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Balbisi M, Sugár S, Schlosser G, Szeitz B, Fillinger J, Moldvay J, Drahos L, Szász AM, Tóth G, Turiák L. Inter- and intratumoral proteomics and glycosaminoglycan characterization of ALK rearranged lung adenocarcinoma tissues: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6268. [PMID: 37069213 PMCID: PMC10110559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer with limited therapeutic options, therefore a detailed understanding of the underlying molecular changes is of utmost importance. In this pilot study, we investigated the proteomic and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) profile of ALK rearranged lung tumor tissue regions based on the morphological classification, mucin and stromal content. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed that both the proteomic and GAG-omic profiles are highly dependent on mucin content and to a lesser extent on morphology. We found that differentially expressed proteins between morphologically different tumor types are primarily involved in the regulation of protein synthesis, whereas those between adjacent normal and different tumor regions take part in several other biological processes (e.g. extracellular matrix organization, oxidation-reduction processes, protein folding) as well. The total amount and the sulfation profile of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate showed small differences based on morphology and larger differences based on mucin content of the tumor, while an increase was observed in both the total amount and the average rate of sulfation in tumors compared to adjacent normal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Balbisi
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Simon Sugár
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szeitz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - János Fillinger
- Department of Pathology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Korányi Frigyes út 1., Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Judit Moldvay
- 1st Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Korányi Frigyes út 1., Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - A Marcell Szász
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary.
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Glypican-3 Differentiates Intraductal Carcinoma and Paget's Disease from Other Types of Breast Cancer. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 59:medicina59010086. [PMID: 36676710 PMCID: PMC9862536 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: breast cancer remains the most common health burden affecting females worldwide. Despite developments in breast cancer diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies, the clinical management of metastatic breast cancer remains challenging. Thus, there is a need to identify new biomarkers and novel drug targets for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy. Recently, aberrant glypican-3 (GPC3) expression in cancers has gained considerable interest in cancer research. The studies, however, have yielded contradictory results about GPC3 expression in breast cancer. Therefore, the current study aims to analyse GPC3 expression across a large panel of different breast cancer subtypes. Materials and Methods: GPC3 expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in 230 breast cancer patients along with eight normal tissues and its associations to clinical and demographic characteristics, as well as immunohistochemical biomarkers for breast cancer. Moreover, a public database consisting of breast cancer patients' survival data and GPC3 gene expression information was used to assess the prognostic value of GPC3 in the survival of breast cancer patients. Results: GPC3 expression was only characterised in 7.5% of different histological breast cancer subtypes. None of the normal breast tissues displayed GPC3 expression. Interestingly, all cases of Paget's disease, as well as 42.9% of intraductal and 16.7% of mucinous carcinomas were found to have GPC3 expression, where it was able to significantly discriminate Paget's disease and intraductal carcinoma from other breast cancer subtypes. Importantly, GPC3 expression was found more often in tumours that tested positive for the expression of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), indicating more favourable histological subtypes of breast cancer. Consequently, longer relapse-free survival (RFS) was significantly correlated with higher GPC3 mRNA expression. Conclusions: Our study proposes that GPC3 is a promising breast cancer subtype-specific biomarker. Moreover, GPC3 may have the potential to be a molecular target for the development of new therapeutics for specific subtypes of breast cancer.
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Wang Q, Chi L. The Alterations and Roles of Glycosaminoglycans in Human Diseases. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225014. [PMID: 36433141 PMCID: PMC9694910 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides which are composed of a repeating disaccharide unit. They are also linked to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs/PGs are major components of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM), and they display critical roles in development, normal function, and damage response in the body. Some properties (such as expression quantity, molecular weight, and sulfation pattern) of GAGs may be altered under pathological conditions. Due to the close connection between these properties and the function of GAGs/PGs, the alterations are often associated with enormous changes in the physiological/pathological status of cells and organs. Therefore, these GAGs/PGs may serve as marker molecules of disease. This review aimed to investigate the structural alterations and roles of GAGs/PGs in a range of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and virus infection. It is hoped to provide a reference for disease diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and drug development.
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Computationally guided conversion of the specificity of E-selectin to mimic that of Siglec-8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117743119. [PMID: 36191232 PMCID: PMC9564326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117743119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated glycans have been found to be associated with various diseases and therefore have significant potential in molecular pathology as biomarkers. Although lectins are useful reagents for detecting glycans, there is a paucity of sulfate-recognizing lectins, and those that exist, such as from Maackia amurensis, display mixed specificities. Recombinant lectin engineering offers an emerging tool for creating novel glycan recognition by altering and/or enhancing endogenous specificities. The present study demonstrated the use of computational approaches in the engineering of a mutated form of E-selectin that displayed highly specific recognition of 6'-sulfo-sialyl Lewis X (6'-sulfo-sLex), with negligible binding to its endogenous nonsulfated ligand, sLex. This new specificity mimics that of the unrelated protein Siglec-8, for which 6'-sulfo-sLex is its preferred ligand. Molecular dynamics simulations and energy calculations predicted that two point mutations (E92A/E107A) would be required to stabilize binding to the sulfated oligosaccharide with E-selectin. In addition to eliminating putative repulsions between the negatively charged side chains and the sulfate moiety, the mutations also abolished favorable interactions with the endogenous ligand. Glycan microarray screening of the recombinantly expressed proteins confirmed the predicted specificity change but also identified the introduction of unexpected affinity for the unfucosylated form of 6'-sulfo-sLex (6'-sulfo-sLacNAc). Three key requirements were demonstrated in this case for engineering specificity for sulfated oligosaccharide: 1) removal of unfavorable interactions with the 6'-sulfate, 2) introduction of favorable interactions for the sulfate, and 3) removal of favorable interactions with the endogenous ligand.
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Kines RC, Schiller JT. Harnessing Human Papillomavirus' Natural Tropism to Target Tumors. Viruses 2022; 14:1656. [PMID: 36016277 PMCID: PMC9413966 DOI: 10.3390/v14081656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses established as the primary etiological agent for the development of cervical cancer. Decades of research have elucidated HPV's primary attachment factor to be heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Importantly, wounding and exposure of the epithelial basement membrane was found to be pivotal for efficient attachment and infection of HPV in vivo. Sulfation patterns on HSPG's become modified at the site of wounds as they serve an important role promoting tissue healing, cell proliferation and neovascularization and it is these modifications recognized by HPV. Analogous HSPG modification patterns can be found on tumor cells as they too require the aforementioned processes to grow and metastasize. Although targeting tumor associated HSPG is not a novel concept, the use of HPV to target and treat tumors has only been realized in recent years. The work herein describes how decades of basic HPV research has culminated in the rational design of an HPV-based virus-like infrared light activated dye conjugate for the treatment of choroidal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T. Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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6
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Martín C, Ordiales H, Vázquez F, Pevida M, Rodríguez D, Merayo J, Vázquez F, García B, Quirós LM. Bacteria associated with acne use glycosaminoglycans as cell adhesion receptors and promote changes in the expression of the genes involved in their biosynthesis. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:65. [PMID: 35219289 PMCID: PMC8881830 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in many physiological and pathological processes, including infections and inflammatory response. Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects the pilosebaceous unit and has a multifactorial etiology, including bacterial colonization of the hair follicle. This study aimed to investigate the participation of GAG in the adhesion of Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to keratinocytes and fibroblasts of the skin by competition experiments and cell surface removal using specific liases. The alteration in the transcription of the genes responsible for the synthesis of GAG induced by the adhesion of these bacteria was also analyzed by qRT-PCR. Results GAGs are involved in bacterial adherence to skin cells, especially fibroblasts, where chondroitin sulfate displayed the higher effect. Bacterial adherence produced different alterations in the transcription of the genes responsible for GAG structures. P. acnes induced mostly changes in keratinocytes, while S. epidermidis was the main cause of alterations in fibroblasts. These variations in gene expression affected all the stages in the biosynthesis of the main species of GAGs, heparan and chondroitin sulphate. Conclusions GAGs species are involved in the adhesion of acne-related bacteria to skin cells in a differential manner depending on each microorganism and cellular type, although other receptors seem to exist. Bacterial adherence led to variations on gene expression in skin cells affecting GAG chains structure what, consequently, should alter their interactions with different ligands, affecting the development of acne disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02477-2.
