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Xu J, Wang H, Shi B, Li N, Xu G, Yan X, Xu L. Exosomal MFI2-AS1 sponge miR-107 promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through NFAT5. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:51. [PMID: 36934264 PMCID: PMC10024841 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease driven by extensive molecular alterations. Exosomes are small vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm released by various cell types and are important mediators of information transmission in tumor cells. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and various types of nucleic acids, including miRNAs and even DNA and RNA. MFI2 Antisense RNA 1 (MFI2-AS1) is a long noncoding RNA known to promote cell proliferation, metastasis and invasion in a variety of malignancies. METHODS The relative expression of MFI2-AS1 in NSCLC tissues was examined using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) staining. Transwell migration and wound healing assays were used to analyze cell migration and invasion abilities. Tube formation is used to assess angiogenic capacity. CCK8 was used to assess cell proliferation ability. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) experiments confirmed that MFI2-AS1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-107. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to identify potential binding between MFI2-miRNA and target mRNA. In vivo experiments were performed by injecting exosomes into subcutaneous tumors to establish animal models. RESULT Exosomal MFI2-AS1 increases NFAT5 expression by sponging miR-107, which in turn activates the PI3K/AKT pathway. We found that the MFI2-AS1/miR-107/NFAT5 axis plays an important role in exosome-mediated NSCLC progression, is involved in pre-metastatic niche formation, and can be used as a blood-based biomarker for NSCLC metastasis. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that MFI2-AS1 is upregulated in exosomes secreted by metastatic NSCLC cells and can be transferred to HUVECs, promoting angiogenesis and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, 26 Daoqian Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Baoyu Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, 26 Daoqian Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, 26 Daoqian Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Guopeng Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, 26 Daoqian Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Xiaopei Yan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, 26 Daoqian Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215002, China.
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, 26 Daoqian Street, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215002, China.
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Inhibition of a Mitochondrial Potassium Channel in Combination with Gemcitabine and Abraxane Drastically Reduces Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma in an Immunocompetent Orthotopic Murine Model. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112618. [PMID: 35681598 PMCID: PMC9179813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Treatment of pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains challenging due to the late stage of presentation, limited efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapies, and aggressive tumor biology. Novel therapeutic targets are desperately needed. The voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3, is one such unique target. It has been extensively studied in many cancers but less is known in pancreas cancer. In this study, we evaluated the tissue expression of Kv1.3 in resected PDAC and tumor inhibition using novel Kv1.3 inhibitors developed by our group (PCARBTP and PAPTP) with cytotoxic chemotherapies. We found that Kv1.3 is expressed in early stage, non-metastatic, resectable pancreas cancer specimens. Treatment with novel mitochondrial Kv1.3 inhibitors resulted in 95% reduced tumor growth when combined with cytotoxic chemotherapies. This near complete eradication of tumors using this treatment strategy shows that Kv1.3 represents an innovative therapeutic target for pancreas cancer therapy. Abstract Pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one the most aggressive cancers and associated with very high mortality, requiring the development of novel treatments. The mitochondrial voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3 is emerging as an attractive oncologic target but its function in PDAC is unknown. Here, we evaluated the tissue expression of Kv1.3 in resected PDAC from 55 patients using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and show that all tumors expressed Kv1.3 with 60% of tumor specimens having high Kv1.3 expression. In Pan02 cells, the recently developed mitochondria-targeted Kv1.3 inhibitors PCARBTP and PAPTP strongly reduced cell survival in vitro. In an orthotopic pancreas tumor model (Pan02 cells injected into C57BL/6 mice) in immune-competent mice, injection of PAPTP or PCARBTP resulted in tumor reductions of 87% and 70%, respectively. When combined with clinically used Gemcitabine plus Abraxane (albumin-bound paclitaxel), reduction reached 95% and 80% without resultant organ toxicity. Drug-mediated tumor cell death occurred through the p38-MAPK pathway, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxidative stress. Resistant Pan02 clones to PCARBTP escaped cell death through upregulation of the antioxidant system. In contrast, tumor cells did not develop resistance to PAPTP. Our data show that Kv1.3 is highly expressed in resected human PDAC and the use of novel mitochondrial Kv1.3 inhibitors combined with cytotoxic chemotherapies might be a novel, effective treatment for PDAC.
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Nassiri M, Behnam-Rasouli R, Vakili-Azghandi M, Gopalan V, Dolati P, Nourmohammadi R. Refined immunoRNases for the efficient targeting and selective killing of tumour cells: A novel strategy. Life Sci 2022; 289:120222. [PMID: 34902436 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome limitations of conventional cancer therapy methods, immunotoxins with the capability of target-specific action have been designed and evaluated pre-clinically, and some of them are in clinical studies. Targeting cancer cells via antibodies specific for tumour-associated surface proteins is a new biomedical approach that could provide the selectivity that is lacking in conventional cancer therapy methods such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A successful example of an approved immunotoxin is represented by immunoRNases. ImmunoRNases are fusion proteins in which the toxin has been replaced by a ribonuclease. Conjugation of RNase molecule to monoclonal antibody or antibody fragment was shown to enhance specific cell-killing by several orders of magnitude, both in vitro and in animal models. There are several RNases obtained from different mammalian cells that are expected to be less immunogenic and systemically toxic. In fact, RNases are pro-toxins which become toxic only upon their internalization in target cells mediated by the antibody moiety. The structure and large size of the antibody molecules assembled with the immunoRNases have always been a challenge in the application of immunoRNases as an antitoxin. To overcome this obstacle, we have offered a new strategy for the application of immunoRNases as a promising approach for upgrading immunoRNAses with maximum affinity and high stability in the cell, which can ultimately act as an effective large-scale cancer treatment. In this review, we introduce the optimized antibody-like molecules with small size, approximately 10 kD, which are presumed to significantly enhance RNase activity and be a suitable agent with the potential for anti-cancer functionality. In addition, we also discuss new molecular entities such as monobody, anticalin, nonobody and affilin as refined versions in the development of immunoRNases. These small molecules express their functionality with the suitable small size as well as with low immunogenicity in the cell, as a part of immunoRNases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
| | - Reihane Behnam-Rasouli
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Peyman Dolati
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Nourmohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Lorestan 68137-17133, Iran
