1
|
Wang S, Ying L, Yu SY, Bai J, Hao C. Can precancerous stem cells be risk markers for malignant transformation in the oral mucosa? Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:30. [PMID: 37029348 PMCID: PMC10080963 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate assessment of the carcinogenic potential of oral mucosal diseases can significantly reduce the prevalence of oral cancer. We speculate that precancerous stem cells (pCSCs) arise during the evolution of carcinomas based on long-term experimental findings, published literature, and the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, wherein pCSCs exist in precancerous lesions and have characteristics of both CSCs and normal stem cells. This apparently contradictory feature may be the foundation of the reversible transformation of precancerous lesions. Predicting malignant transformation in potentially malignant oral illnesses would allow for focused treatment, prognosis, and secondary prevention. Currently available clinical assays for chromosomal instability and DNA aneuploidy have several deficiencies. We hope that our study will increase attention to pCSC research and lead to the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of oral cancer by identifying pCSC markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Ying
- College of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yi Yu
- Pharmacy Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunbo Hao
- Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570100, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Griessinger J, Schwab J, Chen Q, Kühn A, Cotton J, Bowden G, Preibsch H, Reischl G, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Mori H, Dang AN, Kohlhofer U, Aina OH, Borowsky AD, Pichler BJ, Cardiff RD, Schmid AM. Intratumoral in vivo staging of breast cancer by multi-tracer PET and advanced analysis. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35332139 PMCID: PMC8948294 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The staging and local management of breast cancer involves the evaluation of the extent and completeness of excision of both the invasive carcinoma component and also the intraductal component or ductal carcinoma in situ. When both invasive ductal carcinoma and coincident ductal carcinoma in situ are present, assessment of the extent and localization of both components is required for optimal therapeutic planning. We have used a mouse model of breast cancer to evaluate the feasibility of applying molecular imaging to assess the local status of cancers in vivo. Multi-tracer positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characterize the transition from premalignancy to invasive carcinoma. PET tracers for glucose consumption, membrane synthesis, and neoangiogenesis in combination with a Gaussian mixture model-based analysis reveal image-derived thresholds to separate the different stages within the whole-lesion. Autoradiography, histology, and quantitative image analysis of immunohistochemistry further corroborate our in vivo findings. Finally, clinical data further support our conclusions and demonstrate translational potential. In summary, this preclinical model provides a platform for characterizing multistep tumor progression and provides proof of concept that supports the utilization of advanced protocols for PET/MRI in clinical breast cancer imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Griessinger
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schwab
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Qian Chen
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna Kühn
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Cotton
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gregory Bowden
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heike Preibsch
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT(EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT(EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hidetoshi Mori
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - An Nguyen Dang
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Department of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Olulanu H Aina
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Janssen Pharmaceutical, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT(EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tuebingen; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andreas M Schmid
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence iFIT(EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Behbod F, Gomes AM, Machado HL. Modeling Human Ductal Carcinoma In Situ in the Mouse. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:269-278. [PMID: 30145750 PMCID: PMC6244883 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer development is a multi-step process in which genetic and molecular heterogeneity occurs at multiple stages. Ductal carcinoma arises from pre-invasive lesions such as atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which progress to invasive and metastatic cancer. The feasibility of obtaining tissue samples from all stages of progression from the same patient is low, and thus molecular studies dissecting the mechanisms that mediate the transition from pre-invasive DCIS to invasive carcinoma have been hampered. In the past 25 years, numerous mouse models have been developed that partly recapitulate the histological and biological properties of early stage lesions. In this review, we discuss in vivo model systems of breast cancer progression from syngeneic mouse models to human xenografts, with particular focus on how accurately these models mimic human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Angelica M Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, #8543, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Heather L Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, #8543, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Al-Hashimi F, J. Diaz-Cano S. Multi-target analysis of neoplasms for the evaluation of tumor progression: stochastic approach of biologic processes. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
5
|