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Zha Z, Liu Y, Miao Y, Liao S, Wang SY, Tang H, Yin H. Preparation and characterization of 2-deacetyl-3-O-sulfo-heparosan and its antitumor effects via the fibroblast growth factor receptor pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:47-58. [PMID: 34998873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparosan, with a linear chain of disaccharide repeating units of → 4) β-D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) (1 → 4)-α-D-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) (1→, is a potential starting chemical for heparin synthesis. However, the chemoenzymatic synthesis of single-site sulfated heparosan and its antitumor activity have not been studied. In this study, 2-deacetyl-3-O-sulfo-heparosan (DSH) was prepared successively by the N-deacetylation chemical reaction and enzymatic modification of human 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 (3-OST-1). Structural characterization of DSH was shown the success of the sulfation with the sulfation degree of 0.87. High performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) analysis revealed that DSH had only one symmetrical sharp peak with a molecular weight of 9.6334 × 104 Da. Biological function studies showed that DSH could inhibit tumor cell (A549, HepG2 and HCT116) viability and induce the apoptosis of A549 cells. Further in vitro mechanistic studies showed that DSH may induce apoptosis via the JNK signaling pathway, and the upstream signal of this process may be fibroblast growth factor receptors. These results indicated that DSH could be developed as one of a potential chemical for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Zha
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Miao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Liao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongping Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Marques C, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:778752. [PMID: 34858858 PMCID: PMC8632541 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important cell surface and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) maestros involved in the orchestration of multiple cellular events in physiology and pathology. These glycoconjugates bind to various bioactive proteins via their Heparan Sulfate (HS) chains, but also through the protein backbone, and function as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, modulating extracellular ligand gradients, cell signalling networks and cell-cell/cell-ECM interactions. The structural features of HS chains, including length and sulfation patterns, are crucial for the biological roles displayed by HSPGs, as these features determine HS chains binding affinities and selectivity. The large HS structural diversity results from a tightly controlled biosynthetic pathway that is differently regulated in different organs, stages of development and pathologies, including cancer. This review addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying HS biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the catalytic activity of the enzymes responsible for HS glycan sequences and sulfation motifs, namely D-Glucuronyl C5-Epimerase, N- and O-Sulfotransferases. Moreover, we provide insights on the impact of different HS structural epitopes over HSPG-protein interactions and cell signalling, as well as on the effects of deregulated expression of HS modifying enzymes in the development and progression of cancer. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of HS biosynthetic enzymes as novel targets for therapy, and highlight the importance of developing new HS-based tools for better patients' stratification and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Mohammadi E, Tahmoorespur M, Benfeitas R, Altay O, Javadmanesh A, Lam S, Mardinoglu A, Sekhavati MH. Improvement of the performance of anticancer peptides using a drug repositioning pipeline. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2100417. [PMID: 34657375 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of anticancer peptides (ACPs) as an alternative/complementary strategy to conventional chemotherapy treatments has been shown to decrease drug resistance and/or severe side effects. However, the efficacy of the positively-charged ACP is inhibited by elevated levels of negatively-charged cell-surface components which trap the peptides and prevent their contact with the cell membrane. Consequently, this decreases ACP-mediated membrane pore formation and cell lysis. Negatively-charged heparan sulphate (HS) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) have been shown to inhibit the cytotoxic effect of ACPs. In this study, we propose a strategy to promote the broad utilization of ACPs. In this context, we developed a drug repositioning pipeline to analyse transcriptomics data generated for four different cancer cell lines (A549, HEPG2, HT29, and MCF7) treated with hundreds of drugs in the LINCS L1000 project. Based on previous studies identifying genes modulating levels of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) HS and CS at the cell surface, our analysis aimed at identifying drugs inhibiting genes correlated with high HS and CS levels. As a result, we identified six chemicals as likely repositionable drugs with the potential to enhance the performance of ACPs. The codes in R and Python programming languages are publicly available in https://github.com/ElyasMo/ACPs_HS_HSPGs_CS. As a conclusion, these six drugs are highlighted as excellent targets for synergistic studies with ACPs aimed at lowering the costs associated with ACP-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyas Mohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Rui Benfeitas
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ozlem Altay
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Simon Lam
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Huang YF, Mizumoto S, Fujita M. Novel Insight Into Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis Based on Gene Expression Profiles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709018. [PMID: 34552927 PMCID: PMC8450405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate, except for hyaluronan that is a free polysaccharide, are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans. More than 50 gene products are involved in the biosynthesis of GAGs. We recently developed a comprehensive glycosylation mapping tool, GlycoMaple, for visualization and estimation of glycan structures based on gene expression profiles. Using this tool, the expression levels of GAG biosynthetic genes were analyzed in various human tissues as well as tumor tissues. In brain and pancreatic tumors, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be upregulated. In breast cancerous tissues, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be up- and down-regulated, respectively, which are consistent with biochemical findings published in the literature. In addition, the expression levels of the chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan versican and the dermatan sulfate-proteoglycan decorin were up- and down-regulated, respectively. These findings may provide new insight into GAG profiles in various human diseases including cancerous tumors as well as neurodegenerative disease using GlycoMaple analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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11
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Syndecan-4 as a Pathogenesis Factor and Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040503. [PMID: 33810567 PMCID: PMC8065655 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Advances in research on the biology of cancer revealed alterations in several key pathways underlying tumorigenesis and provided molecular targets for developing new and improved existing therapies. Syndecan-4, a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is a central mediator of cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Although several studies have demonstrated important roles of syndecan-4 in cell behavior and its interactions with growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and cytoskeletal signaling proteins, less is known about its role and expression in multiple cancer. The data summarized in this review demonstrate that high expression of syndecan-4 is an unfavorable biomarker for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, glioma, liver cancer, melanoma, osteosarcoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma and testicular, kidney and bladder cancer. In contrast, in neuroblastoma and colorectal cancer, syndecan-4 is downregulated. Interestingly, syndecan-4 expression is modulated by anticancer drugs. It is upregulated upon treatment with zoledronate and this effect reduces invasion of breast cancer cells. In our recent work, we demonstrated that the syndecan-4 level was reduced after trastuzumab treatment. Similarly, syndecan-4 levels are also reduced after panitumumab treatment. Together, the data found suggest that syndecan-4 level is crucial for understanding the changes involving in malignant transformation, and also demonstrate that syndecan-4 emerges as an important target for cancer therapy and diagnosis.
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12
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Grillo PK, Győrffy B, Götte M. Prognostic impact of the glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the survival of breast cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:1937-1955. [PMID: 33742285 PMCID: PMC8164625 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Dysregulated expression of proteoglycans influences the outcome and progression of numerous cancers. Several studies have investigated the role of individual glypicans in cancer, however, the impact of the whole glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on prognosis of a large patient cohort of breast cancer patients has not yet been investigated. In the present study, our aim was to investigate the prognostic power of the glypicans in breast cancer patients. Methods We used a public database including both gene expression data and survival information for 3951 breast cancer patients to determine the prognostic value of glypicans on relapse-free survival using Cox regression analysis. Moreover, we performed quantitative Real-Time PCR to determine glypican gene expression levels in seven representative breast cancer cell lines. Results We found that high GPC3 levels were associated with a better prognosis in overall breast cancer patients. When stratified by hormone receptor status, we found that in worse prognosis subtypes low GPC1 levels correlate with a longer relapse-free survival, and in more favorable subtypes low GPC6 was associated with longer survival. Conclusion Our study concludes that glypicans could act as subtype-specific biomarkers for the prognosis of breast cancer patients and sparks hope for future research on glypicans possibly eventually providing targets for the treatment of the disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-021-03597-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Karin Grillo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- TTK Momentum Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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13
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Gross-Cohen M, Feld S, Arvatz G, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Elucidating the Consequences of Heparan Sulfate Binding by Heparanase 2. Front Oncol 2021; 10:627463. [PMID: 33585253 PMCID: PMC7879983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.627463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike the intense research effort devoted to exploring the significance of heparanase in human diseases, very little attention was given to its close homolog, heparanase 2 (Hpa2). The emerging role of Hpa2 in a rare autosomal recessive congenital disease called urofacial syndrome (UFS), clearly indicates that Hpa2 is not a pseudogene but rather a gene coding for an important protein. Hpa2 lacks the heparan sulfate (HS)-degrading activity typical of heparanase, yet exhibits high affinity to HS, affinity that is 10-fold higher than that of heparanase. The consequences of this high-affinity interaction of Hpa2 with plasma membrane HSPG has not been explored yet. Here, we used highly purified Hpa2 protein to examine this aspect. We provide evidence that cells adhere to and spread on dishes coated with Hpa2. We also show that cell migration is attenuated markedly by exogenous addition of Hpa2 to primary and transformed cells, a function that agrees with the anti-cancer properties of Hpa2. Interestingly, we found that exogenous addition of Hpa2 also disrupts the morphology of cell colonies, resulting in cell scattering. This implies that under certain conditions and experimental settings, Hpa2 may exhibit pro-tumorigenic properties. We further developed a panel of anti-Hpa2 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and show that these properties of Hpa2 are prevented by some of the newly-developed mAb, thus providing new molecular tools to better appreciate the significance of Hpa2 in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gross-Cohen
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sari Feld
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Arvatz
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Faria-Ramos I, Poças J, Marques C, Santos-Antunes J, Macedo G, Reis CA, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans: (Un)Expected Allies in Cancer Clinical Management. Biomolecules 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 33494442 PMCID: PMC7911160 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era when cancer glycobiology research is exponentially growing, we are witnessing a progressive translation of the major scientific findings to the clinical practice with the overarching aim of improving cancer patients' management. Many mechanistic cell biology studies have demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans are key molecules responsible for several molecular and biochemical processes, impacting extracellular matrix properties and cellular functions. HS can interact with a myriad of different ligands, and therefore, hold a pleiotropic role in regulating the activity of important cellular receptors and downstream signalling pathways. The aberrant expression of HS glycan chains in tumours determines main malignant features, such as cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we devote particular attention to HS biological activities, its expression profile and modulation in cancer. Moreover, we highlight HS clinical potential to improve both diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, either as HS-based biomarkers or as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Faria-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Santos-Antunes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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15
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Mishra RK, Ahmad A, Vyawahare A, Kumar A, Khan R. Understanding the Monoclonal Antibody Involvement in Targeting the Activation of Tumor Suppressor Genes. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1810-1823. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200616133814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have always provided outstanding therapeutic arsenal in the
treatment of cancer, be it hematological malignancies or solid tumors. Monoclonal antibodies mediated
targeting of cancer genes in general and tumor-suppressor genes, in particular, have appreciably allowed
the possibilities of trafficking these antibodies to specific tumor mechanisms and aim for the pin-point
maneuvered tumor treatment strategies. The conventional cancer treatment options are associated with
enormous limitations like drug resistance, acute and pan-toxic side effects and collateral damage to other
unrelated cells and organs. Therefore, monoclonal antibody-mediated treatments have some special advantages
of specific targeting of cancer-related genes and minimizing the off-target side effects. A large
number of monoclonal antibody-mediated treatment regimen viz. use of immunoconjugates, clinically
targeting TGFβ with pan-TGFβ monoclonal antibodies, p53 by its monoclonal antibodies and EGFRtargeted
monoclonal antibodies, etc. have been observed in the recent past. In this review, the authors
have discussed some of the significant advances in the context of targeting tumor suppressor genes with
monoclonal antibodies. Approximately 250 articles were scanned from research databases like PubMed
central, Europe PubMed Central and google scholar up to the date of inception, and relevant reports on
monoclonal antibody-mediated targeting of cancer genes were selected. mAb mediated targeting of tumor
suppressor genes is a recent grey paradigm, which has not been explored up to its maximum potential.