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Kamalinia G, Grindel BJ, Takahashi TT, Millward SW, Roberts RW. Directing evolution of novel ligands by mRNA display. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9055-9103. [PMID: 34165126 PMCID: PMC8725378 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00160d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
mRNA display is a powerful biological display platform for the directed evolution of proteins and peptides. mRNA display libraries covalently link the displayed peptide or protein (phenotype) with the encoding genetic information (genotype) through the biochemical activity of the small molecule puromycin. Selection for peptide/protein function is followed by amplification of the linked genetic material and generation of a library enriched in functional sequences. Iterative selection cycles are then performed until the desired level of function is achieved, at which time the identity of candidate peptides can be obtained by sequencing the genetic material. The purpose of this review is to discuss the development of mRNA display technology since its inception in 1997 and to comprehensively review its use in the selection of novel peptides and proteins. We begin with an overview of the biochemical mechanism of mRNA display and its variants with a particular focus on its advantages and disadvantages relative to other biological display technologies. We then discuss the importance of scaffold choice in mRNA display selections and review the results of selection experiments with biological (e.g., fibronectin) and linear peptide library architectures. We then explore recent progress in the development of "drug-like" peptides by mRNA display through the post-translational covalent macrocyclization and incorporation of non-proteogenic functionalities. We conclude with an examination of enabling technologies that increase the speed of selection experiments, enhance the information obtained in post-selection sequence analysis, and facilitate high-throughput characterization of lead compounds. We hope to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of current state and future trajectory of mRNA display and its broad utility as a peptide and protein design tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Kamalinia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Xu M, Liu X, Li P, Yang Y, Zhang W, Zhao S, Zeng Y, Zhou X, Zeng LH, Yang G. Modified Natriuretic Peptides and their Potential Role in Cancer Treatment. Biomed J 2021; 45:118-131. [PMID: 34237455 PMCID: PMC9133251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide family (NPs) is a group of natural endocrine hormones, containing a 17-amino acid ring structure connected by disulfide bonds of two cysteines. In this review, the members of the natriuretic peptide family and their corresponding receptors as well as the anti-cancer effects are introduced. Four cardiac hormones of NPs (ANP, VD, KP and LANP) can effectively inhibit the growth of human small cell lung cancer, breast cancer and other tumors and significantly reduce tumor volume in vivo. The in vitro experiments also show that cardiac hormones, CNP and urodilatin can effectively inhibit the growth of most tumor cells. We then further summarized the anti-cancer mechanism of natriuretic peptides. Finally, we introduce several methods that modify natriuretic peptides, leading to enhance their stability and prolong the biological effects of these peptides, which might be helpful for the clinical application in the future. Peptide therapy is a very promising field for cancer treatments since they can induce the death of cancer cells without dramatically affecting normal cells. The synthesis of a useful and stable natriuretic peptide can enhance the effect of cancer treatments and significantly reduce drug resistance and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Xingzhu Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yadong Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xile Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Geng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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Mutational and biophysical robustness in a prestabilized monobody. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100447. [PMID: 33617878 PMCID: PMC8010708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibronectin type III (FN3) monobody domain is a promising non-antibody scaffold, which features a less complex architecture than an antibody while maintaining analogous binding loops. We previously developed FN3Con, a hyperstable monobody derivative with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Prestabilization of the scaffold mitigates the stability–function trade-off commonly associated with evolving a protein domain toward biological activity. Here, we aimed to examine if the FN3Con monobody could take on antibody-like binding to therapeutic targets, while retaining its extreme stability. We targeted the first of the Adnectin derivative of monobodies to reach clinical trials, which was engineered by directed evolution for binding to the therapeutic target VEGFR2; however, this function was gained at the expense of large losses in thermostability and increased oligomerization. In order to mitigate these losses, we grafted the binding loops from Adnectin-anti-VEGFR2 (CT-322) onto the prestabilized FN3Con scaffold to produce a domain that successfully bound with high affinity to the therapeutic target VEGFR2. This FN3Con-anti-VEGFR2 construct also maintains high thermostability, including remarkable long-term stability, retaining binding activity after 2 years of storage at 36 °C. Further investigations into buffer excipients doubled the presence of monomeric monobody in accelerated stability trials. These data suggest that loop grafting onto a prestabilized scaffold is a viable strategy for the development of monobody domains with desirable biophysical characteristics and that FN3Con is therefore well-suited to applications such as the evolution of multiple paratopes or shelf-stable diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Dotter H, Boll M, Eder M, Eder AC. Library and post-translational modifications of peptide-based display systems. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107699. [PMID: 33513435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Innovative biotechnological methods empower the successful identification of new drug candidates. Phage, ribosome and mRNA display represent high throughput screenings, allowing fast and efficient progress in the field of targeted drug discovery. The identification range comprises low molecular weight peptides up to whole antibodies. However, a major challenge poses the stability and affinity in particular of peptides. Chemical modifications e.g. the introduction of unnatural amino acids or cyclization, have been proven to be essential tools to overcome these limitations. This review article particularly focuses on available methods for the targeted chemical modification of peptides and peptide libraries in selected display approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dotter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boll
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ann-Christin Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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M2 Macrophage-Derived Exosomes Promote Angiogenesis and Growth of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Targeting E2F2. Mol Ther 2020; 29:1226-1238. [PMID: 33221435 PMCID: PMC7934635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most aggressive tumors all over the world, has a generally poor prognosis, and its progression is positively correlated with the density of blood vessels. Recently, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were proven to be beneficial for angiogenesis, but their mechanism of action remains unclear. Our study indicated that M2 macrophages were positively correlated with the microvessel density (MVD) of PDAC tissues, and M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (MDEs) could promote the angiogenesis of mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) in vitro. At the same time, the M2 MDEs could also promote the growth of subcutaneous tumors and increase the vascular density of mice. Moreover, we also found that miR-155-5p and miR-221-5p levels in the M2 MDEs were higher than those in M0 MDEs, and they could be transferred into MAECs, as demonstrated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and qPCR analysis. Our data confirmed the interaction between TAMs and the angiogenesis of PDAC by exosomes. Additionally, targeting the exosomal miRNAs derived from TAMs might provide diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for PDAC.