Lobo RC, Hubbard NE, Damonte P, Mori H, Pénzváltó Z, Pham C, Koehne AL, Go AC, Anderson SE, Cala PM, Borowsky AD. Glucose Uptake and Intracellular pH in a Mouse Model of Ductal Carcinoma In situ (DCIS) Suggests Metabolic Heterogeneity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:93. [PMID: 27630987 PMCID: PMC5005977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms for the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma remain unclear. Previously we showed that the transition to invasiveness in the mammary intraepithelial neoplastic outgrowth (MINO) model of DCIS does not correlate with its serial acquisition of genetic mutations. We hypothesized instead that progression to invasiveness depends on a change in the microenvironment and that precancer cells might create a more tumor-permissive microenvironment secondary to changes in glucose uptake and metabolism. Immunostaining for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) in tumor, normal mammary gland and MINO (precancer) tissue showed differences in expression. The uptake of the fluorescent glucose analog dye, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), reflected differences in the cellular distributions of glucose uptake in normal mammary epithelial cells (nMEC), MINO, and Met1 cancer cells, with a broad distribution in the MINO population. The intracellular pH (pHi) measured using the fluorescent ratio dye 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-155 carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) revealed expected differences between normal and cancer cells (low and high, respectively), and a mixed distribution in the MINO cells, with a subset of cells in the MINO having an increased rate of acidification when proton efflux was inhibited. Invasive tumor cells had a more alkaline baseline pHi with high rates of proton production coupled with higher rates of proton export, compared with nMEC. MINO cells displayed considerable variation in baseline pHi that separated into two distinct populations: MINO high and MINO low. MINO high had a noticeably higher mean acidification rate compared with nMEC, but relatively high baseline pHi similar to tumor cells. MINO low cells also had an increased acidification rate compared with nMEC, but with a more acidic pHi similar to nMEC. These findings demonstrate that MINO is heterogeneous with respect to intracellular pH regulation which may be associated with an acidified regional microenvironment. A change in the pH of the microenvironment might contribute to a tumor-permissive or tumor-promoting progression. We are not aware of any previous work showing that a sub-population of cells in in situ precancer exhibits a higher than normal proton production and export rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Lobo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Neil E Hubbard
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patrizia Damonte
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Mori
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zsófia Pénzváltó
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Pham
- Department of Human Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amanda L Koehne
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aiza C Go
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steve E Anderson
- Department of Human Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Cala
- Department of Human Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at DavisDavis, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at DavisSacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos S, Baptista CS, Abreu RMV, Bastos E, Amorim I, Gut IG, Gärtner F, Chaves R. ERBB2 in cat mammary neoplasias disclosed a positive correlation between RNA and protein low expression levels: a model for erbB-2 negative human breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83673. [PMID: 24386251 PMCID: PMC3873372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human ERBB2 is a proto-oncogene that codes for the erbB-2 epithelial growth factor receptor. In human breast cancer (HBC), erbB-2 protein overexpression has been repeatedly correlated with poor prognosis. In more recent works, underexpression of this gene has been described in HBC. Moreover, it is also recognised that oncogenes that are commonly amplified or deleted encompass point mutations, and some of these are associated with HBC. In cat mammary lesions (CMLs), the overexpression of ERBB2 (27%-59.6%) has also been described, mostly at the protein level and although cat mammary neoplasias are considered to be a natural model of HBC, molecular information is still scarce. In the present work, a cat ERBB2 fragment, comprising exons 10 to 15 (ERBB2_10-15) was achieved for the first time. Allelic variants and genomic haplotype analyses were also performed, and differences between normal and CML populations were observed. Three amino acid changes, corresponding to 3 non-synonymous genomic sequence variants that were only detected in CMLs, were proposed to damage the 3D structure of the protein. We analysed the cat ERBB2 gene at the DNA (copy number determination), mRNA (expression levels assessment) and protein levels (in extra- and intra protein domains) in CML samples and correlated the last two evaluations with clinicopathological features. We found a positive correlation between the expression levels of the ERBB2 RNA and erbB-2 protein, corresponding to the intracellular region. Additionally, we detected a positive correlation between higher mRNA expression and better clinical outcome. Our results suggest that the ERBB2 gene is post-transcriptionally regulated and that proteins with truncations and single point mutations are present in cat mammary neoplastic lesions. We would like to emphasise that the recurrent occurrence of low erbB-2 expression levels in cat mammary tumours, suggests the cat mammary neoplasias as a valuable model for erbB-2 negative HBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S. Baptista
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Clinics of University of Porto, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M. V. Abreu
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- CIMO-ESA, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Estela Bastos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivo G. Gut
- Centre National de Genotypage, Evry, France
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Institute of Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Chaves
