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Dhupar R, Powers AA, Eisenberg SH, Gemmill RM, Bardawil CE, Udoh HM, Cubitt A, Nangle LA, Soloff AC. Orchestrating Resilience: How Neuropilin-2 and Macrophages Contribute to Cardiothoracic Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1446. [PMID: 38592275 PMCID: PMC10934188 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunity has evolved to balance the destructive nature of inflammation with wound healing to overcome trauma, infection, environmental insults, and rogue malignant cells. The inflammatory response is marked by overlapping phases of initiation, resolution, and post-resolution remodeling. However, the disruption of these events can lead to prolonged tissue damage and organ dysfunction, resulting long-term disease states. Macrophages are the archetypic phagocytes present within all tissues and are important contributors to these processes. Pleiotropic and highly plastic in their responses, macrophages support tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration, all while balancing immunologic self-tolerance with the clearance of noxious stimuli, pathogens, and malignant threats. Neuropilin-2 (Nrp2), a promiscuous co-receptor for growth factors, semaphorins, and integrins, has increasingly been recognized for its unique role in tissue homeostasis and immune regulation. Notably, recent studies have begun to elucidate the role of Nrp2 in both non-hematopoietic cells and macrophages with cardiothoracic disease. Herein, we describe the unique role of Nrp2 in diseases of the heart and lung, with an emphasis on Nrp2 in macrophages, and explore the potential to target Nrp2 as a therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Dhupar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.D.); (H.M.U.)
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Surgical and Research Services, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Amy A. Powers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.D.); (H.M.U.)
| | - Seth H. Eisenberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.D.); (H.M.U.)
| | - Robert M. Gemmill
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Charles E. Bardawil
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.D.); (H.M.U.)
| | - Hannah M. Udoh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.D.); (H.M.U.)
| | - Andrea Cubitt
- aTyr Pharma, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (A.C.); (L.A.N.)
| | | | - Adam C. Soloff
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.D.); (H.M.U.)
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Surgical and Research Services, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
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Förster S, Chong YE, Siefker D, Becker Y, Bao R, Escobedo E, Qing Y, Rauch K, Burman L, Burkart C, Kainz P, Cubitt A, Muders M, Nangle LA. Development and Characterization of a Novel Neuropilin-2 Antibody for Immunohistochemical Staining of Cancer and Sarcoidosis Tissue Samples. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:157-165. [PMID: 37902990 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is a cell surface receptor that plays key roles in lymphangiogenesis, but also in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer and inflammation. NRP2 targeting by efzofitimod, a novel immunomodulatory molecule, is currently being tested for the treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis. To date, no anti-NRP2 antibodies are available for companion diagnostics. Here we describe the development and characterization of a novel NRP2 antibody. Using a variety of research techniques, that is, enzyme-linked immunoassay, Western blot, biolayer interferometry, and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that our antibody detects all major NRP2 isoforms and does not cross-react with NRP1. Using this antibody, we show high NRP2 expression in granulomas from sarcoidosis patient skin and lung biopsies. Our novel anti-NRP2 antibody could prove to be a useful clinical tool for sarcoidosis and other indications where NRP2 has been implicated. Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT05415137.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Förster
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Yvonne Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ruizhi Bao
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Yang Qing
- aTyr Pharma, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- MVZ Pathologie Bethesda GmbH, Duisburg, Germany
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3