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Abstract
The concept of engineering robust protein scaffolds for novel binding functions emerged 20 years ago, one decade after the advent of recombinant antibody technology. Early examples were the Affibody, Monobody (Adnectin), and Anticalin proteins, which were derived from fragments of streptococcal protein A, from the tenth type III domain of human fibronectin, and from natural lipocalin proteins, respectively. Since then, this concept has expanded considerably, including many other protein templates. In fact, engineered protein scaffolds with useful binding specificities, mostly directed against targets of biomedical relevance, constitute an area of active research today, which has yielded versatile reagents as laboratory tools. However, despite strong interest from basic science, only a handful of those protein scaffolds have undergone biopharmaceutical development up to the clinical stage. This includes the abovementioned pioneering examples as well as designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins). Here we review the current state and clinical validation of these next-generation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany;
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Zhu J, Wang Y, Li D, Zhang H, Guo Z, Yang X. Interleukin-35 promotes progression of prostate cancer and inhibits anti-tumour immunity. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:487. [PMID: 33041668 PMCID: PMC7541216 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-35 (IL-35) has been reported to play an important role in the progression of cancers. The role of IL-35 in prostate cancer (PCA) is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-35 on PCA and its immunoregulatory effect on PCA. Methods The protein and mRNA expression of IL-35 in PCA cells was detected by western blot and RT-PCR. The invasion and migration of cells were detected using transwell and wound-healing assays. A CCK-8 assay was conducted to observe cell proliferation. In vivo, IL-35 plasma concentration was test by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The role of IL-35 in tumour cell proliferation and angiogenesis of mice was detected by immunohistochemical stains. The mouse survival and tumour volumes were calculated, and lung metastasis rate was detected by HE staining. The modulatory effects of IL-35 on myeloid-derived inhibitory cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells from PCA mice were investigated by immunohistochemical stains and flow cytometry. Results High levels of IL-35 significantly promoted the migration, invasion and cell proliferation of PCA cells in vitro. IL-35 was associated with tumour growth, metastasis and poor prognosis in PCA mice. Additionally, high levels of IL-35 significantly increased the proportions of MDSCs and Tregs and decreased the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen, blood and tumour microenvironment. The IL-35 neutralizing antibody played the opposite role. Conclusions IL-35 contributed to the progression of PCA through promoting cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis. IL-35 might limit the anti-tumour immune response by upregulating the proportions of Tregs and MDSCs and by reducing the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. IL-35 might serve as a novel therapeutic target for PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000 China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300000 China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huan Hu West Road, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Zhi Guo
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huan Hu West Road, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xueling Yang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huan Hu West Road, Tianjin, 300060 China
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Guo Z, Wang X, Yang Y, Chen W, Zhang K, Teng B, Huang C, Zhao Q, Qiu Z. Hypoxic Tumor-Derived Exosomal Long Noncoding RNA UCA1 Promotes Angiogenesis via miR-96-5p/AMOTL2 in Pancreatic Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:179-195. [PMID: 32942233 PMCID: PMC7498711 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment, an important feature of solid tumors, promotes tumor cells to release exosomes and enhances tumor angiogenesis. However, the detailed functions of hypoxic exosomes and the mechanisms underlying their effects in pancreatic cancer (PC) remain mysterious. Here, we observed that hypoxic exosomes derived from PC cells promoted cell migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) UCA1, a key factor, was highly expressed in exosomes derived from hypoxic PC cells and could be transferred to HUVECs through the exosomes. In addition, the expression levels of UCA1 in exosomes derived from PC patients' serum were higher than in healthy controls and were associated with poor survival of PC patients. Moreover, hypoxic exosomal UCA1 could promote angiogenesis and tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. With respect to the functional mechanism, UCA1 acted as a sponge of microRNA (miR)-96-5p, relieving the repressive effects of miR-96-5p on the expression of its target gene AMOTL2. Collectively, these results indicate that hypoxic exosomal UCA1 could promote angiogenesis and tumor growth through the miR-96-5p/AMOTL2/ERK1/2 axis and therefore, serve as a novel target for PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengya Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Kundong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Buwei Teng
- Lianyungang Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, 6 Zhenhua East Road, Haizhou District, City of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province 222061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis and National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengjun Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
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Enhancing bioactivity, physicochemical, and pharmacokinetic properties of a nano-sized, anti-VEGFR2 Adnectin, through PASylation technology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2978. [PMID: 30814652 PMCID: PMC6393559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling in the angiogenesis and metastasis of solid tumors has prompted the development of inhibitors with minimal bystander effects. Recently, Adnectin C has attracted attention for cancer treatment. To overcome the problematic properties of Adnectin, a novel form of Adnectin C has been designed by its fusion to a biodegradable polymeric peptide containing Pro/Ala/Ser (PAS) repetitive residues. E. coli-expressed recombinant fused and unfused proteins were compared in terms of bioactivity, physicochemical, and pharmacokinetic properties using standard methods. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis of PASylated adnectin C revealed an approximate 2-fold increase in particle size with a slight change in the net charge. Additionally, fusion of the PAS sequence improved its stability against the growth of thermo-induced aggregated forms. The high receptor-binding and improved binding kinetic parameters of PASylated Adnectin C was confirmed by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance assays, respectively. Pharmacokinetic studies showed a noticeable increase in the terminal half-life of Adnectin C-PAS#1(200) by a factor of 4.57 after single dose by intravenous injection into female BALB/c mice. The results suggest that PASylation could offer a superior delivery strategy for developing Adnectin-derived drugs with improved patient compliance.
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Abstract
Antibodies have proved to be a valuable mode of therapy for numerous diseases, mainly owing to their high target binding affinity and specificity. Unfortunately, antibodies are also limited in several respects, chief amongst those being the extremely high cost of manufacture. Therefore, non-antibody binding proteins have long been sought after as alternative therapies. New binding protein scaffolds are constantly being designed or discovered with some already approved for human use by the FDA. This review focuses on protein scaffolds that are either already being used in humans or are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Although not all are expected to be approved, the significant benefits ensure that these molecules will continue to be investigated and developed as therapeutic alternatives to antibodies. Based on the location of the amino acids that mediate ligand binding, we place all the protein scaffolds under clinical development into two general categories: scaffolds with ligand-binding residues located in exposed flexible loops, and those with the binding residues located in protein secondary structures, such as α-helices. Scaffolds that fall under the first category include adnectins, anticalins, avimers, Fynomers, Kunitz domains, and knottins, while those belonging to the second category include affibodies, β-hairpin mimetics, and designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins). Most of these scaffolds are thermostable and can be easily produced in microorganisms or completely synthesized chemically. In addition, many of these scaffolds derive from human proteins and thus possess very low immunogenic potential. Additional advantages and limitations of these protein scaffolds as therapeutics compared to antibodies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudo Simeon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Srinivasarao
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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15
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Recent advances in the development of novel protein scaffolds based therapeutics. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:630-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Discovery and Characterization of a Novel CD4-Binding Adnectin with Potent Anti-HIV Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00508-17. [PMID: 28584151 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00508-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel fibronectin-based protein (Adnectin) HIV-1 inhibitor was generated using in vitro selection. This inhibitor binds to human CD4 with a high affinity (3.9 nM) and inhibits viral entry at a step after CD4 engagement and preceding membrane fusion. The progenitor sequence of this novel inhibitor was selected from a library of trillions of Adnectin variants using mRNA display and then further optimized for improved antiviral and physical properties. The final optimized inhibitor exhibited full potency against a panel of 124 envelope (gp160) proteins spanning 11 subtypes, indicating broad-spectrum activity. Resistance profiling studies showed that this inhibitor required 30 passages (151 days) in culture to acquire sufficient resistance to result in viral titer breakthrough. Resistance mapped to the loss of multiple potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp120, suggesting that inhibition is due to steric hindrance of CD4-binding-induced conformational changes.