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Caligiuri I, Rizzolio F, Boffo S, Giordano A, Toffoli G. Critical choices for modeling breast cancer in transgenic mouse models. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2988-91. [PMID: 22170180 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modeling breast cancer in the mouse has helped to better define the heterogeneity of human breast cancer. In the recent past, it has become evident that some limitations have restricted the potential benefits that can be achieved with this approach. In this review, we highlight some key points that should be taken into account when the mouse is used, with special emphasis on transgenic models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Caligiuri
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boucher DL, Chen JQ, Cherry SR, Borowsky AD. Establishment of clonal MIN-O transplant lines for molecular imaging via lentiviral transduction & in vitro culture. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39350. [PMID: 22745739 PMCID: PMC3379971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As the field of molecular imaging evolves and increasingly is asked to fill the discovery and validation space between basic science and clinical applications, careful consideration should be given to the models in which studies are conducted. The MIN-O mouse model series is an established in vivo model of human mammary precancer ductal carcinoma in situ with progression to invasive carcinoma. This series of transplant lines is propagated in vivo and experiments utilizing this model can be completed in non-engineered immune intact FVB/n wild type mice thereby modeling the tumor microenvironment with biological relevance superior to traditional tumor cell xenografts. Unfortunately, the same qualities that make this and many other transplant lines more biologically relevant than standard cell lines for molecular imaging studies present a significant obstacle as somatic genetic re-engineering modifications common to many imaging applications can be technically challenging. Here, we describe a protocol for the efficient lentiviral transduction of cell slurries derived from precancerous MIN-O lesions, in vitro culture of “MIN-O-spheres” derived from single cell clones, and the subsequent transplantation of these spheres to produce transduced sublines suitable for optical imaging applications. These lines retain the physiologic and pathologic properties, including multilineage differentiation, and complex microanatomic interaction with the host stroma characteristic of the MIN-O model. We also present the in vivo imaging and immunohistochemical analysis of serial transplantation of one such subline and detail the progressive multifocal loss of the transgene in successive generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Boucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jane Qian Chen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Simon R. Cherry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander D. Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Diaz-Cano SJ. Tumor heterogeneity: mechanisms and bases for a reliable application of molecular marker design. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1951-2011. [PMID: 22408433 PMCID: PMC3292002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a confusing finding in the assessment of neoplasms, potentially resulting in inaccurate diagnostic, prognostic and predictive tests. This tumor heterogeneity is not always a random and unpredictable phenomenon, whose knowledge helps designing better tests. The biologic reasons for this intratumoral heterogeneity would then be important to understand both the natural history of neoplasms and the selection of test samples for reliable analysis. The main factors contributing to intratumoral heterogeneity inducing gene abnormalities or modifying its expression include: the gradient ischemic level within neoplasms, the action of tumor microenvironment (bidirectional interaction between tumor cells and stroma), mechanisms of intercellular transference of genetic information (exosomes), and differential mechanisms of sequence-independent modifications of genetic material and proteins. The intratumoral heterogeneity is at the origin of tumor progression and it is also the byproduct of the selection process during progression. Any analysis of heterogeneity mechanisms must be integrated within the process of segregation of genetic changes in tumor cells during the clonal expansion and progression of neoplasms. The evaluation of these mechanisms must also consider the redundancy and pleiotropism of molecular pathways, for which appropriate surrogate markers would support the presence or not of heterogeneous genetics and the main mechanisms responsible. This knowledge would constitute a solid scientific background for future therapeutic planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador J. Diaz-Cano
- Department Histopathology, King’s College Hospital and King’s Health Partners, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-20-3299-3041; Fax: +44-20-3299-3670
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Buckle T, van Berg NS, Kuil J, Bunschoten A, Oldenburg J, Borowsky AD, Wesseling J, Masada R, Oishi S, Fujii N, van Leeuwen FWB. Non-invasive longitudinal imaging of tumor progression using an (111)indium labeled CXCR4 peptide antagonist. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2011; 2:99-109. [PMID: 23133805 PMCID: PMC3478110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a biomarker that is over-expressed in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Hence, CXCR4-targeted (molecular) imaging approaches may have diagnostic value in such a challenging, premalignant lesion. The indium labeled CXCR4 peptide-antagonist, (111)In-DTPA-Ac-TZ14011, was used to visualize CXCR4-expression in a mammary intraepithelial neoplastic outgrowth (MIN-O) mouse tumor model resembling human DCIS. MIN-O lesion development was longitudinally monitored using SPET/CT and tracer uptake was compared to uptake in control lesions. Expression of CXCR4 was validated using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analysis. The uptake of (111)In-DTPA-Ac-TZ14011 was related to tumor angiogenesis using (111)In-cDTPA-[RGDfK]. Twenty-four hours after tracer injection, MIN-O lesions could be discriminated from low CXCR4-expressing control tumors, while the degree of angiogenesis based on the α(v)β(3) integrin expression in both tumor types was similar. The uptake of (111)In-DTPA-Ac-TZ14011 in early MIN-O lesions was significantly lower than in larger intermediate and late-stage lesions, two-and-a-half-times (p=0.03) and seven-times (p=0.002), respectively. Intermediate and late stage lesions show a higher degree of membranous CXCR4-staining at immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analysis. From this study we can conclude that (111)In-DTPA-Ac-TZ14011 can be used to visualize the CXCR4-expression in MIN-O lesions longitudinally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Buckle
