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Ooi LC, Ho V, Zhu JZ, Lim S, Chung L, Abubakar A, Rutland T, Chua W, Ng W, Lee M, Morgan M, MacKenzie S, Lee CS. p21 as a Predictor and Prognostic Indicator of Clinical Outcome in Rectal Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:725. [PMID: 38255799 PMCID: PMC10815780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle plays a key and complex role in the development of human cancers. p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) involved in the promotion of cell cycle arrest and the regulation of cellular senescence. Altered p21 expression in rectal cancer cells may affect tumor cells' behavior and resistance to neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Our study aimed to ascertain the relationship between the differential expression of p21 in rectal cancer and patient survival outcomes. Using tissue microarrays, 266 rectal cancer specimens were immunohistochemically stained for p21. The expression patterns were scored separately in cancer cells retrieved from the center and the periphery of the tumor; compared with clinicopathological data, tumor regression grade (TRG), disease-free, and overall survival. Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells was significantly associated with longer overall survival upon the univariate (p = 0.001) and multivariable analysis (p = 0.003, HR = 2.068). Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells was also associated with longer disease-free survival in the multivariable analysis (p = 0.040, HR = 1.769). Longer overall survival times also correlated with lower tumor grades (p= 0.011), the absence of vascular and perineural invasion (p = 0.001; p < 0.005), the absence of metastases (p < 0.005), and adjuvant treatment (p = 0.009). p21 expression is a potential predictive and prognostic biomarker for clinical outcomes in rectal cancer patients. Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells demonstrated significant association with longer overall survival and disease-free survival. Larger prospective studies are warranted to investigate the ability of p21 to identify rectal cancer patients who will benefit from neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ching Ooi
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Jing Zhou Zhu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Stephanie Lim
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Discipline of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Liping Chung
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Askar Abubakar
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Tristan Rutland
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Wei Chua
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Discipline of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Weng Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Mark Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Matthew Morgan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Scott MacKenzie
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Cheok Soon Lee
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
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Kalantari E, Taheri T, Fata S, Abolhasani M, Mehrazma M, Madjd Z, Asgari M. Significant co-expression of putative cancer stem cell markers, EpCAM and CD166, correlates with tumor stage and invasive behavior in colorectal cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:15. [PMID: 35016698 PMCID: PMC8751119 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crucial oncogenic role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumor maintenance, progression, drug resistance, and relapse has been clarified in different cancers, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC). The current study was conducted to evaluate the co-expression pattern and clinical significance of epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and activated leukocyte cell adhesion (CD166 or ALCAM) in CRC patients. METHODS This study was carried out on 458 paraffin-embedded CRC specimens by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray (TMA) slides. RESULTS Elevated expression of EpCAM and CD166 was observed in 61.5% (246/427) and 40.5% (164/405) of CRC cases. Our analysis showed a significant positive association of EpCAM expression with tumor size (P = 0.02), tumor stage (P = 0.007), tumor differentiate (P = 0.005), vascular (P = 0.01), neural (P = 0.01), and lymph node (P = 0.001) invasion. There were no significant differences between CD166 expression and clinicopathological parameters. Moreover, the combined analysis demonstrated a reciprocal significant correlation between EpCAM and CD166 expression (P = 0.02). Interestingly, there was a significant positive correlation between EpCAM/CD166 phenotypes expression and tumor stage (P = 0.03), tumor differentiation (P = 0.05), neural, and lymph node invasion (P =0.01). CONCLUSIONS The significant correlation of EpCAM and CD166 expression and their association with tumor progression and aggressive behavior is the reason for the suggestion of these two CSC markers as promising targets to promote novel effective targeted-therapy strategies for cancer treatment in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kalantari
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Fata
- Department of Pathology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Mehrazma
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Asgari
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 14496-14530, Iran.
- Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yang Y, Sanders AJ, Dou QP, Jiang DG, Li AX, Jiang WG. The Clinical and Theranostic Values of Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM)/CD166 in Human Solid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205187. [PMID: 34680335 PMCID: PMC8533996 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule) is an important regulator in human cancers, particularly solid tumours. Its expression in cancer tissues has prognostic values depending on cancer types and is also linked to distant metastases. A truncated form, soluble form of ALCAM (sALCAM) in circulation has been suggested to be a prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic tool. This article summarises recent findings and progress in ALCAM and its involvement in cancer, with a primary focus on its clinical connections and therapeutic values. Abstract Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), also known as CD166, is a cell adhesion protein that is found in multiple cell types. ALCAM has multiple and diverse roles in various physiological and pathological conditions, including inflammation and cancer. There has been compelling evidence of ALCAM’s prognostic value in solid cancers, indicating that it is a potential therapeutic target. The present article overviews the recent findings and progress in ALCAM and its involvement in cancer, with a primary focus on its clinical connections in cancer and therapeutic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (Y.Y.); (Q.P.D.); (D.G.J.); (A.X.L.)
| | - Andrew J. Sanders
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (Y.Y.); (Q.P.D.); (D.G.J.); (A.X.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.S.); (W.G.J.)
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (Y.Y.); (Q.P.D.); (D.G.J.); (A.X.L.)
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201-2013, USA
| | - David G. Jiang
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (Y.Y.); (Q.P.D.); (D.G.J.); (A.X.L.)
- Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury HP21 8AL, UK
| | - Amber Xinyu Li
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (Y.Y.); (Q.P.D.); (D.G.J.); (A.X.L.)
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (Y.Y.); (Q.P.D.); (D.G.J.); (A.X.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.S.); (W.G.J.)
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Fischer J, Eglinton TW, Richards SJ, Frizelle FA. Predicting pathological response to chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer: a systematic review. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:489-500. [PMID: 33356679 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1868992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Pathological complete response (pCR) rates of approximately 20% following neoadjuvant long-course chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer have given rise to non-operative or watch-and-wait (W&W) management. To improve outcomes there has been significant research into predictors of response. The goal is to optimize selection for W&W, avoid chemoradiotherapy in those who won't benefit and improve treatment to maximize the clinical complete response (cCR) rate and the number of patients who can be considered for W&W.Areas covered: A systematic review of articles published 2008-2018 and indexed in PubMed, Embase or Medline was performed to identify predictors of pathological response (including pCR and recognized tumor regression grades) to fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiotherapy in patients who underwent total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Evidence for clinical, biomarker and radiological predictors is discussed as well as potential future directions.Expert opinion: Our current ability to predict the response to chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer is very limited. cCR of 40% has been achieved with total neoadjuvant therapy. If neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer continues to improve it is possible that the treatment for rectal cancer may eventually parallel that of anal squamous cell carcinoma, with surgery reserved for the minority of patients who don't respond to chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Fischer
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tim W Eglinton
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Simon Jg Richards
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank A Frizelle
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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5
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Guan SS, Wu CT, Liao TZ, Luo TY, Lin KL, Liu SH. Indium-111-labeled CD166-targeted peptide as a potential nuclear imaging agent for detecting colorectal cancer stem-like cells in a xenograft mouse model. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:13. [PMID: 32096011 PMCID: PMC7040160 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-0597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in drug resistance, metastasis, and relapse of cancers, which can significantly affect tumor therapy. Hence, to develop specifically therapeutic target probe at CSCs for improvement of survival and quality of life of cancer patients is urgently needed. The CD166 protein has been suggested to be involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis and to be considered a marker for colorectal CSCs (CRCSCs) detection. In this study, therefore, we attend to apply a nuclear imaging agent probe, Glycine18-Cystine-linked CD166-targeted peptides (CD166tp-G18C), to detect the changes of CD166 level in a CRC xenograft mouse model. RESULTS We isolated the CD166-positive cells from the HCT15 CRC cell line (CD166+HCT15) and evaluated their morphology and ability of clone formation, migration, protein expression, and drug resistance. The CD166-positive HCT15 cells display the CSCs characteristics. We discovered and designed a CD166-targeted peptide (CD166tp-G18C) as a targeted probe of CRC stem-like cell for cell binding assay. The CD166tp-G18C confirmed the CD166 protein targeting ability in CD166+HCT15 cells. The diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid (DTPA)-conjugated CD166tp-G18C further was labeled with indium-111 (111In-DTPA-CD166tp-G18C) as nuclear imaging agent for imaging and bio-distribution analysis in vivo. Finally, we observed that the 111In-DTPA-CD166tp-G18C was significantly enhanced in tumor tissues of CD166+HCT15 xenograft mice as compared to the non-CD166tp-G18C control. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the indium-111-labeled CD166tp-G18C may be served as a powerful tool for colorectal CSCs nuclear imaging in the CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Zung Liao
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yueh Luo
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Liang Lin
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hur H, Cho MS, Koom WS, Lim JS, Kim TI, Ahn JB, Kim H, Kim NK. Nomogram for prediction of pathologic complete remission using biomarker expression and endoscopic finding after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2020; 32:228-241. [PMID: 32410800 PMCID: PMC7219094 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.02.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to develop a nomogram for prediction of pathologic complete remission (pCR) after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for rectal cancer. Methods mRNA expression levels of seven molecular markers [p53, p21, Ki-67, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD133, CD24, CD44] were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 120 rectal cancers. Endoscopic findings of clinical complete remission (cCR) and biologic variables were used to construct nomogram in the training group (n=80), which was validated in the validation group (n=40). Results mRNA expression levels of four markers (p53, p21, Ki67, CD133) correlated with pCR (24/80, 30.0%) in the training group. Low expression of p53 and/or high expression of p21, Ki67 and CD133 showed greater pCR rate. pCR was shown in 18 (69.2%) of 26 cases showing endoscopic cCR in the training group. Higher pCR rate was demonstrated in lower tumor location than middle tumor (19/49, 38.8% vs. 5/31, 16.1%). A nomogram for prediction of pCR was developed from the multivariate prediction model using these six variables, which showed good discrimination ability in the training group [area under the curve (AUC)=0.945] and validation group (AUC=0.922). The calibration plot showed good agreement between actual and predicted pCR in both patient groups.
Conclusions Nomogram for assessment of pCR can be useful for making treatment decisions after CRT according to predicted responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Hur
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Min Soo Cho
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Joon Seok Lim
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology
| | | | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery
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Antibody-drug conjugates for lung cancer in the era of personalized oncology. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:268-278. [PMID: 31899248 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With 9.6 million deaths in 2018, cancer represents one of the most common causes of death, both in men and women. Despite recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in cancer development and progression, treatment options are still limited. Limitations of traditional chemotherapy include the lack of selectivity and the unfavorable safety profile. The efficacy of targeted therapies (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors) is also limited by their cytostatic action, which inhibits tumor cell proliferation without inducing tumor cell death, and by the risk of acquired resistance. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a newly developed class of engineered anticancer drugs, consist of recombinant monoclonal antibodies against tumor-specific antigens that are covalently bound to cytotoxic agents. They have been designed to overcome the limitations of traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapies by combining the target selectivity of monoclonal antibodies with the high potency of cytotoxic drugs. Currently, ADCs that have received regulatory approval include brentuximab vedotin for CD30-positive Hodgkin lymphoma and trastuzumab emtansine for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. However, over 80 novel ADCs are actively being investigated in preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the biological rational, efficacy and safety of ADCs as therapeutic agents against non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer.
