Genetic polymorphisms of MMP1, MMP3 and MMP7 gene promoter and risk of colorectal adenoma. BMC Cancer. 2006;6:270. [PMID: 17125518 PMCID: PMC1687194 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-270]

Selected Cytokines and Metalloproteinases in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a collective term for two diseases: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). There are many factors, e.g., genetic, environmental and immunological, that increase the likelihood of these diseases. Indicators of IBDs include extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The aim of this review is to present data on the role of selected cytokines and metalloproteinases in IBD. In recent years, more and more transcriptomic studies are emerging. These studies are improving the characterization of the cytokine microenvironment inside inflamed tissue. It is observed that the levels of several cytokines are consistently increased in inflamed tissue in IBD, both in UC and CD. This review shows that MMPs play a major role in the pathology of inflammatory processes, cancer, and IBD. IBD-associated inflammation is associated with increased expression of MMPs and reduced ability of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) to inhibit their action. In IBD patients in tissues that are inflamed, MMPs are produced in excess and TIMP activity is not sufficient to block MMPs. This review is based on our personal selection of the literature that was retrieved by a selective search in PubMed using the terms "Inflammatory bowel disease" and "pathogenesis of Inflammatory bowel diseases" that includes systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials. The involvement of the immune system in the pathophysiology of IBD is reviewed in terms of the role of the cytokines and metalloproteinases involved.

MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A promoter polymorphism and cancer susceptibility: an updated meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis

Purpose: Previous studies of MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A in cancers have produced inconclusive outcomes. This updated meta-analysis was performed to clarify the link between this variant and cancer. Methods: Databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and Cochrane were searched for data collection. The associations were calculated by odds ratios with 95% CIs. Results: 63 eligible studies with 14,252 cases and 15,176 controls were included. The codominant 2, codominant 3, dominant, recessive and allele models were found to be significantly associated with 1.28-, 1.13-, 1.13-, 1.19- and 1.13-fold enhanced overall risk of cancer, respectively. Stratification analysis revealed a 1.28-times enhanced risk of esophageal cancer (codominant 1), 1.29- and 1.26-fold (codominant 3) and 1.18- and 1.28-fold (recessive model) enhanced risk in colorectal and gastrointestinal cancers, respectively, 1.30-, 1.35- and 1.22-times in codominant model 1, dominant and allele models for breast cancer, 1.56-fold (codominant 2) for gynecological cancer and 2.40-times in codominant model 2 for hepatocellular cancer. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests a significant association between the MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A variant and cancer. This meta-analysis was registered at INPLASY (registration number: INPLASY202280049).

Proteomic and phosphoproteomic landscape of salivary extracellular vesicles to assess OSCC therapeutical outcomes

Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an appealing source for surrogates to evaluate the disease status. Herein, we present a novel proteomic strategy to identify proteins and phosphoproteins from salivary EVs to distinguish oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients from healthy individuals and explore the feasibility to evaluate therapeutical outcomes. Bi-functionalized magnetic beads (BiMBs) with Ti (IV) ions and a lipid analog, 1,2-Distearoyl-3-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine (DSPE) are developed to efficiently isolate EVs from small volume of saliva. In the discovery stage, label-free proteomics and phosphoproteomics quantification showed 315 upregulated proteins and 132 upregulated phosphoproteins in OSCC patients among more than 2500 EV proteins and 1000 EV phosphoproteins, respectively. We further applied targeted proteomics by coupling parallel reaction monitoring with parallel accumulation-serial fragmentation (prm-PASEF) to measure panels of proteins and phosphoproteins from salivary EVs collected before and after surgical resection. A panel of three total proteins and three phosphoproteins, most of which have previously been associated with OSCC and other cancer types, show sensitive response to the therapy in individual patients. Our study presents a novel strategy to the discovery of effective biomarkers for non-invasive assessment of OSCC surgical outcomes with small amount of saliva.

Insights into the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Precancerous Conditions and in Colorectal Cancer

Simple Summary

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer worldwide. CRC is derived from polyps and many factors, such as Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) can gain the progression of colorectal carcinogenesis. Many investigations have indicated the role of MMPs in CRC development while there is not enough knowledge about the function of MMPs in precancerous conditions. This review summarizes the current information about the role of MMPs in polyps and CRC progression.

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third and second cancer for incidence and mortality worldwide, respectively, and is becoming prevalent in developing countries. Most CRCs derive from polyps, especially adenomatous polyps, which can gradually transform into CRC. The family of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of CRC. Prominent MMPs, including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-12, MMP-13, MMP-14, and MMP-21, have been detected in CRC patients, and the expression of most of them correlates with a poor prognosis. Moreover, many studies have explored the inhibition of MMPs and targeted therapy for CRC, but there is not enough information about the role of MMPs in polyp malignancy. In this review, we discuss the role of MMPs in colorectal cancer and its pathogenesis

The Association of MMP7 Genotype With Pterygium

BACKGROUND/AIM

In literature, few studies have examined the diagnostic or prognostic potential of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in pterygium, whose formation and progression are closely related to imbalance in the extracellular microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the contribution of MMP7 promoter (A-181G and C-153T) polymorphic genotypes to pterygium risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 134 cases and 268 controls were collected and their MMP7 genotypes at A-181G and C-153T were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology.

RESULTS

The AA, AG and GG genotypes at MMP7 promoter A-181G were non-significantly differentially distributed between the two groups at 85.8, 11.2 and 3.0%, respectively, in pterygium cases and 88.4, 9.7 and 1.9% in controls, respectively (p for trend=0.6822). There was no polymorphic genotype for MMP7 C-153T among our Taiwanese cohort.

CONCLUSION

A-181G and C-153T genotypes at MMP7 do not have a direct role in determining Taiwanese susceptibility to pterygium.

ASSOCIATION OF MMP-7 -181A>G POLYMORPHISM WITH COLORECTAL CANCER AND GASTRIC CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Introduction:

The matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) gene -181A>G polymorphism has been reported to be associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) susceptibility, yet the results of these previous results have been inconsistent or controversial.

Aim:

To elaborate a meta-analysis to assess the association of -181A>G polymorphism of MMP-7 with CRC and GC risk.