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands
Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AvL)Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging group,
Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke S van Berg
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands
Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AvL)Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging group,
Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri Kuil
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands
Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AvL)Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging group,
Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Bunschoten
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands
Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AvL)Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging group,
Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe Oldenburg
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands
Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AvL)Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for
Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at
DavisSacramento, US
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni
van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AvL)Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ryo Masada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto
UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto
UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto
UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Fijs WB van Leeuwen
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands
Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AvL)Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging group,
Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cardiff RD, Couto S, Bolon B. Three interrelated themes in current breast cancer research: gene addiction, phenotypic plasticity, and cancer stem cells. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:216. [PMID: 22067349 PMCID: PMC3262190 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to understand breast cancer biology involve three interrelated themes that are founded on a combination of clinical and experimental observations. The central concept is gene addiction. The clinical dilemma is the escape from gene addiction, which is mediated, in part, by phenotypic plasticity as exemplified by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Finally, cancer stem cells are now recognized as the basis for minimal residual disease and malignant progression over time. These themes cooperate in breast cancer, as induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition enhances self-renewal and expression of cancer stem cells, which are believed to facilitate tumor resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Suzana Couto
- Pathology Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- GEMpath, Inc., 2867 Humboldt Cir., Longmont, CO 80503, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lashinger LM, Malone LM, Brown GW, Daniels EA, Goldberg JA, Otto G, Fischer SM, Hursting SD. Rapamycin partially mimics the anticancer effects of calorie restriction in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1041-51. [PMID: 21593197 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Etiologic factors for pancreatic cancer, the 4th deadliest malignant neoplasm in the United States, include obesity and abnormal glucose metabolism. Calorie restriction (CR) and rapamycin each affect energy metabolism and cell survival pathways via inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. By using a Panc02 murine pancreatic cancer cell transplant model in 45 male C57BL/6 mice, we tested the hypothesis that rapamycin mimics the effects of CR on pancreatic tumor growth. A chronic regimen of CR, relative to an ad libitum-fed control diet, produced global metabolic effects such as reduced body weight (20.6 ± 1.6 g vs. 29.3 ± 2.3 g; P < 0.0001), improved glucose responsiveness, and decreased circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 (126 ± 8 ng/mL vs. 199 ± 11 ng/mL; P = 0.0006) and leptin (1.14 ± 0.2 ng/mL vs. 5.05 ± 1.2 ng/mL; P = 0.01). In contrast, rapamycin treatment (2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal every other day, initiated in mice following 20 weeks of ad libitum control diet consumption), relative to control diet, produced no significant change in body weight, IGF-1 or leptin levels, but decreased glucose responsiveness. Pancreatic tumor volume was significantly reduced in the CR group (221 ± 107 mm(3); P < 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, the rapamycin group (374 ± 206 mm(3); P = 0.04) relative to controls (550 ± 147 mm(3)), and this differential inhibition correlated with expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. Both CR and rapamycin decreased phosphorylation of mTOR, p70/S6K, and S6 ribosomal protein, but only CR decreased phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3β, extracellular signal regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and STAT3(TYR705). These findings suggest that rapamycin partially mimics the anticancer effects of CR on tumor growth in a murine model of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Lashinger
