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Gao Q, Xu Y, Feng Y, Zheng X, Gong T, Kuang Q, Xiang Q, Gong L, Zhang G. Deoxycholic acid inhibits ASFV replication by inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130939. [PMID: 38493816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, febrile, highly contagious infection of pigs caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The purpose of this study is to understand the molecular mechanism of ASFV infection and evaluate the effect of DCA on MAPK pathway, so as to provide scientific basis for the development of new antiviral drugs. The transcriptome analysis found that ASFV infection up-regulated the IL-17 and MAPK signaling pathways to facilitate viral replication. Metabolome analysis showed that DCA levels were up-regulated after ASFV infection, and that exogenous DCA could inhibit activation of the MAPK pathway by ASFV infection and thus inhibit viral replication. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to screen the genes of ASFV and revealed that I73R could significantly up-regulate the transcription level of AP-1 transcription factor in the MAPK pathway. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that I73R could promote AP-1 entry into the nucleus, and that DCA could inhibit the I73R-mediated nuclear entry of AP-1, inhibiting MAPK pathway, and I73R interacts with AP-1. These results indicated that DCA can inhibit ASFV-mediated activation of the MAPK pathway, thus inhibiting ASFV replication. This study provides a theoretical basis for research on ASF pathogenesis and for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Qiyuan Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qinxin Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510000, China.
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2
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Yang Z, Man J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Wu D, Shao D, Hao B, Wang S. Study on the Alleviating Effect and Potential Mechanism of Ethanolic Extract of Limonium aureum (L.) Hill. on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16272. [PMID: 38003461 PMCID: PMC10671607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the host response of immune cells during infection and traumatic tissue injury. An uncontrolled inflammatory response leads to inflammatory cascade, which in turn triggers a variety of diseases threatening human and animal health. The use of existing inflammatory therapeutic drugs is constrained by their high cost and susceptibility to systemic side effects, and therefore new therapeutic candidates for inflammatory diseases need to be urgently developed. Natural products are characterized by wide sources and rich pharmacological activities, which are valuable resources for the development of new drugs. This study aimed to uncover the alleviating effect and potential mechanism of natural product Limonium aureum (LAH) on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. The experimental results showed that the optimized conditions for LAH ultrasound-assisted extraction via response surface methodology were an ethanol concentration of 72%, a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:37 g/mL, an extraction temperature of 73 °C, and an extraction power of 70 W, and the average extraction rate of LAH total flavonoids was 0.3776%. Then, data of 1666 components in LAH ethanol extracts were obtained through quasi-targeted metabolomics analysis. The ELISA showed that LAH significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while promoting the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, combined with the results of network pharmacology analysis and protein expression validation of hub genes, it was speculated that LAH may alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory responses of macrophages through the AKT1/RELA/PTGS2 signaling pathway and the MAPK3/JUN signaling pathway. This study preliminarily revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of LAH and the molecular mechanism of its anti-inflammatory action, and provided a theoretical basis for the development of LAH as a new natural anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Jingyuan Man
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Dan Shao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Baocheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Shengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
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3
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Ramos RB, Martino N, Chuy D, Lu S, Zuo MXG, Balasubramanian U, Di John Portela I, Vincent PA, Adam AP. Shock drives a STAT3 and JunB-mediated coordinated transcriptional and DNA methylation response in the endothelium. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261323. [PMID: 37667913 PMCID: PMC10560554 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a crucial factor in promoting organ failure during septic shock. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show that kidney injury after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) insult leads to strong endothelial transcriptional and epigenetic responses. Furthermore, SOCS3 loss leads to an aggravation of the responses, demonstrating a causal role for the STAT3-SOCS3 signaling axis in the acute endothelial response to LPS. Experiments in cultured endothelial cells demonstrate that IL-6 mediates this response. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis of in vivo and in vitro transcriptomics and epigenetics suggests a role for STAT, AP1 and interferon regulatory family (IRF) transcription factors. Knockdown of STAT3 or the AP1 member JunB partially prevents the changes in gene expression, demonstrating a role for these transcription factors. In conclusion, endothelial cells respond with a coordinated response that depends on overactivated IL-6 signaling via STAT3, JunB and possibly other transcription factors. Our findings provide evidence for a critical role of IL-6 signaling in regulating shock-induced epigenetic changes and sustained endothelial activation, offering a new therapeutic target to limit vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Bossardi Ramos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208,USA
| | - Nina Martino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208,USA
| | - Dareen Chuy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208,USA
| | - Shuhan Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208,USA
| | - Mei Xing G. Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208,USA
| | - Uma Balasubramanian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208,USA
| | - Iria Di John Portela
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208,USA
| | - Peter A. Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208,USA
| | - Alejandro P. Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208,USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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4
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Sharma S, Hegde P, Panda S, Orimoloye MO, Aldrich CC. Drugging the microbiome: targeting small microbiome molecules. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102234. [PMID: 36399893 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome represents a large and diverse collection of microbes that plays an integral role in human physiology and pathophysiology through interactions with the host and within the microbial community. While early work exploring links between microbiome signatures and diseases states has been associative, emerging evidence demonstrates the metabolic products of the human microbiome have more proximal causal effects on disease phenotypes. The therapeutic implications of this shift are profound as manipulation of the microbiome by the administration of live biotherapeutics, ongoing, can now be pursued alongside research efforts toward describing inhibitors of key microbiome enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of metabolites implicated in various disease states and processing of host-derived metabolites. With growing interest in 'drugging the microbiome', we review few notable microbial metabolites for which traditional drug-development campaigns have yielded compounds with therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Subhankar Panda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Moyosore O Orimoloye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Worsley CM, Veale RB, Mayne ES. The effect of acute acid exposure on immunomodulatory protein secretion, cell survival, and cell cycle progression in tumour cell lines. Cytokine 2023; 162:156118. [PMID: 36584453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer develops when multiple systems fail to suppress uncontrolled cell proliferation. Breast cancers and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are common cancers prone to genetic instability. They typically occur in acidic microenvironments which impacts on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and their influence on surrounding cells to support tumour growth and immune evasion. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the acidic tumour microenvironment on the production of pro-tumorigenic and immunomodulatory factors in cancer cell lines. Multiple factors that may mediate immune evasion were secreted including IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, IP-10, GDF-15, Lipocalin-2, sICAM-1, and myoglobin. Others, such as VEGF, FGF, and EGF that are essential for tumour cell survival were also detected. Treatment with moderate acidity did not significantly affect secretion of most proteins, whereas very low pH did. Distinct differences in apoptosis were noted between the cell lines, with WHCO6 being better adapted to survive at moderate acid levels. Conditioned medium from acid-treated cells stimulated increased cell viability and proliferation in WHCO6, but increased cell death in MCF-7. This study highlights the importance of acidic tumour microenvironment in controlling apoptosis, cell proliferation, and immune evasion which may be different at different anatomical sites. Immunomodulatory molecules and growth factors provide therapeutic targets to improve the prognosis of individuals with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Worsley
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Haematology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa.
| | - Rob B Veale
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Mayne
- National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa; Department of Immunology Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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The Immune Underpinnings of Barrett's-Associated Adenocarcinogenesis: a Retrial of Nefarious Immunologic Co-Conspirators. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1297-1315. [PMID: 35123116 PMCID: PMC8933845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) by several fold (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% CI, 4.6-9.1), and some relationships between reflux disease-mediated inflammation and oncogenic processes have been explored; however, the precise interconnections between the immune response and genomic instabilities underlying these pathologic processes only now are emerging. Furthermore, the precise cell of origin of the precancerous stages associated with EAC development, Barrett's esophagus, be it cardia resident or embryonic remnant, may shape our interpretation of the likely immune drivers. This review integrates the current collective knowledge of the immunology underlying EAC development and outlines a framework connecting proinflammatory pathways, such as those mediated by interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, signal transduction and activator of transcription 3, nuclear factor-κB, cyclooxygenase-2, and transforming growth factor β, with oncogenic pathways in the gastroesophageal reflux disease-Barrett's esophagus-EAC cancer sequence. Further defining these immune and molecular railroads may show a map of the routes taken by gastroesophageal cells on their journey toward EAC tumor phylogeny. The selective pressures applied by this immune-induced journey likely impact the phenotype and genotype of the resulting oncogenic destination and further exploration of lesser-defined immune drivers may be useful in future individualized therapies or enhanced selective application of recent immune-driven therapeutics.