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17
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Yu X, Yang YP, Dikici E, Deo SK, Daunert S. Beyond Antibodies as Binding Partners: The Role of Antibody Mimetics in Bioanalysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:293-320. [PMID: 28375702 PMCID: PMC5895458 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of novel binding proteins or antibody mimetics capable of binding to ligand analytes in a manner analogous to that of the antigen-antibody interaction has spurred increased interest in the biotechnology and bioanalytical communities. The goal is to produce antibody mimetics designed to outperform antibodies with regard to binding affinities, cellular and tumor penetration, large-scale production, and temperature and pH stability. The generation of antibody mimetics with tailored characteristics involves the identification of a naturally occurring protein scaffold as a template that binds to a desired ligand. This scaffold is then engineered to create a superior binder by first creating a library that is then subjected to a series of selection steps. Antibody mimetics have been successfully used in the development of binding assays for the detection of analytes in biological samples, as well as in separation methods, cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, and in vivo imaging. This review describes recent advances in the field of antibody mimetics and their applications in bioanalytical chemistry, specifically in diagnostics and other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
| | - Yu-Ping Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
| | - Sapna K Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136;
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18
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Abstract
Adnectins are a family of binding proteins derived from the 10th type III domain of human fibronectin (10Fn3), which is part of the immunoglobulin superfamily and normally binds integrin. The 10Fn3 has the potential for broad therapeutic applications given its structural stability, ability to be manipulated, and its abundance in the human body. The most commonly studied adnectin is CT-322, which is an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. A bispecific adnectin, El-Tandem, has also been developed and binds to epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor simultaneously. Pre-clinical studies have shown promising results in relation to reducing tumor growth, decreasing microvessel density, and promoting normalization of tumor architecture. The phase I trial with CT-322 demonstrates relatively low toxicities. However, the phase II study done with CT-322 in recurrent glioblastoma does not reveal as promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Sachdev
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA,
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19
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Redman JM, Hill EM, AlDeghaither D, Weiner LM. Mechanisms of action of therapeutic antibodies for cancer. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:28-45. [PMID: 25911943 PMCID: PMC4529810 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic utility of antibodies and their derivatives is achieved by various means. The FDA has approved several targeted antibodies that disrupt signaling of various growth factor receptors for the treatment of a number of cancers. Rituximab, and other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are active in B cell malignancies. As more experience has been gained with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, the multifactorial nature of their anti-tumor mechanisms has emerged. Other targeted antibodies function to dampen inhibitory checkpoints. These checkpoint inhibitors have recently achieved dramatic results in several cancers, including melanoma. These and related antibodies continue to be investigated in the clinical and pre-clinical settings. Novel antibody structures that target two or more antigens have also made their way into clinical use. Tumor targeted antibodies can also be conjugated to chemo- or radiotherapeutic agents, or catalytic toxins, as a means to deliver toxic payloads to cancer cells. Here we provide a review of these mechanisms and a discussion of their relevance to current and future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Redman
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - E M Hill
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - D AlDeghaither
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - L M Weiner
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States.
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20
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Wezner-Ptasinska M, Otlewski J. Selection of specific interactors from phage display library based on sea lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor sequences. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1833-1841. [PMID: 26391289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) are non-immunoglobulin components of adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates. These proteins composed of leucine-rich repeat modules offer some advantages over antibodies in target binding and therefore are attractive candidates for biotechnological applications. In this paper we report the design and characterization of a phage display library based on a previously proposed dVLR scaffold containing six LRR modules [Wezner-Ptasinska et al., 2011]. Our library was designed based on a consensus approach in which the randomization scheme reflects the frequencies of amino acids naturally occurring in respective positions responsible for antigen recognition. We demonstrate general applicability of the scaffold by selecting dVLRs specific for lysozyme and S100A7 protein with KD values in the micromolar range. The dVLR library could be used as a convenient alternative to antibodies for effective isolation of high affinity binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wezner-Ptasinska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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21
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Sun L, Wu Q, Peng F, Liu L, Gong C. Strategies of polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced internalization in cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:56-72. [PMID: 26241917 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve long circulation time and high drug accumulation in the tumor sites via the EPR effects, anticancer drugs have to be protected by non-fouling polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), dextran, and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). However, the dense layer of stealth polymer also prohibits efficient uptake of anticancer drugs by target cancer cells. For cancer therapy, it is often more desirable to accomplish rapid cellular uptake after anticancer drugs arriving at the pathological site, which could on one hand maximize the therapeutic efficacy and on the other hand reduce probability of drug resistance in cells. In this review, special attention will be focused on the recent potential strategies that can enable drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles to rapidly recognize cancer cells, leading to enhanced internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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22
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Cherian MT, Chai SC, Chen T. Small-molecule modulators of the constitutive androstane receptor. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1099-114. [PMID: 25979168 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1043887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) induces drug-metabolizing enzymes for xenobiotic metabolism. AREAS COVERED This review covers recent advances in elucidating the biological functions of CAR and its modulation by a growing number of agonists and inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Extrapolation of animal CAR function to that of humans should be carefully scrutinized, particularly when rodents are used in evaluating the metabolic profile and carcinogenic properties of clinical drugs and environmental chemicals. Continuous efforts are needed to discover novel CAR inhibitors, with extensive understanding of their inhibitory mechanism, species selectivity, and discriminating power against other xenobiotic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milu T Cherian
- Postdoctoral fellow, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics , 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105 , USA
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23
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AlDeghaither D, Smaglo BG, Weiner LM. Beyond peptides and mAbs--current status and future perspectives for biotherapeutics with novel constructs. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 55 Suppl 3:S4-20. [PMID: 25707963 PMCID: PMC4340091 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are attractive anti-cancer agents due to their high specificity and limited toxicity compared to conventional small molecules. Antibodies are widely used in cancer therapy, either directly or conjugated to a cytotoxic payload. Peptide therapies, though not as prevalent, have been utilized in hormonal therapy and imaging. The limitations associated with unmodified forms of both types of biotherapeutics have led to the design and development of novel structures, which incorporate key features and structures that have improved the molecules' abilities to bind to tumor targets, avoid degradation, and exhibit favorable pharmacokinetics. In this review, we highlight the current status of monoclonal antibodies and peptides, and provide a perspective on the future of biotherapeutics using novel constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal AlDeghaither