Therefore, this review will be of appreciable significance that it will boost further in-depth understanding
of various aspects of mAb arbitrated cancer targeting and will warrant and promote further rigorous
research initiatives in this regard. The authors expect that this review will acquaint the readers
with the current status regarding the recent progress in the domain of mAbs and their employability and
targetability towards tumor suppressor genes in anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Akshay Vyawahare
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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16
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Pinhal MAS, Melo CM, Nader HB. The Good and Bad Sides of Heparanase-1 and Heparanase-2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:821-845. [PMID: 32274740 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we will emphasize the importance of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in controlling various physiological and pathological molecular mechanisms and discuss how the heparanase enzyme can modulate the effects triggered by HSPG. Additionally, we will also navigate about the existing knowledge of the possible role of heparanase-2 in biological events. Heparan sulfate is widely distributed and evolutionarily conserved, evidencing its vital importance in cell development and functions such as cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, and angiogenesis. During remodeling of the extracellular matrix, the breakdown of heparan sulfate by heparanase results in the release of molecules containing anchored glycosaminoglycan chains of great interest in heparanase-mediated cell signaling pathways in various physiological states, tumor development, inflammation, and other diseases. Taken together, it appears that heparanase plays a key role in the maintenance of the pathology of cancer and inflammatory diseases and is a potential target for anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, heparanase inhibitors are currently being examined in clinical trials as novel cancer therapeutics. Heparanase-2 has no enzymatic activity, displays higher affinity for heparan sulfate and the coding region alignment shows 40% identity with the heparanase gene. Heparanase-2 plays an important role in embryogenic development however its mode of action and biological function remain to be elucidated. Heparanase-2 functions as an inhibitor of the heparanase-1 enzyme and also inhibits neovascularization mediated by VEGF. The HPSE2 gene is repressed by the Polycomb complex, together suggesting a role as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Mucciolo Melo
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Gulberti S, Mao X, Bui C, Fournel-Gigleux S. The role of heparan sulfate maturation in cancer: A focus on the 3O-sulfation and the enigmatic 3O-sulfotransferases (HS3STs). Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 62:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Jansson M, Billing O, Herdenberg C, Lundin C, Tolockiene E, Nazemroaya A, Sund M. Expression and Circulating Levels of Perlecan in Breast Cancer - Implications for Oestrogen Dependent Stromal Remodeling. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:69-77. [PMID: 32124140 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Localised breast cancer can be cured by surgery and adjuvant treatments, but mortality remains high as some tumours metastasize early. Perlecan is a basement membrane (BM) protein involved in tumour development and progression. Here, mRNA and protein expression of perlecan, and mRNA expression of matrix degrading enzymes were studied in normal breast and invasive breast cancer, and correlated to prognostic risk factors, in particular oestrogen status. Moreover, plasma levels of perlecan were measured in patients with breast cancer and compared with controls. mRNA data was extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Perlecan protein expression was visualized using immunofluorescence and plasma levels measured by ELISA assay. Perlecan mRNA levels were twice as high in normal breast compared with breast cancer tissue. A strong correlation was found between mRNA expression of perlecan and several matrix-degrading enzymes in oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumours. Perlecan protein was localized to both epithelial and vascular BMs, but absent in the stroma in normal breast. In breast cancer, the expression of perlecan in epithelial BM was fragmented or completely lost, with a marked upregulation of perlecan expression in the stroma. Significantly higher levels of perlecan were found in plasma of ER+ patients when compared with ER- patients. This study shows that perlecan expression and degradation in breast cancer may be linked to the ER status of the tumour.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/blood
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/blood
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/blood
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cohort Studies
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/blood
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/genetics
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Jansson
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ola Billing
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carl Herdenberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences/Oncology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina Lundin
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Egle Tolockiene
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anoosheh Nazemroaya
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Malin Sund
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences/Surgery, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
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19
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Lorente-Gea L, García B, Martín C, Ordiales H, García-Suárez O, Piña-Batista KM, Merayo-Lloves J, Quirós LM, Fernández-Vega I. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Undergo Differential Expression Alterations in Alzheimer Disease Brains. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:474-483. [PMID: 32232475 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) promote amyloid-beta peptide and tau fibrillization in Alzheimer disease (AD) and provide resistance against proteolytic breakdown. We compared the expression levels of 17 HSPG core proteins in 18 AD cases and 6 controls. RT-PCR was used to analyze transcription levels. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize HSPGs in the brain tissue. We detected expression of all HSPG genes investigated. SDC1, GPC3, and CD44v3 showed the lowest levels of expression, while SDC3 and GPC1 showed the highest. Remarkably, SDC4 and SRGN were overexpressed in most of the areas analyzed. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of both SDC4 and SRGN mostly associated with tau and amyloid-β pathology throughout the AD brains. In conclusion, in view of the involvement of HSPGs in AD pathology, especially SDC4 and SRGN, there would seem to be a relationship between the regulation of core protein expression and the pathological features suggesting HSPGs are potential inducers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorente-Gea
- From the Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba - Txagorritxu, Spain
| | - Beatriz García
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carla Martín
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Helena Ordiales
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Kelvin M Piña-Batista
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Luís M Quirós
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- From the Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba - Txagorritxu, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo (IF-V) Biobank of Principality of Asturias, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Biobanco Vasco para la Investigación (O+eHun), Brain Bank, Hospital Universitario Araba, Spain
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20
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Elgundi Z, Papanicolaou M, Major G, Cox TR, Melrose J, Whitelock JM, Farrugia BL. Cancer Metastasis: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Perlecan. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1482. [PMID: 32010611 PMCID: PMC6978720 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the dissemination of tumor cells to new sites, resulting in the formation of secondary tumors. This process is complex and is spatially and temporally regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. One important extrinsic factor is the extracellular matrix, the non-cellular component of tissues. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are constituents of the extracellular matrix, and through their heparan sulfate chains and protein core, modulate multiple events that occur during the metastatic cascade. This review will provide an overview of the role of the extracellular matrix in the events that occur during cancer metastasis, primarily focusing on perlecan. Perlecan, a basement membrane HSPG is a key component of the vascular extracellular matrix and is commonly associated with events that occur during the metastatic cascade. Its contradictory role in these events will be discussed and we will highlight the recent advances in cancer therapies that target HSPGs and their modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Elgundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Papanicolaou
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gretel Major
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Kadel D, Zhang Y, Sun HR, Zhao Y, Dong QZ, Qin LX. Current perspectives of cancer-associated fibroblast in therapeutic resistance: potential mechanism and future strategy. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:407-421. [PMID: 30680600 PMCID: PMC6881418 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of cancer eradication has been overshadowed despite the continuous improvement in research and generation of novel cancer therapeutic drugs. One of the undeniable existing problems is drug resistance due to which the paradigm of killing all cancer cells is ineffective. Tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in inducing drug resistance besides cancer development and progression. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to understand the role of tumor microenvironment in cancer drug resistance as it provides the shelter, nutrition, and paracrine niche for cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), one major component of tumor microenvironment, reside in symbiotic relationship with cancer cells, supporting them to survive from cancer drugs. The present review summarizes the recent understandings in the role of CAFs in drug resistance in various tumors. Acknowledging the fact that drug resistance depends not only upon cancer cells but also upon the microenvironment niche could guide us to formulate novel cancer drugs and provide the optimal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Kadel
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hao-Ran Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
- Cancer Metastasis institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiong-Zhu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Cancer Metastasis institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Cancer Metastasis institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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22
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Sulfated Glycoaminoglycans and Proteoglycan Syndecan-4 Are Involved in Membrane Fixation of LL-37 and Its Pro-Migratory Effect in Breast Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090481. [PMID: 31547381 PMCID: PMC6769752 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially characterized by its antimicrobial activities, LL-37 has also been shown to significantly contribute to tumor development. On breast cancer cell lines, LL-37 increases intracellular calcium via the TRPV2 channel and their migration via the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Its all-d enantiomer d-LL-37 induces similar effects, which excludes a protein-protein interaction of LL-37 in a classic ligand-receptor manner. Its net charge of +6 gave rise to the hypothesis that the peptide uses the negative charges of sulfoglycans or sialic acids to facilitate its attachment to the cell membrane and to induce its activities. Whereas several vegetal lectins, specifically attaching to sialylated or sulfated structures, blocked the activities of LL-37 on both calcium increase and cell migration, several sialidases had no effect. However, the competitive use of free sulfated glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) as chrondroitin and heparin, or treatment of the cell surface with chondroitinase and heparinase resulted in an activity loss of 50–100% for LL-37. Concordant results were obtained by blocking the synthesis of GAGs with 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-d-xyloside, and by suppression of glycan sulfatation by sodium chlorate. Using a candidate approach by suppressing proteoglycan synthesis using RNA interference, syndecan-4 was shown to be required for the activities of LL-37 and its binding to the cell surface. This leads to the conclusion that syndecan-4, by means of sulfated GAGs, could act as a receptor for LL-37.