Methods:

Published literature evaluating the association from PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and other databases were retrieved up to April 25, 2018. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random- or fixed-effects model.

Results:

A total of 19 case-control studies, which included eleven studies on CRC (2,169 CRC cases and 2,346 controls) and eight studies on GC (1,545 GC cases and 2,366 controls) were identified. There was a significant association between MMP-7 -181A>G polymorphism and GC risk under the homozygote model (GG vs. AA: OR=1.672, 95% CI 1.161-2.409, p=0.006) and the recessive model (GG vs. GA+AA: OR=1.672, 95% CI 1.319-2.554, p=0.001), but not with CRC. By subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, an increased risk of CRC and GC was found only among Asians.

Conclusions:

This meta-analysis suggests that MMP-7 -181A>G polymorphisms is associated with GC risk, but not with CRC. However, our results clearly showed that the MMP-7 -181A>G polymorphism significantly increased the risk of CRC only in Asians.

[The role of stress factors and genetic predisposition in the development of stroke in patients with essential hypertension]

To study the interaction of polymorphic markers of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and chronic stress in the development of stroke associated with hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 830 patients, including 303 patients with ischemic stroke associated with essential hypertension (EH) and 527 patients with EH without stroke, were examined. The study of metalloproteinases SNP was carried out using real-time PCR. The functional significance and influence of polymorphic loci on gene expression was studied using of HaploReg (v4.1) (http://archive.broadinstitute.org) and GTEx-portal (http://www.gtexportal.org). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: An association of the genotype GG (rs11568818) of MMP7 with a high risk of stroke in patients exposed to regular stress (OR=1.71) was observed. It was found that allele 5A and genotype 5A/5A (rs3025058) of MMP3 had a protective effect on the development of stroke in patients without regular stress in the anamnesis (OR=0.73 and OR=0.60, respectively). Those SNPs are localized in the region of histone proteins H3K4me1 and H3K4me3, in the region of hypersensitivity to DNase-1, in the region of binding of regulatory proteins and transcription factors. The polymorphic locus rs11568818 is associated with the expression level of MMP7.

Study of associations of polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinases genes with the development of arterial hypertension in men

The aim of research. To study the association of polymorphic loci of matrix metalloproteinases with the development of essential hypertension (EH) in men of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. Materials and methods. A study of 564 men with EH and 257 control men was performed. Analysis of the polymorphic loci of metalloproteinases rs11568818 MMР7, rs1320632 MMР8, rs11225395 MMР8, rs1799750 MMР1, rs3025058 MMР3 was performed using real-time PCR. The study of associations of SNPs and their haplotypes with the development of arterial hypertension was carried out using logistic regression analysis in the PLINK software (v. 2.050). The regulatory potential of polymorphic loci was analyzed in the HaploReg software (v. 4.1) (http://archive.broadinstitute.org). The effect of SNP on gene expression was studied using the data of the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (http://www.gtexportal.org/). Results. Haplotype including rs11568818 MMP7, rs1320632 MMP8, rs11225395 MMP8 and rs1799750 MMP1 associated with a high risk of disease in men (OR=2,58, pperm=0,04). These polymorphisms located in region of promoter and enhancer histone marks and in the region of hypersensitivity to DNAse-1. They located in sites of proteins bound (TBP, CJUN, CFOS and GATA2) and they associated with the level of gene expression ММР7, ММР27 and RP11-817J15.3 (in peripheral blood, skeletal muscles, nervous tissue and other). Сonclusion. Haplotype G-A-C-1G for polymorphisms rs11568818 MMP7, rs1320632 MMP8, rs11225395 MMP8, rs1799750 MMP1 are associated with the development of essential hypertension in men in the Central Chernozem Region of Russia.

Association study between matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene (MMP3) polymorphisms and ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility

BACKGROUND

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the second most common cause of inflammatory arthritis worldwide affecting the axial skeleton. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) in the development of AS has few been investigated in Chinese population.

METHODS

A total of 362 patients with AS and 362 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Five SNPs in MMP3 genotypes were identified by Agena MassARRAY. Chi-squared tests and genetic model were used to evaluate associations.

RESULTS

rs522616 had a significant risk of AS development compared to those with the TT genotype (p = 0.008). By multiple logistic regression models analysis, in codominant model, rs522616 CT genotypes also had a 1.44-fold risk (95% CI = 1.06-1.96, p = 0.008) for AS development compared to those with TT genotypes. In recessive model, the CC genotypes was a significantly reduced AS risk for individuals with TT/CT genotype (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.41-0.99, p = 0.040).

CONCLUSION

The present study suggests that MMP3 rs522616 polymorphism is associated with AS susceptibility and MMP3 might be a potential diagnostic biomarker for AS. Further independent studies with larger cohorts are warranted to validate our findings in different populations.

Celastrol inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation and migration through suppression of MMP3 and MMP7 by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent malignant tumors. Signaling by the PI3K/AKT pathway is crucial for CRC development and progression, including proliferation and migration. Celastrol has an anticancer effect, but its mechanism needs to be determined. Here, we showed that celastrol suppressed CRC cell proliferation and migration. Celastrol treatment also decreased the PI3K/AKT pathway components, and MMP3 and MMP7 expression levels. In addition, knockdown of AKT, not mTOR, inhibited MMP3 and MMP7 expression levels and AKT silencing promoted the celastrol-induced effects on CRC cell proliferation and migration. Taken together, these findings indicated that the celastrol-induced antitumor effects were mediated through MMP3 and MMP7 by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes with the Risk of Bladder Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

The breakage of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been reported to be one of the mechanisms required for tumor invasion, and the expression of MMP-7 in serum is correlated with poor prognosis of urinary bladder cancer patients. However, the role of the MMP-7 genotypes has been seldom examined among bladder cancer patients. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the promoter polymorphic MMP-7 genotypes A-181G and C-153T among Taiwanese bladder cancer patients and evaluate the contribution of the genotypic variants of MMP-7 to bladder cancer risk in Taiwan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three hundred and seventy-five bladder cancer patients and the same number of gender- and age-matched healthy controls were genotyped for A-181G and C-153T in the promoter of MMP-7 via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology.