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Xu Z, Goel HL, Burkart C, Burman L, Chong YE, Barber AG, Geng Y, Zhai L, Wang M, Kumar A, Menefee A, Polizzi C, Eide L, Rauch K, Rahman J, Hamel K, Fogassy Z, Klopp-Savino S, Paz S, Zhang M, Cubitt A, Nangle LA, Mercurio AM. Inhibition of VEGF binding to neuropilin-2 enhances chemosensitivity and inhibits metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf1128. [PMID: 37134152 PMCID: PMC10583499 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although blocking the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to neuropilin-2 (NRP2) on tumor cells is a potential strategy to treat aggressive carcinomas, a lack of effective reagents that can be used clinically has hampered this potential therapy. Here, we describe the generation of a fully humanized, high-affinity monoclonal antibody (aNRP2-10) that specifically inhibits the binding of VEGF to NRP2, conferring antitumor activity without causing toxicity. Using triple-negative breast cancer as a model, we demonstrated that aNRP2-10 could be used to isolate cancer stem cells (CSCs) from heterogeneous tumor populations and inhibit CSC function and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. aNRP2-10 sensitized cell lines, organoids, and xenografts to chemotherapy and inhibited metastasis by promoting the differentiation of CSCs to a state that is more responsive to chemotherapy and less prone to metastasis. These data provide justification for the initiation of clinical trials designed to improve the response of patients with aggressive tumors to chemotherapy using this monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Xu
- aTyr Pharma, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanyan Geng
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Pangu Biopharma, 26th Floor, Three Exchange Square, 8 Connaught Place, Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liting Zhai
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Pangu Biopharma, 26th Floor, Three Exchange Square, 8 Connaught Place, Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengdie Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Eide
- aTyr Pharma, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingjie Zhang
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Arthur M. Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Xu Z, Burkart C, Goel HL, Rahman J, Polizzi C, Seikkula M, Burman L, Mercurio AM, Nangle LA. Abstract LB095: A domain-specific antibody to NRP2 down-regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes and enhanced efficacy of standard-of-care therapeutics for aggressive breast cancer. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-lb095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: A growing body of evidence suggests that increased expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) co-receptor Neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is associated with aggressive breast cancers and that VEGF/NRP2 signaling contributes to clinical resistance to chemotherapy and tumor recurrence, making NRP2 a promising therapeutic target. A major limitation that has hampered the development of such a therapy, however, has been the lack of availability of high-quality anti-human NRP2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically block VEGF/NRP2 signaling.
aTyr has generated a panel of high-quality, anti-human NRP2 mAbs that have the potential to be developed for the clinical management of diseases that involve NRP2 signaling. Among them, ATYR2810 has been characterized to bind to the b1 domain of NRP2 that encompasses the VEGF binding sites. It completely blocks the binding of VEGF to NRP2, and VEGF-induced NRP2/VEGFR dimerization. Importantly, ATYR2810 had no effect on Semaphorin 3F (Sema3F) induced NRP2/PlexinA1 dimerization, demonstrating its specificity for blocking the VEGF/NRP2 pathway. We have shown that ATYR2810, but not a Sema3F-blocking mAb has tumor-inhibitory effects on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines or patient-derived organoids.
RESULTS: We further evaluated the efficacy of ATYR2810 in combination with standard-of-care therapeutics including Cisplatin and Bevacizumab (anti-VEGF-A blocking antibody). In in vitro 3D methylcellulose colony formation assays, ATYR2810 sensitized TNBC cells to Cisplatin or Bevacizumab and considerably reduced colony formation in combination with these treatments. In an in vivo TNBC xenograft cancer model (MDA-MB-231), ATYR2810 augmented the anti-tumor effects of Cisplatin or Bevacizumab. To explore the underlying molecular mechanism, we performed gene expression profiling with samples treated by ATYR2810 alone and the combo therapy with Cisplatin or Bevacizumab. A number of gene markers of cancer stem cells (CSC) and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were found to be down-regulated by ATYR2810 treatment in TNBC patient-derived organoids, including a key EMT transcription factor ZEB1. We also confirmed the reduction of ZEB1 protein expression by ATYR2810 treatment in TNBC cells.
CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the efficacy of ATYR2810 in combination with standard-of-care therapeutics in in vitro and in vivo TNBC models, and suggest its activity is mediated through inhibiting both EMT and cellular dedifferentiation that renders tumors more sensitive to the treatment regimes. The targeting of VEGF/NRP2 signaling by ATYR2810 may provide a new therapeutic option, and lead to the identification of new treatment biomarkers, which could offer improved efficacy and reduced toxicity in aggressive breast cancers.
