeal cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13185-13203. [PMID: 27456359 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates the involvement of calpains (CAPNs), a family of cysteine proteases, in cancer development and progression, as well as the insufficient response to cancer therapies. The contribution of CAPNs and regulatory calpastatin (CAST) and ERK1/2 kinases to aggressiveness, disease course, and outcome in laryngeal cancer remains elusive. This study was aimed to evaluate the CAPN1/2-CAST-ERK1/2 enzyme system mRNA/protein level and to investigate whether they can promote the dynamic of tumor growth and prognosis. The mRNA expression of marker genes was determined in 106 laryngeal cancer (SCLC) cases and 73 non-cancerous adjacent mucosa (NCLM) controls using quantitative real-time PCR. The level of corresponding proteins was analyzed by Western Blot. SLUG expression, as indicator of pathological advancement was determined using IHC staining. Significant increases of CAPN1/2-CAST-ERK1/2 levels of mRNA/protein were noted in SCLC compared to NCLM (p < 0.05). As a result, a higher level of CAPN1 and ERK1 genes was related to larger tumor size, more aggressive and deeper growth according to TFG scale and SLUG level (p < 0.05). There were also relationships of CAPN1/2 and ERK1 with incidences of local/nodal recurrences (p < 0.05). An inverse association for CAPN1/2, CAST, and ERK1/2 transcripts was determined with regard to overall survival (p < 0.05). In addition, a higher CAPN1 and phospho-ERK1 protein level was related to higher grade and stage (p < 0.05) and was found to promote worse prognosis. This is the first study to show that activity of CAPN1/2- CAST-ERK1/2 axis may be an indicator of tumor phenotype and unfavorable outcome in SCLC.
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15
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Pu X, Storr SJ, Ahmad NS, Chan SY, Moseley PM, Televantou D, Cresti N, Boddy A, Ellis IO, Martin SG. Calpain-1 is associated with adverse relapse free survival in breast cancer: a confirmatory study. Histopathology 2016; 68:1021-9. [PMID: 26496999 DOI: 10.1111/his.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Calpain-1 is a ubiquitously expressed calcium-activated intracellular cysteine protease. Altered expression of calpain system proteins has been implicated in cancer progression and response to chemotherapy. METHODS AND RESULTS The aim of the current study was to confirm previous data that suggested that calpain-1 expression is associated with relapse-free survival in trastuzumab-treated breast cancer patients (n = 93). An expanded patient cohort from Nottingham (n = 194; including 72 of the previous cohort) and an independent patient cohort from Newcastle (n = 87) were used. All patients received trastuzumab following adjuvant therapy according to local guidelines with expression of calpain-1 investigated using standard immunohistochemistry. Results show that calpain-1 expression is associated with relapse-free survival in both the Nottingham (P = 0.01) and Newcastle (P = 0.019) cohorts, with high expression associated with adverse relapse-free survival. Expression was also associated with poor relapse-free survival when patient cohorts were combined (n = 281, P = 0.01). Calpain-1 remained, from multivariate analysis, an independent marker for relapse-free survival in the Newcastle cohort [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.169; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.468-18.200; P = 0.011]. CONCLUSIONS Calpain-1 expression is associated with poor relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab. Further work is warranted to standardize and develop methodology with a view to potentially introducing assessment of this important biomarker into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Pu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah J Storr
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Narmeen S Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul M Moseley
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Despina Televantou
- Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Nicola Cresti
- Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Alan Boddy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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16
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Luo W, Ren Z, Gao S, Jin H, Zhang G, Zhou L, Zheng S. Clinical correlation of calpain-1 and glypican-3 expression with gallbladder carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1345-1352. [PMID: 26893741 PMCID: PMC4734278 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) possesses a poor prognosis, which is primarily attributed to the lack of early and timely surgical intervention. Calpain-1 and glypican-3 have been implicated in the progression of various types of cancer. The present study aimed to detect the expression of calpain-1 and glypican-3 in GBC, and analyzed whether the expression levels of these proteins correlated with any clinicopathological variables. A total of 100 patients with GBC and 30 patients with cholecystitis who accepted surgical treatment were enrolled in the present study. Pathological and clinical data were obtained from all patients. The expression of calpain-1 and glypican-3 was detected in paraffin-embedded tissues by immunohistochemistry. Calpain-1 expression was manually assessed with an immunohistochemical H-score with a slight modification. Glypican-3 expression was assessed as negative and positive. The correlations between protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics, and the associations between the proteins were analyzed. All patients exhibited positive expression of calpain-1. Notably, the high expression rate of calpain-1 was significantly increased in patients with GBC, compared with patients with cholecystitis (32.0 vs. 6.7%; χ2=7.668; P=0.006), suggesting that calpain-1 expression may be associated with progression from cholecystitis to GBC. In addition, the positive rate of glypican-3 expression was 53.0% in patients with GBC and 63.3% in patients with cholecystitis, with no significant difference (χ2=0.997; P=0.318). Furthermore, the expression of calpain-1 and glypican-3 had no significant correlation with gender, age, degree of tumor differentiation and tumor-node-metastasis classification in patients with GBC. Notably, the expression of calpain-1 and glypican-3 displayed a significant positive correlation in patients with GBC (r=0.517; P<0.01), but a significantly negative correlation (r=-0.856; P<0.01) in patients with cholecystitis. In conclusion, calpain-1 expression may be associated with progression from cholecystitis to GBC. Combined detection of calpain-1 and glypican-3 may be beneficial for prognosis assessment of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Deqing County, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313200, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Geer Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Storr SJ, Thompson N, Pu X, Zhang Y, Martin SG. Calpain in Breast Cancer: Role in Disease Progression and Treatment Response. Pathobiology 2015; 82:133-41. [PMID: 26330354 DOI: 10.1159/000430464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The calpains are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases that function in a wide array of cellular activities, including cytoskeletal remodelling, survival and apoptosis. The ubiquitously expressed micro (µ)-calpain and milli (m)-calpain are archetypal family members that require calcium for function and can be inhibited by their endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. This review describes the role of the calpain system in the prognosis of breast cancer and disease progression, in addition to the role of the calpain system in the response to breast cancer treatments, including chemotherapeutic, endocrine and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- Academic Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
