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Koh NH, Oh HY. Case report: Unusual breast cancer metastasis manifesting as a scalp lesion in a patient with invasive lobular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1361333. [PMID: 38646434 PMCID: PMC11026626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1361333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women globally, often leading to distant metastasis in the lung, liver, or bones. Cutaneous metastasis represents an uncommon pattern in breast cancer, but when observed, it tends to manifest in the thorax and upper abdomen, primarily due to lymph node involvement. Therefore, occurrences of cutaneous metastasis on the scalp and extremities are infrequent. Moreover, invasive lobular carcinoma metastasizing to remote skin is rare among the breast cancer. This report presents a case of cutaneous metastasis of invasive lobular carcinoma to the scalp in a patient treated for breast cancer six years ago, with no signs of local recurrence or metastasis to other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ha Yeun Oh
- Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Meng W, Guo Q, Tang G, Han G, Ma G, Zhang Q, Li R, Liu S, Yu G. Thyroid Metastases from Triple-Negative Breast Cancer with High PD-L1 Expression - A Rare Presentation. Onco Targets Ther 2024; 17:103-107. [PMID: 38375327 PMCID: PMC10875622 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s428745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid metastases secondary to triple-negative breast cancer are sporadic. Diagnosis usually requires fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and immunohistochemistry. There are no treatment guidelines for this type of cancer, and to date, reports of chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy in thyroid metastases are very rare. Here, we first report the effectiveness of anti-PD-1 inhibitor in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer secondary to advanced triple-negative breast cancer with high expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Following six cycles of albumin paclitaxel (400mg d1/21 days) plus PD-1 antibody inhibitor (Sindilizumab 200mg d1/21 days), the patient experienced significant relief of neck swelling and obstructive feeding, both the thyroid metastases and the right breast lesion regressed completely following six cycles of treatment. Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy may provide a new direction for unresectable advanced thyroid metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Meng
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, 261041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Guo
- Department of Oncology, Junan People’s Hospital, Junan, Shandong, 276600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaoyan Tang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, 261041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiyan Han
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, 261041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guikai Ma
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, 261041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, 261041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, 261041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, 261041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Yu
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, 261041, People’s Republic of China
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3
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McIntire PJ, Duckworth LA, Van Arnam J, Abdelwahab H, Shin SJ. TRPS1, a New Promising Marker for Assessment of Distant Metastatic Breast Cancer. Adv Anat Pathol 2023; 30:380-387. [PMID: 37593968 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
This article reviewed the identification of breast cancer in the distant metastatic setting through traditional immunohistochemical markers, such as mammaglobin and GATA3, compared with the novel immunohistochemical stain, Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome-1 (TRPS1). We review previous studies evaluating TRPS1 staining, which were conducted using cytology specimens, as well as our recently conducted study evaluating this stain using surgical tissue samples, both from primary and distant metastatic invasive breast carcinoma. In summary, although no immunohistochemical stain is 100% specific or sensitive, in the metastatic setting where tissue available for ancillary studies is limited, TRPS1 was a reliable and even a standalone marker for breast origin, particularly in cases of triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J McIntire
- Cleveland Clinic, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lauren A Duckworth
- Cleveland Clinic, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - John Van Arnam
- Cleveland Clinic, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hala Abdelwahab
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Sandra J Shin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
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4
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Sun H, Ding Q, Sahin AA. Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis and Classification of Breast Tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2023; 147:1119-1132. [PMID: 37490413 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0464-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— In the clinical practice of breast pathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) of different markers is widely used for the diagnosis and classification of breast lesions. OBJECTIVE.— To provide an overview of currently used and recently identified IHC stains that have been implemented in the field of diagnostic breast pathology. DATA SOURCES.— Data were obtained from literature review and clinical experience of the authors as breast pathologists. CONCLUSIONS.— In the current review, we summarize the common uses of IHC stains for diagnosing different types of breast lesions, especially invasive and noninvasive breast lesions, and benign and malignant spindle cell lesions. In addition, the cutting-edge knowledge of diagnostic carcinoma markers will lead us to further understand the different types of breast carcinoma and differentiate breast carcinomas from other carcinomas of similar morphology. Knowing the strengths and limitations of these markers is essential to the clinical practice of breast pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Sun
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Qingqing Ding
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Aysegul A Sahin
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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5
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Baykara Y, Lu S, Yang D, Wang Y, Yakirevich E, Hacking S, Pisharodi L, Maleki S. Utility of Wnt family member 9b (Wnt9b) immunohistochemistry in the cytologic diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2023:10.1007/s00428-023-03645-z. [PMID: 37718335 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Wnt family member 9b (Wnt9b) has been demonstrated as a valuable marker for breast cancer diagnosis in surgical pathology. In this study, we examined the utility of Wnt9b in diagnosing metastatic breast carcinoma in cytology samples. Cell blocks from fine needle aspirations (FNA) and fluid specimens of 96 metastatic breast carcinomas and 123 primary and metastatic non-breast neoplasms from various organ systems were evaluated by Wnt9b and GATA3 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Wnt9b and GATA3 were positive in 81.3% and 92.7% of metastatic breast carcinomas, respectively. Conversely, 93.5% and 90.0% of non-breast, non-urothelial carcinomas were negative for Wnt9b and GATA3, respectively. Wnt9b expression was positive in rare gastrointestinal, gynecological, lung, pancreas, and salivary gland tumors. All twenty-eight urothelial carcinomas were negative for Wnt9b, while twenty-six (92.9%) were positive for GATA3. Wnt9b was slightly less sensitive but more specific than GATA3 in diagnosing metastatic breast cancer in cytology samples. Particularly, Wnt9b shows higher specificity in differentiating breast and urothelial primaries. The combined use of Wnt9b and GATA3 may increase diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Baykara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Dongfang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Yihong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Evgeny Yakirevich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Sean Hacking
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Latha Pisharodi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Sara Maleki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Sauer N, Matkowski I, Bodalska G, Murawski M, Dzięgiel P, Calik J. Prognostic Role of Prolactin-Induced Protein (PIP) in Breast Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2252. [PMID: 37759471 PMCID: PMC10527336 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), also referred to as gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15), has been a trending topic in recent years due to its potential role as a specific marker in breast cancer. PIP binds to aquaporin-5 (AQP5), CD4, actin, fibrinogen, β-tubulin, serum albumin, hydroxyapatite, zinc α2-glycoprotein, and the Fc fragment of IgGs, and the expression of PIP has been demonstrated to be modulated by various cytokines, including IL4/13, IL1, and IL6. PIP gene expression has been extensively studied due to its captivating nature. It is influenced by various factors, with androgens, progesterone, glucocorticosteroids, prolactin, and growth hormone enhancing its expression while estrogens suppress it. The regulatory mechanisms involve important proteins such as STAT5A, STAT5B, Runx2, and androgen receptor, which collaborate to enhance PIP gene transcription and protein production. The expression level of PIP in breast cancer is dependent on the tumor stage and subtype. Higher expression is observed in early-stage tumors of the luminal A subtype, while lower expression is associated with luminal B, basal-like, and triple-negative subtypes, which have a poorer prognosis. PIP expression is also correlated with apocrine differentiation, hormone receptor positivity, and longer metastasis-free survival. PIP plays a role in supporting the immune system's antitumor response during the early stages of breast cancer development. However, as cancer progresses, the protective role of PIP may become less effective or diminished. In this work, we summarized the clinical significance of the PIP molecule in breast cancer and its potential role as a new candidate for cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sauer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Old Town Clinic, 50-127 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Igor Matkowski
- Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Bodalska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Murawski
- 1st Department and Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, T. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Calik
- Old Town Clinic, 50-127 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Milosevic B, Stojanovic B, Cvetkovic A, Jovanovic I, Spasic M, Stojanovic MD, Stankovic V, Sekulic M, Stojanovic BS, Zdravkovic N, Mitrovic M, Stojanovic J, Laketic D, Vulovic M, Cvetkovic D. The Enigma of Mammaglobin: Redefining the Biomarker Paradigm in Breast Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13407. [PMID: 37686210 PMCID: PMC10487666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of cancer biology has led to the discovery of mammaglobin, a potential novel biomarker for breast carcinoma. This review aims to unravel the enigmatic aspects of mammaglobin and elucidate its potential role in redefining the paradigm of breast carcinoma biomarkers. We will thoroughly examine its expression in tumoral and peritumoral tissues and its circulating levels in the blood, thereby providing insights into its possible function in cancer progression and metastasis. Furthermore, the potential application of mammaglobin as a non-invasive diagnostic tool and a target for personalized treatment strategies will be discussed. Given the increasing incidence of breast carcinoma worldwide, the exploration of novel biomarkers such as mammaglobin is crucial in advancing our diagnostic capabilities and treatment modalities, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Milosevic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.M.); (B.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Bojan Stojanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.M.); (B.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleksandar Cvetkovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.M.); (B.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Marko Spasic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.M.); (B.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Milica Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.D.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Vesna Stankovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.D.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Marija Sekulic
- Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Bojana S. Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Natasa Zdravkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Minja Mitrovic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Jasmina Stojanovic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Darko Laketic
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade,11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Maja Vulovic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Danijela Cvetkovic
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
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Chamandi G, El-Hajjar L, El Kurdi A, Le Bras M, Nasr R, Lehmann-Che J. ER Negative Breast Cancer and miRNA: There Is More to Decipher Than What the Pathologist Can See! Biomedicines 2023; 11:2300. [PMID: 37626796 PMCID: PMC10452617 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC), the most prevalent cancer in women, is a heterogenous disease. Despite advancements in BC diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics, survival rates have drastically decreased in the metastatic setting. Therefore, BC still remains a medical challenge. The evolution of high-throughput technology has highlighted gaps in the classification system of BCs. Of particular interest is the notorious triple negative BC, which was recounted as being heterogenous itself and it overlaps with distinct subtypes, namely molecular apocrine (MA) and luminal androgen (LAR) BCs. These subtypes are, even today, still misdiagnosed and poorly treated. As such, researchers and clinicians have been looking for ways through which to refine BC classification in order to properly understand the initiation, development, progression, and the responses to the treatment of BCs. One tool is biomarkers and, specifically, microRNA (miRNA), which are highly reported as associated with BC carcinogenesis. In this review, the diverse roles of miRNA in estrogen receptor negative (ER-) and androgen receptor positive (AR+) BC are depicted. While highlighting their oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions in tumor progression, we will discuss their diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker potentials, as well as their drug sensitivity/resistance activity. The association of several miRNAs in the KEGG-reported pathways that are related to ER-BC carcinogenesis is presented. The identification and verification of accurate miRNA panels is a cornerstone for tackling BC classification setbacks, as is also the deciphering of the carcinogenesis regulators of ER - AR + BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Chamandi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon; (G.C.); (L.E.-H.)
- Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer Team, INSERM U976, Immunologie Humaine, Pathophysiologie, Immunothérapie (HIPI), Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Layal El-Hajjar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon; (G.C.); (L.E.-H.)
- Office of Basic/Translational Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdallah El Kurdi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Morgane Le Bras
- Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer Team, INSERM U976, Immunologie Humaine, Pathophysiologie, Immunothérapie (HIPI), Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon; (G.C.); (L.E.-H.)
| | - Jacqueline Lehmann-Che
- Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer Team, INSERM U976, Immunologie Humaine, Pathophysiologie, Immunothérapie (HIPI), Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France;
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Kolovskaya OS, Zyuzyukina AV, Dassie JP, Zamay GS, Zamay TN, Boyakova NV, Khorzhevskii VA, Kirichenko DA, Lapin IN, Shchugoreva IA, Artyushenko PV, Tomilin FN, Veprintsev DV, Glazyrin YE, Minic Z, Bozhenko VK, Kudinova EA, Kiseleva YY, Krat AV, Slepov EV, Bukatin AS, Zukov RA, Shesternya PA, Berezovski MV, Giangrande PH, Kichkailo AS. Monitoring of breast cancer progression via aptamer-based detection of circulating tumor cells in clinical blood samples. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1184285. [PMID: 37363395 PMCID: PMC10285395 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1184285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) diagnostics lack noninvasive methods and procedures for screening and monitoring disease dynamics. Admitted CellSearch® is used for fluid biopsy and capture of circulating tumor cells of only epithelial origin. Here we describe an RNA aptamer (MDA231) for detecting BC cells in clinical samples, including blood. The MDA231 aptamer was originally selected against triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 using cell-SELEX. Methods: The aptamer structure in solution was predicted using mFold program and molecular dynamic simulations. The affinity and specificity of the evolved aptamers were evaluated by flow cytometry and laser scanning microscopy on clinical tissues from breast cancer patients. CTCs were isolated form the patients' blood using the developed method of aptamer-based magnetic separation. Breast cancer origin of CTCs was confirmed by cytological, RT-qPCR and Immunocytochemical analyses. Results: MDA231 can specifically recognize breast cancer cells in surgically resected tissues from patients with different molecular subtypes: triple-negative, Luminal A, and Luminal B, but not in benign tumors, lung cancer, glial tumor and healthy epithelial from lungs and breast. This RNA aptamer can identify cancer cells in complex cellular environments, including tumor biopsies (e.g., tumor tissues vs. margins) and clinical blood samples (e.g., circulating tumor cells). Breast cancer origin of the aptamer-based magnetically separated CTCs has been proved by immunocytochemistry and mammaglobin mRNA expression. Discussion: We suggest a simple, minimally-invasive breast cancer diagnostic method based on non-epithelial MDA231 aptamer-specific magnetic isolation of circulating tumor cells. Isolated cells are intact and can be utilized for molecular diagnostics purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Kolovskaya
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science”, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alena V. Zyuzyukina
- Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Cancer Center Named After A.I. Kryzhanovsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Justin P. Dassie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Galina S. Zamay
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science”, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana N. Zamay
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science”, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Nina V. Boyakova
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Cancer Center Named After A.I. Kryzhanovsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Department of General Surgery, Named After Prof. M.I. Gulman, Faculty of Medicine, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Khorzhevskii
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Pathology-Anatomic Bureau, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Daria A. Kirichenko
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Ivan N. Lapin
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Technology, Siberian Physical Technical Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Irina A. Shchugoreva
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science”, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Polina V. Artyushenko
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science”, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Felix N. Tomilin
- School of Non-Ferrous Metals and Materials Science, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Physics of Magnetic Phenomena, Kirensky Institute of Physics, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Veprintsev
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science”, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yury E. Glazyrin
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science”, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Zoran Minic
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Alexey V. Krat
- Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Cancer Center Named After A.I. Kryzhanovsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Eugene V. Slepov
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Cancer Center Named After A.I. Kryzhanovsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Anton S. Bukatin
- Alferov Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education and Science, Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ruslan A. Zukov
- Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Cancer Center Named After A.I. Kryzhanovsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Shesternya
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paloma H. Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
- Platform Discovery Sciences, Biology, Wave Life Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Anna S. Kichkailo
- Laboratory for Biomolecular and Medical Technologies, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Digital Controlled Drugs and Theranostics, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science”, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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10
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Urbaniak A, Jablonska K, Suchanski J, Partynska A, Szymczak-Kulus K, Matkowski R, Maciejczyk A, Ugorski M, Dziegiel P. Prolactin-induced protein (PIP) increases the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to drug-induced apoptosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6574. [PMID: 37085653 PMCID: PMC10121699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that high expression of prolactin-induced protein (PIP) correlates with the response of breast cancer (BC) patients to standard adjuvant chemotherapy (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide), which suggests that the absence of this glycoprotein is associated with resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed the impact of PIP expression on resistance of BC cells to anti-cancer drugs and its biological role in BC progression. Expression of PIP and apoptotic genes in BC cell lines was analyzed using real-time PCR and Western blotting. PIP was detected in BC tissue specimens using immunohistochemistry. The tumorigenicity of cancer cells was analyzed by the in vivo tumor growth assay. Apoptotic cells were detected based on caspase-3 activation, Annexin V binding and TUNEL assay. The interaction of PIP with BC cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. Using two cellular models of BC (i.e. T47D cells with the knockdown of the PIP gene and MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing PIP), we found that high expression of PIP resulted in (1) increased sensitivity of BC cells to apoptosis induced by doxorubicin (DOX), 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC), and paclitaxel (PAX), and (2) improved efficacy of anti-cancer therapy with DOX in the xenograft mice model. Accordingly, a clinical study revealed that BC patients with higher PIP expression were characterized by longer 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival. Subsequent studies showed that PIP up-regulated the expression of the following pro-apoptotic genes: CRADD, DAPK1, FASLG, CD40 and BNIP2. This pro-apoptotic activity is mediated by secreted PIP and most probably involves the specific surface receptor. This study demonstrates that a high expression level of PIP sensitizes BC cells to anti-cancer drugs. Increased sensitivity to chemotherapy is the result of pro-apoptotic activity of PIP, which is evidenced by up-regulation of specific pro-apoptotic genes. As high expression of PIP significantly correlated with a better response of patients to anti-cancer drugs, this glycoprotein can be a marker for the prognostic evaluation of adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Urbaniak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, T. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Jablonska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, T. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Suchanski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Partynska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, T. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szymczak-Kulus
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Matkowski
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Maciejczyk
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 53-413, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, T. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612, Wroclaw, Poland.