Citation Format: Zhiwen Xu, Christoph Burkart, Hira L. Goel, Justin Rahman, Clara Polizzi, Matt Seikkula, Luke Burman, Arthur M. Mercurio, Leslie A. Nangle. A domain-specific antibody to NRP2 down-regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes and enhanced efficacy of standard-of-care therapeutics for aggressive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB095.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hira L. Goel
- 2University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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5
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Adams RA, Fernandes-Cerqueira C, Notarnicola A, Mertsching E, Xu Z, Lo WS, Ogilvie K, Chiang KP, Ampudia J, Rosengren S, Cubitt A, King DJ, Mendlein JD, Yang XL, Nangle LA, Lundberg IE, Jakobsson PJ, Schimmel P. Serum-circulating His-tRNA synthetase inhibits organ-targeted immune responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1463-1475. [PMID: 31797905 PMCID: PMC8166958 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
His-tRNA synthetase (HARS) is targeted by autoantibodies in chronic and acute inflammatory anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome. The extensive activation and migration of immune cells into lung and muscle are associated with interstitial lung disease, myositis, and morbidity. It is unknown whether the sequestration of HARS is an epiphenomenon or plays a causal role in the disease. Here, we show that HARS circulates in healthy individuals, but it is largely undetectable in the serum of anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome patients. In cultured primary human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSkMC), HARS is released in increasing amounts during their differentiation into myotubes. We further show that HARS regulates immune cell engagement and inhibits CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation. In mouse and rodent models of acute inflammatory diseases, HARS administration downregulates immune activation. In contrast, neutralization of extracellular HARS by high-titer antibody responses during tissue injury increases susceptibility to immune attack, similar to what is seen in humans with anti-Jo-1-positive disease. Collectively, these data suggest that extracellular HARS is homeostatic in normal subjects, and its sequestration contributes to the morbidity of the anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Adams
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Cátia Fernandes-Cerqueira
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonella Notarnicola
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Zhiwen Xu
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- IAS HKUST- Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Pangu Biopharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Sze Lo
- IAS HKUST- Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Pangu Biopharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathleen Ogilvie
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kyle P Chiang
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jeanette Ampudia
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sanna Rosengren
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Andrea Cubitt
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - David J King
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - John D Mendlein
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Leslie A Nangle
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Schimmel
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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6
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Xu Z, Lo WS, Beck DB, Schuch LA, Oláhová M, Kopajtich R, Chong YE, Alston CL, Seidl E, Zhai L, Lau CF, Timchak D, LeDuc CA, Borczuk AC, Teich AF, Juusola J, Sofeso C, Müller C, Pierre G, Hilliard T, Turnpenny PD, Wagner M, Kappler M, Brasch F, Bouffard JP, Nangle LA, Yang XL, Zhang M, Taylor RW, Prokisch H, Griese M, Chung WK, Schimmel P. Bi-allelic Mutations in Phe-tRNA Synthetase Associated with a Multi-system Pulmonary Disease Support Non-translational Function. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:100-114. [PMID: 29979980 PMCID: PMC6035289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tRNA synthetases catalyze the first step of protein synthesis and have increasingly been studied for their nuclear and extra-cellular ex-translational activities. Human genetic conditions such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth have been attributed to dominant gain-of-function mutations in some tRNA synthetases. Unlike dominantly inherited gain-of-function mutations, recessive loss-of-function mutations can potentially elucidate ex-translational activities. We present here five individuals from four families with a multi-system disease associated with bi-allelic mutations in FARSB that encodes the beta chain of the alpha2beta2 phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase (FARS). Collectively, the mutant alleles encompass a 5'-splice junction non-coding variant (SJV) and six missense variants, one of which is shared by unrelated individuals. The clinical condition is characterized by interstitial lung disease, cerebral aneurysms and brain calcifications, and cirrhosis. For the SJV, we confirmed exon skipping leading to a frameshift associated with noncatalytic activity. While the bi-allelic combination of the SJV with a p.Arg305Gln missense mutation in two individuals led to severe disease, cells from neither the asymptomatic heterozygous carriers nor the compound heterozygous affected individual had any defect in protein synthesis. These results support a disease mechanism independent of tRNA synthetase activities in protein translation and suggest that this FARS activity is essential for normal function in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Xu
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China; aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Wing-Sze Lo
