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Liu D, Li J, Qi F, You H. Semaphorins and their receptors in pancreatic cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1106762. [PMID: 36713527 PMCID: PMC9880980 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1106762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumor with high malignancy that is difficult to diagnose and treat. PC is a major medical problem because of its low early diagnosis rate, high surgical mortality rate, low cure rate, and expensive related testing cost. Therefore, the significance of finding new markers for PC is self-evident. Semaphorins (Semas) have been shown to affect angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and can also directly affect the behavior of tumor cells. The expression and related action targets of its family members on PC are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Liu
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua You
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Laboratory for Excellence in Systems Biomedicine of Pediatric Oncology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Hua You,
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2
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Nojima S. Class IV semaphorins in disease pathogenesis. Pathol Int 2022; 72:471-487. [PMID: 36066011 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of secreted and/or transmembrane proteins, originally identified as proteins that function in axon guidance during neuronal development. However, semaphorins play crucial roles in other physiological and pathological processes, including immune responses, angiogenesis, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and cancer progression. Class IV semaphorins may be present as transmembrane and soluble forms and are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review discusses recent progress on the roles of class IV semaphorins determined by clinical and experimental pathology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nojima
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Qin Y, Zhao W, Cheng L, Wu S, Wu Q, Gao J, Bian Z, Ma L. Clinical significance of vasculogenic mimicry, vascular endothelial cadherin and SOX4 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2462-2473. [PMID: 31934073 PMCID: PMC6949576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) plays an important role in invasion and metastasis of malignant tumor. High expression of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cahderin) in malignant tumor cells can promote the formation of VM. High expression of SOX4 (sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility group box 4) was found in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). It can promote the development of epithelial stromal transformation. Then, SOX4 can promote the formation of VM in ESCC. METHODS Paraffin-embedded specimens of ESCC (with complete clinicopathological data) and normal esophageal mucosa adjacent to carcinoma (> 5 cm) were collected from January to December 2013. CD34/PAS was used to detect VM. The expression of VE-cadherin and SOX4 was used by immunohistochemistry. The patients were followed up in detail (survival time and survival status). RESULTS SOX4, VM, and VE-cadherin were highly expressed in ESCC. Moreover, they were positively correlated. Survival analysis shows that the expressions of SOX4, VM, and VE-cadherin are associated with the patient's prognosis and can be independent prognostic factors for ESCC. CONCLUSIONS Studies suggests that SOX4, which is highly expressed in ESCC, is involved in the formation of VM. The combined detection of SOX4, VE-cadherin and VM expression can be used as biomarkers for invasion and metastasis of ESCC. These three markers can be used as powerful prognostic factors in patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzi Qin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Bengbu Medical CollegeAnhui Province, China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lili Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Bengbu Medical CollegeAnhui Province, China
| | - Shiwu Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Bengbu Medical CollegeAnhui Province, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Bengbu Medical CollegeAnhui Province, China
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeAnhui Province, China
| | - Zhaonan Bian
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical CollegeAnhui Province, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Bengbu Medical CollegeAnhui Province, China
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Maiti A, Qi Q, Peng X, Yan L, Takabe K, Hait NC. Class I histone deacetylase inhibitor suppresses vasculogenic mimicry by enhancing the expression of tumor suppressor and anti-angiogenesis genes in aggressive human TNBC cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:116-130. [PMID: 31059004 PMCID: PMC6561627 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells form angiogenesis-independent vessel-like structures to survive, known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM), contributing to a poor prognosis for cancer patients. Nuclear localized class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) enzymes, particularly HDACs 1, 2, 3 deacetylate chromatin histones, are overexpressed in cancers and epigenetically regulate the expression of genes involved in cancer initiation and progression. The specific HDAC inhibitor, entinostat, has been shown to attenuate tumor progression and metastasis in TNBC. In this study, we hypothesized that entinostat would enhance the expression of anti-angiogenic and tumor suppressor genes and would thus suppress VM structures in TNBC cells in a 3D Matrigel cell culture preclinical model. Our data indicated that invasive triple-negative MDA-MB-231, LM2-4 and BT-549 breast cancer cells, but not poorly invasive luminal MCF-7 cells, efficiently underwent matrix-associated VM formation. Approximately 80% of TNBC cells with the stem cell phenotype potential formed vessel-like structures when mixed with Matrigel and cultured in the low attachment tissue culture plate. The molecular mechanisms of VM formation are rather complex, while angiogenesis inhibitor genes are downregulated and pro-angiogenesis genes are upregulated in VM-forming cells. Our data revealed that treatment of the TNBC VM phenotype cells with entinostat epigenetically led to the re-expression of the anti-angiogenic genes, serpin family F member 1 (SERPINF1) and thrombospondin 2 (THBS2), and to that of the tumor suppressor genes, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and p21, and reduced VM structures. We also found that treatment of the TNBC VM phenotype cells with entinostat downregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and that of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, Vimentin and β-catenin. METABIRC and TCGA breast cancer cohort mRNA expression data analysis revealed that a high expression of the anti-angiogenesis-associated genes, THBS2, SERPINF1 and serpin family B member 5 (SERPINB5), and of the tumor suppressor gene, PTEN, was associated with a better overall survival (OS) of breast cancer patients. Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrate that HDACs 1, 2, 3 partly contribute to VM formation in TNBC cells; thus, HDACs may be an important therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Maiti
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Qianya Qi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Nitai C Hait
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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The combination of epigenetic drugs SAHA and HCI-2509 synergistically inhibits EWS-FLI1 and tumor growth in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31397-31410. [PMID: 30140378 PMCID: PMC6101143 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epigenetic regulation is crucial in mammalian development and maintenance of tissue-cell specific functions. Perturbation of epigenetic balance may lead to alterations in gene expression, resulting in cellular transformation and malignancy. Previous studies in Ewing sarcoma (ES) have shown that the Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase (NuRD) complex binds directly to EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein and modulates its transcriptional activity. The role of EWS-FLI1 as a driver of proliferation and transformation in ES is widely known, but the effect of epigenetic drugs on fusion activity remains poorly described. The present study evaluated the combination effects of the histone deacetylases inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and Lysine-specific demethylase1 inhibitor (HCI-2509) on different biological functions in ES and in comparison to monotherapy treatments. Results The study of proliferation and cell viability showed a synergistic effect in most ES cell lines analyzed. An enhanced effect was also observed in the induction of apoptosis, together with accumulation of cells in G1 phase and a blockage of the migratory capacity of ES cell lines. Treatment, either in monotherapy or in combination, caused a significant decrease of EWS-FLI1 mRNA and protein levels and this effect is mediated in part by fusion gene promoter regulation. The anti-tumor effect of this combination was confirmed in patient-derived xenograft mouse models, in which only the combination treatment led to a statistically significant decrease in tumor volume. Conclusions The combination of SAHA and HCI-2509 is proposed as a novel treatment strategy for ES patients to inhibit the essential driver of this sarcoma and tumor growth.
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6
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Xu Y, Gao YW, Yang Y. SC79 protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12639-12648. [PMID: 29560097 PMCID: PMC5849161 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress could lead to dopaminergic neuronal cell death. SC79 is a novel, selective and highly-efficient Akt activator. The current study tested its effect in dopaminergic neurons with oxidative stress. In both SH-SY5Y cells and primary murine dopaminergic neurons, pre-treatment with SC79 largely inhibited hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell viability reduction, apoptosis and necrosis. SC79 activated Akt in the neuronal cells, which was required for its neuroprotection against H2O2. Inhibition of Akt activation (by MK-2206 or AT7867) or expression (by targeted short hairpin RNA) largely attenuated SC79-induced neuroprotection. Further, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated Akt1 knockout in SH-SY5Y cells abolished SC79-induced neuroprotective function against H2O2. Reversely, forced activation of Akt by the constitutively-active Akt1 mimicked SC79-induced anti-H2O2 activity. Together, we conclude that activation of Akt by SC79 protects dopaminergic neurons from H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Geriatrics Department, The Second Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Wen Gao
- Geriatrics Department, The Second Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Geriatrics Department, The Second Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Lu H, Yang XF, Tian XQ, Tang SL, Li LQ, Zhao S, Zheng HC. The in vitro and vivo anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanisms of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and MG132 on the aggressive phenotypes of gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56508-56525. [PMID: 27447743 PMCID: PMC5302865 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we found that both SAHA and MG132 synergistically inhibited proliferation, glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidization, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MGC-803 and MKN28 cells. SAHA increased cell migration and invasionat a low concentration. SAHA induced the overexpression of acetyl histone 3 and 4, which were recruited to p21, p27, Cyclin D1, c-myc and nanog promoters to transcriptionally up-regulate the former two and down-regulate the latter three. The expression of acetyl-histone 3 and 4 was increased during gastric carcinogenesis and positively correlated with cancer differentiation. SAHA and MG132 exposure suppressed tumor growth by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis in nude mice, increased serum ALT and AST levels and decreased hemaglobin level, white blood cell and neutrophil numbers. These data indicated that SAHA and MG132 in vivo and vitro synergistically induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, suppressed proliferation, growth, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Therefore, they might potentially be employed as chemotherapeutic agents if the hepatic injury and the killing effects of peripheral blood cells are avoided or ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lu
- Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yang
- Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tian
- Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shou-Long Tang
- Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Lian-Qian Li
- Department of Surgery, Panjin Central Hospital, Panjin, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury of Liaoning Province, and Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.,Life Science Institute of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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8
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Gong YQ, Huang W, Li KR, Liu YY, Cao GF, Cao C, Jiang Q. SC79 protects retinal pigment epithelium cells from UV radiation via activating Akt-Nrf2 signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60123-60132. [PMID: 27517753 PMCID: PMC5312373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive Ultra-violet (UV) radiation causes oxidative damages and apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Here we tested the potential activity of SC79, a novel small molecule activator of Akt, against the process. We showed that SC79 activated Akt in primary and established (ARPE-19 line) RPE cells. It protected RPE cells from UV damages possibly via inhibiting cell apoptosis. Akt inhibition, via an Akt specific inhibitor (MK-2206) or Akt1 shRNA silence, almost abolished SC79-induced RPE cytoprotection. Further studies showed that SC79 activated Akt-dependent NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling and inhibited UV-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells. Reversely, Nrf2 shRNA knockdown or S40T mutation attenuated SC79-induced anti-UV activity. For the in vivo studies, we showed that intravitreal injection of SC79 significantly protected mouse retina from light damages. Based on these results, we suggest that SC79 protects RPE cells from UV damages possibly via activating Akt-Nrf2 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qing Gong
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Ophthalmology Department, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke-Ran Li
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Fan Cao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhu S, Chen Z, Wang L, Peng D, Belkhiri A, Lockhart AC, El-Rifai W. A Combination of SAHA and Quinacrine Is Effective in Inducing Cancer Cell Death in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1905-1916. [PMID: 29386219 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of single agent and the combination of quinacrine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in wt- and mut-p53 upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGC) cell models.Experimental Design: ATP-Glo, clonogenic cell survival, Annexin V, comet, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), qPCR, and Western blot analysis assays were utilized.Results: Using clonogenic cell survival, ATP-Glo cell viability, Annexin V, and sub-G0 population analysis, we demonstrated that a combination of quinacrine and SAHA significantly decreased colony formation and increased cancer cell death (range, 4-20 fold) in six UGC cell models, as compared with single-agent treatments, irrespective of the p53 status (P < 0.01). The combination of quinacrine and SAHA induced high levels of DSB DNA damage (>20-fold, P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed activation of caspases-3, 9, and γ-H2AX in all cell models. Of note, although quinacrine treatment induced expression of wt-p53 protein, the combination of quinacrine and SAHA substantially decreased the levels of both wt-P53 and mut-P53. Furthermore, cell models that were resistant to cisplatin (CDDP) or gefitinib treatments were sensitive to this combination. Tumor xenograft data confirmed that a combination of quinacrine and SAHA is more effective than a single-agent treatment in abrogating tumor growth in vivo (P < 0.01).Conclusions: Our novel findings show that the combination of quinacrine and SAHA promotes DNA damage and is effective in inducing cancer cell death, irrespective of p53 status and resistance to CDDP or gefitinib in UGC models. Clin Cancer Res; 24(8); 1905-16. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoumin Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dunfa Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Abbes Belkhiri
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A Craig Lockhart
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
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The histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA induces HSP60 nitration and its extracellular release by exosomal vesicles in human lung-derived carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:28849-67. [PMID: 26700624 PMCID: PMC5045361 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP60 undergoes changes in quantity and distribution in some types of tumors suggesting a participation of the chaperonin in the mechanism of transformation and cancer progression. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a member of a family of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), has anti-cancer potential but its interaction, if any, with HSP60 has not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of SAHA in a human lung-derived carcinoma cell line (H292). We analysed cell viability and cycle; oxidative stress markers; mitochondrial integrity; HSP60 protein and mRNA levels; and HSP60 post-translational modifications, and its secretion. We found that SAHA is cytotoxic for H292 cells, interrupting the cycle at the G2/M phase, which is followed by death; cytotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and diminution of intracellular levels of HSP60; HSP60 undergoes a post-translational modification and becomes nitrated; and nitrated HSP60 is exported via exosomes. We propose that SAHA causes ROS overproduction and mitochondrial dysfunction, which leads to HSP60 nitration and release into the intercellular space and circulation to interact with the immune system. These successive steps might constitute the mechanism of the anti-tumor action of SAHA and provide a basis to design supplementary therapeutic strategies targeting HSP60, which would be more efficacious than the compound alone.