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11
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Ahadi M, Moradi A, Rabiee E, Pourmotahari F. Evaluation of GATA3 and GCDFP15 Expression in Triple Negative Breast Cancers. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:90-95. [PMID: 37383162 PMCID: PMC10293598 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2023.561917.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Background & Objective Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. There are some different types of breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer is the type in which no receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 are expressed. Identifying factors that can facilitate the diagnosis of triple-negative breast cancer is important. In this study, we decided to investigate the expression of GATA3 and GCDFP15 genes in triple-negative breast cancers. Methods This is a retrospective descriptive-analytical study that was performed on 50 specimens of samples of triple-negative breast cancer. Data including age and sex, tumor grade, tumor size, types of invasion, GATA-3, and GCDFP-15 were assessed. Results The mean age of the patients was 48.3±14.17 years. Of the total specimens, 46% were positive for GCDFP15 and 90% were positive for GATA-3. The intensity of GATA3 was evaluated and it was observed that 33(73.3%) of the cells were strongly stained and 12(26.7%) were weakly stained. There were no relationships between GATA-3 and GCDFP-15 with tumor characteristics. Conclusion GATA-3 and GCDFP-15 may serve as diagnostic markers for triple-negative breast cancers and GATA-3 seems to be more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ahadi
- Men’s Health and Reproductive Health Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Moradi
- Men’s Health and Reproductive Health Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rabiee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourmotahari
- Clinical Research and Development Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Shirian F, Kheradmand P, Ranjbari N, Shahbazian H, Latifi SM. Immunoexpression of the GCDFP-15 Marker in Different Grades of Breast Carcinoma. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:75-81. [PMID: 37383152 PMCID: PMC10293600 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2023.558196.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Background & Objective During the last decade, biological markers of breast cancer have been considered to predict the degree of histology, behavior, and extent of tumor invasion and the possibility of lymph node involvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of GCDFP-15 in different grades of invasive ductal carcinoma, as the most common type of breast cancer. Methods In this retrospective study, paraffin blocks of tumors of 60 breast cancer patients registered in the histopathology laboratory of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz between 2019 and 2020 were reviewed. Information on grade, invasion, stage and lymph node involvement was extracted from the pathology reports and immunohistochemical staining for GCDFP-15 was performed. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22. Results GCDFP-15 marker expression was observed in 20 out of 60 breast cancer patients (33.3%). GCDFP-15 staining intensity was weak in 7 cases (35%), moderate in 8 cases (40%), and strong in 5 cases (25%). The patient's age and sex showed no significant relationship with the expression of GCDFP-15 and intensity of staining. Expression of the GCDFP-15 marker was correlated significantly with tumor grade, stage, and vascular invasion (P<0.05)) and its expression was higher in tumors with a lower grade, less depth of invasion, and no vascular invasion but unrelated to perineural invasion, lymph node involvement, and tumor size. The intensity of staining for GCDFP-15 showed significant relationship with the tumor grade (P<0.0001) but unrelated to the other factors. Conclusion GCDFP-15 marker may be significantly associated with tumor grade, depth of invasion, and vascular invasion, thus can be used as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Shirian
- Department of Pathology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parvin Kheradmand
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ranjbari
- Department of Pathology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mahmoud Latifi
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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13
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Yang S, Chen W, Chen W, Sun G, Zhang M, Fan Y. Androgen receptor increases and negative expression of GCDFP-15 in primary ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland: a case description. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2023; 13:1200-1205. [PMID: 36819271 PMCID: PMC9929414 DOI: 10.21037/qims-22-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shideng Yang
- Department of Radiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China;,Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Pingshan District People’s Hospital, Pingshan General Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Guoping Sun
- Department of Radiology, Pingshan District People’s Hospital, Pingshan General Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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14
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Li JJX, Tse GM. Marker assessments in ER-positive breast cancers: old markers, new applications? Histopathology 2023; 82:218-231. [PMID: 35945680 DOI: 10.1111/his.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of oestrogen receptor (ER) expression by immunostaining is essential in the pathological assessment of breast cancer. Its expression is intercorrelated with clinicopathological features, molecular typing, and treatment selection. The development of novel therapeutic agents related to ER status, the recent ASCO introduction of an ER-low positive category of breast cancers, and the ever-increasing plethora of diagnostic and theragnostic markers call for a timely update. In this article we aim to review the clinicopathological features of ER-positive breast cancers, with an emphasis on ER-low positive breast cancers, and a focus on updating the (i) assessment, reporting and interpretation of ER immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, (ii) correlations of ER status with other diagnostic and theragnostic markers, and (iii) implications for treatment selection and response. In the face of the developments in IHC and molecular techniques and targeted therapy, ER immunostaining is still expected to remain as the core component of prognostic and theragnostic assessment of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J X Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Gary M Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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15
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Ding Q, Huo L, Peng Y, Yoon EC, Li Z, Sahin AA. Immunohistochemical Markers for Distinguishing Metastatic Breast Carcinoma from Other Common Malignancies: Update and Revisit. Semin Diagn Pathol 2022; 39:313-321. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Gastric metastases of breast cancer: histopathological and molecular characterization of a single Institution case series. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 233:153872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Terceiro LEL, Blanchard AAA, Edechi CA, Freznosa A, Triggs-Raine B, Leygue E, Myal Y. Generation of prolactin-inducible protein (Pip) knockout mice by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene engineering. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:86-91. [PMID: 34379992 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is highly expressed and found in the secretions of apocrine glands such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands including the mammary glands. PIP has been implicated in various diseases, including breast cancer, gross cystic disease of the breast, keratoconus of the eye, and the autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome. Here we have generated a Pip knockout (KO) mouse using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRSPR-associated (Cas)9 system. The Cas9 protein and two single guide RNAs targeting specific regions for both exons 1 and 2 of the Pip gene were microinjected into mouse embryos. The deletions and insertions promoted by CRISPR/Cas9 system on the Pip gene successfully disrupted Pip protein coding, as confirmed by PCR genotyping, sequencing, and ultimately Western blot analysis. This mouse model was generated in the inbred C57Bl/6J mouse, which exhibits lower genetic variation. This novel CRISPR Pip KO mouse model will not only be useful for future studies to interrogate the multifunctional role of PIP in physiological processes but will facilitate a broader understanding of the function of PIP in vivo while providing unprecedented insight into its role in a spectrum of diseases attributed to the deregulation of the PIP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E L Terceiro
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Anne A A Blanchard
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Chidalu A Edechi
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Agnes Freznosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Barbara Triggs-Raine
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Etienne Leygue
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- CancerCareManitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- CancerCareManitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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18
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Du T, Pan L, Zheng C, Chen K, Yang Y, Chen J, Chao X, Li M, Lu J, Luo R, Zhang J, Wu Y, He J, Jiang D, Sun P. Matrix Gla protein (MGP), GATA3, and TRPS1: a novel diagnostic panel to determine breast origin. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:70. [PMID: 36284362 PMCID: PMC9598034 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic breast carcinoma is commonly considered during differential diagnosis when metastatic disease is detected in females. In addition to the tumor morphology and documented clinical history, sensitive and specific immunohistochemical (IHC) markers such as GCDFP-15, mammaglobin, and GATA3 are helpful for determining breast origin. However, these markers are reported to show lower sensitivity in certain subtypes, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Materials and methods Using bioinformatics analyses, we identified a potential diagnostic panel to determine breast origin: matrix Gla protein (MGP), transcriptional repressor GATA binding 1 (TRPS1), and GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3). We compared MGP, TRPS1, and GATA3 expression in different subtypes of breast carcinoma of (n = 1201) using IHC. As a newly identified marker, MGP expression was also evaluated in solid tumors (n = 2384) and normal tissues (n = 1351) from different organs. Results MGP and TRPS1 had comparable positive expression in HER2-positive (91.2% vs. 92.0%, p = 0.79) and TNBC subtypes (87.3% vs. 91.2%, p = 0.18). GATA3 expression was lower than MGP (p < 0.001) or TRPS1 (p < 0.001), especially in HER2-positive (77.0%, p < 0.001) and TNBC (43.3%, p < 0.001) subtypes. TRPS1 had the highest positivity rate (97.9%) in metaplastic TNBCs, followed by MGP (88.6%), while only 47.1% of metaplastic TNBCs were positive for GATA3. When using MGP, GATA3, and TRPS1 as a novel IHC panel, 93.0% of breast carcinomas were positive for at least two markers, and only 9 cases were negative for all three markers. MGP was detected in 36 cases (3.0%) that were negative for both GATA3 and TRPS1. MGP showed mild-to-moderate positive expression in normal hepatocytes, renal tubules, as well as 31.1% (99/318) of hepatocellular carcinomas. Rare cases (0.6–5%) had focal MGP expression in renal, ovarian, lung, urothelial, and cholangiocarcinomas. Conclusions Our findings suggest that MGP is a newly identified sensitive IHC marker to support breast origin. MGP, TRPS1, and GATA3 could be applied as a reliable diagnostic panel to determine breast origin in clinical practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-022-01569-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Du