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC 20057
| | - Brandon G Smaglo
- Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC 20007
| | - Louis M. Weiner
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC 20057
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25
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Chen T, Liu L, Xu HX, Wang WQ, Wu CT, Yao WT, Yu XJ. Significance of caveolin-1 regulators in pancreatic cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4501-7. [PMID: 24083692 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.8.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 is a scaffold protein on the cell membrane. As the main component of caveolae, caveolin-1 is involved in many biological processes that include substance uptake and transmembrane signaling. Many of these processes and thus caveolin-1 contribute to cell transformation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Of particular interest are the dual rolesof tumor suppressor and oncogene that caveolin-1 appear to play in different malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. Therefore, analyzing caveolin-1 regulators and understanding their mechanisms of actionis key to identifying novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for pancreatic cancer. This review details the mechanisms of action of caveolin-1 regulators and the potential significance for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Pancreas and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China E-mail :
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26
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Diem MD, Hyun L, Yi F, Hippensteel R, Kuhar E, Lowenstein C, Swift EJ, O'Neil KT, Jacobs SA. Selection of high-affinity Centyrin FN3 domains from a simple library diversified at a combination of strand and loop positions. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:419-29. [PMID: 24786107 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative scaffold molecules represent a class of proteins important to the study of protein design and mechanisms of protein-protein interactions, as well as for the development of therapeutic proteins. Here, we describe the generation of a library built upon the framework of a consensus FN3 domain sequence resulting in binding proteins we call Centyrins. This new library employs diversified positions within the C-strand, CD-loop, F-strand and FG-loop of the FN3 domain. CIS display was used to select high-affinity Centyrin variants against three targets; c-MET, murine IL-17A and rat TNFα and scanning mutagenesis studies were used to define the positions of the library most important for target binding. Contributions from both the strand and loop positions were noted, although the pattern was different for each molecule. In addition, an affinity maturation scheme is described that resulted in a significant improvement in the affinity of one selected Centyrin variant. Together, this work provides important data contributing to our understanding of potential FN3 binding interfaces and a new tool for generating high-affinity scaffold molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Diem
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Linus Hyun
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Fang Yi
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Randi Hippensteel
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Elise Kuhar
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Cassandra Lowenstein
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Edward J Swift
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Karyn T O'Neil
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Steven A Jacobs
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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27
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Nikfarjam M, Yeo D, He H, Baldwin G, Fifis T, Costa P, Tan B, Yang E, Wen SW, Christophi C. Comparison of two syngeneic orthotopic murine models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J INVEST SURG 2013; 26:352-9. [PMID: 23957638 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2013.797057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic adenocarcinoma has an extremely poor prognosis. The use of appropriate in vivo models is essential in devising methods to improve treatment outcomes. METHODS A pancreatic adenocarcinoma model based on tumor injection into the pancreatic head was compared with a pancreatic tail injection model in C57/BL6 mice. The murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line PAN02, dispersed in Matrigel™, was used for tumor induction. RESULTS Tumors developed in all animals in both models. Tumor size was more consistent within the pancreatic tail group at 20 days following induction, with no evidence of metastatic disease. Animals in the pancreatic head injection group showed signs of reduced health by 20 days following injection and developed jaundice. Microscopic liver metastases were noted in some of these animals at this time point. The overall survival of animals at 40 days following tumor induction was significantly lower in the pancreatic head injection group (0% vs. 35%; p < .001). Multiple liver metastases were noted in five of 10 (50%) animals in the head injection group, without evidence of peritoneal metastases. In the pancreatic tail injection group, 18 of 20 (90%) animals had multiple peritoneal metastases, and nine of 20 (45%) animals had evidence of isolated liver deposits. Tumors in both regions of the pancreas had similar histologic characteristics, with a dense fibrotic stroma at the interface between the tumor and the normal pancreas. CONCLUSION Pancreatic head and tail orthotopic cancer models produce consistent tumors, but the patterns of tumor spread and survival differ according to the site of injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- 1 Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, LTB8, Heidleberg, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Yin X, Luistro L, Zhong H, Smith M, Nevins T, Schostack K, Hilton H, Lin TA, Truitt T, Biondi D, Wang X, Packman K, Rosinski J, Berkofsky-Fessler W, Tang JP, Pant S, Geho D, Vega-Harring S, DeMario M, Levitsky H, Simcox M. RG7212 Anti-TWEAK mAb Inhibits Tumor Growth through Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation and Survival Signaling and by Enhancing the Host Antitumor Immune Response. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5686-98. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Deharvengt SJ, Tse D, Sideleva O, McGarry C, Gunn JR, Longnecker DS, Carriere C, Stan RV. PV1 down-regulation via shRNA inhibits the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:2690-700. [PMID: 22568538 PMCID: PMC3435473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PV1 is an endothelial-specific protein with structural roles in the formation of diaphragms in endothelial cells of normal vessels. PV1 is also highly expressed on endothelial cells of many solid tumours. On the basis of in vitro data, PV1 is thought to actively participate in angiogenesis. To test whether or not PV1 has a function in tumour angiogenesis and in tumour growth in vivo, we have treated pancreatic tumour-bearing mice by single-dose intratumoural delivery of lentiviruses encoding for two different shRNAs targeting murine PV1. We find that PV1 down-regulation by shRNAs inhibits the growth of established tumours derived from two different human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (AsPC-1 and BxPC-3). The effect observed is because of down-regulation of PV1 in the tumour endothelial cells of host origin, PV1 being specifically expressed in tumour vascular endothelial cells and not in cancer or other stromal cells. There are no differences in vascular density of tumours treated or not with PV1 shRNA, and gain and loss of function of PV1 in endothelial cells does not modify either their proliferation or migration, suggesting that tumour angiogenesis is not impaired. Together, our data argue that down-regulation of PV1 in tumour endothelial cells results in the inhibition of tumour growth via a mechanism different from inhibiting angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Deharvengt
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Dan Tse
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Olga Sideleva
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Caitlin McGarry
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Thayer School of EngineeringHanover, NH, USA
| | - Daniel S Longnecker
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Catherine Carriere
- Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
| | - Radu V Stan
- Departments of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanon, NH, USA
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30
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is a fundamental requirement for tumor growth and therefore it is a primary target for anti-cancer therapy. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis may provide novel opportunities for early diagnostic and for image-guided optimization and management of therapeutic regimens. Here we reviewed the advances in targeted imaging of key biomarkers of tumor angiogenesis, integrins and receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Tracers for targeted imaging of these biomarkers in different imaging modalities are now reasonably well-developed and PET tracers for integrin imaging are currently in clinical trials. Molecular imaging of longitudinal responses to anti-angiogenic therapy in model tumor systems revealed a complex pattern of changes in targeted tracer accumulation in tumor, which reflects drug-induced tumor regression followed by vascular rebound. Further work will define the competitiveness of targeted imaging of key angiogenesis markers for early diagnostic and image-guided therapy.
