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Adams RA, Fernandes-Cerqueira C, Notarnicola A, Mertsching E, Xu Z, Lo WS, Ogilvie K, Chiang KP, Ampudia J, Rosengren S, Cubitt A, King DJ, Mendlein JD, Yang XL, Nangle LA, Lundberg IE, Jakobsson PJ, Schimmel P. Serum-circulating His-tRNA synthetase inhibits organ-targeted immune responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1463-1475. [PMID: 31797905 PMCID: PMC8166958 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
His-tRNA synthetase (HARS) is targeted by autoantibodies in chronic and acute inflammatory anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome. The extensive activation and migration of immune cells into lung and muscle are associated with interstitial lung disease, myositis, and morbidity. It is unknown whether the sequestration of HARS is an epiphenomenon or plays a causal role in the disease. Here, we show that HARS circulates in healthy individuals, but it is largely undetectable in the serum of anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome patients. In cultured primary human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSkMC), HARS is released in increasing amounts during their differentiation into myotubes. We further show that HARS regulates immune cell engagement and inhibits CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation. In mouse and rodent models of acute inflammatory diseases, HARS administration downregulates immune activation. In contrast, neutralization of extracellular HARS by high-titer antibody responses during tissue injury increases susceptibility to immune attack, similar to what is seen in humans with anti-Jo-1-positive disease. Collectively, these data suggest that extracellular HARS is homeostatic in normal subjects, and its sequestration contributes to the morbidity of the anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Adams
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Cátia Fernandes-Cerqueira
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonella Notarnicola
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Zhiwen Xu
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- IAS HKUST- Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Pangu Biopharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Sze Lo
- IAS HKUST- Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Pangu Biopharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathleen Ogilvie
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kyle P Chiang
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jeanette Ampudia
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sanna Rosengren
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Andrea Cubitt
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - David J King
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - John D Mendlein
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Leslie A Nangle
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Schimmel
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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Lo WS, Gardiner E, Xu Z, Lau CF, Wang F, Zhou JJ, Mendlein JD, Nangle LA, Chiang KP, Yang XL, Au KF, Wong WH, Guo M, Zhang M, Schimmel P. Human tRNA synthetase catalytic nulls with diverse functions. Science 2014; 345:328-32. [PMID: 25035493 PMCID: PMC4188629 DOI: 10.1126/science.1252943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic efficiency in higher organisms depends on mechanisms to create multiple functions from single genes. To investigate this question for an enzyme family, we chose aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (AARSs). They are exceptional in their progressive and accretive proliferation of noncatalytic domains as the Tree of Life is ascended. Here we report discovery of a large number of natural catalytic nulls (CNs) for each human AARS. Splicing events retain noncatalytic domains while ablating the catalytic domain to create CNs with diverse functions. Each synthetase is converted into several new signaling proteins with biological activities "orthogonal" to that of the catalytic parent. We suggest that splice variants with nonenzymatic functions may be more general, as evidenced by recent findings of other catalytically inactive splice-variant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Sze Lo
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elisabeth Gardiner
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, The Scripps Research Institute, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Fun Lau
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie J Zhou
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - John D Mendlein
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Leslie A Nangle
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kyle P Chiang
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, The Scripps Research Institute, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kin-Fai Au
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wing Hung Wong
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Min Guo
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Schimmel
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, The Scripps Research Institute, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Zhou JJ, Wang F, Xu Z, Lo WS, Lau CF, Chiang KP, Nangle LA, Ashlock MA, Mendlein JD, Yang XL, Zhang M, Schimmel P. Secreted histidyl-tRNA synthetase splice variants elaborate major epitopes for autoantibodies in inflammatory myositis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19269-75. [PMID: 24898250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.571026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory and debilitating myositis and interstitial lung disease are commonly associated with autoantibodies (anti-Jo-1 antibodies) to cytoplasmic histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS). Anti-Jo-1 antibodies from different disease-afflicted patients react mostly with spatially separated epitopes in the three-dimensional structure of human HisRS. We noted that two HisRS splice variants (SVs) include these spatially separated regions, but each SV lacks the HisRS catalytic domain. Despite the large deletions, the two SVs cross-react with a substantial population of anti-Jo-l antibodies from myositis patients. Moreover, expression of at least one of the SVs is up-regulated in dermatomyositis patients, and cell-based experiments show that both SVs and HisRS can be secreted. We suggest that, in patients with inflammatory myositis, anti-Jo-1 antibodies may have extracellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie J Zhou
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Sze Lo
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Fun Lau
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Schimmel
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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Mamluk R, Carvajal IM, Morse BA, Wong H, Abramowitz J, Aslanian S, Lim AC, Gokemeijer J, Storek MJ, Lee J, Gosselin M, Wright MC, Camphausen RT, Wang J, Chen Y, Miller K, Sanders K, Short S, Sperinde J, Prasad G, Williams S, Kerbel R, Ebos J, Mutsaers A, Mendlein JD, Harris AS, Furfine ES. Anti-tumor effect of CT-322 as an adnectin inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. MAbs 2011; 2:199-208. [PMID: 20190562 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.2.11304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CT-322 is a new anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent based on an engineered variant of the tenth type III domain of human fibronectin, i.e., an Adnectin™, designed to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2. This PE Gylated Adnectin was developed using an mRNA display technology. CT-322 bound human VEGFR-2 with high affinity (K(D), 11 nM), but did not bind VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-3 at concentrations up to 100 nM, as determined by surface plasmon resonance studies. Western blot analysis showed that CT-322 blocked VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. CT-322 significantly inhibited the growth of human tumor xenograft models of colon carcinoma and glioblastoma at doses of 15-60 mg/kg administered 3 times/week. Anti-tumor effects of CT-322 were comparable to those of sorafenib or sunitinib, which inhibit multiple kinases, in a colon carcinoma xenograft model, although CT-322 caused less overt adverse effects than the kinase inhibitors. CT-322 also enhanced the anti-tumor activity of the chemotherapeutic agent temsirolimus in the colon carcinoma model. The high affinity and specificity of CT-322 binding to VEGFR-2 and its anti-tumor activities establish CT-322 as a promising anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent. Our results further suggest that Adnectins are an important new class of targeted biologics that can be developed as potential treatments for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Mamluk
- Adnexus, A Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Company, Waltham, MA, USA
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