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Transgenic expression of polyomavirus middle T antigen in the mouse prostate gives rise to carcinoma. J Virol 2011; 85:5581-92. [PMID: 21411524 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02609-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The middle T (MT) antigen of polyomavirus has provided fundamental insights into the regulation of mammalian cell growth in vitro and important animal models for the analysis of tumor induction. The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-MT model of breast cancer has been important for probing the cellular signaling pathways in mammary tumorigenesis. MT itself has no intrinsic enzymatic activity but, rather, transforms by binding to and activating key intracellular signaling molecules, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) being the best studied of these. Thus, MT mimics a constitutively activated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Our recent work suggests that MT signaling, like that of RTKs, is often quite dependent on cellular context in vitro. Here, we examine contextual effects on signaling in animal models as well. In this study, we generated transgenic mice in which MT is expressed in the mouse prostate under the control of an (ARR)2-Probasin promoter. All male transgenic mice displayed mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) in the ventral and dorsal/lateral prostate as early as 8 weeks of age. Notably, during the course of tumor development over time, invasive cancer, reactive stroma, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were seen. Transcriptional profiling analyses show regulation of multiple pathways, with marked upregulation of both the NF-κB and inflammatory pathways. Comparison of expression profiles of our MT prostate model with those from an MMTV-MT breast model (23) shows both tissue-specific and tissue-independent MT effects. The signature of genes regulated by MT in a tissue-independent manner may have prognostic value.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Invasive, genetically abnormal carcinoma progenitor cells have been propagated from human and mouse breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions, providing new insights into breast cancer progression. The survival of DCIS cells in the hypoxic, nutrient-deprived intraductal niche could promote genetic instability and the derepression of the invasive phenotype. Understanding potential survival mechanisms, such as autophagy, that might be functioning in DCIS lesions provides strategies for arresting invasion at the pre-malignant stage. A new, open trial of neoadjuvant therapy for patients with DCIS constitutes a model for testing investigational agents that target malignant progenitor cells in the intraductal niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Espina
- George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maselli RA, Arredondo J, Cagney O, Mozaffar T, Skinner S, Yousif S, Davis RR, Gregg JP, Sivak M, Konia TH, Thomas K, Wollmann RL. Congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with epidermolysis bullosa caused by homozygous mutations in PLEC1 and CHRNE. Clin Genet 2010; 80:444-51. [PMID: 21175599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the plectin gene (PLEC1) cause epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), which may associate with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD) or pyloric atresia (EBS-PA). The association of EBS with congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is also suspected to result from PLEC1 mutations. We report here a consanguineous patient with EBS and CMS for whom mutational analysis of PLEC1 revealed a homozygous 36 nucleotide insertion (1506_1507ins36) that results in a reduced expression of PLEC1 mRNA and plectin in the patient muscle. In addition, mutational analysis of CHRNE revealed a homozygous 1293insG, which is a well-known low-expressor receptor mutation. A skin biopsy revealed signs of EBS, and an anconeus muscle biopsy showed signs of a mild myopathy. Endplate studies showed fragmentation of endplates, postsynaptic simplification, and large collections of thread-like mitochondria. Amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials were diminished, but the endplate quantal content was actually increased. The complex phenotype presented here results from mutations in two separate genes. While the skin manifestations are because of the PLEC1 mutation, footprints of mutations in PLEC1 and CHRNE are present at the neuromuscular junction of the patient indicating that abnormalities in both genes contribute to the CMS phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Maselli
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Long-term survival of women with basal-like ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a population-based cohort study. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:653. [PMID: 21118480 PMCID: PMC3001723 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microarray gene-profiling of invasive breast cancer has identified different subtypes including luminal A, luminal B, HER2-overexpressing and basal-like groups. Basal-like invasive breast cancer is associated with a worse prognosis. However, the prognosis of basal-like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is still unknown. Our aim was to study the prognosis of basal-like DCIS in a large population-based cohort. METHODS All 458 women with a primary DCIS diagnosed between 1986 and 2004, in Uppland and Västmanland, Sweden were included. TMA blocks were constructed. To classify the DCIS tumors, we used immunohistochemical (IHC) markers (estrogen-, progesterone-, HER2, cytokeratin 5/6 and epidermal growth factor receptor) as a surrogate for the gene expression profiling. The association with prognosis was examined for basal-like DCIS and other subtypes using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS IHC data were complete for 392 women. Thirty-two were basal-like (8.2%), 351 were luminal or HER2-positive (89.5%) and 9 unclassified (2.3%). Seventy-six women had a local recurrence of which 34 were invasive. Another 3 women had general metastases as first event. Basal-like DCIS showed a higher risk of local recurrence and invasive recurrence 1.8 (Confidence interval (CI) 95%, 0.8-4.2) and 1.9 (0.7-5.1), respectively. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Also, no statistically significant increased risk was seen for triple-negative or high grade DCIS. CONCLUSIONS Basal-like DCIS showed about a doubled, however not statistically significant risk for local recurrence and developing invasive cancer compared with the other molecular subtypes. Molecular subtyping was a better prognostic parameter than histopathological grade.