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Chua JX, Vankemmelbeke M, McIntosh RS, Clarke PA, Moss R, Parsons T, Spendlove I, Zaitoun AM, Madhusudan S, Durrant LG. Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting LecLex-Related Glycans with Potent Antitumor Activity. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2963-74. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Davis J, Martin SG, Patel PM, Green AR, Rakha EA, Ellis IO, Storr SJ. Low calpain-9 is associated with adverse disease-specific survival following endocrine therapy in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:995. [PMID: 25539577 PMCID: PMC4364321 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The calpains are intracellular cysteine proteases that function in a variety of important cellular functions, including signalling, motility, apoptosis and survival. In breast cancer high calpain-1 and calpain-2 expression has been associated with adverse clinical outcome. Calpain-9 was thought to be exclusively expressed in the digestive tract; however recent studies have shown that this protein is also expressed in breast tissue. Methods We investigated the expression of calpain-9 in a large cohort of early stage breast cancer patients (n = 783) using immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray. Patients had long-term follow-up information available for analysis. Results Low expression of calpain-9 was associated with patients over 40 years of age (P = 0.025), smaller tumour size (P = 0.001), lower tumour stage (P = 0.009), a more favourable Nottingham Prognostic Index value (P = 0.002) and positive oestrogen receptor status (P = 0.014). Calpain-9 expression was not associated with survival in the total patient cohort, however low calpain-9 expression was associated with adverse survival in patients who received endocrine therapy (P = 0.033), which remained significant in multivariate Cox regression analysis accounting for potential confounding factors (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.56, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.36-0.89, P = 0.013). Low calpain-9 expression was also associated with adverse survival in patients with an intermediate Nottingham Prognostic Index value (P = 0.009), and remained so in multivariate analysis (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.36-0.82, P = 0.003). Conclusions This study suggests that calpain-9 may play a role in breast cancer and that low expression is associated with poorer patient clinical outcome following endocrine therapy. Validation studies are warranted as determining expression of calpain-9 may provide important prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah J Storr
- Academic Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK.
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Moretti D, Del Bello B, Allavena G, Maellaro E. Calpains and cancer: Friends or enemies? Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kim HS, Kang D, Moon MH, Kim HJ. Identification of pancreatic cancer-associated tumor antigen from HSP-enriched tumor lysate-pulsed human dendritic cells. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:1014-27. [PMID: 24954332 PMCID: PMC4075362 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.4.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vaccine strategies utilizing dendritic cells (DCs) to elicit anti-tumor immunity are the subject of intense research. Although we have shown that DCs pulsed with heat-treated tumor lysate (HTL) induced more potent anti-tumor immunity than DCs pulsed with conventional tumor lysate (TL), the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. In order to explore the molecular basis of this approach and to identify potential antigenic peptides from pancreatic cancer, we analyzed and compared the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands derived from TL- and HTL-pulsed dendritic cells by mass spectrophotometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were pulsed with TL or HTL prior to maturation induction. To delineate differences of MHC-bound peptide repertoire eluted from DCs pulsed with TL or HTL, nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS-MS) was employed. RESULTS HTL, but not TL, significantly induced DC function, assessed by phenotypic maturation, allostimulation capacity and IFN-γ secretion by stimulated allogeneic T cells. DCs pulsed with TL or HTL displayed pancreas or pancreatic cancer-related peptides in context of MHC class I and II molecules. Some of the identified peptides had not been previously reported as expressed in pancreatic cancer or cancer of other tissue types. CONCLUSION Our partial lists of MHC-associated peptides revealed the differences between peptide profiles eluted from HTL-and TL-loaded DCs, implying that induced heat shock proteins in HTL chaperone tumor-derived peptides enhanced their delivery to DCs and promoted cross-presentation by DC. These findings may aid in identifying novel tumor antigens or biomarkers and in designing future vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Soo Kim
- Innovative Cell and Gene Therapy Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dukjin Kang
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Hyung Jik Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Perysinakis I, Margaris I, Kouraklis G. Ampullary cancer--a separate clinical entity? Histopathology 2014; 64:759-68. [PMID: 24456259 DOI: 10.1111/his.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ampullary cancer is a relatively uncommon tumour, with a better prognosis than pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to review the recent literature on ampullary adenocarcinoma, focusing on histological types and prognostic factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Using PubMed, we carried out a comprehensive search of the literature, which was extended to April 2013 to retrieve all additional publications. Ampullary cancer comprises two main histological subtypes, the pancreatobiliary type and the intestinal type. These subtypes have different pathogenetic and clinical characteristics. Clinical and histological parameters as well as immunohistochemical markers have been identified as significant prognostic factors in ampullary cancer. Moreover, several immunohistochemical markers have been studied, not only as prognostic factors but as a means of differentiating ampullary from other peri-ampullary tumours, and of identifying the exact histological subtype. CONCLUSIONS The considerable differences in the frequencies of the two subtypes of ampullary tumours reported in literature reinforce the necessity to define molecular markers to distinguish them. Until then, the significance of the histological subtype as a prognostic factor should be evaluated cautiously. Future research on the pathogenesis of ampullary cancer will possibly suggest that we should stop treating this type of cancer as a separate entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraklis Perysinakis
- Third Department of Surgery, 'George Gennimatas' General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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