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Pan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Keming Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhong Yang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiewei Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Chao
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiabin Lu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongzhen Luo
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiehua He
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongping Jiang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China ,grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 People’s Republic of China
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Singh MP, Brahmachari S, Arya N. An elderly woman with multilobulated breast mass presenting as a diagnostic dilemma: A rare case report. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:3916-3918. [PMID: 34934704 PMCID: PMC8653463 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_176_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A breast mass in women often presents a diagnostic challenge due to the diversity in the diagnosis. We herein report a rare variant of breast carcinoma, an invasive apocrine carcinoma (AC), in an elderly woman where the breast mass clinically mimicked phyllodes tumour. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed the tumour as triple-negative and also negative for androgen receptor (AR). Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15) was strongly and diffusely positive. It is an exceptional finding. It implies its significance as a diagnostic marker of AC of the breast. The accurate diagnostic criteria of AC are still lacking. Patients with breast lumps offer unique challenges and enormous responsibility to primary and family care physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neha Arya
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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20
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Lu S, Yakirevich E, Yang D, Xiao Y, Wang LJ, Wang Y. Wnt Family Member 9b (Wnt9b) Is a New Sensitive and Specific Marker for Breast Cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:1633-1640. [PMID: 34324458 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Confirming the tumor origin is often a diagnostic challenge in pathology and carries significant therapeutic impacts. Cytokeratin 7, estrogen receptor, and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) are well-established diagnostic markers frequently used to support a tumor's breast origin. However, their specificities still have room to improve. Many nonbreast tumors express cytokeratin 7 and estrogen receptor, and urothelial tumors frequently express GATA3. There is a practical need for a new breast lineage marker that is sensitive and specific. Wnt family member proteins play critical roles in embryo development, tissue homeostasis and tumor development through β-catenin dependent and independent pathways. The current study evaluated Wnt9b and GATA3 expression in 163 primary breast cancers, 63 metastatic breast cancers, and 525 nonbreast epithelial tumors. The positive rates of Wnt9b and GATA3 in primary breast cancer were both 98.7%. The positive rates in metastatic breast cancer were 87.3% for Wnt9b and 96.8% for GATA3. For nonbreast tumors, including 64 cases of urothelial carcinoma, Wnt9b was negative in all except salivary gland carcinomas. The study demonstrated that Wnt9b is a breast cancer marker with similar sensitivity as GATA3 but with greater specificity than GATA3 and may ultimately become a useful diagnostic tool in routine surgical pathology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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21
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Awazu Y, Fukuda T, Imai K, Yamauchi M, Kasai M, Ichimura T, Yasui T, Sumi T. Uterine metastasis of lobular breast carcinoma under tamoxifen therapy: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:266. [PMID: 34777802 PMCID: PMC8581738 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine metastases from breast cancer are uncommon and have rarely been reported in the previous literature. The present report describes the case of a 66-year-old female who developed uterine metastasis 23 years following the primary treatment of invasive breast cancer. Specifically, the patient experienced multiple bone metastases 14 years following primary treatment and had previously been treated with aromatase inhibitors followed by tamoxifen citrate. The patient presented with abnormal genital bleeding and was referred to the Gynecology Department of the Osaka City University Hospital (Osaka, Japan) 23 years following the primary treatment. The results of an endometrial biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma. Initially, it was difficult to differentiate between primary endometrial adenocarcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma from breast cancer. The results of pelvic magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated uterine myometrium enlargement and no endometrial thickness. Furthermore, an abdominal total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and a biopsy of the peritoneum were performed. The pathological examination of the resected uterus revealed adenocarcinoma, which proliferated diffusively in the cervical stroma, myometrium, cardinal ligament, bilateral adnexa, omentum and peritoneum. Immunohistochemical results revealed the positive staining of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, as well as negative staining for CD10 and E-cadherin. Thus, the tumor was diagnosed as metastatic adenocarcinoma from the breast lobular carcinoma. The patient has since been treated with fulvestrant, toremifene citrate and tegafur, and the current patient survival duration is 2 years and 8 months. In conclusion, when patients with breast cancer undergoing hormonal therapy, such as tamoxifen, present with abnormal genital bleeding, future diagnoses should consider both endometrial cancer and uterine metastasis from breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Awazu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Imai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamauchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Mari Kasai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ichimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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22
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Quinn CM, D’Arcy C, Wells C. Apocrine lesions of the breast. Virchows Arch 2021; 480:177-189. [PMID: 34537861 PMCID: PMC8983539 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apocrine change is recognised in benign, atypical and malignant lesions of the breast. Apocrine metaplasia, a frequent finding in the breast of women over the age of 25 years, is most commonly seen in benign cysts with a simple or papillary configuration. Apocrine change is also recognised in other benign lesions including sclerosing adenosis, now known as apocrine adenosis. Apocrine atypia usually refers to cytological atypia in which there is at least threefold variation in nuclear size but architectural atypia may also occur. The distinction between atypical apocrine hyperplasia and non-high-grade apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ may be difficult due to the relative rarity of these entities and the lack of validated diagnostic criteria. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) with apocrine change is considered to be a variant of pleomorphic LCIS. An apocrine variant of encapsulated papillary carcinoma is also recognised. Apocrine change is described in invasive carcinoma, including no special type, lobular, micropapillary and mucinous variants. The recent WHO 2019 update recognises 'carcinoma with apocrine differentiation' as a special type breast carcinoma based on the presence of apocrine morphology in at least 90% of the tumour. Tumours with apocrine morphology are usually but not always hormone receptor negative. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status is variable. Molecular studies have identified breast tumours with apocrine features and high expression of androgen receptor mRNA including 'luminal androgen receptor tumours' and 'molecular apocrine tumours'. The term 'pure apocrine carcinoma' has been proposed to describe an invasive carcinoma with apocrine morphology that is oestrogen and progesterone receptor negative and androgen receptor positive. HER-2 status may be positive or negative. This article reviews the pathology of benign, atypical and malignant apocrine lesions of the breast, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria including an approach to evaluation of apocrine lesions on needle core biopsy, and recent advances in our understanding of invasive apocrine carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecily M. Quinn
- Irish National Breast Screening Programme and Department of Histopathology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare D’Arcy
- Irish National Breast Screening Programme and Department of Histopathology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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23
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Jassim M, Premalata CS, Okaly GVP, Srinivas C. Tall Cell Carcinoma with Reverse Polarity of Breast: Report of a Case with Unique Morphologic and Molecular Features. Turk Patoloji Derg 2021; 37:183-188. [PMID: 33021737 PMCID: PMC10512679 DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2020.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancy, having variable clinical outcomes depending on their cellular and molecular properties. Tall cell carcinoma with reverse polarity (TCCRP) is a recently described rare entity, which shares morphological features with tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma but has a distinct morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular profile. We describe a case of a 40-year-old female patient, who presented with lump in the breast. The patient underwent lumpectomy and was diagnosed as tall cell carcinoma with reverse polarity. Immunohistochemistry and bi-directional Sanger sequencing for IDH2 mutation were used for diagnosis. Tall cell carcinoma with reverse polarity is a rare and newly described entity with characteristic morphological and molecular findings, which carries an excellent prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jassim