RESULTS

The frequencies of AA, AG and GG at A-181G of the promoter of MMP-7 were 89.1, 8.8 and 2.1% in the bladder cancer patient group and 87.5, 10.9 and 1.6% in the matched healthy control group, respectively (p for trend=0.5475). There was no polymorphic genotype for MMP-7 C-153T among the Taiwanese population. The comparisons in allelic frequency distribution also support the findings that the G allele may not be the determinant allele for bladder cancer in Taiwan. In addition, the results showed that there is no significant association of the bladder risk with the MMP-7 A-181G genotype, even after adjustment for the possible confounding factors. Furthermore, there is no interaction of the genotypes of MMP-7 with age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption on bladder cancer risk.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that the two MMP-7 polymorphisms, - A-181G and C-153T, do not play a major role in determining personal susceptibility to bladder cancer in Taiwan.

A Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Polymorphism, MMP1-1607 (1G>2G), Is Associated with Increased Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis Including 21,327 Patients

Although the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) polymorphism MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) has been associated with susceptibility to various cancers, these findings are controversial. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to explore the association between MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) and cancer risk. A systematic search of literature through PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar yielded 77 articles with 21,327 cancer patients and 23,245 controls. The association between the MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) polymorphism and cancer risks was detected in an allele model (2G vs. 1G, overall risk [OR]: 1.174, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.107-1.244), a dominant model (2G2G/1G2G vs. 1G1G OR, OR: 1.192, 95% CI: 1.090-1.303), and a recessive model (2G2G vs. 1G2G/1G1G, OR: 1.231, 95% CI: 1.141-1.329). In subgroup analysis, these associations were detected in both Asians and Caucasians. After stratification by cancer types, associations were found in lung, colorectal, nervous system, renal, bladder, and nasopharyngeal cancers. This meta-analysis revealed that MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) polymorphism was significantly associated with elevated risk of cancers.

The Contribution of MMP-7 Genotypes to Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in inflammation and carcinogenesis, but the genotypic role of MMP-7 has never been investigated in colorectal cancer (CRC) among the Taiwanese. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the contribution of MMP-7 genotypes to the risk of CRC in Taiwan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this case-control study, MMP-7 A-181G and C-153T promoter genotypes were determined and their association with CRC risk were investigated among 362 CRC patients and 362 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. In addition, the interaction of MMP-7 genotypes and personal behaviors were also examined.

RESULTS

The percentages of variant AG and GG for MMP-7 A-181G genotypes were 10.5% and 1.7% in the CRC group and 11.9% and 2.2% in the control group, respectively (p for trend=0.7145). The allelic frequency distribution analysis showed that the variant G allele of MMP-7 A-181G conferred a slight but non-significant decreased CRC susceptibility to the wild-type C allele (odds ratio (OR)=0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.64-1.31, p=0.37). Taiwanese all harbour the CC genotype at MMP-7 C-153T. As for the gene-lifestyle interaction, there were no obvious joint effects of MMP-7 A-181G genotype on the risk of CRC among ever smoker, alcohol drinker, non-smoker or non-drinker subgroups. No statistically significant correlation was observed between MMP-7 A-181G genotypic distributions and age, gender, tumor size, location or metastasis status.

CONCLUSION

The genotypes of MMP-7 A-181G may play an indirect role in determining personal susceptibility to CRC and prognosis. The further genotyping work on MMP-7 and other genes (such as other MMPs, oncogenes and tumor suppression genes) on CRC susceptibility and prognosis, should be taken into consideration spontaneously in the precision medicine era.

E-Cadherin and Metalloproteinase-1 and -7 Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer

Purpose

E-cadherin (CDH1) and metalloproteinase (MMP) polymorphisms could play a crucial role in cancer invasion. Our aim was to investigate the influence of the -160C/A CDH1, -1607ins/delG MMP-1 and -181A/G MMP-7 polymorphisms on the frequency and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Experimental design

A total of 130 patients with CRC and 130 noncancer controls were studied. The -160C/A CDH1, -1607ins/delG MMP-1 and -181A/G MMP-7 genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results

Patients with the 1G allele and a family history of CRC showed a six times higher risk of developing CRC (OR: 6.45, 95%CI: 2.02–20.6, p=0.001). The A/A CDH1 genotype was associated with a higher risk of metastatic disease (OR: 3.43, 95%CI: 1.27–9.27, p=0.023). A higher marginal risk of metastatic disease was observed for MMP-1 genotypes 1G/1G and 1G/2G (OR: 2.97, 95%CI: 0.93–9.47, p=0.098).

Conclusions

The -160C/A CDH1, -1607ins/delG MMP-1 and -181A/G MMP-7 single nucleotide polymorphisms did not modify the risk of CRC development. Patients with the 1G/1G or 1G/2G genotype and a family history of CRC presented a higher risk of CRC. The AA CDH1 and 1G/1G and 1G/2G MMP-1 genotypes might be associated with advanced metastatic disease, but are not markers of lymphatic metastasis.

Prediction of biomarkers of oral squamous cell carcinoma using microarray technology

Microarray data is used to screen the genes of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Microarray data of OSCC and normal tissues were downloaded from GEO database and analyzed with Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) method. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were then uploaded on DAVID database to process enrichment analysis. Target genes were finally chosen for verification experiment in vitro and in vivo. 78 DEGs were selected from 54676 genes, including 46 up- and 32 down- regulation. GO term showed that these genes were related to epidermal growth (biological processes), extracellular region (cellular components) and cytokines activity (molecular function). Protein network interaction demonstrated that OSCC was closely allied to the five key genes including CXCL10, IFI6, IFI27, ADAMTS2 and COL5A1, which was consistent with the RT-PCR data. High-expressed gene CXCL10 was chosen for further cell experiment, and the results indicated that CXCL10 can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of normal cells and inhibited the cancer cells after si-RNA transfection. Moreover, it has been proven that CXCL10 was possibly related to the occurrence and development of OSCC. Understanding the regulation of OSCC expression will shed light on the screening of cancer biomarker.