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - David B Beck
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luise A Schuch
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Pneumology, University Hospital Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Monika Oláhová
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert Kopajtich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yeeting E Chong
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Charlotte L Alston
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Elias Seidl
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Pneumology, University Hospital Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Liting Zhai
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Fun Lau
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donna Timchak
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alain C Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew F Teich
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Christina Sofeso
- Center for Human Genetics and Laboratory Diagnostics (AHC) Dr. Klein, Dr. Rost and Colleagues, Lochhamer Str. 29, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Germaine Pierre
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Tom Hilliard
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | | | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Pneumology, University Hospital Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Frank Brasch
- Klinikum Bielefeld Mitte, Institute for Pathology, Teutoburger Straße 50, 33604 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - John Paul Bouffard
- Department Pathology, Morristown Memorial Hospital, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Leslie A Nangle
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, The Scripps Research Institute, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Insitute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Griese
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Pneumology, University Hospital Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Paul Schimmel
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, The Scripps Research Institute, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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7
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Wei Z, Xu Z, Liu X, Lo WS, Ye F, Lau CF, Wang F, Zhou JJ, Nangle LA, Yang XL, Zhang M, Schimmel P. Alternative splicing creates two new architectures for human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:1247-55. [PMID: 26773056 PMCID: PMC4756856 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human tRNA synthetases evolved alternative functions outside of protein synthesis. These functions are associated with over 200 splice variants (SVs), most of which are catalytic nulls that engender new biology. While known to regulate non-translational activities, little is known about structures resulting from natural internal ablations of any protein. Here, we report analysis of two closely related, internally deleted, SVs of homodimeric human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS). In spite of both variants ablating a portion of the catalytic core and dimer-interface contacts of native TyrRS, each folded into a distinct stable structure. Biochemical and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed that the internal deletion of TyrRSΔE2–4 SV gave an alternative, neomorphic dimer interface ‘orthogonal’ to that of native TyrRS. In contrast, the internal C-terminal splice site of TyrRSΔE2–3 prevented either dimerization interface from forming, and yielded a predominantly monomeric protein. Unlike ubiquitous TyrRS, the neomorphs showed clear tissue preferences, which were distinct from each other. The results demonstrate a sophisticated structural plasticity of a human tRNA synthetase for architectural reorganizations that are preferentially elicited in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Wei
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Departmentof Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The landmark, 15 Queen'sRoad Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Sze Lo
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The landmark, 15 Queen'sRoad Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Fun Lau
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The landmark, 15 Queen'sRoad Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The landmark, 15 Queen'sRoad Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie J Zhou
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The landmark, 15 Queen'sRoad Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leslie A Nangle
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research and the Departments of Chemical Physiology and of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Schimmel
- IAS HKUST - Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research and the Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research and Departments of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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8
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Lo WS, Gardiner E, Xu Z, Lau CF, Wang F, Zhou JJ, Mendlein JD, Nangle LA, Chiang KP, Yang XL, Au KF, Wong WH, Guo M, Zhang M, Schimmel P. Human tRNA synthetase catalytic nulls with diverse functions. Science 2014; 345:328-32. [PMID: 25035493 PMCID: PMC4188629 DOI: 10.1126/science.1252943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic efficiency in higher organisms depends on mechanisms to create multiple functions from single genes. To investigate this question for an enzyme family, we chose aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (AARSs). They are exceptional in their progressive and accretive proliferation of noncatalytic domains as the Tree of Life is ascended. Here we report discovery of a large number of natural catalytic nulls (CNs) for each human AARS. Splicing events retain noncatalytic domains while ablating the catalytic domain to create CNs with diverse functions. Each synthetase is converted into several new signaling proteins with biological activities "orthogonal" to that of the catalytic parent. We suggest that splice variants with nonenzymatic functions may be more general, as evidenced by recent findings of other catalytically inactive splice-variant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Sze Lo