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8
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Quilty F, Freeley M, Gargan S, Gilmer J, Long A. Deoxycholic acid induces proinflammatory cytokine production by model oesophageal cells via lipid rafts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105987. [PMID: 34438042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid component of gastric refluxate has been implicated in inflammation of the oesophagus including conditions such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and Barrett's Oesophagus (BO). Here we demonstrate that the hydrophobic bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA), stimulated the production of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and protein in Het-1A, a model of normal oesophageal cells. DCA-induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 was attenuated by pharmacologic inhibition of the Protein Kinase C (PKC), MAP kinase, tyrosine kinase pathways, by the cholesterol sequestering agent, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) and by the hydrophilic bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The cholesterol-interacting agent, nystatin, which binds cholesterol without removing it from the membrane, synergized with DCA to induce IL-6 and IL-8. This was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. DCA stimulated the phosphorylation of lipid raft component Src tyrosine kinase (Src). while knockdown of caveolin-1 expression using siRNA resulted in a decreased level of IL-8 production in response to DCA. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DCA stimulates IL-6 and IL-8 production in oesophageal cells via lipid raft-associated signaling. Inhibition of this process using cyclodextrins represents a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the oesophagus including GORD and BO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Quilty
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Michael Freeley
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Gargan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John Gilmer
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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DNA or Protein Methylation-Dependent Regulation of Activator Protein-1 Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020461. [PMID: 33670008 PMCID: PMC7926996 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation and modification govern the transcriptional mechanisms that promote disease initiation and progression, but can also control the oncogenic processes, cell signaling networks, immunogenicity, and immune cells involved in anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor responses. The study of epigenetic mechanisms could have important implications for the development of potential anti-inflammatory treatments and anti-cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we have described the key role of epigenetic progression: DNA methylation, histone methylation or modification, and protein methylation, with an emphasis on the activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling pathway. Transcription factor AP-1 regulates multiple genes and is involved in diverse cellular processes, including survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and development. Here, the AP-1 regulatory mechanism by DNA, histone, or protein methylation was also reviewed. Various methyltransferases activate or suppress AP-1 activities in diverse ways. We summarize the current studies on epigenetic alterations, which regulate AP-1 signaling during inflammation, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, and discuss the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of AP-1 signaling.
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10
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Han C, Zhang A, Liu Z, Moore C, Fu YX. Small molecular drugs reshape tumor microenvironment to synergize with immunotherapy. Oncogene 2021; 40:885-898. [PMID: 33288883 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), especially anti-programmed death 1 (anti-PD-1) and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) therapy, has become an increasingly appealing therapeutic strategy for cancer patients. However, only a small portion of patients responds to anti-PD treatment. Therefore, treatment strategies are urgently needed to reverse the ICB-resistant tumor microenvironment (TME). It has become clear that the TME has diminished innate sensing that is critical to activate adaptive immunity. In addition, tumor cells upregulate various immunosuppressive factors to diminish the immune response and resist immunotherapy. In this review, we briefly update the current small molecular drugs that could synergize with immunotherapy, especially anti-PD therapy. We will discuss the modes of action by those drugs including inducing innate sensing and limiting immunosuppressive factors in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Han
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anli Zhang
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhida Liu
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Casey Moore
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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11
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Sadatomi D, Kono T, Mogami S, Fujitsuka N. Weak acids induce PGE 2 production in human oesophageal cells: novel mechanisms underlying GERD symptoms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20775. [PMID: 33247192 PMCID: PMC7695745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of weak acids with pH values in the range of 4–7 has been implicated in the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with heartburn symptom in GERD patients; however, the precise productive mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we revealed that exposure to weak acids increases PGE2 production with a peak at pH 4–5, slightly in human normal oesophageal cells (Het-1A), and robustly in oesophageal squamous carcinoma cells (KYSE-270). Release of PGE2 from the oesophageal mucosa was augmented by weak acid treatment in rat. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a bile acid, upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in Het-1A and KYSE-270 and induced PGE2 production in KYSE-270 cells. Weak acid-induced PGE2 production was significantly inhibited by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), ERK, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4), a pH-sensing ion channel, inhibitors. Hangeshashinto, a potent inhibitor of COX-2, strongly decreased weak acid- and CDCA-induced PGE2 levels in KYSE-270. These results indicated that weak acids induce PGE2 production via TRPV4/ERK/cPLA2 in oesophageal epithelial cells, suggesting a role in GERD symptoms like heartburn. Interventions targeting pH values up to 5 may be necessary for the treatment of GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sadatomi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Kono
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Mogami
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
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12
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Gándola YB, Fontana C, Bojorge MA, Luschnat TT, Moretton MA, Chiapetta DA, Verstraeten SV, González L. Concentration-dependent effects of sodium cholate and deoxycholate bile salts on breast cancer cells proliferation and survival. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3521-3539. [PMID: 32297292 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are bioactive molecules that have potential therapeutic interest and their derived salts are used in several pharmaceutical systems. BAs have been associated with tumorigenesis of several tissues including the mammary tissue. Therefore, it is crucial to characterize their effects on cancer cells. The objective of this work was to analyse the molecular and cellular effects of the bile salts sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate on epithelial breast cancer cell lines. Bile salts (BSs) effects over breast cancer cells viability and proliferation were assessed by MTS and BrdU assays, respectively. Activation of cell signaling mediators was determined by immunobloting. Microscopy was used to analyze cell migration, and cellular and nuclear morphology. Interference of membrane fluidity was studied by generalized polarization and fluorescence anisotropy. BSs preparations were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate had dual effects on cell viability, increasing it at the lower concentrations assessed and decreasing it at the highest ones. The increase of cell viability was associated with the promotion of AKT phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression. High concentrations of bile salts induced apoptosis as well as sustained activation of p38 and AKT. In addition, they affected cell membrane fluidity but not significant effects on cell migration were observed. In conclusion, bile salts have concentration-dependent effects on breast cancer cells, promoting cell proliferation at physiological levels and being cytotoxic at supraphysiological ones. Their effects were associated with the activation of kinases involved in cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila B Gándola
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Fontana
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana A Bojorge
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tania T Luschnat
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Moretton
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego A Chiapetta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra V Verstraeten
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena González
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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Lv J, Liu J, Guo L, Zhang J, Cheng Y, Chen C, Zhao H, Wang J. Bioinformatic analyses of microRNA-targeted genes and microarray-identified genes correlated with Barrett's esophagus. Cell Cycle 2019; 17:792-800. [PMID: 29417867 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1431597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is defined as a metaplasia condition in the distal esophagus, in which the native squamous epithelium lining is replaced by a columnar epithelium with or without intestinal metaplasia. It is commonly accepted that BE is a precancerous lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the aberrant microRNAs (miRNAs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with BE based on online microarray datasets. One miRNA and five gene expression profiling datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus Database. Aberrant microRNAs and DEGs were obtained using R/Bioconductor statistical analysis language and software. 23 dysregulated miRNAs and 632 DEGs demonstrating consistent expression tendencies in the five gene microarrays were identified in BE. Moreover, 1962 target genes of aberrant miRNAs were predicted using three bioinformatic tools, namely TargetScan, RNA22-HSA and miRDB. Ultimately, 93 target DEGs were obtained, after which functional annotation was performed on DAVID Bioinformatics Resources. Among Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes, digestive tract development and epithelial cell differentiation have demonstrated significant associations with BE pathogenesis. In addition, analysis of the KEGG pathways has revealed associations with cancer. To enable further study, one miRNA-target DEGs regulatory network was constructed using Cytoscape. 6 target DEGs demonstrated higher-degree distributions in the network, and ROC analysis indicated that FNDC3B may be the best potential biomarker for BE diagnosis. The data presented herein may provide new perspectives for exploring BE pathogenesis and may offer hits with regard to potential biomarkers in BE diagnosis, prediction and therapeutic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lv
- a Honghui Hospital , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China.,b Department of Gastroenterology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jijun Liu
- a Honghui Hospital , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Lei Guo
- a Honghui Hospital , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jun Zhang
- b Department of Gastroenterology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yan Cheng
- b Department of Gastroenterology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Chu Chen
- a Honghui Hospital , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Heping Zhao
- a Honghui Hospital , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jihan Wang
- a Honghui Hospital , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