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Recognition of focal morphological intraepithelial lesions associated with the eventual development of invasive cancer has long been the sine qua non of precancer. Empirically, precancers are associated with a morphological continuum from atypia to dysplasia and invasive neoplasia. Such lesions are used as early indicators of cancers and have dramatically reduced mortality from cancers of the colon, uterine cervix, and breast. Progression has been modeled as a linear, stepwise process. Some molecular evidence supports a linear model. However, clinical studies now suggest that preexisting cofactors such as human papilloma virus (HPV) in cervical cancer determines the cell fate. Other clinical studies such as bladder, prostate, and breast suggest that many intraepithelial lesions do not progress to malignancy. The more recent experimental analyses reveal that the key molecular and genetic events even predate the emergence of visible lesions. Thus, a new nonlinear, parallel model is proposed. The parallel model suggests an origin in a putative progenitor cell that expands and invades. The clinical outcome is thus predetermined. If correct, this model suggests that "progression" to malignancy is epigenetic. Further, future assessment of biological potential will involve identification and genetic analysis of the progenitor cell populations.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fluck MM, Schaffhausen BS. Lessons in signaling and tumorigenesis from polyomavirus middle T antigen. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 73:542-63, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19721090 PMCID: PMC2738132 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00009-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The small DNA tumor viruses have provided a very long-lived source of insights into many aspects of the life cycle of eukaryotic cells. In recent years, the emphasis has been on cancer-related signaling. Here we review murine polyomavirus middle T antigen, its mechanisms, and its downstream pathways of transformation. We concentrate on the MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse, one of the most studied models of breast cancer, which permits the examination of in situ tumor progression from hyperplasia to metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Fluck
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goldberger NE, Hunter KW. A systems biology approach to defining metastatic biomarkers and signaling pathways. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 1:89-96. [PMID: 20835983 PMCID: PMC3430971 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the final stage of cancer and the primary cause of mortality for most solid malignancies. This terminal phase of cancer progression has been investigated using a variety of high-throughput technologies (i.e., gene expression arrays, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and proteomics) to identify prognostic expression profiles and better characterize the metastatic process. For decades, the predominant model for the metastatic process has been the 'progression model', yet recent microarray results tend to support an inherent metastatic capability within primary tumors. Moreover, studies using a highly metastatic transgenic mammary tumor model suggest that germline polymorphisms are significant determinants of metastatic efficiency. Likewise, a strong concordance of survival has been observed between family members with cancer, further supporting the link between genetic inheritance and survival. In addition, chromosomal aberrations and signaling pathways related to metastatic capacity have been identified by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and proteomic studies, respectively. Lastly, carcinoma enzyme activity profiles using activity-based proteomics (ABPP), may be more clinically useful than expression-based proteomics for certain cancers. Most importantly, the application of these high-throughput techniques should expedite the search for additional biomarkers, germline polymorphisms, and expression signatures with greater prognostic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Goldberger
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kent W Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kuerer HM, Albarracin CT, Yang WT, Cardiff RD, Brewster AM, Symmans WF, Hylton NM, Middleton LP, Krishnamurthy S, Perkins GH, Babiera G, Edgerton ME, Czerniecki BJ, Arun BK, Hortobagyi GN. Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: State of the Science and Roadmap to Advance the Field. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:279-88. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.18.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the fourth leading cancer for women in the United States. Understanding of the biology and clinical behavior of DCIS is imperfect. This article highlights the current knowledge base and the scientific roadmap needed to advance the field. Methods This article is based on work done by and consultations obtained from leading experts in the field over a 6-month period that culminated in a full-day symposium designed to systematically review the most pertinent MEDLINE published reports and develop a roadmap to elucidate the molecular steps of carcinogenesis, reduce the extent or prevent the need for therapies, eliminate recurrences, and reduce morbidity. Results Expression profiling of pure DCIS will help elucidate the molecular characteristics that distinguish high-risk lesions from clinically irrelevant lesions. The development of new methods of extracting RNA from processed tissues may provide opportunities for research. Mammography often underestimates the pathologic extent of DCIS; other imaging methods need to be investigated for detection and monitoring of disease stability or progression. Novel biologic agents are being delivered in neoadjuvant clinical trials, and alternative methods for breast irradiation are being studied. Future trials of treatment versus no treatment for biologically selected cases of DCIS should be developed. Conclusion There is a critical need for a concerted international effort among patients with DCIS, clinicians, and basic scientists to conduct the research necessary to improve fundamental understanding of the biology and clinical behavior of DCIS and prevent development of invasive breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kuerer