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Poynter L, Galea D, Veselkov K, Mirnezami A, Kinross J, Nicholson J, Takáts Z, Darzi A, Mirnezami R. Network Mapping of Molecular Biomarkers Influencing Radiation Response in Rectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2019; 18:e210-e222. [PMID: 30928329 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preoperative radiotherapy (RT) plays an important role in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer (RC). Tumor regression after RT shows marked variability, and robust molecular methods are needed to help predict likely response. The aim of this study was to review the current published literature and use Gene Ontology (GO) analysis to define key molecular biomarkers governing radiation response in RC. A systematic review of electronic bibliographic databases (Medline, Embase) was performed for original articles published between 2000 and 2015. Biomarkers were then classified according to biological function and incorporated into a hierarchical GO tree. Both significant and nonsignificant results were included in the analysis. Significance was binarized on the basis of univariate and multivariate statistics. Significance scores were calculated for each biological domain (or node), and a direct acyclic graph was generated for intuitive mapping of biological pathways and markers involved in RC radiation response. Seventy-two individual biomarkers across 74 studies were identified. On highest-order classification, molecular biomarkers falling within the domains of response to stress, cellular metabolism, and pathways inhibiting apoptosis were found to be the most influential in predicting radiosensitivity. Homogenizing biomarker data from original articles using controlled GO terminology demonstrated that cellular mechanisms of response to RT in RC-in particular the metabolic response to RT-may hold promise in developing radiotherapeutic biomarkers to help predict, and in the future modulate, radiation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Poynter
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dieter Galea
- Computational & Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kirill Veselkov
- Computational & Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - James Kinross
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Nicholson
- Computational & Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zoltán Takáts
- Computational & Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ara Darzi
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Reza Mirnezami
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK; St Mark's Hospital and Academic Institute, Harrow, London, UK.
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Kim HM, Koo JS. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Cancer Stem Cell Marker Expression in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:523. [PMID: 31428052 PMCID: PMC6688385 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) markers have prognostic significance in various cancers, but their clinical significance in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has not been demonstrated. In this study, CSC markers expressed in PTC and their relationships with prognosis were evaluated. We constructed tissue microarrays for 386 PTC cases, divided it into 42 low risk cases and 344 intermediate risk cases according to the American Thyroid Association 2009 Risk Stratification System. Immunohistochemical staining of CSC markers (CD15, CD24, CD44, CD166, and ALDH1A1) was performed, and the proportion of stained cells and immunostaining intensity were evaluated to determine positive marker expression. The relationships between CSC marker expression and other clinicopathological parameters or survival were analyzed. CD15 expression was higher in PTC with intermediate risk than in PTC with low risk (29.4 vs. 11.9%, p = 0.017). According to a multivariate analysis, CD15, CD44, CD166, and ALDH1A1 positivity were independently associated with a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.929, 2.960, 7.485, and 3.736; p = 0.016, p = 0.026, p < 0.001, and p = 0.006, respectively). Higher N and cancer stage were the only other clinical factors associated with a shorter PFS (OR: 2.953 and 1.898, p = 0.011 and p = 0.034). Overexpression of CSC markers in PTC was associated with shorter PFS during follow-up. Immunohistochemical staining of CSC markers may provide useful information for predicting patient outcomes.
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Zhang Y, Qian C, Jing L, Ren J, Guan Y. Meta-analysis indicating that high ALCAM expression predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48272-48281. [PMID: 28537909 PMCID: PMC5564645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) has been linked to the development and progress of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this meta-analysis, we examined whether ALCAM expression is predictive of survival outcomes in CRC patients. We included 7 studies with 2048 patients in our meta-analysis after searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, OVID and Web of Science databases. High ALCAM expression was associated with poor overall survival among CRC patients (HR = 1.94, 95%CI = 1.05–3.58, P = 0.03). High ALCAM expression was also associated with aggressive clinicopathological features such as tumor stage (T3,T4/T1,T2; HR = 2.66, 95%CI = 2.01–3.51, P < 0.00001), nodal status (Positive/Negative, HR = 2.12, 95%CI = 1.61–2.82, P < 0.00001), distant metastasis (M1/M0, HR = 3.30, 95%CI = 2,21–4.91, P < 0.00001), tumor grade (grade3/grade1,2, HR = 1,28, 95% CI = 1.00–1.62, P = 0.05), and patient age (> 60/< 60, HR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.01–1.66, P = 0.05). These findings indicate that high ALCAM expression is associated with poor prognosis and advanced clinicopathological characteristics in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Zhang
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Chunmei Qian
- Department of Central Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Lin Jing
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Yu Guan
- Department of Central Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