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14
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Luo Y, Tian G, Zhuang Z, Chen J, You N, Zhuo L, Liang B, Song Y, Zang S, Liu J, Yang J, Ge W, Shi J. Berberine prevents non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-derived hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting inflammation and angiogenesis in mice. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2668-2682. [PMID: 31217846 PMCID: PMC6556646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant and poor prognosis tumors, which was increasingly caused by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) in western countries. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism and therapeutic prospect of berberine in the treatment of NASH-HCC mice. Combination of STZ injection and high fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFHC) was used to establish NASH-HCC model. The effect of berberine intervention is studied from histology, biochemistry and molecular level. Our results showed that administration of berberine to NASH-HCC mice reduced the incidence of tumors and mitigated NASH. Berberine significantly reduced the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC). Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis identified numberous genes and various pathways may participate in the favorite effect of berberine. Specifically, berberine suppressed the expressions of genes related to lipogenesis, inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis. Moreover, our results showed that berberine suppressed phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK as well as COX2 expression significantly. This suggested berberine achieved its biological functions mainly by regulating inflammation and angiogenesis genes involving p38MAPK/ERK-COX2 pathways. This study demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of berberine and its possible mechanism, providing a potential drug for treating NASH-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoyan Tian
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ningning You
- Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Zhuo
- Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingtian Liang
- Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Song
- Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shufei Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Ge
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Blum AE, Venkitachalam S, Ravillah D, Chelluboyina AK, Kieber-Emmons AM, Ravi L, Kresak A, Chandar AK, Markowitz SD, Canto MI, Wang JS, Shaheen NJ, Guo Y, Shyr Y, Willis JE, Chak A, Varadan V, Guda K. Systems Biology Analyses Show Hyperactivation of Transforming Growth Factor-β and JNK Signaling Pathways in Esophageal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1761-1774. [PMID: 30768984 PMCID: PMC6701681 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is resistant to standard chemoradiation treatments, and few targeted therapies are available. We used large-scale tissue profiling and pharmacogenetic analyses to identify deregulated signaling pathways in EAC tissues that might be targeted to slow tumor growth or progression. METHODS We collected 397 biopsy specimens from patients with EAC and nonmalignant Barrett's esophagus (BE), with or without dysplasia. We performed RNA-sequencing analyses and used systems biology approaches to identify pathways that are differentially activated in EAC vs nonmalignant dysplastic tissues; pathway activities were confirmed with immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of signaling components in patient tissue samples. Human EAC (FLO-1 and EsoAd1), dysplastic BE (CP-B, CP-C, CP-D), and nondysplastic BE (CP-A) cells were incubated with pharmacologic inhibitors or transfected with small interfering RNAs. We measured effects on proliferation, colony formation, migration, and/or growth of xenograft tumors in nude mice. RESULTS Comparisons of EAC vs nondysplastic BE tissues showed hyperactivation of transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) and/or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways in more than 80% of EAC samples. Immunohistochemical analyses showed increased nuclear localization of phosphorylated JUN and SMAD proteins in EAC tumor tissues compared with nonmalignant tissues. Genes regulated by the TGFB and JNK pathway were overexpressed specifically in EAC and dysplastic BE. Pharmacologic inhibition or knockdown of TGFB or JNK signaling components in EAC cells (FLO-1 or EsoAd1) significantly reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, and/or growth of xenograft tumors in mice in a SMAD4-independent manner. Inhibition of the TGFB pathway in BE cell lines reduced the proliferation of dysplastic, but not nondysplastic, cells. CONCLUSIONS In a transcriptome analysis of EAC and nondysplastic BE tissues, we found the TGFB and JNK signaling pathways to be hyperactivated in EACs and the genes regulated by these pathways to be overexpressed in EAC and dysplastic BE. Inhibiting these pathways in EAC cells reduces their proliferation, migration, and formation of xenograft tumors. Strategies to block the TGFB and JNK signaling pathways might be developed for treatment of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Blum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Srividya Venkitachalam
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Durgadevi Ravillah
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Aruna K. Chelluboyina
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Ann Marie Kieber-Emmons
- Division of Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Lakshmeswari Ravi
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Adam Kresak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Apoorva K. Chandar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Sanford D. Markowitz
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Marcia I. Canto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD-21205 U.S.A
| | - Jean S. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, M0-63110 U.S.A
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC-27599 U.S.A
| | - Yan Guo
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN-37232 U.S.A
| | - Yu Shyr
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN-37232 U.S.A
| | - Joseph E. Willis
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Amitabh Chak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Vinay Varadan
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH-44106 U.S.A
| | - Kishore Guda
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
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16
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Kim DH, Lee B, Lee J, Kim ME, Lee JS, Chung JH, Yu BP, Dong HH, Chung HY. FoxO6-mediated IL-1β induces hepatic insulin resistance and age-related inflammation via the TF/PAR2 pathway in aging and diabetic mice. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101184. [PMID: 30974318 PMCID: PMC6454229 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FoxO has been proposed to play a role in the promotion of insulin resistance, and inflammation. FoxO is a pro-inflammatory transcription factor that is a key mediator of generation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β in the liver. However, the detailed association of FoxO6 with insulin resistance and age-related inflammation has not been fully documented. Here, we showed that FoxO6 was elevated in the livers of aging rats and obese mice that exhibited insulin resistance. In addition, virus-mediated FoxO6 activation led to insulin resistance in mice with a notable increase in PAR2 and inflammatory signaling in the liver. On the other hand, FoxO6-KO mice showed reduced PAR2 signaling with a decrease in inflammatory cytokine expression and elevated insulin signaling. Because FoxO6 is closely associated with abnormal production of IL-1β in the liver, we focused on the FoxO6/IL-1β/PAR2 axis to further examine mechanisms underlying FoxO6-mediated insulin resistance and inflammation in the liver. In vitro experiments showed that FoxO6 directly binds to and elevates IL-1β expression. In turn, IL-1β treatment elevated the protein levels of PAR2 with a significant decrease in hepatic insulin signaling, whereas PAR2-siRNA treatment abolished these effects. However, PAR2-siRNA treatment had no effect on IL-1β expression induced by FoxO6, indicating that IL-1β may not be downstream of PAR2. Taken together, we assume that FoxO6-mediated IL-1β is involved in hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance via TF/PAR2 pathway in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gi, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Bonggi Lee
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gi, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Mi Eun Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sik Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Heun Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - H Henry Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gi, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
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17
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Significance of immunohistochemical overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in overall and disease-free survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2019; 132:1102-1109. [PMID: 30674365 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215118002207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Pakistan, oral cancer ranks as the most common malignancy in males and the second most common malignancy in females. Cyclooxygenase-2 has been explored as an agent of carcinogenesis in oral and other neoplasms. This study aimed to observe the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma, and to correlate the expression with patients' clinical features and overall and disease-free survival. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for cyclooxygenase-2 was performed on a total of 100 oral squamous cell carcinoma formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks. Expression was correlated with patients' clinicopathological variables and overall and disease-free survival. RESULTS Cyclooxygenase-2 was overexpressed in 55 per cent of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Overexpression was correlated with overall survival (p = 0.013) and disease-free survival (p = 0.001) on univariate analysis. However, on multivariate analysis, cyclooxygenase-2 was associated with only disease-free survival (p = 0.044) and not overall survival (p = 0.208). CONCLUSION Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with poorer overall survival and higher rates of recurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.
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18
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Romagnolo DF, Donovan MG, Doetschman TC, Selmin OI. n-6 Linoleic Acid Induces Epigenetics Alterations Associated with Colonic Inflammation and Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:E171. [PMID: 30650553 PMCID: PMC6356359 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) protects against inflammation and cancer of the colon through maintenance of intestinal bile acid (BA) homeostasis. Conversely, higher levels of BA and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are risk factors for inflammation and cancer of the colon. In the United States, n-6 linoleic acid (LA) is the most commonly used dietary vegetable fat. Metabolism of n-6 fatty acids has been linked to a higher risk of intestinal cancer. The objectives of this study were to investigate in colonic mucosa the effects of a high-fat diet rich in LA (n-6HFD) on CpG methylation of Fxr and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (Ptsg-2) genes, and the impact on the expression of tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis Coli (Apc) and proliferative cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) genes. Weaned C57BL/6J male mice were fed for 6 weeks either an n-6HFD containing 44% energy (44%E) from 22% safflower oil (SO, 76% LA by weight) or a 13% energy (13%E) control diet (Control) from SO (5% by weight). Mice fed the n-6HFD had reduced (60%) Fxr promoter CpG methylation and increased (~50%) Fxr mRNA. The expression of FXR-target ileal bile acid-binding protein (Ibabp), small heterodimer protein (Shp), and anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated-γ1 genes was increased. The n-6HFD reduced Ptgs-2 CpG methylation, increased the expression of Cox-2, and increased Apc CpG methylation in colonic mucosa. Accordingly, reduced expression of Apc was coupled to accumulation of c-JUN and Ccnd1, respectively cofactor and gene targets for the β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway. Finally, the n-6HFD reduced the expression of histone deacetylase-1 while favoring the accumulation of acetylated histone 3. We conclude that an n-6HFD epigenetically modifies Fxr, leading to the activation of downstream factors that participate in BA homeostasis. However, epigenetic activation of Ptsg-2 coupled with silencing of Apc and accumulation of C-JUN and Ccnd1 may increase the risk of inflammation and cancer of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato F Romagnolo