Matrix metalloproteinase 1, 3, and 9 polymorphisms and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk

Background

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are multifunctional zinc-dependent proteinases that play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of tumors. We have analyzed the association between 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; MMP1 −1607 1G/2G, MMP3 −1612 5A/6A, and MMP9 −1562 C/T) and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Material/Methods

We investigated these 3 SNPs in 132 patients and 132 controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. The MMP1 and MMP3 genes are located on the same chromosome. Haplotype analysis was performed to study the combined effect of the linked MMP polymorphisms on ESCC risk.

Results

The MMP1 and MMP9 promoter polymorphisms were not associated with ESCC risk, while the MMP3 −1612 5A/6A polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to ESCC. Patients carrying the 5A allele had a significantly higher risk for developing ESCC compared with individuals carrying the 6A allele (OR=1.93; 95% CI 1.34–2.77; p<0.01). The 2G-5A and 1G-5A haplotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of ESCC as compared with the 2G-6A haplotype (OR=2.04, 95% CI 1.37–3.04 and OR=3.65, 95% CI 1.26–10.55, respectively).

Conclusions

These findings implicate this MMP3 polymorphism as a contributor to ESCC susceptibility.

Matrix metalloproteinases and genetic mouse models in cancer research: a mini-review

Carcinogenesis is a multistep and also a multifactorial process that involves agents like genetic and environmental factors. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are major proteolytic enzymes which are involved in cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Genetic variations in genes encoding the MMPs were shown in human studies to influence cancer risk and phenotypic features of a tumor. The complex role of MMPs seems to be important in the mechanism of carcinogenesis, but it is not well recognized. Rodent studies concentrated particularly on the better understanding of the biological functions of the MMPs and their impact on the pathological process, also through the modification of Mmp genes. This review presents current knowledge and the existing evidence on the importance of selected MMPs in genetic mouse models of cancer and human genetic association studies. Further, this work can be useful for scientists studying the role of the genetic impact of MMPs in carcinogenesis.

Tumor cell-derived MMP3 orchestrates Rac1b and tissue alterations that promote pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) arises at the convergence of genetic alterations in KRAS with a fostering microenvironment shaped by immune cell influx and fibrotic changes; identification of the earliest tumorigenic molecular mediators evokes the proverbial chicken and egg problem. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are key drivers of tumor progression that originate primarily from stromal cells activated by the developing tumor. Here, MMP3, known to be expressed in PDA, was found to be associated with expression of Rac1b, a tumorigenic splice isoform of Rac1, in all stages of pancreatic cancer. Using a large cohort of human PDA tissue biopsies specimens, both MMP3 and Rac1b are expressed in PDA cells, that the expression levels of the two markers are highly correlated, and that the subcellular distribution of Rac1b in PDA is significantly associated with patient outcome. Using transgenic mouse models, coexpression of MMP3 with activated KRAS in pancreatic acinar cells stimulates metaplasia and immune cell infiltration, priming the stromal microenvironment for early tumor development. Finally, exposure of cultured pancreatic cancer cells to recombinant MMP3 stimulates expression of Rac1b, increases cellular invasiveness, and activation of tumorigenic transcriptional profiles.

IMPLICATIONS

MMP3 acts as a coconspirator of oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and progression, both through Rac1b-mediated phenotypic control of pancreatic cancer cells themselves, and by giving rise to the tumorigenic microenvironment; these findings also point to inhibition of this pathway as a potential therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.

Association of matrix metalloproteinase-3 -1171(5A>6A) polymorphism with cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 41 studies

Background and Objective

Evidence has shown that matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP3) is important for cancer progression. Recent studies about the association between the -1171(5A>6A) polymorphism in MMP3 promoter region and cancer risk have yielded conflicting results.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We performed a meta-analysis of 41 studies including 11112 cases and 11091 controls to determine whether the -1171(5A>6A) polymorphism of MMP3 was associated with cancer risk. We assessed the strength of association and performed sub-group analyses by cancer types, ethnicity, smoking status, genotyping method, source of controls and sample size. The pooled results revealed that no significant association of the -1171(5A>6A) polymorphism with overall cancer risk in any of four models. Further sub-group analysis revealed that individuals with the 6A allele had lower risk of gastrointestinal cancer in two models: heterozygote comparison (6A/5A vs. 5A/5A: OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.60—0.91; I² = 1.9%), and dominant model (6A/6A+6A/5A vs. 5A/5A: OR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.64—0.94; I² = 29.0%). Additionally, the associations were significant in Asian populations for three models: homozygote comparison (6A/6A vs. 5A/5A, OR = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.52—0.90; I² = 26.7%), heterozygote comparison (6A/5A vs. 5A/5A: OR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.58—0.98; I² = 0.0%), and dominant model (6A/6A+6A/5A vs. 5A/5A: OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.54—0.88; I² = 0.5%). It was noteworthy that we had a contrary finding in non-smokers: the variant 6A/6A homozygote might statistically increase cancer risk compared with 6A/5A+5A/5A genotype (OR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.25—2.96; I² = 72.7%).

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggests that the -1171(5A>6A) polymorphism in MMP3 promoter region is not associated with overall cancer risk, but it may contribute to decreased cancer risk in Asian population when compared with Caucasian population and significantly reduce the risk of gastrointestinal cancer.

The association of matrix metalloproteinase-1 genetic polymorphism (-1607 1G>2G) with colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis

Several case-control studies on the relation between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 gene -1607 1G>2G polymorphism and colorectal cancer do not have similar conclusions. The previous two meta-analyses focusing on the same issue also were inconsistent. To further evaluate the relation between the MMP-l gene polymorphism and colorectal cancer, we selected eight case-control studies related to MMP-1 gene polymorphism and colorectal cancer by searching MEDLINE, Embase, CANCERLIT, American Association for Cancer Research, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese CNKI, and Wanfang database. Q test and I (2) test were used to test the heterogeneity. We utilized the random effects model to calculate the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and the overall effect of P value using the RevMan 5.2 software. The present study included 1,403 patients with colorectal cancer and 1,754 healthy control subjects. Both -1607 2G/2G genotype carriers [OR = 1.59, 95 % CI (1.27-2.01); P < 0.001] and the -1607 2G allele carriers [OR = 1.26, 95% CI (1.05-1.51); P = 0.01] were found to have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Therefore, we concluded that MMP-1 -1607 1G>2G polymorphism was associated with colorectal cancer.