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Buzzelli JN, Ouaret D, Brown G, Allen PD, Muschel RJ. Colorectal cancer liver metastases organoids retain characteristics of original tumor and acquire chemotherapy resistance. Stem Cell Res 2018; 27:109-120. [PMID: 29414601 PMCID: PMC5842239 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis is highly unfavorable for patient outcome and is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Pre-clinical research of CRC liver metastasis predominately utilizes CRC cell lines grown in tissue culture. Here, we demonstrate that CRC liver metastases organoids derived from human specimens recapitulate some aspects of human disease. METHODS Human CRC liver metastases pathological specimens were obtained following patient consent. Tumor disaggregates were plated and organoids were allowed to expand. CRC markers were identified by immunofluorescence. Stem cell genes were analysed by QPCR and flow cytometry. Response to drug therapy was quantified using time-lapse imaging and MATLAB analysis. RESULTS Organoids showed global expression of the epithelial marker, EpCAM and the adenocarcinoma marker, CEA CAM1. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that organoids express the stem cell surface markers CD24 and CD44. Finally, we demonstrated that CRC liver metastases organoids acquire chemotherapy resistance and can be utilized as surrogates for drug testing. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that CRC liver metastases organoids recapitulate some aspects of human disease and may provide an invaluable resource for investigating novel drug therapies, chemotherapy resistance and mechanism of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon N Buzzelli
- Old Road Research Campus Building, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Djamila Ouaret
- Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Graham Brown
- Old Road Research Campus Building, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip D Allen
- Old Road Research Campus Building, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- Old Road Research Campus Building, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Chen JF, Luo X, Xiang LS, Li HT, Zha L, Li N, He JM, Xie GF, Xie X, Liang HJ. EZH2 promotes colorectal cancer stem-like cell expansion by activating p21cip1-Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41540-41558. [PMID: 27172794 PMCID: PMC5173077 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because colorectal cancer (CRC) stem-like cells (CCS-like cells) contribute to poor patient prognosis, these cells are a potential target for CRC therapy. However, the mechanism underlying the maintenance of CCS-like cell properties remains unclear. Here, we found that patients with advanced stage CRC expressed high levels of polycomb group protein enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2). High expression of EZH2 in tumor tissues correlated with poor patient prognosis. Conversely, silencing EZH2 reduced CRC cell proliferation. Surprisingly, EZH2 was more highly expressed in the CCS-like cell subpopulation than in the non-CCS-like cell subpopulation. EZH2 knockdown significantly reduced the CD133+/CD44+ subpopulation, suppressed mammosphere formation, and decreased the expression of self-renewal-related genes and strongly impaired tumor-initiating capacity in a re-implantation mouse model. Gene expression data from 433 human CRC specimens from TCGA database and in vitro results revealed that EZH2 helped maintain CCS-like cell properties by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We further revealed that p21cip1–mediated arrest of the cell cycle at G1/S phase is required for EZH2 activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, the specific EZH2 inhibitor EPZ-6438, a clinical trial drug, prevented CRC progression. Collectively, these findings revealed EZH2 maintaining CCS-like cell characteristics by arresting the cell cycle at the G1/S phase. These results indicate a new approach to CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Chen
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Sha Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Zha
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Ming He
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gan-Feng Xie
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Xie
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hou-Jie Liang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Nandi D, Cheema PS, Jaiswal N, Nag A. FoxM1: Repurposing an oncogene as a biomarker. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:74-84. [PMID: 28855104 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed a tremendous progress in understanding the biology of cancer, which has led to more comprehensive approaches for global gene expression profiling and genome-wide analysis. This has helped to determine more sophisticated prognostic and predictive signature markers for the prompt diagnosis and precise screening of cancer patients. In the search for novel biomarkers, there has been increased interest in FoxM1, an extensively studied transcription factor that encompasses most of the hallmarks of malignancy. Considering the attractive potential of this multifarious oncogene, FoxM1 has emerged as an important molecule implicated in initiation, development and progression of cancer. Bolstered with the skill to maneuver the proliferation signals, FoxM1 bestows resistance to contemporary anti-cancer therapy as well. This review sheds light on the large body of literature that has accumulated in recent years that implies that FoxM1 neoplastic functions can be used as a novel predictive, prognostic and therapeutic marker for different cancers. This assessment also highlights the key features of FoxM1 that can be effectively harnessed to establish FoxM1 as a strong biomarker in diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptashree Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Pradeep Singh Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Neha Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Alo Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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14