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Micah G Donovan
- Interdisciplinary Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Tom C Doetschman
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Ornella I Selmin
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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19
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Liu Q, Li W, Yang S, Liu Z. High expression of uPA related to p38MAPK in esophageal cancer indicates poor prognosis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8427-8434. [PMID: 30568465 PMCID: PMC6278697 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s181701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 38 (p38MAPK), and preliminarily analyze their relationship with clinical characteristics of esophageal cancer. Materials and methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of uPA and p38MAPK in patients with esophageal cancer. The relationship between them and clinicopathological features was analyzed by chi-squared test and Spearman correlation. Prognosis was performed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard models analysis. Results The expressions of uPA and p38MAPK proteins were significantly higher in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma than in normal esophageal mucosa tissue (both P<0.0001). The expression of uPA was significantly correlated with the depth of invasion of esophageal cancer (P=0.0067), tumor size (P=0.0364), and pathological stage (P<0.0001); p38MAPK expression vs esophageal cancer tissue type (P=0.0043), esophageal cancer infiltration depth (P=0.0097), tumor size (P=0.0015), and pathological stage (P<0.0001). Both were not significantly associated with lymph node staging, gender, age, and esophageal cancer histological type. There was a positive correlation between uPA and p38MAPK expressions (r=0.7301, P=0.0104). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the overall survival time of patients with positive expression of uPA or p38MAPK protein was significantly shorter, and the time of recurrence or metastasis of esophageal cancer was significantly earlier in patients with uPA-positive expression. Multivariate analysis of Cox model showed that uPA, p38MAPK, and pathological staging were independent factors influencing survival. Conclusion The expressions of uPA and p38MAPK may play an important role in the progression of esophageal cancer, and there is a close relationship between the two proteins, which may be one of the prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510089, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510089, Guangdong, China
| | - Shibin Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510089, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoguo Liu
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510089, Guangdong, China,
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20
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Li T, Gao D, Du M, Cheng X, Mao X. Casein glycomacropeptide hydrolysates inhibit PGE2 production and COX2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells via Akt mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Food Funct 2018; 9:2524-2532. [PMID: 29666854 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01989k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A casein glycomacropeptide hydrolysate (GMPH) was found to possess inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in our previous study. In the current study, the inhibitory effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of GMPH on inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were further investigated. Results showed that GMPH significantly suppressed LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. GMPH reduced the production of prostaglandin E2 (PEG2) and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. GMPH also attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of MAPK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38) and protein kinase B (Akt). Furthermore, GMPH inhibited nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, which was markedly reversed by LY294002, an Akt inhibitor. These results demonstrated that GMPH exerts anti-inflammatory functions through the inactivation of MAPK and Akt in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, therefore may hold potential to ameliorate inflammation-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Tan SN, Sim SP. Bile acids at neutral and acidic pH induce apoptosis and gene cleavages in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells: implications in chromosome rearrangement. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:409. [PMID: 29649994 PMCID: PMC5898073 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) increases the risk of developing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) while nasopharyngeal reflux is known to be one of the major aetiological factors of CRS. Bile acid (BA), the component of gastric duodenal contents, has been recognised as a carcinogen. BA-induced apoptosis was suggested to be involved in human malignancies. Cells have the potential and tendency to survive apoptosis. However, cells that evade apoptosis upon erroneous DNA repair may carry chromosome rearrangements. Apoptotic nuclease, caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD) has been implicated in mediating translocation in leukaemia. We hypothesised that BA-induced apoptosis may cause chromosome breaks mediated by CAD leading to chromosome rearrangement in NPC. This study targeted the AF9 gene located at 9p22 because 9p22 is one of the most common deletion sites in NPC. METHODS We tested the ability of BA at neutral and acidic pH in inducing phosphatidylserine (PS) externalisation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) disruption, and caspase 3/7 activity in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial (NP69) and NPC (TWO4) cells. Inverse-PCR (IPCR) was employed to detect AF9 gene cleavages. To investigate the role of CAD in mediating these cleavages, caspase inhibition was performed. IPCR bands representing AF9 cleaved fragments were sequenced. RESULTS BA-treated cells showed higher levels of PS externalisation, ROS production, MMP loss and caspase 3/7 activity than untreated control cells. The effect of BA in the induction of these intracellular events was enhanced by acid. BA at neutral and acidic pH also induced significant cleavage of the AF9 gene. These BA-induced gene cleavages were inhibited by Z-DEVD-FMK, a caspase-3 inhibitor. Intriguingly, a few chromosome breaks were identified within the AF9 region that was previously reported to participate in reciprocal translocation between the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) and AF9 genes in an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patient. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a role for BA-induced apoptosis in mediating chromosome rearrangements in NPC. In addition, CAD may be a key player in chromosome cleavages mediated by BA-induced apoptosis. Persistent exposure of sinonasal tract to gastric duodenal refluxate may increase genomic instability in surviving cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Nee Tan
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sai-Peng Sim
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
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siRNA Library Screening Identifies a Druggable Immune-Signature Driving Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cell Growth. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:569-590. [PMID: 29930979 PMCID: PMC6009761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Effective therapeutic approaches are urgently required to tackle the alarmingly poor survival outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients. EAC originates from within the intestinal-type metaplasia, Barrett's esophagus, a condition arising on a background of gastroesophageal reflux disease and associated inflammation. METHODS This study used a druggable genome small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening library of 6022 siRNAs in conjunction with bioinformatics platforms, genomic studies of EAC tissues, somatic variation data of EAC from The Cancer Genome Atlas data of EAC, and pathologic and functional studies to define novel EAC-associated, and targetable, immune factors. RESULTS By using a druggable genome library we defined genes that sustain EAC cell growth, which included an unexpected immunologic signature. Integrating Cancer Genome Atlas data with druggable siRNA targets showed a striking concordance and an EAC-specific gene amplification event associated with 7 druggable targets co-encoded at Chr6p21.1. Over-representation of immune pathway-associated genes supporting EAC cell growth included leukemia inhibitory factor, complement component 1, q subcomponent A chain (C1QA), and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which were validated further as targets sharing downstream signaling pathways through genomic and pathologic studies. Finally, targeting the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-, C1q-, and leukemia inhibitory factor-activated signaling pathways (TYROBP-spleen tyrosine kinase and JAK-STAT3) with spleen tyrosine kinase and Janus-activated kinase inhibitor fostamatinib R788 triggered EAC cell death, growth arrest, and reduced tumor burden in NOD scid gamma mice. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight a subset of genes co-identified through siRNA targeting and genomic studies of expression and somatic variation, specifically highlighting the contribution that immune-related factors play in support of EAC development and suggesting their suitability as targets in the treatment of EAC.
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Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- BE, Barrett’s esophagus
- Barrett’s Esophagus
- EAC, esophageal adenocarcinoma
- ERBB2, erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2
- ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GEM, gene expression microarray
- GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease
- GO, gene ontology
- HGD, high-grade dysplastic
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- JAK-STAT, Janus kinase/signal transducer-and-activator of transcription
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- SV, somatic variation
- SYK, spleen tyrosine kinase
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TREM2, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2
- Therapeutic Targets
- VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Opposing effects of bile acids deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid on signal transduction pathways in oesophageal cancer cells. Eur J Cancer Prev 2018; 25:368-79. [PMID: 26378497 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was reported to reduce bile acid toxicity, but the mechanisms underlying its cytoprotective effects are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of UDCA on the modulation of deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced signal transduction in oesophageal cancer cells. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity was assessed using a gel shift assay. NF-κB activation and translocation was performed using an ELISA-based assay and immunofluorescence analysis. COX-2 expression was analysed by western blotting and COX-2 promoter activity was assessed by luciferase assay. DCA induced NF-κB and AP-1 DNA-binding activities in SKGT-4 and OE33 cells. UDCA pretreatment inhibited DCA-induced NF-κB and AP-1 activation and NF-κB translocation. This inhibitory effect was coupled with a blockade of IκB-α degradation and inhibition of phosphorylation of IKK-α/β and ERK1/2. Moreover, UDCA pretreatment inhibited COX-2 upregulation. Using transient transfection of the COX-2 promoter, UDCA pretreatment abrogated DCA-induced COX-2 promoter activation. In addition, UDCA protected oesophageal cells from the apoptotic effects of deoxycholate. Our findings indicate that UDCA inhibits DCA-induced signalling pathways in oesophageal cancer cells. These data indicate a possible mechanistic role for the chemopreventive actions of UDCA in oesophageal carcinogenesis.