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Geeta V Patil Okaly
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chunduri Srinivas
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, India
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24
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Arciero CA, Diehl AH, Liu Y, Sun Q, Gillespie T, Li X, Subhedar P. Triple-negative apocrine carcinoma: A rare pathologic subtype with a better prognosis than other triple-negative breast cancers. J Surg Oncol 2020; 122:1232-1239. [PMID: 32668059 PMCID: PMC10637266 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Apocrine adenocarcinoma is a rare subtype of breast cancer. We sought to compare the characteristics and survival of patients diagnosed with triple-negative apocrine adenocarcinoma to those of patients diagnosed with triple-negative invasive ductal carcinoma. Utilizing data from the National Cancer Database between 2004 and 2013, 70 524 eligible female patients with triple-negative breast cancer were identified including 566 patients with apocrine adenocarcinomas and 69 958 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. Descriptive statistics for each variable were reported. A comparison of each covariate between the study cohorts was assessed in univariate and multivariate analysis. Cox proportional models were used to calculate hazard ratios. Additionally, the propensity score matching method was implemented to reduce treatment selection bias. RESULTS Patients with triple-negative apocrine tumors were more likely to be older, Caucasian, and have smaller, moderately to well-differentiated tumors. Multivariable analysis noted a significantly improved survival for patients with triple-negative apocrine carcinoma (TNAC) vs triple-negative invasive ductal carcinoma (TNBC) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.65 [95% confidence interval [CI] [0.53-0.81], P = 0 < .001). Propensity score matching analysis confirmed a significant difference in overall survival for patients with TNAC in comparison to TNBC (HR 0.79 [95% CI [0.63-1.00], P = .05). DISCUSSION Triple-negative apocrine adenocarcinomas have a modestly improved long-term survival when compared with triple-negative invasive ductal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cletus A Arciero
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Glenn Family Breast Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qin Sun
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Theresa Gillespie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Glenn Family Breast Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Glenn Family Breast Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Preeti Subhedar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Glenn Family Breast Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Jamidi SK, Hu J, Aphivatanasiri C, Tsang JY, Poon IK, Li JJ, Chan SK, Cheung SY, Tse GM. Sry-related high-mobility-group/HMG box 10 (SOX10) as a sensitive marker for triple-negative breast cancer. Histopathology 2020; 77:936-948. [PMID: 32304249 DOI: 10.1111/his.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Confirmation of a breast origin for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is sometimes problematic. The traditional breast markers GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), mammaglobin (MGB) and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15) have shown limitations in identifying TNBC. Here, we aimed to examine the diagnostic potential of the newly proposed TNBC marker, Sry-related high-mobility-group/HMG box 10 (SOX10). METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed and compared SOX10 expression with GATA3, MGB and GCDFP15 expression in a test cohort of 1838 invasive breast cancers (IBCs) by using tissue microarrays. The findings from the test cohort were further examined with a validation cohort of 42 TNBCs in whole sections. The overall expression rates of SOX10, GATA3, MGB and GCDFP15 were 6.9%, 83.1%, 47.0%, and 34.8%, respectively. Among the TNBCs within this cohort, the expression rates of SOX10, GATA3, MGB and GCDFP15 were 31.3%, 34.5%, 27.9%, and 25.2%, respectively. SOX10 was strongly associated with TNBC (P < 0.001), whereas all other traditional markers were associated with non-TNBC (P < 0.001 for all). In addition, SOX10 was more correlated to basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) (P = 0.001) than five-marker-negative subtype among the TNBCs. A high expression rate of SOX10 (81%) was confirmed in the validation cohort. Additionally, SOX10 expression was inversely correlated with GATA3 and GCDFP15 expression, so they may complement each other in TNBC detection. The SOX10-GATA3 combination yielded a sensitivity of 60.3% for TNBC detection in the test cohort. CONCLUSION SOX10 is a reliable marker for identifying TNBC, and complements GATA3. The SOX10-GATA3 combination may be used as a sensitive TNBC marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley K Jamidi
- Department of Pathology, Eka Hospital, Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Jintao Hu
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Julia Y Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan K Poon
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joshua J Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Ki Chan
- Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai-Yin Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary M Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Columnar Cell Lesion and Apocrine Hyperplasia of the Breast: Is There a Common Origin? The Role of Prolactin-induced Protein. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 27:508-514. [PMID: 29084054 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive breast lesions encompass a heterogeneous group of risk indicators and nonobligate precursors of breast cancer, such as apocrine hyperplasia (AH) and columnar cell lesions (CCLs). Given the different expression of ER and ER-regulated genes in AH and CCL, these two alterations are currently considered discrete conditions. However, whether they share early biologic changes is not clear to date. Here, we sought to define the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of a prospective series of combined lesions made up by CCLs and AH forming a continuum within single terminal duct-lobular units. The study group included 19 cases, whereas 25 cases of synchronous contiguous CCLs and AH served as control group. The different components of each case were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for ER, PR, AR, HER2, BCL2, CCND1, MUC1, and PIP. Although CCLs and AHs arising in continuity showed opposite patterns of ER expression, the PIP-positive apocrine signature was consistently present in both components. In conclusion, apocrine changes are highly recurrent in CCLs growing within foci of AH, regardless of the ER activation. Our results suggest that PIP-positive and PIP-negative CCLs are likely to represent biologically distinct conditions and that apocrine changes might occur earlier than ER activation in the natural history of breast precursor lesions.
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27
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SOX10, GATA3, GCDFP15, Androgen Receptor, and Mammaglobin for the Differential Diagnosis Between Triple-negative Breast Cancer and TTF1-negative Lung Adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 43:293-302. [PMID: 30628926 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients have an increased risk of developing visceral metastases and other primary nonbreast cancers, particularly lung cancer. The differential diagnosis of TNBC metastases and primary cancers from other organs can be difficult due to lack of a TNBC standard immunoprofile. We analyzed the diagnostic value of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF1), Napsin A, mammaglobin, gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15), Sry-related HMg-Box gene 10 (SOX10), GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), and androgen receptor in a series of 207 TNBC and 152 primary lung adenocarcinomas (LA). All tested TNBCs were TTF1 and Napsin A-negative. When comparing TNBC and TTF1-positive or negative LA, SOX10 had the best sensitivity (62.3%) and specificity (100%) as a marker in favor of TNBC compared with LA, irrespective of TTF1 status (P<0.0001). GATA3 had moderate sensitivity (30.4%) and excellent specificity (98.7%) and misclassified only 2/152 LA (1.3%). GCDFP15 had a moderate sensitivity (20.8%) and excellent specificity (98%) and misclassified only 3/152 (2%) LA. Mammaglobin and androgen receptor had moderate sensitivities (38.2% and 30%), good specificities (81.6% and 86%), and misclassified 28/152 and 21/152 LAs, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the best markers, enabling the distinction between SOX10-negative TNBC and TTF1 and Napsin A-negative LA were GATA3 (odds ratio=33.5; 95% confidence interval, 7.3-153.5; P<0.0001) and GCDFP15 (odds ratio=31.7; 95% confidence interval, 6.9-145.6; P<0.0001). Only 13/207 (6.3%) TNBC cases did not express any aforementioned marker. On the basis of our results, the best sequential immunohistochemical analysis to differentiate TNBC from TTF1-negative LA is first SOX10 followed by GATA3, and finally GCDFP15. This order is important in the diagnostic workup of small biopsies from lung nodules in women with a previous history of TNBC.
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28
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Regulation of Immunity in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081080. [PMID: 31366131 PMCID: PMC6721298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer affects millions of women worldwide, leading to many deaths and significant economic burden. Although there are numerous treatment options available, the huge potentials of immunotherapy in the management of localized and metastatic breast cancer is currently being explored. However, there are significant gaps in understanding the complex interactions between the immune system and breast cancer. The immune system can be pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic depending on the cells involved and the conditions of the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of breast cancer, including treatment options. We also give a brief overview of the immune system and comprehensively highlight the roles of different cells of the immune system in breast tumorigenesis, including recent research discoveries. Lastly, we discuss some immunotherapeutic strategies for the management of breast cancer.