A/G polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase 7 gene promoter region and cancer risk: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of the matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7)-181A/G polymorphism on cancer risk. Twenty-seven case-control studies were identified via a literature search through PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to assess the strength of the association between MMP7-181A/G polymorphism and cancer risk. The 27 studies were further assessed according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (HWD), with 24 case-control studies found to be under HWE. A significant association was observed between MMP7-181A/G polymorphism and increased cancer risk (cervical and other types of cancer) in Asian, but not in European populations.

Comparative study and meta-analysis of meta-analysis studies for the correlation of genomic markers with early cancer detection

A large number of common disorders, including cancer, have complex genetic traits, with multiple genetic and environmental components contributing to susceptibility. A literature search revealed that even among several meta-analyses, there were ambiguous results and conclusions. In the current study, we conducted a thorough meta-analysis gathering the published meta-analysis studies previously reported to correlate any random effect or predictive value of genome variations in certain genes for various types of cancer. The overall analysis was initially aimed to result in associations (1) among genes which when mutated lead to different types of cancer (e.g. common metabolic pathways) and (2) between groups of genes and types of cancer. We have meta-analysed 150 meta-analysis articles which included 4,474 studies, 2,452,510 cases and 3,091,626 controls (5,544,136 individuals in total) including various racial groups and other population groups (native Americans, Latinos, Aborigines, etc.). Our results were not only consistent with previously published literature but also depicted novel correlations of genes with new cancer types. Our analysis revealed a total of 17 gene-disease pairs that are affected and generated gene/disease clusters, many of which proved to be independent of the criteria used, which suggests that these clusters are biologically meaningful.

Matrix metalloproteinase and its drug targets therapy in solid and hematological malignancies: an overview

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) comprises a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane. MMPs are involved in solid and hematological malignancy through modification of cell growth, activation of cancer cells and modulation of immune functions. Several polymorphisms of different MMPs such as MMP-1 (-1607 1G/2G), MMP-2 (-1306 C/T), MMP-3 (-1171 5A/6A) & MMP-9 (-1562 C/T) and their expression levels have been well documented in different types of solid cancer. These polymorphic variations were found to be associated with angiogenesis, cancer progression, invasion and metastasis. There is paucity of data available in the field of hematological malignancies. Hence the field of matrix biology of hematological malignancies is an area of active exploration. A number of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been developed for the cancer treatment. The most extensively studied classes of MMP inhibitors include Batimastat, Marismastat, Salimatat, Prinomastat and Tanomastat. However, their efficacy and action have not been confirmed and more data is required. The application of one or more selective targeted MMPIs in combination with conventional anti-leukemic treatment may represent a positive approach in combat against hematopoietic malignancies. Balance of MMPs and TIMPs is altered in different malignancies and biochemical pathways. These alternations will add another dimension in the matrix biology of both solid tumor and leukemia. MMP and TIMP singly and in combination are increasingly being recognized as an important player in basic cellular biology. Exploration and exploitation of MMP and TIMP balance in various malignant and nonmalignant lesions is going to be one of the most interesting facets of future use of this system for human health care.

Immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in human colorectal adenomas using specified automated cellular image analysis system: a clinicopathological study

BACKGROUND/AIM

To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in colorectal adenomas, and to correlate this expression with different clinicopathological parameters.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study was retrospectively designed. Thirty three paraffin blocks from patients with colorectal adenoma and 20 samples of non-tumerous colonic tissue taken as control group were included in the study. MMP-7 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry method. The scoring of immunohistochemical staining was conducted utilizing a specified automated cellular image analysis system (Digimizer).

RESULTS

The frequency of positive immunohistochemical expression of MMP-7 was significantly higher in adenoma than control group (45.45% versus 10%) (P value < 0.001). Strong MMP-7 staining was mainly seen in adenoma cases (30.30%) in comparison with control (0%) the difference is significant ( P < 0.001). The three digital parameters of MMP-7 immunohistochemical expression (Area (A), Number of objects (N), and intensity (I)) were significantly higher in adenoma than control. Mean (A and I) of MMP-7 showed a significant correlation with large sized adenoma (≥ 1cm) ( P < 0.05), also a significant positive correlation of the three digital parameters (A, N, and I) of MMP-7 expression with villous configuration and severe dysplasia in colorectal adenoma had been identified ( P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

MMP-7 plays an important role in the growth and malignant conversion of colorectal adenomas as it is more likely to be expressed in advanced colorectal adenomatous polyps with large size, severe dysplasia and villous histology. The use of automated cellular image analysis system (Digmizer) to quantify immunohistochemical staining yields more consistent assay results, converts semi-quantitative assay to a truly quantitative assay, and improves assay objectivity and reproducibility.

Matrix metalloproteinase3 gene promoter polymorphisms and their haplotypes are associated with gastric cancer risk in eastern Indian population

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of matrix metalloproteinase3 (MMP3) promoter in the development and progression of gastric cancer of whole stomach has never been investigated in any population. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to explore the MMP3 SNPs and their haplotypes with the risk of gastric cancer for the first time in eastern Indian population. A total of 218 gastric cancer patients and 175 healthy controls were genotyped for MMP3-1612 5A/6A (rs3025058) by PCR-RFLP and rechecked 10% by DNA sequencing. MMP3-707 A/G (rs522616) and MMP3-375 C/G (rs617819) were genotyped by DNA sequencing among 209 patients and 154 controls. MMP3-1612 5A6A genotype (P = 0.026, odds ratio (OR) = 1.756, confidence interval (CI) = 1.070-2.883), combined 5A5A and 5A6A genotype (P = 0.015, OR = 1.791, CI = 1.122-2.858) and 5A allele (P = 0.002, OR = 1.75, CI = 1.21-2.53) and; MMP3-707 GG genotype (P = < 0.0001; OR = 9.612; 95% CI = 3.403-27.147), combined GG and AG genotype (P = 0.001, OR = 2.201, CI = 1.385-3.498) and G allele (P = <0.0001, OR = 2.189, CI = 1.582-3.033) conferred significant risk for gastric cancer development. Also, tobacco addicted individuals with combined 5A5A and 5A6A genotype (P = 0.005, OR = 2.952, CI = 1.377-6.327) at -1612 position of MMP3 promoter displayed a higher risk to gastric cancer development. The genotypic combinations of all three MMP3 promoter polymorphisms and their haplotypes with increasing risk allele in a dose-dependent manner showed a potential risk for developing gastric cancer. The analyses suggested that the MMP3-707 G/G and MMP3-1612 5A/6A polymorphisms are potential independent predictors of gastric cancer risk development.