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11
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Han H, Du L, Cao Z, Zhang B, Zhou Q. Triptonide potently suppresses pancreatic cancer cell-mediated vasculogenic mimicry by inhibiting expression of VE-cadherin and chemokine ligand 2 genes. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 818:593-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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miRNA-141 attenuates UV-induced oxidative stress via activating Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in human retinal pigment epithelium cells and retinal ganglion cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13186-13194. [PMID: 28061435 PMCID: PMC5355087 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling could protect cells from ultra violet (UV) radiation. We aim to provoke Nrf2 activation via downregulating its inhibitor Keap1 by microRNA-141 (“miR-141”). In both human retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPEs) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), forced-expression of miR-141 downregulated Keap1, causing Nrf2 stabilization, accumulation and nuclear translocation, which led to transcription of multiple antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) genes (HO1, NOQ1 and GCLC). Further, UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell death were significantly attenuated in miR-141-expressing RPEs and RGCs. On the other hand, depletion of miR-141 via expressing its inhibitor antagomiR-141 led to Keap1 upregulation and Nrf2 degradation, which aggravated UV-induced death of RPEs and RGCs. Significantly, Nrf2 shRNA knockdown almost abolished miR-141-mediated cytoprotection against UV in RPEs. These results demonstrate that miR-141 targets Keap1 to activate Nrf2 signaling, which protects RPEs and RGCs from UV radiation.
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Liu W, Lv C, Zhang B, Zhou Q, Cao Z. MicroRNA-27b functions as a new inhibitor of ovarian cancer-mediated vasculogenic mimicry through suppression of VE-cadherin expression. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:1019-1027. [PMID: 28396577 PMCID: PMC5473136 DOI: 10.1261/rna.059592.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive cancer cells gain robust tumor vascular mimicry (VM) capability that promotes tumor growth and metastasis. VE-cadherin is aberrantly overexpressed in vasculogenic cancer cells and regarded as a master gene of tumor VM. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in modulating tumor angiogenesis and cancer metastasis, the miRNA that targets VE-cadherin expression in cancer cells to inhibit tumor cell-mediated VM is enigmatic. In this study, we found that miR-27b levels are negatively co-related to VE-cadherin expression in ovarian cancer cells and tumor cell-mediated VM, and demonstrated that miR-27b could bind to the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of VE-cadherin mRNA. Overexpression of miR-27b in aggressive ovarian cancer cell lines Hey1B and ES2 significantly diminished intracellular VE-cadherin expression; convincingly, the inhibitory effect of miR-27b could be reversed by miR-27b specific inhibitor. Intriguingly, miR-27b not only effectively suppressed ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion, but also markedly inhibited formation of ovarian cancer cell-mediated capillary-like structures in vitro and suppressed generation of functional tumor blood vessels in mice. Together, our study suggests that miR-27b functions as a new inhibitor of ovarian cancer cell-mediated VM through suppression of VE-cadherin expression, providing a new potential drug candidate for antitumor VM and anti-ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province, and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Chunping Lv
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province, and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province, and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Quansheng Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province, and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Zhifei Cao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Biomedical Materials of Jiangsu Province, and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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Yu L, Zhu B, Wu S, Zhou L, Song W, Gong X, Wang D. Evaluation of the correlation of vasculogenic mimicry, ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 in the prediction of metastasis and prognosis in ovarian carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2017; 12:23. [PMID: 28253891 PMCID: PMC5335811 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-017-0612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence and metastasis are the usual manifestations of treatment failure of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Vasculogenic mimicry (VM; blood supply development often seen in highly aggressive cancers), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1, cancer stem cell biomarker), KiSS-1 (suppressor of tumor metastasis), and metastasis associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) are all useful predictive factors for metastasis and prognosis in various cancers. In this study, we analyzed associations among VM, ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 in EOC, and their respective correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and survival in EOC. METHODS Positive rates of VM, ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 in 207 whole EOC tissue samples were detected by immunohistochemistry. Patients' clinical data were also collected. RESULTS Levels