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Constance T. Albarracin
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wei T. Yang
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert D. Cardiff
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Abenaa M. Brewster
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - W. Fraser Symmans
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nola M. Hylton
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lavinia P. Middleton
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - George H. Perkins
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gildy Babiera
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mary E. Edgerton
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian J. Czerniecki
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Banu K. Arun
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gabriel N. Hortobagyi
- From the Departments of Surgical Oncology, Pathology, Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Cancer Prevention, Radiation Oncology, and Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schaffhausen BS, Roberts TM. Lessons from polyoma middle T antigen on signaling and transformation: A DNA tumor virus contribution to the war on cancer. Virology 2008; 384:304-16. [PMID: 19022468 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Middle T antigen (MT) is the principal oncogene of murine polyomavirus. Its study has led to the discovery of the roles of tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in mammalian growth control and transformation. MT is necessary for viral transformation in tissue culture cells and tumorigenesis in animals. When expressed alone as a transgene, MT causes tumors in a wide variety of tissues. It has no known catalytic activity, but rather acts by assembling cellular signal transduction molecules. Protein phosphatase 2A, protein tyrosine kinases of the src family, PI3K, phospholipase Cgamma1 as well as the Shc/Grb2 adaptors are all assembled on MT. Their activation sets off a series of signaling cascades. Analyses of virus mutants as well as transgenic animals have demonstrated that the effects of a given signal depend not only tissue type, but on the genetic background of the host animal. There remain many opportunities as we seek a full molecular understanding of MT and apply some of its lessons to human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Schaffhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bennett CN, Green JE. Unlocking the power of cross-species genomic analyses: identification of evolutionarily conserved breast cancer networks and validation of preclinical models. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:213. [PMID: 18828875 PMCID: PMC2614501 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of high-throughput genomic technologies has revealed that individual breast tumors display a variety of molecular features that require more personalized approaches to treatment. Several recent studies have demonstrated that a cross-species analytic approach provides a powerful means to filter through genetic complexity by identifying evolutionarily conserved genetic networks that are fundamental to the oncogenic process. Mouse-human tumor comparisons will provide insights into cellular origins of tumor subtypes, define interactive oncogenetic networks, identify potential novel therapeutic targets, and further validate as well as guide the selection of genetically engineered mouse models for preclinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Bennett
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Allred DC, Medina D. The relevance of mouse models to understanding the development and progression of human breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:279-88. [PMID: 18704660 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse modeling of human breast cancer has developed tremendously over the past ten years. Human breast cancer is characterized by enormous biological diversity and, collectively, the new models have come much closer to encompassing this diversity. They have provided a deeper understanding of the fundamental events that mediate the initiation, development, and progression of breast cancer, and they offer new opportunities to develop and test strategies to treat and, perhaps, even prevent the disease. This chapter reviews the historical development of mouse models of breast cancer and highlights some of their major strengths, weaknesses, and contributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Craig Allred
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The mouse model for breast cancer has developed into a most effective means of dissecting and understanding this devastating disease. The inbred transgenic mouse lends itself to biological, molecular, immunological, and genetic studies. The observation, dissection, transplantation, and subsequent amplification of precancerous mammary lesions and tumors give the scientist the means to readily study the tissues and design interventions and therapeutic drugs for the future eventual control of breast cancer. There are many inbred strains of mice, selected for specific characteristics. The mouse is easy to handle, breeds well, and does not require extensive facilities, funding, and handling such as monkeys, chimps, and other animal models. A huge advantage is the capability for the transplantation of tissues as well as gene manipulation, which make the transgenic mouse a major research resource. The mouse has served the scientific community well for over a century and will continue to do so in the quest for understanding breast cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J T Young