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elisabeth Gardiner
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, The Scripps Research Institute, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Fun Lau
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie J Zhou
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - John D Mendlein
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Leslie A Nangle
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kyle P Chiang
- aTyr Pharma, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, The Scripps Research Institute, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kin-Fai Au
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wing Hung Wong
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Min Guo
- The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Schimmel
- IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, The Scripps Research Institute, 10650 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. The Scripps Laboratories for tRNA Synthetase Research, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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9
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Zhou JJ, Wang F, Xu Z, Lo WS, Lau CF, Chiang KP, Nangle LA, Ashlock MA, Mendlein JD, Yang XL, Zhang M, Schimmel P. Secreted histidyl-tRNA synthetase splice variants elaborate major epitopes for autoantibodies in inflammatory myositis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19269-75. [PMID: 24898250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.571026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory and debilitating myositis and interstitial lung disease are commonly associated with autoantibodies (anti-Jo-1 antibodies) to cytoplasmic histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS). Anti-Jo-1 antibodies from different disease-afflicted patients react mostly with spatially separated epitopes in the three-dimensional structure of human HisRS. We noted that two HisRS splice variants (SVs) include these spatially separated regions, but each SV lacks the HisRS catalytic domain. Despite the large deletions, the two SVs cross-react with a substantial population of anti-Jo-l antibodies from myositis patients. Moreover, expression of at least one of the SVs is up-regulated in dermatomyositis patients, and cell-based experiments show that both SVs and HisRS can be secreted. We suggest that, in patients with inflammatory myositis, anti-Jo-1 antibodies may have extracellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie J Zhou
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Sze Lo
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Fun Lau
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Pangu BioPharma, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Schimmel
- From the IAS HKUST-Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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10
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Wang F, Xu Z, Zhou J, Lo WS, Lau CF, Nangle LA, Yang XL, Zhang M, Schimmel P. Regulated capture by exosomes of mRNAs for cytoplasmic tRNA synthetases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29223-8. [PMID: 24003230 PMCID: PMC3795223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c113.490599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tRNA synthetases are enzymes that catalyze the first step of translation in the cytoplasm, surprising functions unrelated to translation have been reported. These studies, and the demonstration of novel activities of splice variants, suggest a far broader reach of tRNA synthetases into cell biology than previously recognized. Here we show that mRNAs for most tRNA synthetases can be detected in exosomes. Also detected in exosomes was an mRNA encoding a unique splice variant that others had associated with prostate cancer. The exosomal mRNAs encoding the native synthetase and its cancer-associated splice variant could be translated in vitro and in mammalian cells into stable proteins. Other results showed that selection by exosomes of the splice variant mRNA could be regulated by an external stimulus. Thus, a broad and diverse regulated pool of tRNA synthetase-derived mRNAs is packaged for genetic exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- From the IAS HKUST–Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study and
- Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- From the IAS HKUST–Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study and
- Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- From the IAS HKUST–Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study and
- Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Sze Lo
- From the IAS HKUST–Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study and
- Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Fun Lau
- From the IAS HKUST–Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study and
- Pangu Biopharma, Edinburgh Tower, The Landmark, 15 Queen's Road Central, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- From the IAS HKUST–Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study and
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- From the IAS HKUST–Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study and
- the Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Schimmel
- From the IAS HKUST–Scripps R&D Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study and