of VM, ALDH1, and MACC1 were significantly higher, and levels of KiSS-1 significantly lower, in EOC tissues than in benign ovary tumors. Levels of VM, ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 were associated significantly with tumor/lymph node/metastasis (LNM) grade, implantation, and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, and with patients' overall survival (OS); whereas the KiSS-1+ subgroup had significantly longer OS than did the KiSS-1- subgroup. In multivariate analysis, high VM, ALDH1 or MACC1 levels, FIGO stage, implantation and low KiSS-1 levels were independently associated with shorter OS in patients with EOC. CONCLUSIONS VM and expressions of ALDH1, KiSS-1, and MACC1 represent promising markers for metastasis and prognosis, and potential therapeutic targets for EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shiwu Wu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenqing Song
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaomeng Gong
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
| | - Danna Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, No.287, Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233003, Anhui Province, China
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15
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Grabarska A, Łuszczki JJ, Nowosadzka E, Gumbarewicz E, Jeleniewicz W, Dmoszyńska-Graniczka M, Kowalczuk K, Kupisz K, Polberg K, Stepulak A. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor SAHA as Potential Targeted Therapy Agent for Larynx Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2017; 8:19-28. [PMID: 28123594 PMCID: PMC5264036 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in the head and neck region. Due to the poor response to chemotherapeutics in patients and low survival rate, successful treatment of larynx cancer still remains a challenge. Therefore, the identification of novel treatment options is needed. We investigated the anticancer effects of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on two different laryngeal cancer cell lines RK33 and RK45. We also studied the antiproliferative action of SAHA in combination with cisplatin and defined the type of pharmacological interaction between these drugs. Materials and Methods: Viability and proliferation of larynx cancer cell lines were studied by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide method and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, respectively. The type of interaction between SAHA and cisplatin was determined by an isobolographic analysis. Western blotting, flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction method were used to determine acetylation of histone H3, cell cycle progression and genes expression, respectively. Apoptosis was assessed by means of nucleosomes released to cytosol. Results: SAHA alone or in combination with cisplatin inhibited larynx cancer cells proliferation, whereas displayed relatively low toxicity against normal cells - primary cultures of human skin fibroblasts. The mixture of SAHA with cisplatin exerted additive and synergistic interaction in RK33 and RK45 cells, respectively. We showed that SAHA induced hyperacetylation of histone H3 K9, K14 and K23 and triggered apoptosis. SAHA also caused cell cycle arrest by upregulation of CDKN1A and downregulation of CCND1 encoding p21WAF1/CIP1 and cyclin D1 proteins, respectively. Conclusion: Our studies demonstrated that SAHA may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent against larynx tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Grabarska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarogniew J Łuszczki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.; Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Nowosadzka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Gumbarewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Witold Jeleniewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Krystyna Kowalczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kupisz
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Specialist District Hospital, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.; Department of Otolaryngology, MSWiA Hospital, Poland
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16
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Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid, an Inhibitor of Histone Deacetylase, Induces Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Inflammation 2016; 39:39-46. [PMID: 26228975 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we explored the effects of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on the viability and apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS)). FLS obtained from RA patients were treated with SAHA. SAHA significantly inhibited the viability of RA FLS in a concentration-dependent manner up to 5 μM. SAHA-treated FLS showed a significant increase in the percentage of apoptosis and the expression and activity of caspase-3 and higher intracellular ROS levels. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) pretreatment significantly attenuated SAHA-induced apoptosis, decreasing the percentage of apoptosis by about 60 %. A significant decline in phosphorylated IκBα and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and concomitant increase in total IκBα were shown in SAHA-treated FLS. Additionally, the levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-xL and Mcl-1) were significantly reduced by SAHA. Collectively, SAHA induces apoptosis of RA FLS, at least partially, through generation of ROS and suppression of NF-κB activation and Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 expression.