Meta-analysis of associations between polymorphisms in the promoter regions of matrix metalloproteinases and the risk of colorectal cancer

PURPOSE

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in pathogenesis and development of cancer. Recently, lots of studies showed that there were associations between polymorphisms in the promoter regions of MMPs and risk of colorectal cancer; however, the results remained inconclusive. To clarify these associations, we conducted a meta-analysis.

METHODS

We conducted a computerized literature search in the database of PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Medline (from January 2000 to July 2010). Overall and subgroup analysis based on the ethnicity of study population was carried out. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to evaluate these associations. Statistical analysis was performed with software Review Manager (version 5.0).

RESULTS

There were 12 studies involving five polymorphic sites in four MMP genes. For MMP1 (-1607), 2G polymorphism increased the risk of colorectal cancer under dominant and recessive models (dominant, OR = 1.23, 95%CI 1.01-1.49; recessive, OR = 1.52, 95%CI 1.30-1.77). For MMP3 (-1612), 6A/6A genotype increased this risk under the recessive model (OR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.04-1.70); however, this association was lost under the dominant model. For MMP2 -1306 C>T, MMP3 -1171 5A>6A, and MMP9 -1562 C>T, there was no association between these polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer under the dominant and recessive models.

CONCLUSIONS

Polymorphisms of MMP1 (-1607) and MMP3 (-1612) increased the risk of colorectal cancer; these two polymorphic sites could be used as markers for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. However, for MMP2 (-1306), MMP3 (-1171), and MMP9 (-1562), further studies with large sample size should be carried out.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of matrix metallopeptidase 3 and risk of gliomas in a Chinese Han population

Matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) play an important role in central nervous system tumor growth, invasion and spreading. The currently available data provide clear evidence for the involvement of MMP3 in the pathophysiology of glioma. The study aims to explore the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the MMP3 gene with glioma risk. Three haplotype tagging and additional two promoter SNPs were genotyped among 766 glioma patients and 824 cancer-free controls from East China. None of these polymorphisms alone had a significant effect on risk of gliomas. However, when three promoter polymorphisms were evaluated together by the number of putative risk of genotypes (i.e., rs645419AA, 632478CA+AA, rs522616AA), a statistically significantly increased risk of gliomas was associated with the combined genotypes with two to three risk genotypes, compared with those with zero to one risk genotypes (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-1.68). This increased risk was also more pronounced among adults (adjusted OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.02-1.27), males (adjusted OR = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.05-1.36), smokers (adjusted OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.07-1.52), subjects with no family history of cancer (adjusted OR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.07-1.37), and patients with nonastrocytic gliomas (adjusted OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.06-1.43). In summary, our results suggest that any one of MMP3 variants may not have a substantial effect on glioma risk, but a joint effect of MMP3 promoter polymorphisms may contribute to risk of gliomas, particularly for adult gliomas.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in gastrointestinal cancer

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in cancer development and progression and are associated with prognosis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MMPs, most frequently located in the promoter region of the genes, have been shown to influence cancer susceptibility and/or progression. SNPs of MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -12, -13 and -21 and of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 have been studied in digestive tract tumors. The contribution of these polymorphisms to the cancer risk and prognosis of gastrointestinal tumors are reviewed in this paper.

CCL25 mediates migration, invasion and matrix metalloproteinase expression by breast cancer cells in a CCR9-dependent fashion

Breast cancer (BrCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in North American women. Most deaths are caused by metastasis, and BrCa is characterized by a distinct metastatic pattern involving lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, liver and brain. Migration of metastatic cells share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which are regulated by chemokines and their receptors. The current study evaluates the expression and functional role of CCR9, and its only known ligand, CCL25, in BrCa cell migration and invasion. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis showed that both moderately and poorly differentiated BrCa tissue expressed significantly more (P<0.0001) CCR9 compared to non-neoplastic breast tissue. Interestingly, poorly differentiated BrCa tissue expressed significantly more (P<0.0001) CCR9 compared to moderately differentiated BrCa tissue. Similarly, CCR9 was highly expressed by the aggressive breast cancer cell line (MDA-MD-231) compared to the less aggressive MCF-7. Migration as well as invasion assays were used to evaluate the functional interaction between CCR9 and CCL25 in BrCa cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). Neutralizing CCR9-CCL25 interactions significantly impaired the migration and invasion of BrCa cells. Furthermore, CCL25 enhanced the expression of MMP-1, -9, -11 and -13 active proteins by BrCa cells in a CCR9-dependent fashion. These studies show CCR9 is functionally and significantly expressed by BrCa (poorly > moderately differentiated) tissue and cells as well as that CCL25 activation of this receptor promotes breast tumor cell migration, invasion and MMP expression, which are key components of BrCa metastasis.

Association of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (-181A>G) polymorphism with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir Valley

BACKGROUND/AIM

Degradation of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is believed to be an essential step in the complicated process of hematogenous metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) is a small secreted proteolytic enzyme with a broad substrate specificity, and its expression has been shown to be associated with tumor invasion and metastasis for various cancers.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

To document the role of MMP-7 polymorphism in esophageal carcinogenesis, a case-control study was performed comprising 135 patients with esophageal cancer (EC) and 195 healthy controls. Genotyping was done by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Data were statistically analyzed using χ2 - test and logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Carriers for the MMP-7 (-181A>G) GG were associated with an increased risk for EC [odds ratio (OR = 2.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21-3.92; P = 0.010; P-trend = 0.04]. Also, in a recessive model, our results showed that MMP-7 (-181A>G) GG allele conferred significantly higher risk for EC (OR =2.16; 95% CI = 1.31-3.54; P = 0.003). The high risk due to MMP-7 (-181GG) genotype was limited to squamous cell histology of EC (OR = 2.41; 95% CI = 1.27-4.56; P = 0.007). Although smoking (Hukka) and high consumption of salted tea are independent risk factors for EC, the interaction of MMP-7 (-181A>G) genotypes with these factors did not further modulate the risk of EC.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our results show that MMP-7 (-181A>G) GG carriers are at a higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir valley.