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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11
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Yang XL, Zhou Q, Kapoor M, Guo M, Belani R, Xu X, Kiosses WB, Hanan M, Park C, Armour E, Do MH, Nangle LA, Schimmel P. CS6-5 A new class of cell signaling molecules derived from aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Cytokine 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Nangle LA, Zhang W, Xie W, Yang XL, Schimmel P. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-associated mutant tRNA synthetases linked to altered dimer interface and neurite distribution defect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11239-44. [PMID: 17595294 PMCID: PMC2040883 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705055104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) diseases are the most common heritable peripheral neuropathy. At least 10 different mutant alleles of GARS (the gene for glycyl-tRNA synthetase) have been reported to cause a dominant axonal form of CMT (type 2D). A unifying connection between these mutations and CMT has been unclear. Here, mapping mutations onto the recently determined crystal structure of human GlyRS showed them within a band encompassing both sides of the dimer interface, with two CMT-causing mutations being at sites that are complementary partners of a "kissing" contact across the dimer interface. The CMT phenotype is shown here to not correlate with aminoacylation activity. However, most mutations affect dimer formation (to enhance or weaken). Seven CMT-causing variants and the wild-type protein were expressed in transfected neuroblastoma cells that sprout primitive neurites. Wild-type GlyRS distributed into the nascent neurites and was associated with normal neurite sprouting. In contrast, all mutant proteins were distribution-defective. Thus, CMT-causing mutations of GlyRS share a common defect in localization. This defect may be connected in some way to a change in the surfaces at the dimer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A. Nangle
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wei Xie
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Paul Schimmel
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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13
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Xie W, Nangle LA, Zhang W, Schimmel P, Yang XL. Long-range structural effects of a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-causing mutation in human glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9976-81. [PMID: 17545306 PMCID: PMC1891255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703908104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional expansion of specific tRNA synthetases in higher organisms is well documented. These additional functions may explain why dominant mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, the most common heritable disease of the peripheral nervous system. At least 10 disease-causing mutant alleles of GlyRS have been annotated. These mutations scatter broadly across the primary sequence and have no apparent unifying connection. Here we report the structure of wild type and a CMT-causing mutant (G526R) of homodimeric human GlyRS. The mutation is at the site for synthesis of glycyl-adenylate, but the rest of the two structures are closely similar. Significantly, the mutant form diffracts to a higher resolution and has a greater dimer interface. The extra dimer interactions are located approximately 30 A away from the G526R mutation. Direct experiments confirm the tighter dimer interaction of the G526R protein. The results suggest the possible importance of subtle, long-range structural effects of CMT-causing mutations at the dimer interface. From analysis of a third crystal, an appended motif, found in higher eukaryote GlyRSs, seems not to have a role in these long-range effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Leslie A. Nangle
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Paul Schimmel
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-379, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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14
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Seburn KL, Nangle LA, Cox GA, Schimmel P, Burgess RW. An active dominant mutation of glycyl-tRNA synthetase causes neuropathy in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2D mouse model. Neuron 2006; 51:715-26. [PMID: 16982418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Of the many inherited Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral neuropathies, type 2D (CMT2D) is caused by dominant point mutations in the gene GARS, encoding glycyl tRNA synthetase (GlyRS). Here we report a dominant mutation in Gars that causes neuropathy in the mouse. Importantly, both sensory and motor axons are affected, and the dominant phenotype is not caused by a loss of the GlyRS aminoacylation function. Mutant mice have abnormal neuromuscular junction morphology and impaired transmission, reduced nerve conduction velocities, and a loss of large-diameter peripheral axons, without defects in myelination. The mutant GlyRS enzyme retains aminoacylation activity, and a loss-of-function allele, generated by a gene-trap insertion, shows no dominant phenotype in mice. These results indicate that the CMT2D phenotype is caused not by reduction of the canonical GlyRS activity and insufficiencies in protein synthesis, but instead by novel pathogenic roles for the mutant GlyRS that specifically affect peripheral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Seburn
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
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15