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Clark RJ, Craig MP, Agrawal S, Kadakia M. microRNA involvement in the onset and progression of Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8179-8196. [PMID: 29487725 PMCID: PMC5814292 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that develops from Barrett's esophagus (BE), an intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus. microRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding regulatory RNAs, are frequently dysregulated in BE and are thought to play key roles in the onset of BE and its progression to EAC. miRNAs thus have potential diagnostic and prognostic value and are increasingly being used as cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes the current literature related to miRNAs that are dysregulated in BE within the context of Hedgehog, Notch, MAPK, NF kappa-B, Wnt and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling which are thought to drive BE onset and progression. This comprehensive analysis of miRNAs and their associated signaling in the regulation of BE provides an overview of vital discoveries in this field and highlights gaps in our understanding of BE pathophysiology that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael P Craig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | - Madhavi Kadakia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Cheng Y, Qiao Z, Dang C, Zhou B, Li S, Zhang W, Jiang J, Song Y, Zhang J, Diao D. p38 predicts depression and poor outcome in esophageal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7241-7249. [PMID: 29344159 PMCID: PMC5754885 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling has been implicated in the cancer development and progression. However, the precise mechanism of this association remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between p38 and cancer progression, including investigations into the effects on cell proliferation, resistance to thalidomide, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression and prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer. The present retrospective study included patients with stage I–III esophageal cancer. A total of 228 patients with esophageal cancer were recruited to analyze the expression of phosphorylated (p)-p38 and IDO in tumor, and normal tissues through immunohistochemistry. Depression status was measured using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. P38 cDNA was transfected into esophageal cancer cells to assess tumor cell viability, sensitivity to thalidomide treatment and IDO gene expression. Western blotting and flow cytometry was used to analyze protein expression alterations, and apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells. P-p38 protein was expressed in 68.9% of cancer tissues, and was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, tumor recurrence and poor survival of patients. In vitro experiments revealed that the expression of p-p38 induced esophageal cancer Eca-109 and TE-1 cell viability, and resistance to thalidomide treatment, as well as in the expression of IDO without the application of lipopolysaccharides. Further follow-up of patients revealed that depression was also an independent factor for early recurrence and overall survival rate. Altered p38 MAPK expression was associated with poor outcome in patients with esophageal cancer. p38 may be a potential biomarker for the prediction of depressive symptoms and prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Chengxue Dang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jiantao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Diao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Tian J, Yang G, Chen HY, Hsu DK, Tomilov A, Olson KA, Dehnad A, Fish SR, Cortopassi G, Zhao B, Liu FT, Gershwin ME, Török NJ, Jiang JX. Galectin-3 regulates inflammasome activation in cholestatic liver injury. FASEB J 2016; 30:4202-4213. [PMID: 27630169 PMCID: PMC5102125 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600392rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation is an important feature of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) pathogenesis and other cholestatic liver diseases. Galectin-3 (Gal3), a pleiotropic lectin, is produced by monocytic cells and macrophages. However, its role in PBC has not been addressed. We hypothesized that Gal3 is a key to induce NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages and in turn to propagate proinflammatory IL-17 signaling. In liver tissues from patients with PBC and dnTGF-βRII mice, a model of autoimmune cholangitis, the expression of Gal3, NLRP3, and the adaptor protein adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein was induced, with the downstream activation of caspase-1 and IL-1β. In wild-type hepatic macrophages, deoxycholic acid induced the association of Gal3 and NLRP3 with direct activation of the inflammasome, resulting in an increase in IL-1β. Downstream retinoid-related orphan receptor C mRNA, IL-17A, and IL-17F were induced. In Gal3-/- macrophages, no inflammasome activation was detected. To confirm the key role of Gal3 in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury, we generated dnTGF-βRII/galectin-3-/- (dn/Gal3-/-) mice, which showed impaired inflammasome activation along with significantly improved inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, our data point to a novel role of Gal3 as an initiator of inflammatory signaling in autoimmune cholangitis, mediating the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and inducing IL-17 proinflammatory cascades. These studies provide a rationale to target Gal3 in autoimmune cholangitis and potentially other cholestatic diseases.-Tian, J., Yang, G., Chen, H.-Y., Hsu, D. K., Tomilov, A., Olson, K. A., Dehnad, A., Fish, S. R., Cortopassi, G., Zhao, B., Liu, F.-T., Gershwin, M. E., Török, N. J., Jiang, J. X. Galectin-3 regulates inflammasome activation in cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Daniel K Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kristin A Olson
- Department of Pathology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; and
| | - Ali Dehnad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Sarah R Fish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Natalie J Török
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Veterans Administration Northern California Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Joy X Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA;
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Yi NY, Newman DR, Zhang H, Morales Johansson H, Sannes PL. Heparin and LPS-induced COX-2 expression in airway cells: a link between its anti-inflammatory effects and GAG sulfation. Exp Lung Res 2016; 41:499-513. [PMID: 26495958 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2015.1091053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Previous studies have indicated that the sulfated polysaccharide heparin has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanistic basis for these effects has not been fully elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS NCI-H292 (mucoepidermoid) and HBE-1 (normal) human bronchial epithelial cells were treated with LPS alone or in the presence of high-molecular-weight (HMW) fully sulfated heparin or desulfated HMW heparin. Cells were harvested to examine the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, p38, and NF-kB p65 and COX-2 protein expression by Western blot and gene expression of both COX-2 and CXCL-8 by TaqMan qRT-PCR. RESULTS Heparin is known to exert an influence on receptor-mediated signaling through its ability to both potentiate and inhibit the receptor-ligand interaction, depending upon its concentration. In H292 cells, fully-sulfated HMW heparin significantly reduced LPS-induced gene expression of both COX-2 and CXCL-8 for up to 48 hours, while desulfated heparin had little to no significant suppressive effect on signaling or on COX-2 gene or protein expression. Desulfated heparin, initially ineffective at preventing LPS-induced CXCL8 up-regulation, reduced CXCL8 transcription at 24 hours. In contrast, in normal HBE-1 cells, fully sulfated heparin significantly suppressed only ERK signaling, COX-2 gene expression at 12 hours, and CXCL-8 gene expression at 6 and 12 hours, while desulfated heparin had no significant effects on LPS-stimulated signaling or on gene or protein expression. Sulfation determines heparin's influence and may reflect the moderating role of GAG sulfation in lung injury and health. CONCLUSIONS Heparin's anti-inflammatory effects result from its nonspecific suppression of signaling and gene expression and are determined by its sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Young Yi
- a Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina , USA
| | - Donna R Newman
- a Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina , USA
| | - Huiying Zhang
- a Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina , USA
| | - Helena Morales Johansson
- a Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina , USA
| | - Philip L Sannes
- a Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina , USA
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Zhang S, Bian H, Li X, Wu H, Bi Q, Yan Y, Wang Y. Hydrogen sulfide promotes cell proliferation of oral cancer through activation of the COX2/AKT/ERK1/2 axis. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2825-32. [PMID: 26987083 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide, the third gaseous transmitter, is one of the main causes of halitosis in the oral cavity. It is generally considered as playing a deleterious role in many oral diseases including oral cancer. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in the effects of hydrogen sulfide on oral cancer growth remain largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms through CCK-8 assay, EdU incorporation, real-time PCR, western blot and pathway blockade assays. Our results showed that hydrogen sulfide promoted oral cancer cell proliferation through activation of the COX2, AKT and ERK1/2 pathways in a dose-dependent manner. Blocking any of the three above pathways inhibited hydrogen sulfide-induced oral cancer cell proliferation. Meanwhile, blockade of COX2 by niflumic acid downregulated NaHS-induced p-ERK and p-AKT expression. Inactivation of the AKT pathway by GSK690693 significantly decreased NaHS‑induced p-ERK1/2 expression, and inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway by U0126 markedly increased NaHS-induced p-AKT expression. Either the AKT or ERK1/2 inhibitor did not significantly alter the COX2 expression level. Our data revealed, for the first time, that hydrogen sulfide promotes oral cancer cell proliferation through activation of the COX2/AKT/ERK1/2 axis, suggesting new potential targets to eliminate the effect of hydrogen sulfide on the development of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huan Bian
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Wu
- The Second Dental Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qingwei Bi
- Department of Oral Surgery, Hospital for Oral Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Yingbin Yan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
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Jang EJ, Jeong HO, Park D, Kim DH, Choi YJ, Chung KW, Park MH, Yu BP, Chung HY. Src Tyrosine Kinase Activation by 4-Hydroxynonenal Upregulates p38, ERK/AP-1 Signaling and COX-2 Expression in YPEN-1 Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129244. [PMID: 26466383 PMCID: PMC4605600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a major end product of lipid peroxidation, is highly reactive and involved in various cellular processes, such as inflammatory signaling. However, to date, the mechanistic roles of 4-HNE in inflammatory signaling related to protein tyrosine kinases have not been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between 4-HNE and Src (a non-receptor tyrosine kinase) for its involvement in the molecular modulation of the inflammatory signaling pathway utilizing the YPEN-1 cell system. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that 4-HNE phosphorylates (activates) Src at Tyr416 via adduct formation. In addition, LC-MS/MS and a docking simulation model revealed an addiction site at the Cys248 residue of Src, resulting in the stimulation of downstream p38, ERK/AP-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) signaling in YPEN-1 cells. The role of 4-HNE-activated Src in downstream inflammatory signaling was further investigated using dasatinib (a Src inhibitor) and by siRNA knockdown of Src. p38 and ERK were directly regulated by Src, as revealed by immunoblotting of the phosphorylated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are key elements in the signaling transduction pathway initiated by Src. The study also shows that Src modulates the HNE-enhanced activation of AP-1 and the expression of COX-2 (a target gene of AP-1). Together, the results of this study show that 4-HNE stimulates Src tyrosine kinase in activation of the inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Jang
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hi Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229–3900, United States of America
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Golgi phosphoprotein 2 (GOLPH2) is a novel bile acid-responsive modulator of oesophageal cell migration and invasion. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1332-42. [PMID: 26461057 PMCID: PMC4815786 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of Barrett's oesophagus (BO) and oesophageal cancer is poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that Golgi structure and function is altered in oesophageal cancer cells. A Golgi-associated protein, GOLPH2, was previously established as a tissue biomarker for BO. Cellular functions for GOLPH2 are currently unknown, therefore in this study we sought to investigate functional roles for this Golgi-associated protein in oesophageal disease. METHODS Expression, intracellular localisation and secretion of GOLPH2 were identified by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and western blot. GOLPH2 expression constructs and siRNA were used to identify cellular functions for GOLPH2. RESULTS We demonstrate that the structure of the Golgi is fragmented and the intracellular localisation of GOLPH2 is altered in BO and oesophageal adenocarcinoma tissue. GOLPH2 is secreted by oesophageal cancer cells and GOLPH2 expression, cleavage and secretion facilitate cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, exposure of cells to DCA, a bile acid component of gastric refluxate and known tumour promoter for oesophageal cancer, causes disassembly of the Golgi structure into ministacks, resulting in cleavage and secretion of GOLPH2. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that GOLPH2 may be a useful tissue biomarker for oesophageal disease. We provide a novel mechanistic insight into the aetiology of oesophageal cancer and reveal novel functions for GOLPH2 in regulating tumour cell migration and invasion, important functions for the metastatic process in oesophageal cancer.