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Hutchison and County Road 98, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prasad M, Bernardini M, Tsalenko A, Marrano P, Paderova J, Lee CH, Ben-Dor A, Barrett MT, Squire JA. High definition cytogenetics and oligonucleotide aCGH analyses of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:427-36. [PMID: 18273836 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is a key platform to assess cancer genomic profiles. Many structural genomic aberrations cannot be detected by aCGH alone. We have applied molecular cytogenetic analyses including spectral karyotyping, multicolor banding, and fluorescence in situ hybridization with aCGH to comprehensively investigate the genomic aberrations associated with cisplatin resistance in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. A2780 is a well-established model of chemotherapeutic resistance with distinct karyotypic abnormalities in the parental and cisplatin-resistant cells. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that two unbalanced translocations, der(8)t(1;8) and der(X)t(X;1), and loss of chromosome 13 were present only in the resistant line. Our aCGH analyses detected imbalances affecting an additional 10.59% of the genome in the cisplatin-resistant cells compared with the parental. DNA copy number changes included deletions at 1p10-p22.1, 8p23.3, and Xq13.1-pter, and a duplication of 8q11.22-q23. Cryptic genomic aberrations associated with concurrent localized changes of specific gene expression included a homozygous deletion of 0.38 Mb at 1p21.3 adjacent to SNX7, and an insertional transposition of 0.85 Mb from 13q12.12 into chromosome 22. This latter rearrangement led to an overexpression of four contiguous genes that flanked one of the breakpoint regions in chromosome 13. Furthermore, 17 genes showed differential expression correlating with genomic gain or loss between the resistant and parent lines, validated by a second expression array platform. These results highlight the integration of comprehensive profiling to determine relationships of genomic aberrations and genes associated with an in vitro drug resistance model in ovarian cancer. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Prasad
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Damonte P, Hodgson JG, Chen JQ, Young LJT, Cardiff RD, Borowsky AD. Mammary carcinoma behavior is programmed in the precancer stem cell. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R50. [PMID: 18522749 PMCID: PMC2481504 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 'MINO' (mammary intraepithelial neoplasia outgrowth) mouse model of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) consists of six lines with distinct morphologic phenotypes and behavior, each meeting experimentally defined criteria for 'precancer'. Specifically, these lines grow orthotopically in cleared mammary fat pads and consistently progress to an invasive phenotype that is capable of ectopic growth. Transition to carcinoma has a consistent latency for each line, and three of the lines also exhibit pulmonary metastatic potential. Methods Gland cleared orthotopic transplanted precancer MINO tissues were analyzed by bacterial artifical chromosome and oligo array comparative genomic hybridization, microsatellite PCR, and telomerase repeat amplification assay. MINO cells were dissociated and cultured in three dimensional culture and transplanted in syngeneic gland cleared mammary fat pads. Results Comparative genomic hybridization shows that the precancer and invasive tumors are genetically stable, with low level changes including whole chromosome gains in some lines. No changes are associated with progression, although spontaneous focal amplifications and deletions were detected occasionally. Microsatellite analysis shows a low frequency of alterations that are predominantly permanent within a MINO line. Telomerase activity is increased in both the MINO and the derived tumors when compared with normal mouse mammary gland. Dissociation of the precancer lesion cells and three dimensional 'spheroid' culture of single cells reveals a bipotential for myoepithelial and luminal differentiation and the formation of unique three-dimensional 'MINOspheres'. These MINOspheres exhibit features that are intermediate between spheroids that are derived from normal and carcinoma cells. Transplantation of a single cell derived MINOsphere recapitulates the outgrowth of the precancer morphology and progression to carcinoma. Conclusion These data establish a precancer 'stem' cell that is capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation as the origin of invasive cancer. Within the context of this model, these cells have programmed potential for latency and metastasis that does not appear to require sequential genetic 'hits' for transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Damonte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Comparative Medicine, UC Davis, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
How a cancer is initiated and established remains elusive despite all the advances in decades of cancer research. Recently the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis has been revived, challenging the long-standing model of "clonal evolution" for cancer development and implicating the dawning of a potential cure for cancer [1]. The recent identification of precancerous stem cells (pCSCs) in cancer, an early stage of CSC development, however, implicates that the "clonal evolution" is not contradictory to the CSC hypothesis, but is rather an aspect of the process of CSC development [2]. The discovery of pCSC has revealed and will continue to reveal the volatile properties of CSC with respects to their phenotype, differentiation and tumorigenic capacity during initiation and progression. Both pCSC and CSC might also serve as precursors of tumor stromal components such as tumor vasculogenic stem/progenitor cells (TVPCs). Thus, the CSC hypothesis covers the developing process of tumor-initiating cells (TIC) --> pCSC --> CSC --> cancer, a cellular process that should parallel the histological process of hyperplasia/metaplasia (TIC) --> precancerous lesions (pCSC) --> malignant lesions (CSC --> cancer). The embryonic stem (ES) cell and germline stem (GS) cell genes are subverted in pCSCs. Especially the GS cell protein piwil2 may play an important role during the development of TIC --> pCSC --> CSC, and this protein may be used as a common biomarker for early detection, prevention, and treatment of cancer. As cancer stem cell research is yet in its infancy, definitive conclusions regarding the role of pCSC can not be made at this time. However this review will discuss what we have learned from pCSC and how this has led to innovative ideas that may eventually have major impacts on the understanding and treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Gao
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|