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Backer MV, Backer JM. Imaging key biomarkers of tumor angiogenesis. Theranostics 2012; 2:502-15. [PMID: 22737188 PMCID: PMC3364556 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a fundamental requirement for tumor growth and therefore it is a primary target for anti-cancer therapy. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis may provide novel opportunities for early diagnostic and for image-guided optimization and management of therapeutic regimens. Here we reviewed the advances in targeted imaging of key biomarkers of tumor angiogenesis, integrins and receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Tracers for targeted imaging of these biomarkers in different imaging modalities are now reasonably well-developed and PET tracers for integrin imaging are currently in clinical trials. Molecular imaging of longitudinal responses to anti-angiogenic therapy in model tumor systems revealed a complex pattern of changes in targeted tracer accumulation in tumor, which reflects drug-induced tumor regression followed by vascular rebound. Further work will define the competitiveness of targeted imaging of key angiogenesis markers for early diagnostic and image-guided therapy.
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Abstract
The advent of modern antibody engineering has led to numerous successes in the application of these proteins for cancer therapy in the 13 years since the first Food and Drug Administration approval, which has stimulated active interest in developing more and better drugs based on these molecules. A wide range of tools for discovering and engineering antibodies has been brought to bear on this challenge in the past two decades. Here, we summarize mechanisms of monoclonal antibody therapeutic activity, challenges to effective antibody-based treatment, existing technologies for antibody engineering, and current concepts for engineering new antibody formats and antibody alternatives as next generation biopharmaceuticals for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Boder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2200, USA.
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Belotti D, Foglieni C, Resovi A, Giavazzi R, Taraboletti G. Targeting angiogenesis with compounds from the extracellular matrix. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1674-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Novel immunocompetent murine models representing advanced local and metastatic pancreatic cancer. J Surg Res 2011; 176:359-66. [PMID: 22221605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of novel therapeutics for pancreatic cancer has been hindered by a lack of relevant preclinical models. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevancy of two pancreatic cancer models using standard-of-care therapeutic agent gemcitabine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine Panc02 cells were injected directly into the spleen or pancreas of C57BL/6 mice to respectively create models of metastatic and locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Beginning 7 d post-Panc02 injection, treated mice received 20 mg/kg gemcitabine i.p. every 3 d. Animals were sacrificed when the untreated mice became moribund and tumor/liver weight used to assess tumor burden. RESULTS Untreated mice became moribund 22 d after pancreatic Panc02 injection. Gross analysis revealed localized pancreatic tumors weighing 1.063 g. Intrasplenic Panc02 injection produced extensive liver metastasis by d 15 when the untreated mice first became moribund. Liver weights at this time averaged 3.6 g compared with the average non-tumor-bearing weight of 1.23 g. Gemcitabine therapy resulted in a 54% decrease in localized pancreatic tumor weight and 62.5% decrease in metastatic liver weight. Additionally, gemcitabine therapy extended animal survival to 20.5 d compared with 18.0 d average for the untreated mice. CONCLUSIONS We describe two models depicting both locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer in immunocompetent mice. In efforts to establish baseline therapeutic efficacy, we determined that gemcitabine reduces tumor burden in both models and enhances survival in the metastatic model. These clinically relevant models provide valuable tools to evaluate novel therapeutics in pancreatic cancer.
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Reardon DA, Turner S, Peters KB, Desjardins A, Gururangan S, Sampson JH, McLendon RE, Herndon JE, Jones LW, Kirkpatrick JP, Friedman AH, Vredenburgh JJ, Bigner DD, Friedman HS. A review of VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapeutics for recurrent glioblastoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2011; 9:414-27. [PMID: 21464146 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2011.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common primary malignant brain tumor among adults, is a highly angiogenic and deadly tumor. Angiogenesis in glioblastoma, driven by hypoxia-dependent and independent mechanisms, is primarily mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and generates blood vessels with distinctive features. The outcome for patients with recurrent glioblastoma is poor because of ineffective therapies. However, recent encouraging rates of radiographic response and progression-free survival, and adequate safety, led the FDA to grant accelerated approval of bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against VEGF, for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma in May 2009. These results have triggered significant interest in additional antiangiogenic agents and therapeutic strategies for patients with both recurrent and newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Given the potent antipermeability effect of VEGF inhibitors, the Radiologic Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria were recently implemented to better assess response among patients with glioblastoma. Although bevacizumab improves survival and quality of life, eventual tumor progression is the norm. Better understanding of resistance mechanisms to VEGF inhibitors and identification of effective therapy after bevacizumab progression are currently a critical need for patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Reardon
- Department of Surgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Kobayashi T, Kakui M, Shibui T, Kitano Y. In vitro selection of a peptide inhibitor of human IL-6 using mRNA display. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 48:147-55. [PMID: 21136209 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a crucial role in malignant diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman disease, and multiple myeloma, and as such, is an attractive therapeutic target. Here, the authors isolated a novel IL-6 inhibitor peptide by in vitro selection using mRNA display. The authors first used a random-primed human cDNA library to isolate IL-6-binding peptides. After four rounds of selection, a 19-amino acid peptide named CA11 was selected and confirmed to specifically interact with IL-6. The authors then performed an alanine scan analysis of CA11 and determined the amino acid residues necessary to interact with IL-6. Next, the authors constructed a CA11-based partially randomized library and after ten more rounds of selection, isolated several groups of peptides. The most frequently occurring sequence, RA07, bound to IL-6 with 3 to 4-fold higher affinity than CA11. Furthermore, RA07 inhibited IL-6-dependent KT-3 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. ELISAs revealed that RA07 could not inhibit IL-6 from binding to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), but could inhibit the IL-6/IL-6 complex binding to gp130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Kobayashi
- ZoeGene Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8502, Japan.