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23
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Montgomery MR, Hull EE. Alterations in the glycome after HDAC inhibition impact oncogenic potential in epigenetically plastic SW13 cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:79. [PMID: 30651077 PMCID: PMC6335691 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Defects in the type and degree of cellular glycosylation impact oncogenesis on multiple levels. Although the type of glycosylation is determined by protein sequence encoded by the genome, the extent and modifications of glycosylation depends on the activity of biosynthetic enzymes and recent data suggests that the glycome is also subject to epigenetic regulation. This study focuses on the ability of HDAC inhibition to alter glycosylation and to lead to pro-oncogenic alterations in the glycome as assessed by metastatic potential and chemoresistance. Methods Epigenetically plastic SW13 adrenocortical carcinoma cells were treated with FK228, an HDAC inhibitor with high affinity for HDAC1 and, to a lesser extent, HDAC2. In comparing HDAC inhibitor treated and control cells, differential expression of glycome-related genes were assessed by microarray. Differential glycosylation was then assessed by lectin binding arrays and the ability of cellular proteins to bind to glycans was assessed by glycan binding arrays. Differential sensitivity to paclitaxel, proliferation, and MMP activity were also assessed. Results Treatment with FK228 alters expression of enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways for a large number of glycome related genes including enzymes in all major glycosylation pathways and several glycan binding proteins. 84% of these differentially expressed glycome-related genes are linked to cancer, some as prognostic markers and others contributing basic oncogenic functions such as metastasis or chemoresistance. Glycan binding proteins also appear to be differentially expressed as protein extracts from treated and untreated cells show differential binding to glycan arrays. The impact of differential mRNA expression of glycosylation enzymes was documented by differential lectin binding. However, the assessment of changes in the glycome is complicated by the fact that detection of differential glycosylation through lectin binding is dependent on the methods used to prepare samples as protein-rich lysates show different binding than fixed cells in several cases. Paralleling the alterations in the glycome, treatment of SW13 cells with FK228 increases metastatic potential and reduces sensitivity to paclitaxel. Conclusions The glycome is substantially altered by HDAC inhibition and these changes may have far-reaching impacts on oncogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5129-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKale R Montgomery
- College of Human Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Hull
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
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Alsadoun N, MacGrogan G, Truntzer C, Lacroix-Triki M, Bedgedjian I, Koeb MH, El Alam E, Medioni D, Parent M, Wuithier P, Robert I, Boidot R, Arnould L. Solid papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity of the breast harbors specific morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular profile in comparison with other benign or malignant papillary lesions of the breast: a comparative study of 9 additional cases. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:1367-1380. [PMID: 29785016 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Solid papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity is a rare breast cancer of favorable prognosis that can be difficult to diagnose. We report here nine additional cases of this tumor, and we describe its morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular profile in comparison to other types of papillary and micropapillary lesions of the breast that are intraductal papilloma with usual ductal hyperplasia, encapsulated papillary carcinoma, solid papillary carcinoma and invasive micropapillary carcinoma. We studied nine cases of this special papillary tumor and six of each other types mentioned above. We found that solid papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity harbor specific morphologic features as cuboid or tall cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasms located at the basal pole giving the impression of reverse nuclear polarity. Nuclei were sometimes grooved. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the lack of myoepithelial cells, as in encapsulated papillary carcinoma and solid papillary carcinoma, questioning their invasive nature. Seven of nine solid papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity showed a low Ki67 proliferative index (Ki67 <5%). They showed expression of CK5/6 as in intraductal papilloma with usual ductal hyperplasia. They showed expression of calretinin and a low or lack of hormonal receptor (HR) expression that were not observed in other breast tumors studied. By whole-exome analysis, seven of nine solid papillary carcinomas with reverse polarity (78%) harbored a hotspot mutation in IDH2 (R172) that was totally absent in other groups. Six of nine tumors (67%) also harbored PRUNE2 mutation, including the two IDH2 wild-type cases. We also demonstrated for the first time in this breast tumor, immunostaining with a specific antibody IDH1/2 mutant R132/R172 (7/9) that can highlight IDH2 mutation. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis showed that proteoglycan pathway was significantly enriched. Our findings support the fact that solid papillary carcinoma with reverse polarity is a singular breast neoplasm that can be distinguished from other papillary breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjla Alsadoun
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie des Tumeurs, Centre Georges-François Leclerc - Unicancer, 1 rue Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Gaëtan MacGrogan
- Département de Biopathologie, Institut Bergonié, 229 cours de l'Argonne, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Truntzer
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie des Tumeurs, Centre Georges-François Leclerc - Unicancer, 1 rue Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Magali Lacroix-Triki
- Département de Pathologie, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Bedgedjian
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | | | - Elsy El Alam
- Département de Pathologie, Institut Curie, Saint Cloud, 35 rue Dailly, 92210, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Dan Medioni
- Medipath Cannes-Antibes-Grasse, 80 allée des ormes, 06250, Mougins, France
| | - Michel Parent
- Pathologie Nord Unilabs, 60 boulevard Jean Baptiste Lebas, 59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Isabelle Robert
- Atalante Pathologie, 10 rue J-Louis Bertrand -BP11633, 35016, Rennes cedex, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie des Tumeurs, Centre Georges-François Leclerc - Unicancer, 1 rue Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Arnould
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie des Tumeurs, Centre Georges-François Leclerc - Unicancer, 1 rue Professeur Marion, 21000, Dijon, France
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25
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The exostosin family of glycosyltransferases: mRNA expression profiles and heparan sulphate structure in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180770. [PMID: 30054430 PMCID: PMC6117623 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. In recent years, regulation of genes involved in heparan sulphate (HS) biosynthesis have received increased interest as regulators of breast cancer cell adhesion and invasion. The exostosin (EXT) proteins are glycosyltransferases involved in elongation of HS, a regulator of intracellular signaling, cell–cell interactions, and tissue morphogenesis. The EXT family contains five members: EXT1, EXT2, and three EXT-like (EXTL) members: EXTL1, EXTL2, and EXTL3. While the expression levels of these enzymes change in tumor cells, little is known how this changes the structure and function of HS. In the present study, we investigated gene expression profiles of the EXT family members, their glycosyltransferase activities and HS structure in the estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) positive MCF7 cells, and the ER, PR, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) negative MDA-MB-231 and HCC38 epithelial breast carcinoma cell lines. The gene expression profiles for MDA-MB-231 and HCC38 cells were very similar. In both cell lines EXTL2 was found to be up-regulated whereas EXT2 was down-regulated. Interestingly, despite having similar expression of HS elongation enzymes the two cell lines synthesized HS chains of significantly different lengths. Furthermore, both MDA-MB-231 and HCC38 exhibited markedly decreased levels of HS 6-O-sulphated disaccharides. Although the gene expression profiles of the elongation enzymes did not correlate with the length of HS chains, our results indicated specific differences in EXT enzyme levels and HS fine structure characteristic of the carcinogenic properties of the breast carcinoma cells.