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Saeki T, Inui H, Fujioka S, Fukuda S, Nomura A, Nakamura Y, Park EY, Sato K, Kanamoto R. Staurosporine synergistically potentiates the deoxycholate-mediated induction of COX-2 expression. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/8/e12143. [PMID: 25168879 PMCID: PMC4246598 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer‐related death in western countries, and thus there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanism of colorectal tumorigenesis. A diet that is rich in fat increases the risk of colorectal tumorigenesis. Bile acids, which are secreted in response to the ingestion of fat, have been shown to increase the risk of colorectal tumors. The expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, an inducible isozyme of cyclooxygenase, is induced by bile acids and correlates with the incidence and progression of cancers. In this study, we investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in the bile‐acid‐mediated induction of COX‐2 expression. We found that staurosporine (sts), a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, synergistically potentiated the deoxycholate‐mediated induction of COX‐2 expression. Sts did not increase the stabilization of COX‐2 mRNA. The sts‐ and deoxycholate‐mediated synergistic induction of COX‐2 expression was suppressed by a membrane‐permeable Ca2+ chelator, a phosphoinositide 3‐kinase inhibitor, a nuclear factor‐κB pathway inhibitor, and inhibitors of canonical and stress‐inducible mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways. Inhibition was also observed using PKC inhibitors, suggesting the involvement of certain PKC isozymes (η, θ, ι, ζ, or μ). Our results indicate that sts exerts its potentiating effects via the phosphorylation of p38. However, the effects of anisomycin did not mimic those of sts, indicating that although p38 activation is required, it does not enhance deoxycholate‐induced COX‐2 expression. We conclude that staurosporine synergistically enhances deoxycholate‐induced COX‐2 expression in RCM‐1 colon cancer cells. e12143 The expression of COX‐2, an inducible isozyme of cyclooxygenase, correlates with the incidence and progression of cancers, and bile acids have been shown to induce COX‐2 expression. We investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in the bile‐acid‐mediated induction of COX‐2 expression, and we found that staurosporine, a potent PKC inhibitor, synergistically potentiated the deoxycholate‐mediated induction of COX‐2 expression. Staurosporine exerted its potentiating effects via the phosphorylation of p38, and the involvement of certain PKC isozymes was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Saeki
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Inui
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saya Fujioka
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suguru Fukuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayumi Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Food Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eun Young Park
- Laboratory of Food Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Sato
- Laboratory of Food Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kanamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
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McAdam E, Haboubi HN, Griffiths AP, Baxter JN, Spencer-Harty S, Davies C, Jenkins GJ. Reflux composition influences the level of NF-κB activation and upstream kinase preference in oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:527-35. [PMID: 24931696 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OA) incidence is rising and prognosis is poor. Understanding the molecular basis of this malignancy is key to finding new prevention and treatment strategies. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the primary cause of OA, usually managed with acid suppression therapy. However, this often does little to control carcinogenic bile acid reflux. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of OA and its activity is associated with a poor response to chemotherapy, making it an attractive therapeutic target. We sought to decipher the role of different bile acids in NF-κB activation in oesophageal cell lines using short, physiologically relevant exposure times. The effect of an acidic or neutral extracellular pH was investigated concurrently, to mimic in vivo conditions associated with or without acid suppression. We found that some bile acids activated NF-κB to a greater extent when combined with acid, whereas others did so in its absence, at neutral pH. The precise composition of an individual's reflux, coupled with whether they are taking acid suppressants may therefore dictate the extent of NF-κB activation in the oesophagus, and hence the likelihood of histological progression and chemotherapy success. Regardless of pH, the kinase inhibitor of κB kinase was pivotal in mediating reflux induced NF-κB activation. Its importance was confirmed further as its increased activation was associated with histological progression in patient samples. We identified further kinases important in acid or bile induced NF-κB signalling in oesophageal cells, which may provide suitable targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E McAdam
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Abnormal COX2 protein expression may be correlated with poor prognosis in oral cancer: a meta-analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:364207. [PMID: 25028647 PMCID: PMC4083775 DOI: 10.1155/2014/364207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background. The prognostic significance of COX2 for survival of patients with oral cancer remains controversial. Thus, the meta-analysis was performed in order to identify COX2 expression impact on prognosis of oral cancer. Method. Relevant literatures were searched using the following electronic databases without any language restrictions: Web of Science, the Cochrane Library Database, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and CBM. Version 12.0 STATA software (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) was used for the current meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were also calculated to clarify the correlation between COX2 expression and prognosis of oral cancer. Results. Final analysis of 979 oral cancer patients from 12 clinical cohort studies was performed. The meta-analysis results show that COX2 expression in cancer tissues was significantly higher than those in normal and benign tissues (all P < 0.05). Combined HR of COX2 suggests that positive COX2 expression has a shorter overall survival (OS) than those of negative COX2 expression (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The meta-analysis study shows that elevated COX2 expression may be associated with the pathogenesis of oral cancer and with a worse prognosis in oral cancer patients.
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Song J, Wei Y, Chen Q, Xing D. Cyclooxygenase 2-mediated apoptotic and inflammatory responses in photodynamic therapy treated breast adenocarcinoma cells and xenografts. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 134:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Tsibouris P, Vlachou E, Isaacs PET. Role of chemoprophylaxis with either NSAIDs or statins in patients with Barrett's esophagus. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2014; 5:27-39. [PMID: 24605249 PMCID: PMC3944467 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, a poor prognosis neoplasia, has risen dramatically in recent decades. Barrett's esophagus represents the best-known risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma development. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs through cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and prostaglandin metabolism regulation could control cell proliferation, increase cell apoptosis and regulate the expression of growth and angiogenic factors. Statins can achieve equivalent effects through prenylation and subsequently control of cellular signaling cascades. At present, epidemiological studies are small and underpowered. Their data could not justify either medication as a chemo-preventive agent. Population based studies have shown a 43% reduction of the odds of developing an esophageal adenocarcinoma, leaving out or stating a 25% reduction in patients consuming non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and a 50% reduction in those patients consuming aspirin. They have also stated a 19% reduction of esophageal cancer incidence when statins have been used. Observational studies have shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could reduce the adenocarcinoma incidence in patients with Barrett's esophagus by 41%, while statins could reduce the risk by 43%. The cancer preventive effect has been enhanced in those patients taking a combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and statins (a 74% decrease). Observational data are equivocal concerning the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug subclasses. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs clearly have substantial potential for toxicity, while statins are rather safe drugs. In conclusion, both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and statins are promising chemopreventive agents and deserve further exploration with interventional studies. In the meanwhile, their use is justified only in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Huang X, Lv B, Zhang S, Dai Q, Chen BB, Meng LN. Effects of radix curcumae-derived diterpenoid C on Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation and nuclear factor kappa B signal pathways. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5085-5093. [PMID: 23964142 PMCID: PMC3746380 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i31.5085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study effect of diterpenoid C extracted from radix curcumae on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected inflammation, intestinal metaplasia, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in vitro.
METHODS: We used I-type H. pylori to infect human gastric epithelial gastric epithelium cell line (GES-1) cell lines, and then H. pylori-infected GES-1 cells were treated with radix curcumae (RC)-derived diterpenoid C of different concentrations (5, 10, 20 μg/mL) and amoxicillin. The expression of p65, IκB kinase (IKK) α and IKKγ proteins was detected with Western blotting, and the expression of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and IL-4 was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software ver18.0. For comparisons between groups of more than two unpaired values, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. If an ANOVA F value was significant, post hoc comparisons were performed between groups. If results were not normally distributed, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two groups of unpaired values, whereas for comparisons between groups of more than two unpaired values, the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used. Statistical significance was established at P < 0.05.