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29
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Shi W, Xu X, Huang R, Yu Q, Zhang P, Xie S, Zheng H, Lu R. Plasma C-MYC level manifesting as an indicator in progression of breast cancer. Biomark Med 2019; 13:917-929. [PMID: 31144531 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether plasma C-MYC level could be an indicator in clinical progression of breast cancer. Materials & methods: Plasma level of C-MYC expression was detected by quantitative real time PCR and the level of c-myc protein in breast cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression level of C-MYC mRNA in supernatant of cancer cells culture was measured compared with the nonbreast cancer cells. Results: Plasma C-MYC level was significantly higher in patients with breast cancer than that in the controls, which associated with clinical stages, lymph node status, etc. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the sensitivity and specificity of plasma C-MYC level for diagnosis of breast cancer were 63.6 and 81.8%, respectively. The expression of c-myc protein in breast cancer tissues was associated with plasma C-MYC level, even C-MYC level in supernatant of cancer cells was elevated. Conclusion: Plasma C-MYC level might be a potential indicator in progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Proton & Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Proton & Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ren Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Proton & Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Proton & Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Peiru Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Proton & Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Suhong Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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30
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Park JH, Kim JH. Pathologic differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in the liver. Clin Mol Hepatol 2019; 25:12-20. [PMID: 30300991 PMCID: PMC6435968 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2018.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the most common sites to which malignancies preferentially metastasize. Although a substantial number of liver malignancies are primary tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, the metastasis of carcinomas to the liver is relatively common and frequently encountered in clinical settings. Representative carcinomas that frequently metastasize to the liver include colorectal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, lung carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma. The diagnostic confirmation of suspected metastatic lesions in the liver is generally achieved through a histopathologic examination of biopsy tissues. Although morphology is the most important feature for a pathologic differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas, immunohistochemical studies facilitate the differentiation of metastatic carcinoma origins and subtypes. Useful immunohistochemical markers for the differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas in the liver include cytokeratins (CK7, CK19, and CK20), neuroendocrine markers (CD56, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A), and tissue-specific markers (CDX2, SATB2, TTF-1, GCDFP-15, mammaglobin, etc.). Here, we provide a brief review about the pathologic differential diagnosis of major metastatic carcinomas in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National Uiversity Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Ihedioha O, Blanchard AA, Balhara J, Okwor I, Jia P, Uzonna J, Myal Y. The human breast cancer-associated protein, the prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), regulates intracellular signaling events and cytokine production by macrophages. Immunol Res 2019. [PMID: 29536339 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-8987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) is considered a valuable biomarker that is associated with both benign and malignant pathological conditions of the mammary gland. The function of PIP in breast tumorigenesis remains unknown; however, evidence from our laboratory and others suggest that it regulates host immunity. Studies with PIP-deficient (PIP-/-) mice demonstrated significantly lower numbers of CD4+ T cells in their secondary lymphoid organs, impaired Th1 response, and impaired nitric oxide (NO) production. To further delineate the immunoregulatory role of PIP, we compared the expression of IFN-γR and TLR4, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and intracellular signaling events by IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages from wild-type (WT) and PIP-/- mice. We showed that although the expressions of IFN-γR and TLR4 were comparable, productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were decreased in PIP-/- macrophages. This was associated with decreased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer of activation of transcription (STAT) proteins in macrophages from PIP-/- mice. Interestingly, the expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 and 3 proteins, known to suppress IFN-γ and LPS signaling, was higher in PIP-/- macrophages compared to those from WT mice. Collectively, our studies show that deficiency of PIP significantly affects intracellular signaling events leading to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and further confirms a role for PIP as an important immunoregulatory protein. This direct link between PIP and cell-mediated immunity, a key component of the immune system that is critical for cancer control, may have significant therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ihedioha
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anne A Blanchard
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jyoti Balhara
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jude Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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32
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Güler SA, Şimşek T, Pösteki G, Güreşin A, Çınar S, Onbaşılar U, Cantürk NZ. A Very Rare Reason for Gastric Perforation, Caused by Gastric Metastasis of Breast Cancer: Case Presentation. Eur J Breast Health 2018; 15:59-62. [PMID: 30816356 DOI: 10.5152/ejbh.2018.4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the mostly seen malignancy of women. Breast cancer causes lung, bone, liver and brain metastasis. On the other hand, gastric metastasis of breast cancer is a rarely seen metastasis. For this reason, it may be misdiagnosed or diagnosed after its morbid or mortal complications occurred. This may also result as a delay of breast cancers primary treatment. If occurred the best tool is immunohistochemical panels especially gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15) for exact diagnosis. In our case, a gastric metastasis of breast cancer is presented which was admitted with the acute abdominal findings caused by its result as gastric perforation and diagnosed by GCDFP-15 immunohistochemical panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertaç Ata Güler
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Turgay Şimşek
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Pösteki
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Alican Güreşin
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Saffet Çınar
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Umut Onbaşılar
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nuh Zafer Cantürk
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
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D'Arcy C, Quinn CM. Apocrine lesions of the breast: part 2 of a two-part review. Invasive apocrine carcinoma, the molecular apocrine signature and utility of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of apocrine lesions of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2018; 72:7-11. [PMID: 30425121 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pure apocrine carcinoma of the breast is rare and has been defined by using a combination of morphologic (apocrine morphology in >90% of tumour cells) and immunohistochemical criteria (oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) negative and androgen receptor (AR) positive). Recent advances in the molecular classification of breast tumours have uncovered a subset of breast tumours associated with high expression of androgen receptor mRNA including the so-called 'luminal androgen receptor (LAR) tumours' and 'molecular apocrine tumours' (MATs). Recognition of these tumour subsets has opened potential avenues for therapies exploiting the AR pathway in triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC). In this second part of our two-part review, we focus on the definition of pure apocrine carcinoma, recent advances in understanding the molecular apocrine signature in breast carcinoma, its relationship to pure apocrine carcinoma defined at the level of light microscopy and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the therapeutic implications of androgen expression in TNBC. We complete the article with a summary of the utility of IHC in stratifying apocrine lesions of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare D'Arcy
- Histopathology, Breast Check, Irish National Breast Screening Programme and St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cecily M Quinn
- Histopathology, Breast Check, Irish National Breast Screening Programme and St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Sharif R, Bak-Nielsen S, Hjortdal J, Karamichos D. Pathogenesis of Keratoconus: The intriguing therapeutic potential of Prolactin-inducible protein. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 67:150-167. [PMID: 29758268 PMCID: PMC6235698 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is the most common ectatic corneal disease, with clinical findings that include discomfort, visual disturbance and possible blindness if left untreated. KC affects approximately 1:400 to 1:2000 people worldwide, including both males and females. The aetiology and onset of KC remains a puzzle and as a result, the ability to treat or reverse the disease is hampered. Sex hormones are known to play a role in the maintenance of the structure and integrity of the human cornea. Hormone levels have been reported to alter corneal thickness, curvature, and sensitivity during different times of menstrual cycle. Surprisingly, the role of sex hormones in corneal diseases and KC has been largely neglected. Prolactin-induced protein, known to be regulated by sex hormones, is a new KC biomarker that has been recently proposed. Studies herein discuss the role of sex hormones as a control mechanism for KC onset and progression and evidence supporting the view that prolactin-induced protein is an important hormonally regulated biomarker in KC is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Sashia Bak-Nielsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Jesper Hjortdal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States; Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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Urbaniak A, Jablonska K, Podhorska-Okolow M, Ugorski M, Dziegiel P. Prolactin-induced protein (PIP)-characterization and role in breast cancer progression. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:2150-2164. [PMID: 30555735 PMCID: PMC6291655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-induced protein (PIP) is a small secreted glycoprotein carrying several N-linked carbohydrate chains. The expression of PIP is generally restricted to cells with apocrine properties. It was found in apocrine glands of the axilla, vulva, eyelid, ear canal, and seminal vesicle. Being a secretory protein, PIP is present in seminal plasma, saliva, lacrimal fluid, tears, sweat gland secretion. Little is known about the biological role of PIP. It binds to numerous proteins, however, in most cases the biological role of such interactions is poorly understood. A notable exception is its binding to CD4 receptors present on the surface of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and spermatozoa. The available data suggest that PIP can have immunomodulatory functions and plays an important role in cell-mediate adoptive immunity. PIP binds to bacteria from several genera, which suggests that this glycoprotein may participate also in innate immunity and protection of hosts against microbial infections. Increased levels of PIP were found in several types of human cancer (prostate, sweat and salivary gland cancers). It is especially common in breast cancer, however, data on the expression of PIP in normal and cancerous breast cancer tissues are to some degree conflicting. In early studies, it was shown that PIP is absent or its expression is very low in normal breast epithelium, whereas in breast cancers PIP is frequently expressed and present in large amounts. On the other hand, later study showed that expression of PIP is lower in advanced apocrine carcinomas and invasive carcinomas than in, respectively, in situ carcinomas and adjacent normal tissue. The most recent study revealed that PIP gene expression decreased gradually along with higher stage and grade of breast cancer. In agreement with these data, it was shown that that low levels or the lack of PIP expression are associated with a worse response of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. It was proposed that PIP plays important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. However, its role in these processes is both unclear and controversial. In this review, the role of PIP in both physiological processes and carcinogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Urbaniak
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
- Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Jablonska
- Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okolow
- Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical EducationWroclaw, Poland
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de Almeida Freire N, de Andrade BAB, Silva Canedo NH, Agostini M, Romañach MJ. Oral and maxillofacial metastasis of male breast cancer: Report of a rare case and literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 127:e18-e22. [PMID: 29934067 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral and maxillofacial metastatic tumors are uncommon, with the breast, prostate, lung, and kidney representing the most common primary sites. Less than 1% of all breast cancers occur in male patients, and to date, only 8 cases of metastatic breast adenocarcinoma to the oral and maxillofacial region in a male patient have been reported in the literature. An 88-year-old male with previous history of a successfully treated primary breast adenocarcinoma 12 years earlier was referred for evaluation of an oral swelling lasting 6 months. Intraoral examination revealed a 2-cm reddish, pedunculated nodule with a smooth surface located in the left retromolar region. Imaging revealed maxillary sinus involvement. The patient underwent incisional biopsy, and microscopic evaluation revealed invasive tumor islands compounded by malignant epithelial cells, sometimes exhibiting ductal arrangement, which were positive for the estrogen receptor and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15. The final diagnosis was metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. Breast metastases are exceedingly rare in the oral and maxillofacial region of male patients; however, clinicians should consider breast metastasis when evaluating reddish oral nodules in older patients, including men, especially those with a history of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia de Almeida Freire
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, School of Dentistry (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Nathalie Henriques Silva Canedo
- Department of Pathology, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, School of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle Agostini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, School of Dentistry (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mário José Romañach
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, School of Dentistry (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Prolactin Induced Protein (PIP) is a potential biomarker for early stage and malignant breast cancer. Breast 2018; 39:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Unusual N-type glycosylation of salivary prolactin-inducible protein (PIP): multiple Lewis Y epitopes generate highly-fucosylated glycan structures. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:323-332. [PMID: 29858715 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) is a glycoprotein found in body secretions from exocrine glands like saliva and seminal plasma. Important biological functions of PIP concentrations have been demonstrated, e.g. in tumor diagnosis and progression. PIP quantity has been also found useful to determine the success of chemotherapy of mammary carcinoma. Here, we present the analysis of the N-glycosylation of PIP isolated from different sources by LC-MS(/MS) and 1H-NMR. We found a very uncommon N-type glycosylation of PIP in healthy individuals from both, seminal fluid and saliva. PIP carries unusual highly fucosylated N-linked glycans with multiple Lewisy (Ley) epitopes on bi-, tri- and tetraantennary structures resulting in up to nine fucosyl residues on a tetraantennary glycan. In most organs, Ley epitopes are not present on N-glycans except in case of a tumor when it is highly up-regulated and important for prognosis. Here, for the first time on a specific glycoprotein Ley antigens are unambiguously characterized on an N-type glycan by NMR spectroscopy. So far, for specific glycoproteins Ley epitopes had only been reported on O-glycans. Furthermore, a correlation between a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and glycosylation pattern was detected: individuals heterozygous for the SNP causing the amino acid exchange 51Gln to 51His have glycan structures with a higher degree of sialylation compared to individuals lacking the SNP.