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26
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Crespo A, García-Suárez O, Fernández-Vega I, Solis-Hernandez MP, García B, Castañón S, Quirós LM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans undergo differential expression alterations in left sided colorectal cancer, depending on their metastatic character. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:687. [PMID: 29940912 PMCID: PMC6019305 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex molecules which play a role in the invasion and growth and metastatic properties of cancerous cells. In this work we analyze changes in the patterns of expression of HSPGs in left sided colorectal cancer (LSCRC), both metastatic and non-metastatic, and the results are also compared with those previously obtained for right sided tumors (RSCRCs). Methods Eighteen LSCRCs were studied using qPCR to analyze the expression of both the proteoglycan core proteins and the enzymes involved in heparan sulfate chain biosynthesis. Certain HSPGs also carry chondroitin sulfate chains and so we also studied the genes involved in its biosynthesis. The expression of certain genes that showed significant expression differences were also analysed using immunohistochemical techniques. Results Changes in proteoglycan core proteins were dependent on their location, and the main differences between metastatic and non-metastatic tumors affected cell-surface glypicans, while other molecules were quite similar. Glypicans were also responsible for the main differences between RS- and LS- malignances. Regarding the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate chains, differential alterations in transcription depending on the presence or not of metastasis affected genes involved in the modification of uronic acid (epimerization and 2-O sulfation), and some isoforms responsible for sulfation of glucosamine (NDST1, HS6ST1). Moreover, in RSCRCs differences were preferentially found in the expression of genes involved in C6 and C3 sulfation of glucosamine, but not in NDSTs or SULFs. Finally, synthesis of chondroitin sulfate showed some alterations, which affected various steps, including polimerization and the modification of chains, but the main variations dependent on the presence of metastases were epimerization and 6C sulfation; however, when compared with RSCRCs, the essential divergences affected polymerization of the chains and the 6C sulfation of the galactosamine residue. Conclusions We evidenced alterations in the expression of HSPGs, including the expression of cell surface core proteins, many glycosiltransferases and some enzymes that modify the GAG chains in LSCRCs, but this was dependent on the metastatic nature of the tumor. Some of these alterations are shared with RSCRCs, while others, focused on specific gene groups, are dependent on tumor localization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4597-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Crespo
- Department of Biotechnology, Neiker-Tecnalia Arkaute, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, and Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, and Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, 33006, Spain.,Department of Surgery and Medical-surgical Specialties, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz García
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, and Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sonia Castañón
- Department of Biotechnology, Neiker-Tecnalia Arkaute, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Luis M Quirós
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, and Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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27
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Biomolecular analysis of matrix proteoglycans as biomarkers in non small cell lung cancer. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:233-242. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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García B, Martín C, García-Suárez O, Muñiz-Alonso B, Ordiales H, Fernández-Menéndez S, Santos-Juanes J, Lorente-Gea L, Castañón S, Vicente-Etxenausia I, Piña Batista KM, Ruiz-Díaz I, Caballero-Martínez MC, Merayo-Lloves J, Guerra-Merino I, Quirós LM, Fernández-Vega I. Upregulated Expression of Heparanase and Heparanase 2 in the Brains of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:185-192. [PMID: 28387673 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) promote amyloid-β peptide and tau fibrillization in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and provide resistance against proteolytic breakdown. Heparanase (HPSE) is the only enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS). Heparanase 2 (HPSE2) lacks HS-degrading activity, although it is able to interact with HS with high affinity. OBJECTIVE To analyze HPSE and HPSE2 expressions at different stages of AD. METHODS RT-PCR was used to analyze transcription levels of both heparanases at different stages of AD, and immunohistochemistry was performed to localize each one in different parts of the brain. RESULTS Both proteins appeared overexpressed at different stages of AD. Immunohistochemistry indicated that the presence of the heparanases was related to AD pathology, with intracellular deposits found in degenerated neurons. At the extracellular level, HPSE was observed only in neuritic plaques with a fragmented core, while HPSE2 appeared in those with compact cores as well. CONCLUSION Given the involvement of HSPGs in AD pathology, there would seem to be a relationship between the regulation of heparanase expression, the features of the disease, and a possible therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carla Martín
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Helena Ordiales
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Santos-Juanes
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Lorente-Gea
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba-Txagorritxu, Spain
| | - Sonia Castañón
- Department of Biotechnology, Neiker-Tecnalia Arkaute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Irune Ruiz-Díaz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - María Cristina Caballero-Martínez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain.,Biobanco Vasco para la Investigación (O+eHun), Brain Bank Hospital Universitario Donostia, Spain
| | | | | | - Luis M Quirós
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba-Txagorritxu, Spain.,Biobanco Vasco para la Investigación (O+eHun), Brain Bank, Hospital Universitario Araba, Spain
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29
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Saad A, Liet B, Joucla G, Santarelli X, Charpentier J, Claverol S, Grosset CF, Trézéguet V. Role of Glycanation and Convertase Maturation of Soluble Glypican-3 in Inhibiting Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1201-1211. [PMID: 29345911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a complex heparan sulfate proteoglycan associated with the outer surface of the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. It is also N-glycosylated and processed by a furin-like convertase. GPC3 has numerous biological functions. Although GPC3 is undetectable in normal liver tissue, it is abnormally and highly overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Interestingly, proliferation of HCC cells such as HepG2 and HuH7 is inhibited when they express a soluble form of GPC3 after lentiviral transduction. To obtain more insight into the role of some of its post-translational modifications, we designed a mutant GPC3, sGPC3m, without its GPI anchor, convertase cleavage site, and glycosaminoglycan chains. The highly pure sGPC3m protein strongly inhibited HuH7 and HepG2 cell proliferation in vitro and induced a significant increase in their cell doubling time. It changed the morphology of HuH7 cells but not that of HepG2. It induced the enlargement of HuH7 cell nuclear area and the restructuration of adherent cell junctions. Unexpectedly, for both cell types, the levels of apoptosis, cell division, and β-catenin were not altered by sGPC3m, although growth inhibition was very efficient. Overall, our data show that glycanation and convertase maturation are not required for sGPC3m to inhibit HCC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Saad
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Benjamin Liet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Gilles Joucla
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Xavier Santarelli
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France
| | | | - Stéphane Claverol
- Univ. Bordeaux, Plateforme Protéome, CGFB , F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe F Grosset
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, BMGIC, U1035 , 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, GREF, U1053 , 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Trézéguet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, BMGIC, U1035 , 33076 Bordeaux, France
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30
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García B, García-Suárez O, Merayo-Lloves J, Ferrara G, Alcalde I, González J, Lisa C, Alfonso JF, Vazquez F, Quirós LM. Heparanase Overexpresses in Keratoconic Cornea and Tears Depending on the Pathologic Grade. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:3502386. [PMID: 29379222 PMCID: PMC5742882 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3502386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoconus has classically been defined as a noninflammatory disorder, although recent studies show elevated levels of inflammatory markers suggesting that keratoconus could be, at least in part, an inflammatory condition. Heparanase upregulation has been described in multiple inflammatory disorders. In this article, we study the differential expression of heparanase in cornea and tears from keratoconus patients and healthy controls. METHODS A transcriptomic approach was used employing quantitative polymerase chain reaction to analyze the expression of heparanase and heparanase 2 in stromal and epithelial corneal cells. The protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in corneal sections. Enzymatic activity in tears was measured using [3H]-labeled heparan sulfate as substrate. RESULTS Heparanase transcription was detected in stromal and epithelial cells and appeared upregulated in keratoconus. Overexpression of the enzyme was also detected by immunohistochemistry. Corneal expression of heparanase 2 was detected in some cases. Heparanase catalytic activity was found in tears and displayed a positive correlation with the degree of keratoconus. CONCLUSIONS Heparanase overexpresses in keratoconic corneas, possibly reinforcing the inflammatory condition of the pathology. The presence of heparanase activity in tears allows us to propose its use as a biomarker for the diagnosis of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Guilherme Ferrara
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier González
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Lisa
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jose F. Alfonso
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Vazquez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Quirós
- Instituto Universitario Fernández Vega, Universidad de Oviedo & Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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31
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Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Proteoglycans remodeling in cancer: Underlying molecular mechanisms. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:220-259. [PMID: 29128506 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix is a highly dynamic macromolecular network. Proteoglycans are major components of extracellular matrix playing key roles in its structural organization and cell signaling contributing to the control of numerous normal and pathological processes. As multifunctional molecules, proteoglycans participate in various cell functions during morphogenesis, wound healing, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Their interactions with matrix effectors, cell surface receptors and enzymes enable them with unique properties. In malignancy, extensive remodeling of tumor stroma is associated with marked alterations in proteoglycans' expression and structural variability. Proteoglycans exert diverse functions in tumor stroma in a cell-specific and context-specific manner and they mainly contribute to the formation of a permissive provisional matrix for tumor growth affecting tissue organization, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and tumor cell signaling. Proteoglycans also modulate cancer cell phenotype and properties, the development of drug resistance and tumor stroma angiogenesis. This review summarizes the proteoglycans remodeling and their novel biological roles in malignancies with particular emphasis to the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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32
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Epigenetic Regulation of the Biosynthesis & Enzymatic Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Implications for Tumorigenesis and Cancer Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071361. [PMID: 28672878 PMCID: PMC5535854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for the synthesis of heparan sulfate moieties of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are epigenetically regulated at many levels. As the exact composition of the heparan sulfate portion of the resulting HSPG molecules is critical to the broad spectrum of biological processes involved in oncogenesis, the epigenetic regulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis has far-reaching effects on many cellular activities related to cancer progression. Given the current focus on developing new anti-cancer therapeutics focused on epigenetic targets, it is important to understand the effects that these emerging therapeutics may have on the synthesis of HSPGs as alterations in HSPG composition may have profound and unanticipated effects. As an introduction, this review will briefly summarize the variety of important roles which HSPGs play in a wide-spectrum of cancer-related cellular and physiological functions and then describe the biosynthesis of the heparan sulfate chains of HSPGs, including how alterations observed in cancer cells serve as potential biomarkers. This review will then focus on detailing the multiple levels of epigenetic regulation of the enzymes in the heparan sulfate synthesis pathway with a particular focus on regulation by miRNA and effects of epigenetic therapies on HSPGs. We will also explore the use of lectins to detect differences in heparan sulfate composition and preview their potential diagnostic and prognostic use in the clinic.