RESULTS: The MTT assay results revealed the inhibited rate of GES-1, and indicated that the IC5 of RC-derived diterpenoid C and amoxicillin all were 5 μg/mL for gastric GES-1 cells. The expression of IL-8 was significantly increased, especially at 12 h time point; and the expression of IL-4 was decreased in H. pylori-infected GES-1 cells. After H. pylori-infected GES-1 cells were treated with RC-derived diterpenoid C of different concentrations and amoxicillin, the expression of IL-8 was decreased at 12, 24, 48, 72 h points (P < 0.01), especially in high-concentration diterpenoid C (20 μg/mL) group; and the expression of IL-4 was increased, especially in moderate and high-concentration diterpenoid C (10 and 20 μg/mL) groups. RC-derived diterpenoid C had the inhibitory effects on H. pylori-induced p65 translocation from cytoplasm into cell nucleus, H. pylori-stimulant IkBα degradation, the phosphorylation of p65 and IkBα, and the expression of IKKα and IKKβ proteins.
CONCLUSION: RC-derived diterpenoid C can block NF-κB signal pathway, effectively reducing the secretion of H. pylori-induced proinflammatory cytokine and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine.
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Clemons NJ, Phillips WA, Lord RV. Signaling pathways in the molecular pathogenesis of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:782-95. [PMID: 23792587 PMCID: PMC3909547 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma develops in response to severe gastroesophageal reflux disease through the precursor lesion Barrett esophagus, in which the normal squamous epithelium is replaced by a columnar lining. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in the United States has increased by over 600% in the past 40 years and the overall survival rate remains less than 20% in the community. This review highlights some of the signaling pathways for which there is some evidence of a role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. An increasingly detailed understanding of the biology of this cancer has emerged recently, revealing that in addition to the well-recognized alterations in single genes such as p53, p16, APC, and telomerase, there are interactions between the components of the reflux fluid, the homeobox gene Cdx2, and the Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Clemons
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; East Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery (St. Vincent's Hospital); University of Melbourne; Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; East Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery (St. Vincent's Hospital); University of Melbourne; Melbourne, Australia
| | - Reginald V Lord
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research; Sydney, Australia; Notre Dame University School of Medicine; Sydney, Australia
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Shan J, Oshima T, Fukui H, Watari J, Miwa H. Acidic deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid induce interleukin-8 production through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase A in a squamous epithelial model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:823-8. [PMID: 23425072 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Immune-mediated mucosal inflammation characterized by the production of interleukin (IL)-8 is associated with the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The effects of bile acids, which are major components of reflux fluid, on the production of IL-8 and related mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to address these questions using an esophageal stratified squamous epithelial model. METHODS Normal human esophageal epithelial cells were seeded on the Transwell inserts and cultured with the air-liquid interface system to establish the model. Bile acids under different pH conditions were added to the apical compartment to examine their effects on IL-8 production and the underlying cellular signaling. RESULTS Conjugated bile acids under a neutral or acidic condition did not induce IL-8 production, and unconjugated bile acids, deoxycholic acid (DCA), and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) all significantly induced IL-8 production, dose- and time-dependently, only under weakly acid conditions. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and protein kinase A (PKA) attenuated the production of IL-8 induced by acidic DCA and CDCA. Inhibition of PKA did not block the bile acid-induced p38 MAPK activation. CONCLUSIONS Compared with conjugated bile acids, the unconjugated bile acids DCA and CDCA are more likely to induce IL-8 production in vivo, especially under weakly acid conditions. This process involves two independent signaling pathways, p38 MAPK and PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shan
- Division of Upper Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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39
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Anti-inflammatory activity of hexane extracts from bones and internal organs of Anguilla japonica suppresses cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin D₂ generation in mast cells and anaphylaxis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:307-13. [PMID: 23562928 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of n-hexane extracts from bones and internal organs of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica (HEE), on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin D₂(PGD₂) generation in stem cell factor (SCF), IL-10, plus LPS-induced mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice. HEE suppressed SCF/IL-10/LPS-induced PGD₂ generation, and concomitantly reduced COX-2 protein expression dose-dependently. To understand the mechanistic basis for the inhibition of PGD₂ generation by HEE, we examined the effects of HEE on upstream signaling pathways essential for COX-2 induction. HEE was found to inhibit the translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit to the nucleus and its DNA-binding ability through the inhibition of TAK1, IKK and IκB phosphorylation. Furthermore, HEE also attenuated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated regulation of DNA binding of activator protein-1 (AP-1). Moreover, oral administration of HEE inhibited anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-induced PCA in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, the present study provides new insights into the anti-inflammatory activity of HEE, which could be a promising candidate to be used for an inflammatory therapy.
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Guan B, Li H, Yang Z, Hoque A, Xu X. Inhibition of farnesoid X receptor controls esophageal cancer cell growth in vitro and in nude mouse xenografts. Cancer 2013; 119:1321-9. [PMID: 23280144 PMCID: PMC3604152 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, and bile acid and its farnesoid X receptor (FXR) have been implicated in esophageal tumorigenesis. The authors investigated the role of FXR expression and activity in esophageal cancer initiation and growth. METHODS FXR expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Knockdown of FXR expression in esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in nude mice xenografts was suppressed by FXR small hairpin RNA (shRNA) and guggulsterone (a natural FXR inhibitor). Esophageal cancer cells were treated with bile acids to demonstrate their effects on growth-promoting genes. RESULTS FXR was expressed in 48 of 59 esophageal adenocarcinoma tissues (81.3%), and this overexpression was associated with higher tumor grade, larger tumor size, and lymph node metastasis; however, was inversely associated with retinoic acid receptor-β2 (RAR-β2 ) expression. Knockdown of FXR expression suppressed tumor cell growth in vitro and in nude mouse xenografts. Guggulsterone reduced the viability of esophageal cancer cells in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, whereas this effect was diminished after knockdown of FXR expression. Guggulsterone induced apoptosis through activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in tumor cells. FXR mediated bile acid-induced alterations of gene expression, eg, RAR-β2 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of FXR by FXR shRNA or guggulsterone suppressed tumor cell viability and induced apoptosis in vitro, and it reduced tumor formation and growth in nude mouse xenografts. FXR also mediated bile acid-induced alterations of cell growth-related genes in esophageal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiang Guan
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengduo Yang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ashraful Hoque
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaochun Xu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Lim SC, Duong HQ, Parajuli KR, Han SI. Pro-apoptotic role of the MEK/ERK pathway in ursodeoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis in SNU601 gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1429-34. [PMID: 22824956 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been regarded as a suppressor of gastrointestinal cancer, but the mechanisms underlying its antitumor effects are not fully understood. Previously, we reported the antitumor effect of UDCA by demonstrating that UDCA induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Bile acids are known to activate the ERK pathway and ERK is a representative oncogenic kinase in cancer cells. Here, we investigated the role of ERK in UDCA-induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis. We found that UDCA enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2. The prevention of MEK by the pharmacologic inhibitors PD98059 and U0126, resulted in decreased UDCA-induced apoptosis as shown by the reduction of apoptotic body formation, caspase-8 activity, and caspase-3, -6 and PARP cleavage, indicating that ERK exerts pro-apoptotic activity upon exposure to UDCA. In addition, U0126 reduced UDCA-triggered TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2/DR5) expression. In gene silencing studies, we observed that RNA interference of ERK2 decreased apoptosis and reduced DR5 overexpression. Lipid raft disrupting agent, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, blunted the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, indicating that ERK activation is regulated in a lipid raft-dependent manner. On the other hand, tumor-promoting bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA), also phosphorylated ERK in SNU601 cells. However, the DCA-triggered ERK pathway exerted anti-apoptotic function in the cells. Suppression of the ERK pathway enhanced DCA-induced apoptosis, and ERK activation was observed to be lipid raft-independently controlled. These results indicated that UDCA and DCA may cause differential responses in gastric cancer cells through the ERK signaling molecule. Thus, ERK activation may be a possible mechanism by which UDCA and DCA represent differential activities in gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chul Lim
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Garman KS, Orlando RC, Chen X. Review: Experimental models for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1231-43. [PMID: 22421618 PMCID: PMC4380479 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00509.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several different cell culture systems and laboratory animal models have been used over the years to study Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Most of the existing models have key differences with the human esophagus and complex pathogenesis of disease. None of the models offers an ideal system for the complex study of environmental exposure, genetic risk, and prevention strategies. In fact, different model systems may be required to answer different specific research questions about the pathogenesis of BE and EAC. Given the high mortality associated with EAC and the fact that current screening strategies miss most cases of EAC, advances in basic and translational science related to esophageal injury, repair, and carcinogenesis are clearly needed. This review describes several of the existing and potential model systems for BE and EAC with their benefits and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Garman
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham;
| | - Roy C. Orlando
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; and
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- 3Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
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Poehlmann A, Kuester D, Malfertheiner P, Guenther T, Roessner A. Inflammation and Barrett's carcinogenesis. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:269-80. [PMID: 22541897 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is one of the most common premalignant lesions in which normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) develops through progression from BE to low- and high-grade dysplasia (LGD/HGD) and to adenocarcinoma. It is widely accepted that inflammation can increase cancer risk, promoting tumor progression. Therefore, inflammation is regarded as the seventh hallmark of cancer. In recent years, the inflammation-cancer connection of Barrett's carcinogenesis has been intensively studied, unraveling genetic abnormalities. Besides genetic alterations, inflammation is also epigenetically linked to loss of protein expression through transcriptional silencing via promoter methylation. Key mediators linking inflammation and Barrett's carcinogenesis include reactive oxygen species (ROS), NFκB, inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and specific microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, the decipherment of molecular pathways that contain these and novel inflammatory key mediators is of major importance for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. The detailed elucidation of the signaling molecules involved in Barrett's carcinogenesis will be important for the development of pharmaceutical inhibitors. We herein give an overview of the current knowledge of the inflammation-mediated genetic and epigenetic alterations involved in Barrett's carcinogenesis. We highlight the role of oxidative stress and deregulated DNA damage checkpoints besides the NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poehlmann
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
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Cell culture models for studying the development of Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 35:149-61. [PMID: 22476962 PMCID: PMC3396334 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition caused by chronic gastroesophageal reflux. BE patients have an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). As many aspects of this condition are still unknown, there is a need for in vitro models to study BE development. Aim To review the literature on cell lines and incubation conditions for studying BE development. Methods A literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library, combining the words esophagus, cell line, culture, Barrett’s, bile, acid, exposure, reflux and adenocarcinoma. Results A wide range of cell lines and incubation conditions to study BE development have been reported. The most commonly used cell lines are derived from epithelium from patients with BE or EAC. A 25-minute incubation with 200 μM bile salts induced cell proliferation and Akt phosphorylation. However, increased CDX2 and MUC2 expression was only observed with longer incubations or higher bile salt concentrations. Two-hundred μM bile at pH 6 showed a higher toxicity to EAC cells than the same concentration at pH 7. Multiple 5-minute exposures with 200 μM bile at pH 4 or pH 7 increased CK8/18 and COX2 in BE epithelial cells. Conclusions Two-hundred μM conjugated primary or secondary bile salts at pH 4 for multiple short exposures is able to induce BE specific factors in BE cell lines. In SQ and EAC cell lines; however, higher concentrations of secondary bile salts for 8 h are needed to induce BE specific molecules. Due to the high variability in reported methods, it is difficult to determine the most effective in vitro setup for studying the development of BE.