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Zombori T, Cserni G. Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Expression of Breast Markers in Basal-like Breast Carcinomas Defined as Triple Negative Cancers Expressing Keratin 5. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 24:259-267. [PMID: 28470571 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and progesterone receptors are possible markers for suggesting a mammary origin of metastatic carcinoma, but are useless in cases of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC). Five other potential markers of breast origin were investigated on tissue microarrays in a series of TNBCs showing keratin 5 expression, consistent with a basal-like phenotype. GATA-3 staining was observed in 82 of 115 triple negative cases (71.3%) including 23 cases with >5% staining. Mammaglobin staining was detected in 30 cases (26.0%) including 12 with >5% staining. GCDFP-15 was seen in 23 cases (20.0%) including 9 with >5% staining. NY-BR-1 positivity was present in 7 cases (6.0%) including 3 patients with >5% staining. BCA-225 staining was observed in 74 cases (64.3%); however this latter marker lacks also specificity owing to the reported widespread staining in other malignancies. GATA-3, mammaglobin and GCDFP-15 coexpression was seen in one case (0.9%), whereas GATA-3 and mammaglobin or mammaglobin and GCDFP-15 coexpression was present in 2 and 2 cases (1.7%), respectively. Using at least 5% staining as cut-off, the expression of any of the last 4 markers was 34.7%. The expression of GATA-3, mammaglobin, GCDFP-15 and NY-BR-1 is lower in TNBC-s than in breast carcinomas in general, and this may be even lower in basal-like carcinomas. Although these markers are not fully specific, by using them, a subset of basal-like TNBC-s can be identified as of mammary origin. However, a substantial proportion will not show any staining with any of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Zombori
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Állomás u. 1, Szeged, 6725, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Cserni
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Állomás u. 1, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
- Department of Pathology, Bács-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemét, Hungary
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40
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Ueno N, Kuroda H, Kozuka Y, Harada O, Kato H, Kubota K, Imai Y. Dimorphic variant of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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41
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Clinicopathological study of a dimorphic variant of breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer 2017; 25:151-158. [PMID: 28965222 PMCID: PMC5818576 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-017-0804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimorphic cells have abundant clear cytoplasm similar to myoepithelial cells, and the nuclei are identical to those in adjacent malignant columnar epithelial cells. A dimorphic variant of a breast carcinoma involves a neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells including dimorphic cells. METHODS The subjects were patients with primary breast carcinoma, who underwent surgical resection at the Hospital of Dokkyo Medical University between 2000 and 2016, and were reviewed and diagnosed with a dimorphic variant of breast carcinoma. RESULTS Dimorphic ICs typically showed a low-grade tumor and Hormonal receptor (HR) (estrogen and/or progesterone)+/HER2- subtype. Age, mean tumor size, status of nodal metastasis, stage and disease-free survival and overall survival did not differ between dimorphic and non-dimorphic ICs. The dimorphic cells were negative for p63 and cytokeratin 5/6 and 14 in most cases. In contrast, dimorphic cells were positive for HR, androgen receptor, and showed marked membrane-associated staining for E-cadherin and cytoplasmic staining for gross cystic disease fluid protein 15. CONCLUSIONS The morphological features of dimorphic cells may be confused with cells of other origins if the features of the dimorphic cells are not recognized. However, the typical morphological architecture of this carcinoma and expression of immunohistochemical markers support the diagnosis.
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Functional proteomics outlines the complexity of breast cancer molecular subtypes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10100. [PMID: 28855612 PMCID: PMC5577137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising a variety of entities with various genetic backgrounds. Estrogen receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative tumors typically have a favorable outcome; however, some patients eventually relapse, which suggests some heterogeneity within this category. In the present study, we used proteomics and miRNA profiling techniques to characterize a set of 102 either estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) or triple-negative formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast tumors. Protein expression-based probabilistic graphical models and flux balance analyses revealed that some ER+/PR+ samples had a protein expression profile similar to that of triple-negative samples and had a clinical outcome similar to those with triple-negative disease. This probabilistic graphical model-based classification had prognostic value in patients with luminal A breast cancer. This prognostic information was independent of that provided by standard genomic tests for breast cancer, such as MammaPrint, OncoType Dx and the 8-gene Score.
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De Lara S, Parris TZ, Werner Rönnerman E, Helou K, Kovács A. GATA3 as a putative marker of breast cancer metastasis-A retrospective immunohistochemical study. Breast J 2017; 24:184-188. [DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahin De Lara
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Toshima Z. Parris
- Department of Oncology; Institute of Clinical Sciences; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center; Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Oncology; Institute of Clinical Sciences; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center; Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anikó Kovács
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg Sweden
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Expression of calretinin in high-grade hormone receptor-negative invasive breast carcinomas: correlation with histological and molecular subtypes. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:13-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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45
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Kim S, Park S, Cho MS, Lim W, Moon BI, Sung SH. Strong Correlation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Expression with Basal-Like Phenotype and Increased Lymphocytic Infiltration in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Cancer 2017; 8:124-130. [PMID: 28123606 PMCID: PMC5264048 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an immunosuppressive enzyme involved in tumor immune escape. Blockade of the IDO1 pathway is an emerging modality of cancer immunotherapy. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks established therapeutic targets and may be a good candidate for this novel immunotherapeutic agent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics of the IDO1-expressing TNBC subset. A tissue microarray was constructed from 200 patients with TNBC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for IDO1 and TNBC molecular subtype-surrogate markers (AR, GCDFP-15, claudin-3, E-cadherin, CK5/6, and EGFR) was performed using this tissue microarray. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm the IDO1 mRNA expression level in 16 fresh-frozen TNBC samples. Two hundred TNBCs were classified into four subtypes based on surrogate IHC results: 22 luminal androgen receptor type (11.0%), 23 claudin-low type (11.4%), 103 basal-like type (51.5%), and 52 mixed type (26.0%). IDO1 positivity (defined as expression of >10% tumor cells) was observed in 37% of all TNBCs. IDO1 IHC expression was well correlated with mRNA expression. IDO1 positivity was significantly associated with smaller tumor size, dense stromal lymphocytic infiltration, and basal-like phenotype; however, it did not affect the patients' prognosis. IDO1 expression in basal-like TNBCs is considered an immune inhibitory signal that counterbalances active immunity and may reflect the high mutational load of these tumors. Our results suggest which patients with TNBC would be more efficaciously treated with IDO1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewha Kim
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Korea
| | - Sanghui Park
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea
| | - Min Sun Cho
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea
| | - Woosung Lim
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea
| | - Byung-In Moon
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Sung
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea
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Abstract
This review summarizes the three major breast-associated markers that can be of assistance in evaluating metastatic carcinomas for which a breast primary diagnosis is entertained. These markers include gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), mammaglobin, and GATA3. The first two are cytoplasmic markers that show comparable sensitivities for breast cancer, although relatively few of the published studies have employed the same antibodies against the target molecule, making direct comparisons challenging. GATA3 is a nuclear transcription factor that shows superior sensitivity to GCDFP-15 and mammaglobin. However, the specificity of GATA3 can pose challenges, inasmuch as carcinomas of the bladder and other sites can show significant levels of positivity. Determination of the optimal panel of antibodies employed in a given clinical setting will thus depend on the non-breast tumours included in the differential diagnosis.