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Taeger J, Moser C, Hellerbrand C, Mycielska ME, Glockzin G, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Stoeltzing O, Lang SA. Targeting FGFR/PDGFR/VEGFR impairs tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis by effects on tumor cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:2157-67. [PMID: 21885862 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, such as fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and VEGF receptor (VEGFR), has been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis in human pancreatic cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of TKI258, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor to FGFR, PDGFR, and VEGFR on pancreatic cancer cell lines (HPAF-II, BxPC-3, MiaPaCa2, and L3.6pl), endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Results showed that treatment with TKI258 impaired activation of signaling intermediates in pancreatic cancer cells, endothelial cells, and VSMCs, even upon stimulation with FGF-1, FGF-2, VEGF-A, and PDGF-B. Furthermore, blockade of FGFR/PDGFR/VEGFR reduced survivin expression and improved activity of gemcitabine in MiaPaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, motility of cancer cells, endothelial cells, and VSMCs was reduced upon treatment with TKI258. In vivo, therapy with TKI258 led to dose-dependent inhibition of subcutaneous (HPAF-II) and orthotopic (L3.6pl) tumor growth. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed effects on tumor cell proliferation [bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd)] and tumor vascularization (CD31). Moreover, lymph node metastases were significantly reduced in the orthotopic tumor model when treatment was initiated early with TKI258 (30 mg/kg/d). In established tumors, TKI258 (30 mg/kg/d) led to significant growth delay and improved survival in subcutaneous and orthotopic models, respectively. These data provide evidence that targeting FGFR/PDFGR/VEGFR with TKI258 may be effective in human pancreatic cancer and warrants further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Taeger
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg Medical Center, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Bruce D, Tan PH. Blocking the interaction of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors with their ligands and their effector signaling as a novel therapeutic target for cancer: time for a new look? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1413-34. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.611801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mamluk R, Carvajal IM, Morse BA, Wong H, Abramowitz J, Aslanian S, Lim AC, Gokemeijer J, Storek MJ, Lee J, Gosselin M, Wright MC, Camphausen RT, Wang J, Chen Y, Miller K, Sanders K, Short S, Sperinde J, Prasad G, Williams S, Kerbel R, Ebos J, Mutsaers A, Mendlein JD, Harris AS, Furfine ES. Anti-tumor effect of CT-322 as an adnectin inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. MAbs 2011; 2:199-208. [PMID: 20190562 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.2.11304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CT-322 is a new anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent based on an engineered variant of the tenth type III domain of human fibronectin, i.e., an Adnectin™, designed to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2. This PE Gylated Adnectin was developed using an mRNA display technology. CT-322 bound human VEGFR-2 with high affinity (K(D), 11 nM), but did not bind VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-3 at concentrations up to 100 nM, as determined by surface plasmon resonance studies. Western blot analysis showed that CT-322 blocked VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. CT-322 significantly inhibited the growth of human tumor xenograft models of colon carcinoma and glioblastoma at doses of 15-60 mg/kg administered 3 times/week. Anti-tumor effects of CT-322 were comparable to those of sorafenib or sunitinib, which inhibit multiple kinases, in a colon carcinoma xenograft model, although CT-322 caused less overt adverse effects than the kinase inhibitors. CT-322 also enhanced the anti-tumor activity of the chemotherapeutic agent temsirolimus in the colon carcinoma model. The high affinity and specificity of CT-322 binding to VEGFR-2 and its anti-tumor activities establish CT-322 as a promising anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent. Our results further suggest that Adnectins are an important new class of targeted biologics that can be developed as potential treatments for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Mamluk
- Adnexus, A Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Company, Waltham, MA, USA
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Löfblom J, Frejd FY, Ståhl S. Non-immunoglobulin based protein scaffolds. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:843-8. [PMID: 21726995 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-immunoglobulin based protein scaffolds have been reported as promising alternatives to traditional monoclonal antibodies for over a decade and are often mentioned as part of the next-generation immunotherapeutics. Today, this class of biologics is beginning to demonstrate its potential for therapeutic applications and several are currently in preclinical or clinical development. A common denominator for most of these new scaffolds is the attractive properties that differentiate them from monoclonal antibodies including small size, cysteine-free sequence, flexible pharmacokinetic properties, and ease of generating multispecific molecules. In addition to therapeutic applications, substantial evidence point to superior performance of several of these scaffolds in molecular imaging compared to full-length antibodies. Here we review the most recent progress using alternative protein scaffolds for therapy and medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Löfblom
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Irinotecan synergistically enhances the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of axitinib in vitro and improves its anticancer activity in vivo. Neoplasia 2011; 13:217-29. [PMID: 21390185 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To demonstrate the synergistic antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of irinotecan and axitinib in vitro and the improvement of the in vivo effects on angiogenesis and pancreatic cancer. METHODS Proliferation and apoptotic assays were performed on human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and pancreas cancer (MIAPaCa-2, Capan-1) cell lines exposed to SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, axitinib, or their simultaneous combination for 72 hours. ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2, and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) concentration were measured by ELISAs. ATP7A and ABCG2 gene expression was performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction and SN-38 intracellular concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Capan-1 xenografts in nude mice were treated with irinotecan and axitinib alone or in simultaneous combination. RESULTS A strong synergistic effect on antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity was found with the axitinib/SN-38 combination on endothelial and cancer cells. ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation were significantly inhibited by lower concentrations of the combined drugs in all the cell lines. Axitinib and SN-38 combined treatment greatly inhibited the expression of the ATP7A and ABCG2 genes in endothelial and cancer cells, increasing the SN-38 intracellular concentration. Moreover, TSP-1 secretion was increased in cells treated with both drugs, whereas VEGFR-2 levels significantly decreased. In vivo administration of the simultaneous combination determined an almost complete regression of tumors and tumor neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS In vitro results show the highly synergistic properties of simultaneous combination of irinotecan and axitinib on endothelial and pancreas cancer cells, suggesting a possible translation of this schedule into the clinics.