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Santos MD, Silva C, Rocha A, Nogueira C, Castro-Poças F, Araujo A, Matos E, Pereira C, Medeiros R, Lopes C. Predictive clinical model of tumor response after chemoradiation in rectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58133-58151. [PMID: 28938543 PMCID: PMC5601639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival improvement in rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is achieved only if pathological response occurs. Mandard tumor regression grade (TRG) proved to be a valid system to measure nCRT response. The ability to predict tumor response before treatment may significantly have impact the selection of patients for nCRT in rectal cancer. The aim is to identify potential predictive pretreatment factors for Mandard response and build a clinical predictive model design. 167 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer were treated with nCRT and curative surgery. Blood cell counts in peripheral blood were analyzed. Pretreatment biopsies expression of cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and protein 21 were assessed. A total of 61 single nucleotide polymorphisms were characterized using the Sequenom platform through multiplex amplification followed by mass-spectometric product separation. Surgical specimens were classified according to Mandard TRG. The patients were divided as: "good responders" (Mandard TRG1-2) and "poor responders" (Mandard TGR3-5). We examined predictive factors for Mandard response and performed statistical analysis. In univariate analysis, distance from anal verge, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), cyclin D1, VEGF, EGFR, protein 21 and rs1810871 interleukin 10 (IL10) gene polymorphism are the pretreatment variables with predictive value for Mandard response. In multivariable analysis, NLR, cyclin D1, protein 21 and rs1800871 in IL10 gene maintain predictive value, allowing a clinical model design. CONCLUSION It seems possible to use pretreatment expression of blood and tissue biomarkers, and build a model of tumor response prediction to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa D Santos
- Department of Surgery, Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva
- Department of Surgery, Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Rocha
- Department of Surgery, Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Nogueira
- Department of Surgery, Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Castro-Poças
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Gastroenterology Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Araujo
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Service of Medical Oncology, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Matos
- Department of Health Community, Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Pereira
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Research Center, Portuguese Oncologic Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Research Center, Portuguese Oncologic Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer, Porto, Portugal.,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Pathological Anatomy Service, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Science Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Wahab SR, Islam F, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. The Identifications and Clinical Implications of Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2017; 16:93-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy in the Management of Operable Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 99:111-127. [PMID: 28816137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of high-dose-rate endorectal brachytherapy (HDREBT) in the preoperative and definitive management of operable rectal cancer in terms of clinical outcomes and toxicities using a systematic review. METHODS AND MATERIALS A review of published articles from January 1990 to December 2016 was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases using the search terms "rectal" or "rectum" in combination with "brachytherapy," "high dose rate," "HDR," and "endorectal." Additional publications were identified by scanning references. Only studies published in English reporting clinical outcomes with ≥30 patients treated with HDREBT were included. RESULTS The search identified 1688 articles, of which 22 met our inclusion criteria. Twelve studies were included in this systematic review. Following preoperative HDREBT with chemoradiation therapy (CRT), the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate ranged between 18% and 31% (weighted mean rate, 22.2%); R0 resection rate, between 80% and 99% (weighted mean rate, 95.5%); and sphincter-preservation rate, between 29% and 54% (weighted mean rate, 46.4%). The weighted mean 2-year progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) rates were 68.1% and 81.5%, respectively. After preoperative HDREBT alone, the pCR rate ranged between 10.4% and 27% (weighted mean rate, 23.8%), the R0 rate was 96.5% (1 study), and the sphincter-preservation rate ranged between 53.8% and 75.8% (weighted mean rate, 59.4%). The weighted mean 5-year progression-free survival and OS rates were 66.6% and 70.8%, respectively. There was only 1 study of HDREBT for nonsurgical management of rectal cancer, which reported a 2-year OS rate of 100%. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative HDREBT either alone or in combination with CRT may result in a better pCR but may not necessarily translate into better survival, which is similar to outcomes seen following preoperative CRT alone. There were significant variations across studies in terms of patient selection, treatment approaches, and evaluation of clinical outcomes, suggesting the need for an international consensus on the dosimetric parameters and techniques of HDREBT, timing and methods of response assessment, definitions and assessment of toxicities, and optimal timing of surgery before further prospective studies. Future studies should include evaluation of the role of HDREBT in the nonsurgical curative treatment of screen-detected early cancers and organ preservation in lower rectal cancers.