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Ihedioha OC, Shiu RP, Uzonna JE, Myal Y. Prolactin-Inducible Protein: From Breast Cancer Biomarker to Immune Modulator—Novel Insights from Knockout Mice. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:537-541. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert P.C. Shiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jude E. Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yvonne Myal
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Yang Y, Lu S, Zeng W, Xie S, Xiao S. GATA3 expression in clinically useful groups of breast carcinoma: a comparison with GCDFP15 and mammaglobin for identifying paired primary and metastatic tumors. Ann Diagn Pathol 2016; 26:1-5. [PMID: 28038704 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
GATA3 has been recognized as the novel marker for identifying primary and metastatic breast carcinomas, consistently showing that GATA3 was significantly more sensitive than traditional markers gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15) and mammaglobin (MGB). However, clinically useful groups of breast carcinomas status were not identified, which were determining appropriate treatment strategy, affecting the prognosis. In this study, we undertook a comparative study of the marker GATA3 and GCDFP15 and MGB in clinically useful groups of paired primary and metastatic breast cancer. We retrieved 64 cases of matched primary and metastatic breast cancer from the surgical pathology archive at our institution. According to the emerging 2015 St. Gallen Consensus, the clinically useful groups were divided into ER and/or PR (+), HER2 (-), abbreviated as A; ER and/or PR (+), HER2 (+), abbreviated as B; ER and PR (-), HER2 (+), abbreviated as C; ER, PR and HER2 (-), abbreviated as D; each group contained 16 cases (n=16). Tissue microarrays were created, with three 1-mm punch specimens from each case. The tissue microarrays were cut at 4-μm thickness and stained with monoclonal antibodies to GATA3, GCDFP15, and MGB. Staining intensity (0-3+) and extent (0%-100%) were scored with an H-score calculated (range, 0-300). Sensitivities by varying H-score cutoffs (any; ≥50; ≥150) for a positive result in the clinically useful groups of matched primary or metastatic breast cancer among GATA3, GCDFP15, and MGB. GATA3 was significantly more sensitive than GCDFP15 and MGB A and B groups (P<.05) rather than C and D groups (P>.05). However, GATA3 in conjunction with GCDFP15 and MGB detection could improve the sensitivity of C group (P<.05) rather than D group (P>.05). Significantly, good coincidence was observed between primary and metastatic tumor GATA3 expression (κ value = 0.826 >0.75) as compared with the coincidence of GCDFP15 (κ value =0.492 <0.75) and MGB (κ value =0.593 <0.75) (both P<.05). In conclusion, GATA3 expression did not show the same sensitivity for the clinically useful groups of breast cancer. GATA3 expression is positively correlated with ER-positive, PR-positive, and HER2-positive carcinomas. In addition, the matched primary and metastatic tumor expression of GATA3 shows good coincidence. We propose the careful selection of GATA3 for identifying hormone receptor negativity of breast cancer, especially in the case of triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China, 541000
| | - Shanming Lu
- Department of Pathology, The Meizhou Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China, 514021
| | - Wenqin Zeng
- Department of Histology, Medical college of Jiaying University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China, 514021
| | - Shoucheng Xie
- Department of Pathology, The Meizhou Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China, 514021
| | - Shengjun Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China, 541000.
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49
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Jablonska K, Grzegrzolka J, Podhorska-Okolow M, Stasiolek M, Pula B, Olbromski M, Gomulkiewicz A, Piotrowska A, Rys J, Ambicka A, Ong SH, Zabel M, Dziegiel P. Prolactin-induced protein as a potential therapy response marker of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:878-893. [PMID: 27293986 PMCID: PMC4889707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies are dedicated to exploring the molecular mechanisms of chemotherapy-resistance in breast cancer (BC). Some of them are focused on searching for candidate genes responsible for this process. The aim of this study was typing the candidate genes associated with the response to standard chemotherapy in the case of invasive ductal carcinoma. Frozen material from 28 biopsies obtained from IDC patients with different responses to chemotherapy were examined using gene expression microarray, Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot (WB). Based on the microarray results, further analysis of candidate gene expression was evaluated in 120 IDC cases by RT-PCR and in 224 IDC cases by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results were correlated with clinical outcome and molecular subtype of the BC. Gene expression microarray revealed Prolactin-Induced Peptide (PIP) as a single gene differentially expressed in BC therapy responder or non-responder patients (p <0.05). The level of PIP expression was significantly higher in the BC therapy responder group than in the non-responder group at mRNA (p=0.0092) and protein level (p=0.0256). Expression of PIP mRNA was the highest in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC cases (p=0.0254) and it was the lowest in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (p=0.0336). Higher PIP mRNA expression was characterized by significantly longer disease free survival (DFS, p=0.0093), as well as metastasis free survival (MFS, p=0.0144). Additionally, PIP mRNA and PIP protein expression levels were significantly higher in luminal A than in other molecular subtypes and TNBC. Moreover significantly higher PIP expression was observed in G1, G2 vs. G3 cases (p=0.0027 and p=0.0013, respectively). Microarray analysis characterized PIP gene as a candidate for BC standard chemotherapy response marker. Analysis of clinical data suggests that PIP may be a good prognostic and predictive marker in IDC patients. Higher levels of PIP were related to longer DFS and MFS but not with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jablonska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Grzegrzolka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Mariusz Stasiolek
- Department of Neurology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research InstituteLodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pula
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Olbromski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Janusz Rys
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial InstituteCracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ambicka
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial InstituteCracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Siew Hwa Ong
- Acumen Research Laboratories, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyPoznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical EducationWroclaw, Poland
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50
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McConnell JC, O'Connell OV, Brennan K, Weiping L, Howe M, Joseph L, Knight D, O'Cualain R, Lim Y, Leek A, Waddington R, Rogan J, Astley SM, Gandhi A, Kirwan CC, Sherratt MJ, Streuli CH. Increased peri-ductal collagen micro-organization may contribute to raised mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:5. [PMID: 26747277 PMCID: PMC4706673 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mammographic density is a therapeutically modifiable risk factor for breast cancer. Although mammographic density is correlated with the relative abundance of collagen-rich fibroglandular tissue, the causative mechanisms, associated structural remodelling and mechanical consequences remain poorly defined. In this study we have developed a new collaborative bedside-to-bench workflow to determine the relationship between mammographic density, collagen abundance and alignment, tissue stiffness and the expression of extracellular matrix organising proteins. METHODS Mammographic density was assessed in 22 post-menopausal women (aged 54-66 y). A radiologist and a pathologist identified and excised regions of elevated non-cancerous X-ray density prior to laboratory characterization. Collagen abundance was determined by both Masson's trichrome and Picrosirius red staining (which enhances collagen birefringence when viewed under polarised light). The structural specificity of these collagen visualisation methods was determined by comparing the relative birefringence and ultrastructure (visualised by atomic force microscopy) of unaligned collagen I fibrils in reconstituted gels with the highly aligned collagen fibrils in rat tail tendon. Localised collagen fibril organisation and stiffness was also evaluated in tissue sections by atomic force microscopy/spectroscopy and the abundance of key extracellular proteins was assessed using mass spectrometry. RESULTS Mammographic density was positively correlated with the abundance of aligned periductal fibrils rather than with the abundance of amorphous collagen. Compared with matched tissue resected from the breasts of low mammographic density patients, the highly birefringent tissue in mammographically dense breasts was both significantly stiffer and characterised by large (>80 μm long) fibrillar collagen bundles. Subsequent proteomic analyses not only confirmed the absence of collagen fibrosis in high mammographic density tissue, but additionally identified the up-regulation of periostin and collagen XVI (regulators of collagen fibril structure and architecture) as potential mediators of localised mechanical stiffness. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest that remodelling, and hence stiffening, of the existing stromal collagen microarchitecture promotes high mammographic density within the breast. In turn, this aberrant mechanical environment may trigger neoplasia-associated mechanotransduction pathways within the epithelial cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C McConnell
- Centre for Tissue Injury & Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Oliver V O'Connell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Keith Brennan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Lisa Weiping
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Miles Howe
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Leena Joseph
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - David Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ronan O'Cualain
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. ronan.o'
| | - Yit Lim
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Angela Leek
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Tissue Biobank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rachael Waddington
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Tissue Biobank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Jane Rogan
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre Tissue Biobank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Susan M Astley
- Centre for Imaging Sciences, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ashu Gandhi
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Cliona C Kirwan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Michael J Sherratt
- Centre for Tissue Injury & Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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