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33
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Kassim SK, Shehata HH, Abou-Alhussein MM, Sallam MM, Amin II. Laboratory validation of formal concept analysis of the methylation status of microarray-detected genes in primary breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698390. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samar K Kassim
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Shehata
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Abou-Alhussein
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha M Sallam
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Islam Ibrahim Amin
- Institute of Statistical Studies and Researches, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Lu H, Niu F, Liu F, Gao J, Sun Y, Zhao X. Elevated glypican-1 expression is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2017; 6:1181-1191. [PMID: 28440066 PMCID: PMC5463070 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most lethal cancer in humans, with a 5-year survival rate of <5%. Recently, glypican-1 (GPC1)-expressing circulating exosomes were found to be a promising diagnostic tool for PDAC. However, the aberrant expression of GPC1 has not been systematically evaluated in large-scale clinical samples of PDAC. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of GPC1 mRNA and protein expression features. Included in this study were 178 PDAC patients from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and 186 subjects whose tissues were used in immunohistochemical staining assays. We demonstrated that GPC1 mRNA was silenced in normal pancreata; however, it was re-expressed in PDAC tissues probably because of the promoter hypomethylation. The GPC1 protein was barely expressed in the normal and adjacent noncancerous pancreata. In tumor tissues, 59.7% (111/186) of the detected samples showed positive expression. Notably, GPC1 was elevated in 63.6% (34/55) of early stage cases. High levels of GPC1 were associated with poorer differentiation and larger tumor diameters. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant difference in overall survival between the groups categorized by GPC1 expression (P = 0.0028). Multivariate analyses indicated that GPC1 was a significant risk factor for poor overall survival with a 1.82-fold increase in the hazard ratio (P = 0.0022). In conclusion, during pancreatic tumorigenesis, GPC1 was ectopically expressed and served as an independent poor prognostic factor. Our findings highlighted the alluring prospect of GPC1 as an early diagnostic and prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Lu
- Department of PathologyNational Cancer Center/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Fangfei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Jiajia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Yulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
| | - Xiaohang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100021China
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García B, Merayo-Lloves J, Rodríguez D, Alcalde I, García-Suárez O, Alfonso JF, Baamonde B, Fernández-Vega A, Vazquez F, Quirós LM. Different Use of Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans As Adherence Receptors to Corneal Cells by Gram Positive and Gram Negative Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:173. [PMID: 27965938 PMCID: PMC5127826 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the cornea is continuously exposed to pathogens, and adhesion to epithelial cells is regarded as an essential first step in bacterial pathogenesis. In this article, the involvement of glycosaminoglycans in the adhesion of various pathogenic bacteria to corneal epithelial cells is analyzed. All microorganisms use glycosaminoglycans as receptors, but arranged in different patterns depending on the Gram-type of the bacterium. The heparan sulfate chains of syndecans are the main receptors, though other molecular species also seem to be involved, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria. Adherence is inhibited differentially by peptides, including heparin binding sequences, indicating the participation of various groups of Gram-positive, and -negative adhesins. The length of the saccharides produces a major effect, and low molecular weight chains inhibit the binding of Gram-negative microorganisms but increase the adherence of Gram-positives. Pathogen adhesion appears to occur preferentially through sulfated domains, and is very dependent on N- and 6-O-sulfation of the glucosamine residue and, to a lesser extent, 2-O sulfation of uronic acid. These data show the differential use of corneal receptors, which could facilitate the development of new anti-infective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García
- Ophthalmology, Vision Sciences and Advanced Therapies Research Group, Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain; Departmento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Ophthalmology, Vision Sciences and Advanced Therapies Research Group, Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Ophthalmology, Vision Sciences and Advanced Therapies Research Group, Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Ophthalmology, Vision Sciences and Advanced Therapies Research Group, Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain; Departmento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain
| | - José F Alfonso
- Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega Oviedo, Spain
| | - Begoña Baamonde
- Ophthalmology, Vision Sciences and Advanced Therapies Research Group, Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain
| | - Andrés Fernández-Vega
- Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Vazquez
- Ophthalmology, Vision Sciences and Advanced Therapies Research Group, Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain; Departmento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain; Departmento de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain
| | - Luis M Quirós
- Ophthalmology, Vision Sciences and Advanced Therapies Research Group, Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain; Departmento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de OviedoOviedo, Spain
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Suhovskih AV, Domanitskaya NV, Tsidulko AY, Prudnikova TY, Kashuba VI, Grigorieva EV. Tissue-specificity of heparan sulfate biosynthetic machinery in cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 9:452-9. [PMID: 26120938 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1049801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are key components of cell microenvironment and fine structure of their polysaccharide HS chains plays an important role in cell-cell interactions, adhesion, migration and signaling. It is formed on non-template basis, so, structure and functional activity of HS biosynthetic machinery is crucial for correct HS biosynthesis and post-synthetic modification. To reveal cancer-related changes in transcriptional pattern of HS biosynthetic system, the expression of HS metabolism-involved genes (EXT1/2, NDST1/2, GLCE, 3OST1/HS3ST1, SULF1/2, HPSE) in human normal (fibroblasts, PNT2) and cancer (MCF7, LNCaP, PC3, DU145, H157, H647, A549, U2020, U87, HT116, KRC/Y) cell lines and breast, prostate, colon tumors was studied. Real-time RT-PCR and Western-blot analyses revealed specific transcriptional patterns and expression levels of HS biosynthetic system both in different cell lines in vitro and cancers in vivo. Balance between transcriptional activities of elongation- and post-synthetic modification- involved genes was suggested as most informative parameter for HS biosynthetic machinery characterization. Normal human fibroblasts showed elongation-oriented HS biosynthesis, while PNT2 prostate epithelial cells had modification-oriented one. However, cancer epithelial cells demonstrated common tendency to acquire fibroblast-like elongation-oriented mode of HS biosynthetic system. Surprisingly, aggressive metastatic cancer cells (U2020, DU145, KRC/Y) retained modification-oriented HS biosynthesis similar to normal PNT2 cells, possibly enabling the cells to keep like-to-normal cell surface glycosylation pattern to escape antimetastatic control. The obtained results show the cell type-specific changes of HS-biosynthetic machinery in cancer cells in vitro and tissue-specific changes in different cancers in vivo, supporting a close involvement of HS biosynthetic system in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Suhovskih
- a Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS ; Novosibirsk , Russia.,b Novosibirsk State University ; Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Elvira V Grigorieva
- a Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS ; Novosibirsk , Russia.,b Novosibirsk State University ; Novosibirsk , Russia.,c MTC; Karolinska Institute ; Stockholm , Sweden
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Gatto F, Volpi N, Nilsson H, Nookaew I, Maruzzo M, Roma A, Johansson M, Stierner U, Lundstam S, Basso U, Nielsen J. Glycosaminoglycan Profiling in Patients’ Plasma and Urine Predicts the Occurrence of Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1822-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Fernández-Vega I, García-Suárez O, García B, Crespo A, Astudillo A, Quirós LM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans undergo differential expression alterations in right sided colorectal cancer, depending on their metastatic character. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:742. [PMID: 26482785 PMCID: PMC4617710 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex molecules involved in the growth, invasion and metastatic properties of cancerous cells. This study analyses the alterations in the expression patterns of these molecules in right sided colorectal cancer (CRC), both metastatic and non-metastatic. Methods Twenty right sided CRCs were studied. A transcriptomic approach was used, employing qPCR to analyze both the expression of the enzymes involved in heparan sulfate (HS) chains biosynthesis, as well as the proteoglycan core proteins. Since some of these proteoglycans can also carry chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains, we include the study of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of these glycosaminoglycans. Immunohistochemical techniques were also used to analyze tissue expression of particular genes showing significant expression differences, of potential interest. Results Changes in proteoglycan core proteins differ depending on their location; those located intracellularly or in the extracellular matrix show very similar alteration patterns, while those located on the cell surface vary greatly depending on the nature of the tumor: glypicans 1, 3, 6 and betaglycan are affected in the non-metastatic tumors, whereas in the metastatic, only glypican-1 and syndecan-1 are modified, the latter showing opposing alterations in levels of RNA and of protein, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation in these tumors. Furthermore, in non-metastatic tumors, polymerization of glycosaminoglycan chains is modified, particularly affecting the synthesis of the tetrasaccharide linker and the initiation and elongation of CS chains, HS chains being less affected. Regarding the enzymes responsible for the modificaton of the HS chains, alterations were only found in non-metastatic tumors, affecting N-sulfation and the isoforms HS6ST1, HS3ST3B and HS3ST5. In contrast, synthesis of the CS chains suggests changes in epimerization and sulfation of the C4 and C2 in both types of tumor. Conclusions Right sided CRCs show alterations in the expression of HSPGs, including the expression of the cell surface core proteins, many glycosiltransferases and some enzymes that modify the HS chains depending on the metastatic nature of the tumor, resulting more affected in non-metastatic ones. However, matrix proteoglycans and enzymes involved in CS fine structure synthesis are extensively modified independetly of the presence of lymph node metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1724-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Fernández-Vega
- Servicio de Patología. Hospital Universitario de Araba, Álava, 01009, Spain.