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17
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Chen L, Chen Q, Deng G, Kuang S, Lian J, Wang M, Zhu H. AMPK activation by GSK621 inhibits human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:515-521. [PMID: 27751856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that forced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) could inhibit melanoma cell proliferation. In this report, we evaluated the anti-melanoma cell activity by a novel small-molecular AMPK activator, GSK621. Treatment of GSK621 decreased survival and proliferation of human melanoma cells (A375, WM-115 and SK-Mel-2 lines), which was accompanied by activation of caspase-3/-9 and apoptosis. Reversely, caspase inhibitors attenuated GSK621-induced cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. Significantly, GSK621 was more potent than other AMPK activators (A769662, Compound 13 and AICAR) in inhibiting melanoma cells. Intriguingly, same GSK621 treatment was non-cytotoxic or pro-apoptotic against human melanocytes. Molecularly, we showed that activation of AMPK mediated GSK621's activity against melanoma cells. AMPKα1 shRNA knockdown or dominant negative mutation (T172A) dramatically attenuated GSK621-induced melanoma cell lethality. Further studies revealed that MEK-ERK activation might be the primary resistance factor of GSK621. MEK-ERK inhibition, either genetically or pharmacologically, significantly sensitized melanoma cells to GSK-621. Remarkably, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of GSK621 inhibited A375 tumor growth in SCID mice. Co-administration of MEK-ERK inhibitor MEK162 further sensitized GSK621-induced anti-A375 tumor activity in vivo. Together, the results imply that targeted activation of AMPK by GSK621 inhibits melanoma cell survival and proliferation. MEK-ERK inhibition may further sensitize GSK621's anti-melanoma cell activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lezi Chen
- Department of Plastic and Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guosan Deng
- Department of Plastic and Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shifeng Kuang
- Department of Plastic and Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jihong Lian
- Department of Plastic and Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mian Wang
- Department of Plastic and Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilan Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Xu XD, Yang L, Zheng LY, Pan YY, Cao ZF, Zhang ZQ, Zhou QS, Yang B, Cao C. Erratum to: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, suppresses vasculogenic mimicry and proliferation of highly aggressive pancreatic cancer PaTu8988 cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:374. [PMID: 27377267 PMCID: PMC4932722 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Dong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the Third Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou City, Jiangsu, 213003, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Third Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou City, Jiangsu, 213003, China
| | - Li-Yun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Pan
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Cao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Third Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou City, Jiangsu, 213003, China.
| | - Cong Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215021, China.
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19
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Yang L, Zheng LY, Tian Y, Zhang ZQ, Dong WL, Wang XF, Zhang XY, Cao C. C6 ceramide dramatically enhances docetaxel-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in cultured breast cancer cells: a mechanism study. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:47-59. [PMID: 25576381 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Here we reported that co-administration of docetaxel and a cell-permeable short-chain ceramide (C6) resulted in a striking increase in growth inhibition and apoptosis in primary and transformed breast cells (MCF-7 and MDA-231), which were associated with mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, a significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the pro-apoptotic AMP-Protein Kinase (AMPK) as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) activations. Contrarily, the mPTP blocker sanglifehrin A (SfA) or the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) largely inhibited co-administration-induced cytotoxicity. Further, cyclosporin A (CsA), the inhibitor of cyclophilin-D (Cyp-D, the key mPTP component), as well as Cyp-D RNA silencing also suppressed breast cancer cell death by the co-treatment, while cells overexpressing Cyp-D showed hypersensitivity to docetaxel. Meanwhile, JNK and AMPK inhibition alleviated cell death induced by the co-administration in cultured breast cancer cells. Significantly, C6 ceramide plus docetaxel caused dramatic human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-1/-2 degradation and downstream Akt/Erk inhibition in HER-2 expressing MDA-231 cells. These in vitro findings provide confidence in support of further development of C6 ceramide as an adjunct of docetaxel for the treatment of the metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Yun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Wan-Li Dong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xu-Fen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Cong Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
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