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Chen CC, Cheng YY, Chen SC, Tuan YF, Chen YJ, Chen CY, Chen LC. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated by 2-aminobiphenyl in a ROS and MAPK-dependent signaling pathway in a bladder cancer cell line. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:695-705. [PMID: 22288910 DOI: 10.1021/tx2004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Overexposure to biphenyl amine compounds, which are found in smoke and azo-dyes, is linked to the occurrence of bladder cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of biphenyl amine compound-induced bladder cancer are still unclear. Many studies have demonstrated that overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in neoplastic lesions is associated with carcinogenesis. In this study, we have demonstrated that 2-aminobiphenyl (2-ABP) up-regulated the expression of COX-2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in TSGH-8301 bladder cancer cells. This 2-ABP-induced COX-2 expression was attenuated by ROS scavenger NAC and NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and DPI. The p22phox subunit of NADPH oxidase, but not p67, and Nox2 was up-regulated by 2-ABP. Knocking down p22phox by siRNA significantly reduced 2-ABP-induced COX-2 expression. Furthermore, 2-ABP also activated the ERK/JNK-AP1 pathways, and this effect was also abolished by NADPH oxidase inhibitors. Blocking the ERK/JNK-AP1 signaling pathways by pharmacological inhibitors attenuated 2-ABP-induced COX-2 expression. Overexpression of the upstream ERK activator MEK1 significantly and consistently increased 2-ABP-mediated COX-2 expression. Transfection of a dominant negative c-Jun mutant, TAM-67, blocked 2-ABP-mediated COX-2 expression, demonstrating that c-Jun was responsible for the transcriptional activation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 2-ABP induces the carcinogenic factor COX-2 and that this induction is mediated through NADPH oxidase-derived ROS-dependent JNK/ERK-AP-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, No. 62, Shenjhong Road, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82444, Taiwan
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Da Silva M, Jaggers GK, Verstraeten SV, Erlejman AG, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. Large procyanidins prevent bile-acid-induced oxidant production and membrane-initiated ERK1/2, p38, and Akt activation in Caco-2 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:151-9. [PMID: 22074817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Procyanidins are oligomers of flavanol subunits present in large amounts in fruits and vegetables. Their consumption is associated with health benefits against colonic inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). Large procyanidins (with more than three subunits) are not absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells but could exert biological actions through their interactions with the cell membrane. This study investigated the capacity of hexameric procyanidins (Hex) to prevent oncogenic events initiated by deoxycholic acid (DCA), a secondary bile acid linked to the promotion of CRC. Hex interacted with Caco-2 cell membranes preferentially at the water-lipid interface. Hex (2.5-20 μM) inhibited DCA-triggered increase in cellular calcium, NADPH oxidase activation, and oxidant production. DCA promoted the activation of protein kinase B (Akt), of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and p38, and of the downstream transcription factor AP-1. This activation was not triggered by calcium or oxidant increases. Hex caused a dose-dependent inhibition of DCA-mediated activation of all these signals. DCA also triggered alterations in the cell monolayer morphology and apoptotic cell death, events that were delayed by Hex. The capacity of large procyanidins to interact with the cell membrane and prevent those cell membrane-associated events can in part explain the beneficial effects of procyanidins on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Da Silva
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Jiang J, Slivova V, Jedinak A, Sliva D. Gossypol inhibits growth, invasiveness, and angiogenesis in human prostate cancer cells by modulating NF-κB/AP-1 dependent- and independent-signaling. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 29:165-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yamada T, Ishida Y, Nakamura Y, Shimada S. Bile-acid-induced calcium signaling in mouse esophageal epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:789-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Morita S, Matsumoto Y, Okuyama S, Ono K, Kitamura Y, Tomori A, Oyama T, Amano Y, Kinoshita Y, Chiba T, Marusawa H. Bile acid-induced expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase during the development of Barrett's oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1706-12. [PMID: 21890457 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) induces somatic mutations in various host genes of non-lymphoid tissues, thereby contributing to carcinogenesis. We recently demonstrated that Helicobacter pylori infection and/or proinflammatory cytokine stimulation triggers aberrant AID expression in gastric epithelial cells, causing mutations in the tumour-suppressor TP53 gene. The findings of the present study provide evidence of ectopic AID expression in Barrett's oesophagus and Barrett's oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a cancer that develops under chronic inflammatory conditions. Immunoreactivity for endogenous AID was observed in 24 of 28 (85.7%) specimens of the columnar cell-lined Barrett's oesophagus and in 20 of 22 (90.9%) of Barrett's adenocarcinoma, whereas weak or no AID protein expression was detectable in normal squamous epithelial cells of the oesophagus. We validated these results by analysing tissue specimens from another cohort comprising 16 cases with Barrett's oesophagus and four cases with Barrett's adenocarcinoma. In vitro treatment of human non-neoplastic oesophageal squamous-derived cells with sodium salt deoxycholic acid induced ectopic AID expression via the nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway. These findings suggest that aberrant AID expression occurs in a substantial proportion of Barrett's epithelium, at least in part due to bile acid stimulation. Considering the genotoxic activity of AID, our current findings suggest that aberrant AID expression might enhance the susceptibility to genetic alterations in Barrett's columnar-lined epithelial cells, leading to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Morita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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McQuaid KR, Laine L, Fennerty MB, Souza R, Spechler SJ. Systematic review: the role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and related neoplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:146-65. [PMID: 21615439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors other than acid may play a role in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its complications. AIM To assessed the role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of GERD, Barrett's oesophagus and Barrett's-related neoplasia. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of computerised bibliographic databases for original articles involving humans or human oesophageal tissue or cells that assessed exposure to or manipulation of bile acids. Outcomes assessed included GERD symptoms; gross oesophageal injury; Barrett's oesophagus and related neoplasia; and intermediate markers of inflammation, proliferation or neoplasia. RESULTS Eighty-three original articles were included. In in vivo studies, bile acids concentrations were higher in the oesophageal aspirates of patients with GERD than controls, and bile acids infusions triggered GERD symptoms, especially in high concentrations or in combination with acid. In ex vivo/in vitro studies, bile acids stimulated squamous oesophageal cells and Barrett's epithelial cells to produce inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-8 and COX-2) and caused oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis. They also induced squamous cells to change their gene expression pattern to resemble intestinal-type cells and caused Barrett's cells to increase expression of intestinal-type genes. CONCLUSIONS In aggregate, these studies suggest that bile acids may contribute to the pathogenesis of symptoms, oesophagitis and Barrett's metaplasia with related carcinogenesis in patients with GERD. However, all study results are not uniform and substantial differences in study parameters may explain at least some of this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R McQuaid
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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