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Beatriz García
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain. .,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ainara Crespo
- Department of Biotechnology, Neiker-Tecnalia Arkaute, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain. .,Department of Pathology, Hospital, Universitario Central de Asturias, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Quirós
- University Institute of Oncology of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain. .,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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Fu J, Khaybullin R, Zhang Y, Xia A, Qi X. Gene expression profiling leads to discovery of correlation of matrix metalloproteinase 11 and heparanase 2 in breast cancer progression. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:473. [PMID: 26084486 PMCID: PMC4477316 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to identify biomarkers involved in breast cancer, gene expression profiling was conducted using human breast cancer tissues. Methods Total RNAs were extracted from 150 clinical patient tissues covering three breast cancer subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, and Triple negative) as well as normal tissues. The expression profiles of a total of 50,739 genes were established from a training set of 32 samples using the Agilent Sure Print G3 Human Gene Expression Microarray technology. Data were analyzed using Agilent Gene Spring GX 12.6 software. The expression of several genes was validated using real-time RT-qPCR. Results Data analysis with Agilent GeneSpring GX 12.6 software showed distinct expression patterns between cancer and normal tissue samples. A group of 28 promising genes were identified with ≥ 10-fold changes of expression level and p-values < 0.05. In particular, MMP11 and HPSE2 were closely examined due to the important roles they play in cancer cell growth and migration. Real-time RT-qPCR analyses of both training and testing sets validated the gene expression profiles of MMP11 and HPSE2. Conclusions Our findings identified these 2 genes as a novel breast cancer biomarker gene set, which may facilitate the diagnosis and treatment in breast cancer clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Health Science Center P5-31, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Ravil Khaybullin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Health Science Center P5-31, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genotyping, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Amy Xia
- Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Health Science Center P5-31, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Neill T, Multhaupt HAB, Hubo M, Frey H, Gopal S, Gomes A, Afratis N, Lim HC, Couchman JR, Filmus J, Sanderson RD, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV, Karamanos NK. Insights into the key roles of proteoglycans in breast cancer biology and translational medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:276-300. [PMID: 25829250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans control numerous normal and pathological processes, among which are morphogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, vascularization and cancer metastasis. During tumor development and growth, proteoglycan expression is markedly modified in the tumor microenvironment. Altered expression of proteoglycans on tumor and stromal cell membranes affects cancer cell signaling, growth and survival, cell adhesion, migration and angiogenesis. Despite the high complexity and heterogeneity of breast cancer, the rapid evolution in our knowledge that proteoglycans are among the key players in the breast tumor microenvironment suggests their potential as pharmacological targets in this type of cancer. It has been recently suggested that pharmacological treatment may target proteoglycan metabolism, their utilization as targets for immunotherapy or their direct use as therapeutic agents. The diversity inherent in the proteoglycans that will be presented herein provides the potential for multiple layers of regulation of breast tumor behavior. This review summarizes recent developments concerning the biology of selected proteoglycans in breast cancer, and presents potential targeted therapeutic approaches based on their novel key roles in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hinke A B Multhaupt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mario Hubo
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Helena Frey
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Sandeep Gopal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angélica Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikos Afratis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hooi Ching Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1720 2nd Ave. S, WTI 602B, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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Okolicsanyi RK, Faure M, Jacinto JM, Chacon-Cortes D, Chambers S, Youl PH, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR. Association of the SNP rs2623047 in the HSPG modification enzyme SULF1 with an Australian Caucasian Breast Cancer Cohort. Gene 2014; 547:50-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hammond E, Khurana A, Shridhar V, Dredge K. The Role of Heparanase and Sulfatases in the Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans within the Tumor Microenvironment and Opportunities for Novel Cancer Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2014; 4:195. [PMID: 25105093 PMCID: PMC4109498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an integral and dynamic part of normal tissue architecture at the cell surface and within the extracellular matrix. The modification of HSPGs in the tumor microenvironment is known to result not just in structural but also functional consequences, which significantly impact cancer progression. As substrates for the key enzymes sulfatases and heparanase, the modification of HSPGs is typically characterized by the degradation of heparan sulfate (HS) chains/sulfation patterns via the endo-6-O-sulfatases (Sulf1 and Sulf2) or by heparanase, an endo-glycosidase that cleaves the HS polymers releasing smaller fragments from HSPG complexes. Numerous studies have demonstrated how these enzymes actively influence cancer cell proliferation, signaling, invasion, and metastasis. The activity or expression of these enzymes has been reported to be modified in a variety of cancers. Such observations are consistent with the degradation of normal architecture and basement membranes, which are typically compromised in metastatic disease. Moreover, recent studies elucidating the requirements for these proteins in tumor initiation and progression exemplify their importance in the development and progression of cancer. Thus, as the influence of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression becomes more apparent, the focus on targeting enzymes that degrade HSPGs highlights one approach to maintain normal tissue architecture, inhibit tumor progression, and block metastasis. This review discusses the role of these enzymes in the context of the tumor microenvironment and their promise as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Keith Dredge
- Progen Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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Heparan sulfate signaling in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:277-88. [PMID: 24755488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a biopolymer consisting of variably sulfated repeating disaccharide units. The anticoagulant heparin is a highly sulfated intracellular variant of HS. HS has demonstrated roles in embryonic development, homeostasis, and human disease via non-covalent interactions with numerous cellular proteins, including growth factors and their receptors. HS can function as a co-receptor by enhancing receptor-complex formation. In other contexts, HS disrupts signaling complexes or serves as a ligand sink. The effects of HS on growth factor signaling are tightly regulated by the actions of sulfyltransferases, sulfatases, and heparanases. HS has important emerging roles in oncogenesis, and heparin derivatives represent potential therapeutic strategies for human cancers. Here we review recent insights into HS signaling in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and differentiation. A cancer-specific understanding of HS signaling could uncover potential therapeutic targets in this highly actionable signaling network.