Meta-analysis of association between matrix metalloproteinases 2, 7 and 9 promoter polymorphisms and cancer risk

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP7 and MMP9 are important members of the MMP family. Four polymorphisms in the promoter region of these MMPs, which are MMP2 -1306 C>T, MMP2 -735 C>T, MMP7 -181 A>G and MMP9 -1562 C>T, have been reported to be functional and may contribute to genetic susceptibility to cancers. However, the associations between these polymorphisms and cancer risk remain inconclusive due to conflicting results from different case-control studies. To better evaluate the role of these polymorphisms in cancer development, we conducted a meta-analysis that included 51 studies, with more than 40,000 subjects. The results showed that under dominant genetic model, MMP2 -1306 T was associated with lower susceptibility to lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-0.59, P(heterogeneity) = 0.147, I(2) = 44.1%], head and neck cancer (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.41-0.69, P(heterogeneity) = 0.974, I(2) = 0.0%) and oesophageal cancer (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.55-0.80, P(heterogeneity) = 0.593, I(2) = 0.0%); MMP2-735T was associated with lower risk in lung cancer (OR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.53-0.79, P(heterogeneity) = 0.42, I(2) = 0.0%) and oesophageal cancer (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.70-0.99, P(heterogeneity) = 0.206, I(2) = 37.4%); MMP7 -181 AG and GG genotype carriers had an increased gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.43-2.51, P(heterogeneity) = 0.992, I(2) = 0.0%) and MMP9 -1562 C>T was not associated with cancer risk in the whole group analysis (OR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.91-1.08, P(heterogeneity) = 0.419, I(2) = 3.0%) and subgroup analyses. In all, our meta-analysis suggests that MMP2 -1306 C>T, MMP2 -735 C>T and MMP7 -181 A>G may play allele-specific roles in cancer development, while MMP9 -1562 C>T may not be a major risk factor for most cancer types. Large case-control studies should be performed to clarify the possible roles of these four polymorphisms in different kinds of cancer in more detail.

Genetic polymorphisms in MMP7 and reduced serum levels associate with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary epithelium is the primary target of injury in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplantation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8 and -9 already have been implicated in the pathogenesis of BOS. MMP-7, which is involved in the repair of the lung epithelium, has not been studied in this respect. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms in MMP7 influence its expression and correlate with serum MMP-7 levels and the development of BOS.

METHODS

DNA was collected from 110 lung transplant recipients, including 21 patients with BOS. We genotyped 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms in MMP7 and measured serum MMP-7 levels. The control group comprised 422 healthy individuals.

RESULTS

BOS(pos) patients had lower levels of MMP-7 than BOS(neg) patients (7.87 vs 10.18 ng/ml). Significant differences in genotype and haplotype distribution between the BOS(pos) and BOS(neg) patients and controls were found. An increased risk for BOS development was found in patients homozygous for the major alleles of rs17098318, rs11568818, and rs12285347, and for the minor allele rs10502001 (odds ratio, 3.88-5.30). Haplotypes constructed with 3 or 4 risk alleles correlated with lower MMP-7 levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic polymorphisms of MMP7 predispose to the development of BOS. Patients carrying these risk alleles express lower levels of MMP-7, which may contribute to aberrant tissue repair and culminate in the development of BOS.

Analysis of candidate genes in occurrence and growth of colorectal adenomas

Predisposition to sporadic colorectal tumours is influenced by genes with minor phenotypic effects. A case-control study was set up on 295 patients treated for a large adenoma matched with polyp-free individuals on gender, age, and geographic origin in a 1 : 2 proportion. A second group of 302 patients treated for a small adenoma was also characterized to distinguish effects on adenoma occurrence and growth. We focussed the study on 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) encompassing 14 genes involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. Effect of SNPs was tested using unconditional logistic regression. Comparisons were made for haplotypes within a given gene and for biologically relevant genes combinations using the combination test. The APC p.Glu1317Gly variant appeared to influence the adenoma growth (P = .04, exact test) but not its occurrence. This result needs to be replicated and genome-wide association studies may be necessary to fully identify low-penetrance alleles involved in early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis.

Polymorphisms in the promoter regions of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 50 case-control studies

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and MMP3 are enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and have been implicated to play an important role in cancer development. Many studies have been carried out on the association between polymorphisms of MMP1 -1607 1G>2G and MMP3 -1171 5A>6A and cancer risk. However, results from these studies remain inconclusive. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of >38 000 subjects to better assess the purported associations. For MMP1, -1607 2G/2G genotype carriers were found to have an increased risk of colorectal cancer [2G/2G versus 2G/1G + 1G/1G, odds ratio (OR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.26-1.74), P(heterogeneity) = 0.066, I(2) = 49.3%], head and neck cancer [2G/2G versus 2G/1G + 1G/1G, OR = 1.61, 95% CI (1.26-2.07), P(heterogeneity) = 0.002, I(2) = 64.7%] and renal cancer [2G/2G versus 2G/1G + 1G/1G, OR = 1.82, 95% CI (1.38-2.39), P(heterogeneity) = 0.589, I(2) = 0.0%] risk. For MMP3, no association was found between -1171 5A>6A polymorphism and cancer risk in the overall group [6A versus 5A, OR = 1.00, 95% CI (0.95-1.05), P(heterogeneity) = 0.124, I(2) = 24.9%] and individual cancer subgroups, but stratified analysis by smoking status showed that this polymorphism had different effects on smokers and non-smokers under recessive genetic model. In summary, our study suggests that MMP1 -1607 2G may be associated with an increased cancer risk for certain types of cancers, MMP3 -1171 5A>6A may not be a major risk factor for cancer, but it may be modified by certain environmental factors. Future studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to further evaluate these associations in more detail.