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Palm T, Esfandiary R, Gandhi R. The effect of PEGylation on the stability of small therapeutic proteins. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 16:441-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.535830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lipovsek D. Adnectins: engineered target-binding protein therapeutics. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:3-9. [PMID: 21068165 PMCID: PMC3003446 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adnectins™ are a new family of therapeutic proteins based on the 10th fibronectin type III domain, and designed to bind with high affinity and specificity to therapeutically relevant targets. Adnectins share with antibody variable domains a beta-sheet sandwich fold with diversified loops, but differ from antibodies in primary sequence and have a simpler, single-domain structure without disulfide bonds. As a consequence, Adnectins bind targets with affinity and specificity as high as those of antibodies, but are easier to manipulate genetically and compatible with bacterial expression systems. Adnectins that bind macromolecular targets with nanomolar and picomolar affinity have been selected using in vitro evolution methods, including mRNA display, phage display and yeast display. CT-322, a PEGylated, anti-angiogenic Adnectin that binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 and blocks its interaction with VEGF A, C and D, is being evaluated in Phase II clinical trials for efficacy in several oncology indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lipovsek
- Department of Protein Design, Adnexus, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Company, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
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Moore PK, Benson D, Kehler M, Moore EE, Fragoso M, Silliman CC, Barnett CC. The plasma fraction of stored erythrocytes augments pancreatic cancer metastasis in male versus female mice. J Surg Res 2010; 164:23-7. [PMID: 20828763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Males with pancreatic cancer have decreased survival compared with females. Interestingly, perioperative blood transfusions have been shown to reduce survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Recent evidence incriminates blood transfusions from female donors as a causative factor in acute lung injury. We therefore hypothesize that male mice with pancreatic cancer will have greater tumor progression than female mice in response to transfusion. METHODS Mice previously inoculated with pancreatic cancer cells received an intravenous injection of acellular plasma collected from single donor erythrocytes from either male or female donors. Control mice received an equal volume of intravenous saline. Necropsy to determine metastasis was performed in female mice at 4 wk status post-transfusion. The male group necessitated sacrifice at 3 wk post-transfusion due to clinical deterioration. RESULTS Male mice developed more metastatic events than female mice, and this was accentuated when receiving blood from female donors. Male mice experienced weight loss within 2 wk of tail vein injection, and three mice in the male transfused groups died secondary to malignancy. Female mice did not manifest substantial weight loss, and did not die in the study time period. CONCLUSION Male mice, compared with female, had significantly more metastatic events following transfusion of plasma from stored erythrocytes in an immunocompetent murine model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Moreover, the adverse effect of transfusion was augmented with female donor blood. These data are consistent with clinical outcomes from centers of excellence in treating pancreatic cancer and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Moore
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Guo S, Colbert LS, Fuller M, Zhang Y, Gonzalez-Perez RR. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:108-21. [PMID: 20462514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Investigations over the last decade have established the essential role of growth factors and their receptors during angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) family in mammals contains three members, VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) and VEGFR-3 (Flt-4), which are transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors that regulate the formation of blood and lymphatic vessels. In the early 1990s, the above VEGFR was structurally characterized by cDNA cloning. Among these three receptors, VEGFR-2 is generally recognized to have a principal role in mediating VEGF-induced responses. VEGFR-2 is considered as the earliest marker for endothelial cell development. Importantly, VEGFR-2 directly regulates tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, several inhibitors of VEGFR-2 have been developed and many of them are now in clinical trials. In addition to targeting endothelial cells, the VEGF/VEGFR-2 system works as an essential autocrine/paracrine process for cancer cell proliferation and survival. Recent studies mark the continuous and increased interest in this related, but distinct, function of VEGF/VEGFR-2 in cancer cells: the autocrine/paracrine loop. Several mechanisms regulate VEGFR-2 levels and modulate its role in tumor angiogenesis and physiologic functions, i.e.: cellular localization/trafficking, regulation of cis-elements of promoter, epigenetic regulation and signaling from Notch, cytokines/growth factors and estrogen, etc. In this review, we will focus on updated information regarding VEGFR-2 research with respect to the molecular mechanisms of VEGFR-2 regulation in human breast cancer. Investigations in the activation, function, and regulation of VEGFR-2 in breast cancer will allow the development of new pharmacological strategies aimed at directly targeting cancer cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchun Guo
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Enever C, Batuwangala T, Plummer C, Sepp A. Next generation immunotherapeutics--honing the magic bullet. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2009; 20:405-11. [PMID: 19709876 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most therapeutic antibodies in the clinic today are based on fully humanised immunoglobulins. They have proven to be outstandingly effective, especially for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases where the target is a single, well-defined and accessible molecule. Many diseases however are complex, involving multiple mediators or signalling pathways that could be targeted simultaneously to maximise clinical benefit. There is also a wealth of validated intracellular and CNS-based targets which are currently inaccessible to monoclonal antibody therapy. A spectrum of next generation immunotherapeutics is in development to address these issues and a number of them have also entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Enever
- Domantis Ltd, 315 Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK.
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Bloom L, Calabro V. FN3: a new protein scaffold reaches the clinic. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:949-55. [PMID: 19576999 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the ten years since the first fibronectin type III (FN3) domain library was published, FN3 has continued to show promise as a scaffold for the generation of stable protein domains that bind to targets with high affinity. A variety of display systems, library designs and affinity maturation strategies have been used to generate FN3 domains with nanomolar to picomolar affinities. The first crystal structures of engineered FN3 molecules in complex with their targets have been solved, and structural studies of engineered FN3 have begun to reveal determinants of stability and to define zones that accept mutations with minimal trade-off between affinity and stability. CT-322, the first engineered FN3 to enter clinical development, is now entering Phase II trials for glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laird Bloom
- Department of Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Engineered protein scaffolds as next-generation antibody therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:245-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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