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Nangle LA, Motta CM, Schimmel P. Global Effects of Mistranslation from an Editing Defect in Mammalian Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:1091-100. [PMID: 17052613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases prevent mistranslation, or genetic code ambiguity, through specialized editing reactions. Mutations that disrupt editing in bacteria adversely affect cell growth and viability, and recent work in the mouse supports the idea that translational errors caused by an editing defect lead to a neurological disease-like phenotype. To further investigate the connection of mistranslation to cell pathology, we introduced an inducible transgene expressing an editing-deficient valyl-tRNA synthetase into mammalian cells. Introducing mistranslation precipitated a disruption of cell morphology and membrane blebbing, accompanied by activation of caspase-3, consistent with an apoptotic response. Addition of a noncanonical amino acid that is misactivated, but not cleared, by the editing-defective enzyme exacerbated these effects. A special ambiguity-detecting sensor provided direct readout of mistranslation in vivo, supporting the possibility that decreased translational fidelity could be associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Nangle
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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16
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Lee JW, Beebe K, Nangle LA, Jang J, Longo-Guess CM, Cook SA, Davisson MT, Sundberg JP, Schimmel P, Ackerman SL. Editing-defective tRNA synthetase causes protein misfolding and neurodegeneration. Nature 2006; 443:50-5. [PMID: 16906134 DOI: 10.1038/nature05096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Misfolded proteins are associated with several pathological conditions including neurodegeneration. Although some of these abnormally folded proteins result from mutations in genes encoding disease-associated proteins (for example, repeat-expansion diseases), more general mechanisms that lead to misfolded proteins in neurons remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that low levels of mischarged transfer RNAs (tRNAs) can lead to an intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins in neurons. These accumulations are accompanied by upregulation of cytoplasmic protein chaperones and by induction of the unfolded protein response. We report that the mouse sticky mutation, which causes cerebellar Purkinje cell loss and ataxia, is a missense mutation in the editing domain of the alanyl-tRNA synthetase gene that compromises the proofreading activity of this enzyme during aminoacylation of tRNAs. These findings demonstrate that disruption of translational fidelity in terminally differentiated neurons leads to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and cell death, and provide a novel mechanism underlying neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Woong Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
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17
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Nangle LA, De Crecy Lagard V, Doring V, Schimmel P. Genetic code ambiguity. Cell viability related to the severity of editing defects in mutant tRNA synthetases. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45729-33. [PMID: 12244062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208093200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rules of the genetic code are established in reactions that aminoacylate tRNAs with specific amino acids. Ambiguity in the code is prevented by editing activities whereby incorrect aminoacylations are cleared by specialized hydrolytic reactions of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Whereas editing reactions have long been known, their significance for cell viability is still poorly understood. Here we investigated in vitro and in vivo four different mutations in the center for editing that diminish the proofreading activity of valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS). The four mutant enzymes were shown to differ quantitatively in the severity of the defect in their ability to clear mischarged tRNA in vitro. Strikingly, in the presence of excess concentrations of alpha-aminobutyrate, one of the amino acids that is misactivated by ValRS, growth of bacterial strains bearing these mutant alleles is arrested. The concentration of misactivated amino acid required for growth arrest correlates inversely in a rank order with the degree of the editing defect seen in vitro. Thus, cell viability depends directly on the suppression of genetic code ambiguity by these specific editing reactions and is finely tuned to any perturbation of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Nangle
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Döring V, Mootz HD, Nangle LA, Hendrickson TL, de Crécy-Lagard V, Schimmel P, Marlière P. Enlarging the amino acid set of Escherichia coli by infiltration of the valine coding pathway. Science 2001; 292:501-4. [PMID: 11313495 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases establish the rules of the genetic code by catalyzing the aminoacylation of tRNAs. For some synthetases, accuracy depends critically on an editing function at a site distinct from the aminoacylation site. Mutants of Escherichia coli that incorrectly charge tRNA(Val) with cysteine were selected after random mutagenesis of the whole chromosome. All mutations obtained were located in the editing site of valyl-tRNA synthetase. More than 20% of the valine in cellular proteins from such an editing mutant organism could be replaced with the noncanonical aminobutyrate, sterically similar to cysteine. Thus, the editing function may have played a central role in restricting the genetic code to 20 amino acids. Disabling this editing function offers a powerful approach for diversifying the chemical composition of proteins and for emulating evolutionary stages of ambiguous translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Döring
- Evologic SA, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
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