MMP-1 polymorphism and its relationship to pathological processes

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc (Zn)-dependent endopeptidases that are collectively capable of cleaving virtually all extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates and play an important role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. The activity of MMPs is regulated at multiple levels. The transcriptional regulation of MMP appears to represent the key step in MMP regulation. There are diverse types of MMPs that differ structural and functionally. MMP-1 is the most ubiquitously expressed interstitial collagenase and has a prominent role in initial cleavage of the ECM. The level of MMP-1 expression can be influenced by different single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region. A functional polymorphism at position -1607 has been shown to alter the transcriptional activity of MMP-1 and was associated with diverse pathological processes. The aim of our review was to discuss some topics related to MMP in physiological and pathological processes, with a focus on MMP-1 polymorphism.

Polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase genes (MMP1 and MMP3) in patients with varicose veins

BACKGROUND

Several risk factors for varicose veins have been identified: female gender, combined with obesity and pregnancy, occupations requiring standing for long periods, sedentary lifestyle, history of deep-vein thrombosis and family history. However, no specific gene variants related to a wide prevalence of varicosities in general population have been identified. Extracellular matrix composition, predominantly maintained by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), may affect the vein-wall structure, which may lead to dilation of vessels and cause varicosities.

AIMS

MMP-1 (tissue collagenase I) and MMP-3 (stromelysin I) expression was found to be raised in varicose veins compared with normal vessels. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate a potential association between MMP1 and MMP3 promoter polymorphisms and a risk of varicose veins.

METHODS

Genotyping for the presence of the polymorphisms -1607dupG (rs1799750) in MMP1 and -1171dupA (rs3025058) in the MMP3 promoter region was performed using PCR and restriction-fragment length polymorphism assays in a group of 109 patients diagnosed with varicose veins and 112 healthy controls.

RESULTS

The frequencies of the MMP1 and MMP3 alleles (minor allele frequency 0.440 in patients vs. 0.451 in the controls for MMP1-1607*G and 0.514 vs. 0.469 for MMP3-1171*dupA, respectively) and of genotypes did not differ significantly between patients and controls.

CONCLUSIONS

The MMP1-1607dupG and MMP3-1171dupA promoter polymorphisms are not valuable markers of susceptibility for varicose veins.

Revisiting the seed and soil in cancer metastasis

Metastasis remains the overwhelming cause of death for cancer patients. During metastasis, cancer cells will leave the primary tumor, intravasate into the bloodstream, arrest at a distant organ, and eventually develop into gross lesions at the secondary sites. This intricate process is influenced by innumerable factors and complex cellular interactions described in 1889 by Stephen Paget as the seed and soil hypothesis. In this review, we revisit this seed and soil hypothesis with an emerging understanding of the cancer cell (i.e. seed) and its microenvironment (i.e. soil). We will provide background to suggest that a critical outcome of the seed-soil interaction is resistance of the stresses that would otherwise impede metastasis.

Genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase 12 and 13 genes are implicated in endometriosis progression

BACKGROUND

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may contribute to endometriosis. We tested whether eight functional polymorphisms of these genes could modify the risk of endometriosis.

METHODS

In this case-control study, 227 endometriosis and 241 controls were genotyped for MMP1 -1607 1G/2G, MMP2 -1575 G/A (MMP2.1), -1306 C/T (MMP2.2), MMP3 -1612 5A/6A, MMP7 -153 C/T (MMP7.1), -181 A/G (MMP7.2), MMP12 -82 A/G and MMP13-77 A/G. Association between MMP genotypes and superficial (SUP), deep infiltrating (DIE) and endometriomas (OMA) was tested for each polymorphism separately, using unconditional logistic regression and then for combined genotypes, using the combination test.

RESULTS

When considering all cases, MMP2 polymorphisms were found to be significant, mainly due to DIE (P = 0.023). A small difference between SUP and controls was found for MMP7.2 (P = 0.032) and MMP12 (P = 0.035), in the absence of correction for multiple testing. Using the combination test, the best association when comparing SUP with controls was obtained for MMP12-MMP13 (P = 0.004) for the combined genotype A/G-A/A (odds ratio = 27.60, 95% confidence interval: 2.80-272.40).

CONCLUSIONS

These data show a potential role for MMP12 -82 A/G and MMP13 -77 A/G combined polymorphisms in superficial endometriosis. As no association was found with deep infiltrating endometriosis, this combination of polymorphisms might protect from a more in-depth penetration of tissues.

Colonoscopic screening of first-degree relatives of patients with large adenomas: increased risk of colorectal tumors

BACKGROUND & AIMS

The risk of developing colorectal neoplasia is not well established among family members of individuals with large adenomas, and screening strategies remain under debate in this population. This study aimed at quantifying the risk of colorectal adenomas and cancers using colonoscopic screening in first-degree relatives of patients with large adenomas.

METHODS

This case-control study was performed in 18 endoscopic units of French nonuniversity hospitals. A colonoscopy was offered to first-degree relatives of 306 index cases with adenomas > or =10 mm if they were alive, aged 40-75 years, and could be contacted by the index case. Among them, 168 were examined and matched for age, sex, and geographical area with 2 controls (n = 307). Controls were randomly selected from 1362 consecutive patients aged 40-75 years having undergone a colonoscopy for minor symptoms.

RESULTS

The prevalence of large adenomas and cancers was 8.4% and 4.2%, in relatives and controls, respectively. Odds ratios (ORs) associated with a history of large adenomas in relatives were 2.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-5.09) for cancers or large adenomas, 1.21 (95% CI, 0.68-2.15) for small adenomas, and 1.56 (95% CI, 0.96-2.53) for all colorectal neoplasia. The risk of large adenomas and cancers was higher in relatives of index cases younger than 60 years (OR, 3.82; 95% CI, 0.92-15.87) and when the index case had large distal adenomas (OR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.27-7.73).

CONCLUSIONS

First-degree relatives of patients with large adenomas are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancers or large adenomas. This result has implications for screening in this high-risk population.