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17
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Han S, Yang W, Zong S, Li H, Liu S, Li W, Shi Q, Hou F. Clinicopathological, prognostic and predictive value of CD166 expression in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64373-64384. [PMID: 28969077 PMCID: PMC5610009 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD166 has been identified as an important cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of our study was to investigate the relationship between CD166 expression and clinical features and to examine the role of CD166 expression on the survival of patients with CRC. A total of 15 studies with 3,332 cases were identified in this meta-analysis. The pooled OR indicated that CD166 expression was significantly higher in CRC than in colonic adenomas or normal colonic mucosa (OR = 3.48, P = 0.002 and OR = 55.13, P = 0.017, respectively). CD166 expression was found to be negatively correlated with vascular invasion (OR = 0.75, P = 0.017), but it was not associated with gender, tumor location, lymph node status, distant metastasis, clinical stage, T classification or tumor differentiation. Meanwhile, CD166 expression was not associated with the prognosis of overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.45-3.22, P = 0.72) in multivariate regression analysis. One study reported that CD166 expression may be a predictor of survival in stage II CRC patients using multivariate logistic regression analysis (OS: OR = 9.97, P = 0.035; disease-specific survival: OR = 29.02, P = 0.011). Our findings suggest that CD166 expression may be correlated with CRC carcinogenesis and a decreased risk of vascular invasion, and it may become a predictive biomarker of survival for stage II CRC patients, but additional studies with large sample sizes are essential to validate the prognostic and predictive values of CD166 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Han
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqi Zong
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjia Li
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shi
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenggang Hou
- Oncology Department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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18
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Biomarker-Based Scoring System for Prediction of Tumor Response After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy in Rectal Cancer by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59:1174-1182. [PMID: 27824703 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous molecular markers have been investigated to predict tumor response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of biomarkers for the prediction of tumor response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. DESIGN & SETTING Tumor specimens have been collected prospectively from 80 patients with rectal cancer who underwent curative resection at 8 weeks after completing preoperative chemoradiotherapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES With the use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis, mRNA expression levels of 7 candidate biomarkers (p53, p21, Ki-67, VEGF, CD133, CD24, and CD44) were evaluated from fresh tumor samples collected before preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The correlation between biomarker expression levels and the pathologic response was assessed based on histopathological staging (pTNM) and tumor regression grade. RESULTS The mRNA expression levels of 4 biomarkers (p53, p21, Ki67, and CD133) significantly correlated with tumor regression grade response and pathologic complete response. Patients showing low expression of p53 and/or high expression of p21, Ki67, and CD133 exhibited a significantly greater tumor regression grade response and pathologic complete response rate. A scoring system devised so that 1 point was given for each biomarker whose expression level correlated with pathologic complete response (score range: 0-4) showed that 9 of 62 patients with scores of 0 to 2 achieved pathologic complete response, whereas 15 of 18 patients with scores of 3 to 4 achieved pathologic complete response (14.5% vs 83.3%, p < 0.001). For prediction of pathologic complete response, the scoring system showed 62.5% sensitivity, 94.6% specificity, an 83.3% positive predictive value, and an 85.5% negative predictive value. LIMITATIONS Small patient numbers have limitations related to the reproducibility and ability to provide quantitative information. In addition, this study lacks test and validation sets. CONCLUSIONS The pretreatment mRNA expression levels of 4 biomarkers correlated with pathologic tumor response after intraoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. Furthermore, the scoring system combining values of biomarker expression might have predictive power with high positive and negative predictive values.