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Suhovskih AV, Tsidulko AY, Kutsenko OS, Kovner AV, Aidagulova SV, Ernberg I, Grigorieva EV. Transcriptional Activity of Heparan Sulfate Biosynthetic Machinery is Specifically Impaired in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:79. [PMID: 24782989 PMCID: PMC3995048 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HSs) are key components of mammalian cells surface and extracellular matrix. Structure and composition of HS, generated by HS-biosynthetic system through non-template-driven process, are significantly altered in cancer tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of HS-metabolic machinery in prostate carcinogenesis. Transcriptional patterns of HS-metabolic enzymes (EXT1, EXT2, NDST1, NDST2, GLCE, 3OST1/HS3ST1, SULF1, SULF2, HPSE) were determined in normal, benign, and cancer human prostate tissues and cell lines (PNT2, LNCaP, PC3, DU145). Stability of the HS-metabolic system patterns under the pressure of external or internal stimuli was studied. Overall impairment of transcriptional activity of HS-metabolic machinery was detected in benign prostate hyperplasia, while both significant decrease in the transcriptional activity and changes in the expression patterns of HS metabolism-involved genes were observed in prostate tumors. Prostate cancer cell lines possessed specific transcriptional patterns of HS metabolism-involved genes; however, expression activity of the system was similar to that of normal prostate PNT2 cells. HS-metabolic system was able to dynamically react to different external or internal stimuli in a cell type-dependent manner. LNCaP cells were sensitive to the external stimuli (5-aza-deoxycytidin or Trichostatin A treatments; co-cultivation with human fibroblasts), whereas PC3 cells almost did not respond to the treatments. Ectopic GLCE over-expression resulted in transcriptional activation of HS-biosynthetic machinery in both cell lines, suggesting an existence of a self-regulating mechanism for the coordinated transcription of HS metabolism-involved genes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate impairment of HS-metabolic system in prostate tumors in vivo but not in prostate cancer cells in vitro, and suggest that as a potential microenvironmental biomarker for prostate cancer diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Suhovskih
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia ; Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | - Olesya S Kutsenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Anna V Kovner
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | | | | | - Elvira V Grigorieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SD RAMS , Novosibirsk , Russia ; MTC, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
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García-Suárez O, García B, Fernández-Vega I, Astudillo A, Quirós LM. Neuroendocrine tumors show altered expression of chondroitin sulfate, glypican 1, glypican 5, and syndecan 2 depending on their differentiation grade. Front Oncol 2014; 4:15. [PMID: 24570896 PMCID: PMC3917325 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are found throughout the body and are important as they give rise to distinct clinical syndromes. Glycosaminoglycans, in proteoglycan (PG) form or as free chains, play vital roles in every step of tumor progression. Analyzing tumor samples with different degrees of histological differentiation we determined the existence of important alterations in chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains. Analysis of the transcription of the genes responsible for the production of CS showed a decline in the expression of some genes in poorly differentiated compared to well-differentiated tumors. Using anti-CS antibodies, normal stroma was always negative whereas tumoral stroma always showed a positive staining, more intense in the highest grade carcinomas, while tumor cells were negative. Moreover, certain specific cell surface PGs experienced a drastic decrease in expression depending on tumor differentiation. Syndecan 2 levels were very low or undetectable in healthy tissues, increasing significantly in well-differentiated tumors, and decreasing in poorly differentiated NETs, and its expression levels showed a positive correlation with patient survival. Glypican 5 appeared overexpressed in high-grade tumors with epithelial differentiation, and not in those that displayed a neuroendocrine phenotype. In contrast, normal neuroendocrine cells were positive for glypican 1, displaying intense staining in cytoplasm and membrane. Low-grade NETs had increased expression of this PG, but this reduced as tumor grade increased, its expression correlating positively with patient survival. Whilst elevated glypican 1 expression has been documented in different tumors, the downregulation in high-grade tumors observed in this work suggests that this proteoglycan could be involved in cancer development in a more complex and context-dependent manner than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia García-Suárez
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Beatriz García
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias , Oviedo , Spain ; University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA) , Oviedo , Spain
| | - Luis M Quirós
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo , Spain ; University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA) , Oviedo , Spain
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Choi EJ, Yun JA, Jeon EK, Won HS, Ko YH, Kim SY. Prognostic significance of RSPO1, WNT1, P16, WT1, and SDC1 expressions in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:314. [PMID: 24373193 PMCID: PMC3879324 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To better understand the mechanisms of the SDC1 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma, we studied the correlations between SDC1 expression and related gene expressions (RSPO1, WNT1, WT1, and P16). Methods Using 100 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma tissue, we screened expressions of RSPO1, WNT1, WT1, P16, and SDC1 using immunohistochemistry. We analyzed the association between the immunoreactivities and clinicopathological parameters. Results WT1 expression was associated with tumor grade. RSPO1 expression was associated with progesterone receptor expression. Expressions of RSPO1, WT1, and P16 were significantly associated with disease-free survival. RSPO1 and P16 showed statistically significant hazard ratios. SDC1 ectodomain expression was significantly associated only with P16 expression. Immunoreactivity of SDC1 cytoplasmic domain was associated with WT1 and WNT1. However, WNT1 expression failed to show a significant association with disease-free survival. Conclusions RSPO1 and P16 immunoreactivity was found to be an independent prognostic indicator in invasive ductal cancer. Cytoplasmic expression of SDC1 is positively correlated with tumor-prone proteins (WT1 and WNT1) and membranous expression of SDC1 is positively correlated with the tumor suppressor (P16).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Su Young Kim
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seochogu Banpodaero 222, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea.
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Szatmári T, Dobra K. The role of syndecan-1 in cellular signaling and its effects on heparan sulfate biosynthesis in mesenchymal tumors. Front Oncol 2013; 3:310. [PMID: 24392351 PMCID: PMC3867677 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) and in particular the syndecans are involved in the differentiation process across the epithelial-mesenchymal axis, principally through their ability to bind growth factors and modulate their downstream signaling. Malignant tumors have individual proteoglycan profiles, which are closely associated with their differentiation and biological behavior, mesenchymal tumors showing a different profile from that of epithelial tumors. Syndecan-1 is the main syndecan of epithelial malignancies, whereas in sarcomas its expression level is generally low, in accordance with their mesenchymal phenotype and highly malignant behavior. This proteoglycan is often overexpressed in adenocarcinoma cells, whereas mesothelioma and fibrosarcoma cells express syndecan-2 and syndecan-4 more abundantly. Increased expression of syndecan-1 in mesenchymal tumors changes the tumor cell morphology to an epithelioid direction whereas downregulation results in a change in shape from polygonal to spindle-like morphology. Although syndecan-1 plays major roles on the cell-surface, there are also intracellular functions, which are not very well studied. On the functional level, syndecan-1 affects mesenchymal tumor cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and motility, and the effect varies with the different domains of the core protein. Syndecan-1 may exert stimulatory or inhibitory effects, depending on the concentration of various mitogens, enzymes, and signaling molecules, the ratio between the shed and membrane-associated syndecan-1 and histological grade of the tumour. Growth factor signaling seems to be delicately controlled by regulatory loops involving the syndecan expression levels and their sulfation patterns. Overexpression of syndecan-1 modulates the biosynthesis and sulfation of heparan sulfate and it also affects the expression of other PGs. On transcriptomic level, syndecan-1 modulation results in profound effects on genes involved in regulation of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Szatmári
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Katalin Dobra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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Lipogenesis and lipolysis: the pathways exploited by the cancer cells to acquire fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:585-9. [PMID: 24001676 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important metabolic hallmarks of cancer cells is enhanced lipogenesis. Depending on the tumor type, tumor cells synthesize up to 95% of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (FA) de novo in spite of sufficient dietary lipid supply. This lipogenic conversion starts early when cells become cancerous and further expands as the tumor cells become more malignant. It is suggested that activation of FA synthesis is required for carcinogenesis and for tumor cell survival. These observations suggest that the enzymes involved in FA synthesis would be rational therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. However, several recent reports have shown that the anti-tumor effects, following inhibition of endogenous FA synthesis in cancer cell lines may be obviated by adding exogenous FAs. Additionally, high intake of dietary fat is reported to be a potential risk factor for development and poor prognosis for certain cancers. Recently it was reported that breast and liposarcoma tumors are equipped for both de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway as well as LPL-mediated extracellular lipolysis. These observations indicate that lipolytically acquired FAs may provide an additional source of FAs for cancer. This review focuses on our current understanding of lipogenic and lipolytic pathways in cancer cell progression.
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Heparan sulfate and heparanase as modulators of breast cancer progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:852093. [PMID: 23984412 PMCID: PMC3747466 DOI: 10.1155/2013/852093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is defined as a cancer originating in tissues of the breast, frequently in ducts and lobules. During the last 30 years, studies to understand the biology and to treat breast tumor improved patients' survival rates. These studies have focused on genetic components involved in tumor progression and on tumor microenvironment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are involved in cell signaling, adhesion, extracellular matrix assembly, and growth factors storage. As a central molecule, HSPG regulates cell behavior and tumor progression. HS accompanied by its glycosaminoglycan counterparts regulates tissue homeostasis and cancer development. These molecules present opposite effects according to tumor type or cancer model. Studies in this area may contribute to unveil glycosaminoglycan activities on cell dynamics during breast cancer exploring these polysaccharides as antitumor agents. Heparanase is a potent tumor modulator due to its protumorigenic, proangiogenic, and prometastatic activities. Several lines of evidence indicate that heparanase is upregulated in all human sarcomas and carcinomas. Heparanase seems to be related to several aspects regulating the potential of breast cancer metastasis. Due to its multiple roles, heparanase is seen as a target in cancer treatment. We will describe recent findings on the function of HSPGs and heparanase in breast cancer behavior and progression.
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Tzeng ST, Tsai MH, Chen CL, Lee JX, Jao TM, Yu SL, Yen SJ, Yang YC. NDST4 is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 4q26 and its genetic loss predicts adverse prognosis in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67040. [PMID: 23825612 PMCID: PMC3692540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic deletion at tumor suppressor loci is a common genetic aberration in human cancers. The study aimed to explore candidate tumor suppressor genes at chromosome 4q25-q28.2 and to delineate novel prognostic biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Deletion mapping of chromosome 4q25-q28.2 was conducted in 114 sporadic CRC by loss of heterozygosity study with 11 microsatellite markers. A novel candidate tumor suppressor gene, namely NDST4, was identified at 4q26. Gene expression of NDST4 was investigated in 52 pairs of primary CRC tissues by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Allelic loss of NDST4 gene was further determined in 174 colorectal carcinomas by loss of heterozygosity analysis, and then was assessed for clinical relevance. Results One minimal deletion region was delineated between D4S2297 and D4S2303 loci at 4q26, where NDST4 was the only gene that had markedly been downregulated in CRC tumors. By laser capture microdissection, NDST4 RNA expression was demonstrated in colonic epithelial cells, but was undetectable in tumor cells. In total, 30 (57.7%) of 52 colorectal carcinomas showed a dramatic reduction in NDST4 gene expression compared with matched normal mucosae. The genetic loss of NDST4 was significantly associated with advanced pathological stage (P = 0.039) and poorer overall survival of patients (P = 0.036). Conclusions NDST4 gene is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene in human cancer, and the loss of its function might be involved in CRC progression. In addition, the loss of heterozygosity assay, which was established to determine the allelic loss of NDST4 gene, could be a cost-effective tool for providing a useful biomarker of adverse prognosis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tai Tzeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital and Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Xing Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Jao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sou-Jhy Yen
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chien Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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