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Chen C, Lu Z, Yang J, Hao W, Qin Y, Wang H, Xie C, Xie R. MiR-17-5p promotes cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting p21. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3489-3499. [PMID: 27774777 PMCID: PMC5224848 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in various types of cancers. Previous studies have indicated that miR‐17‐5p is involved in the initiation and development of human tumors. However, its mechanism and function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain largely unclear. In this study, we evaluated the expression profiles of miR‐17‐5p and p21 in NPC cell lines and tissues by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). For the analysis, we have established a stable overexpression or depletion of miR‐17‐5p NPC cell lines for analyzing the effects of cell proliferation by MTT, colony formation, and cell cycle assay. A nude mice xenograft model was used to verify the tumor growth in vivo. MiR‐17‐5p was overexpressed, whereas the expression of p21 was downregulated in NPC cell lines and tissues. The miR‐17‐5p expression level was inversely correlated with the p21 mRNA level in NPC samples. Furthermore, analysis of 2−ΔΔCt value in 81 NPC patients suggested that the elevated expression level of miR‐17‐5p or the downregulated expression level of p21 was significantly correlated with tumor size (T classification) and tumor stage, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed a correlation between miR‐17‐5p or p21 expression level and overall survival times in 81 NPC patients. MiR‐17‐5p promoted cell growth in vivo and in vitro by directly targeting p21. Our results indicate that miR‐17‐5p can promote the occurrence of NPC and it may serve as a potential novel diagnostic maker or therapeutic target for NPC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zenghong Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Weichao Hao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yujuan Qin
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Congying Xie
- Department of Radiation and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Raoying Xie
- Department of Radiation and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
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20
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Seven low-mass ions in pretreatment serum as potential predictive markers of the chemoradiotherapy response of rectal cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:787-93. [PMID: 27272410 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Complete Pathological Response After Neoadjuvant Long-Course Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer and Its Relationship to the Degree of T3 Mesorectal Invasion. Dis Colon Rectum 2016; 59:361-8. [PMID: 27050597 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have shown significantly improved outcomes (reduced local recurrence and improved overall survival) for patients achieving a complete pathological response from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to document the complete pathological response rate and outcomes in patients receiving preoperative long-course chemoradiotherapy stratified for the extent of T3 mesorectal invasion measured on preoperative imaging. DESIGN This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data, of patients with rectal cancer in the Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery colorectal neoplasia database, incorporating data from Cabrini Hospital and The Alfred Hospital, identifying patients entered between January 2010 and June 2014. PATIENTS AND SETTINGS One hundred eighteen patients with T3 rectal cancer met the selection criteria for the study; 26 achieved complete pathological response (22%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes in terms of complete pathological response and oncological outcomes such as disease-free and overall survival were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with complete pathological response had significantly less preoperative invasion than those with no complete pathological response (p < 0.001). Depth of invasion was the only variable associated with complete pathological response (p < 0.002), and the likelihood of complete pathological response decreased by 35% for every millimeter of invasion. Complete pathological response was associated with increased disease-free survival (p = 0.018) and a lower risk of cancer progression (p = 0.046). Depth of invasion was associated with an increased risk of death after surgery; HR increased by 1.07 (95% CI, 1.00-1.15) for each 1-mm increase in invasion. LIMITATIONS This was a retrospective study with the usual limitations, although these were minimized through the use of a clinician-driven prospective database. CONCLUSIONS The smaller the degree of T3 invasion, the higher the chance of achieving complete pathological response (up to 35%), which is associated with improved disease-free and overall survival. A higher complete pathological response rate is observed in early T3 disease in comparison with more extensive T3 invasion.
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MOON SUNGUNG, KANG MIHYUN, SUNG JIHEA, KIM JINWON, LEE JEONGOK, KIM YUJUNG, LEE KEUNWOOK, BANG SOOMEE, LEE JONGSEOK, KIM JEEHYUN. Effect of Smad3/4 on chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity in colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:185-92. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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