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Rojczyk P, Heller C, Seitz-Holland J, Kaufmann E, Sydnor VJ, Berger L, Pankatz L, Rathi Y, Bouix S, Pasternak O, Salat D, Hinds SR, Esopenko C, Fortier CB, Milberg WP, Shenton ME, Koerte IK. Intimate partner violence perpetration among veterans: associations with neuropsychiatric symptoms and limbic microstructure. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1360424. [PMID: 38882690 PMCID: PMC11178105 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1360424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration is highly prevalent among veterans. Suggested risk factors of IPV perpetration include combat exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, alcohol use, and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). While the underlying brain pathophysiological characteristics associated with IPV perpetration remain largely unknown, previous studies have linked aggression and violence to alterations of the limbic system. Here, we investigate whether IPV perpetration is associated with limbic microstructural abnormalities in military veterans. Further, we test the effect of potential risk factors (i.e., PTSD, depression, substance use disorder, mTBI, and war zone-related stress) on the prevalence of IPV perpetration. Methods Structural and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data were acquired from 49 male veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars (Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom; OEF/OIF) of the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) study. IPV perpetration was assessed using the psychological aggression and physical assault sub-scales of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Odds ratios were calculated to assess the likelihood of IPV perpetration in veterans with either of the following diagnoses: PTSD, depression, substance use disorder, or mTBI. Fractional anisotropy tissue (FA) measures were calculated for limbic gray matter structures (amygdala-hippocampus complex, cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, entorhinal cortex). Partial correlations were calculated between IPV perpetration, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and FA. Results Veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD, depression, substance use disorder, or mTBI had higher odds of perpetrating IPV. Greater war zone-related stress, and symptom severity of PTSD, depression, and mTBI were significantly associated with IPV perpetration. CTS2 (psychological aggression), a measure of IPV perpetration, was associated with higher FA in the right amygdala-hippocampus complex (r = 0.400, p = 0.005). Conclusion Veterans with psychiatric disorders and/or mTBI exhibit higher odds of engaging in IPV perpetration. Further, the more severe the symptoms of PTSD, depression, or TBI, and the greater the war zone-related stress, the greater the frequency of IPV perpetration. Moreover, we report a significant association between psychological aggression against an intimate partner and microstructural alterations in the right amygdala-hippocampus complex. These findings suggest the possibility of a structural brain correlate underlying IPV perpetration that requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philine Rojczyk
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Carina Heller
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Seitz-Holland
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elisabeth Kaufmann
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Valerie J Sydnor
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
| | - Luisa Berger
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara Pankatz
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yogesh Rathi
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- Department of Software Engineering and IT, École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Salat
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sidney R Hinds
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carrie Esopenko
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Catherine B Fortier
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William P Milberg
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Inga K Koerte
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Somerville, MA, United States
- cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Kimber M, Baker-Sullivan E, Stewart DE, Vanstone M. Improving Health Professional Recognition and Response to Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence: Protocol for Two Mixed Methods Pilot Randomized Controlled Trials. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e50864. [PMID: 38512307 PMCID: PMC10995786 DOI: 10.2196/50864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal educational approach for preparing health professionals with the knowledge and skills to effectively recognize and respond to family violence, including child maltreatment and intimate partner violence, remains unclear. The Violence, Evidence, Guidance, and Action (VEGA) Family Violence Education Resources is a novel intervention that can be completed via self-directed learning or in a workshop format; both approaches focus on improving health professional preparedness to address family violence. OBJECTIVE Our studies aim to determine the acceptability and feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the self-directed (experimental intervention) and workshop (active control) modalities of VEGA, as an adjunct to standard education, to improve learner (Researching the Impact of Service provider Education [RISE] with Residents) and independent practice (RISE with Veterans) health professional preparedness, knowledge, and skills related to recognizing family violence in their health care encounters. METHODS The RISE with Residents and RISE with Veterans research studies use embedded experimental mixed methods research designs. The quantitative strand for each study follows the principles of a pilot randomized controlled trial. For RISE with Residents, we aimed to recruit 80 postgraduate medical trainees; for RISE with Veterans, we intended to recruit 80 health professionals who work or have worked with Veterans (or their family members) of the Canadian military or the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in a direct service capacity. Participants complete quantitative assessments at baseline, after intervention, and at 3-month follow-up. A subset of participants from each arm also undergoes a qualitative semistructured interview with the aim of describing participants' perceptions of the value and impact of each VEGA modality, as well as research burden. Scores on potential outcome measures will be mapped to excerpts of qualitative data via a mixed methods joint display to aid in the interpretation of findings. RESULTS We consented 71 individuals to participate in the RISE with Residents study. Data collection was completed on August 31, 2023, and data are currently being cleaned and prepared for analysis. As of January 15, 2024, we consented 34 individuals in the RISE with Veterans study; data collection will be completed in March 2024. For both studies, no data analysis had taken place at the time of manuscript submission. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications; academic conferences; and posting and sharing of study summaries and infographics on social media, the project website, and via professional network listserves. CONCLUSIONS Reducing the impacts of family violence remains a pressing public health challenge. Both research studies will provide a valuable methodological contribution about the feasibility of trial methods in health professions education focused on family violence. They will also contribute to education science about the differences in the effectiveness of self-directed versus facilitator-led learning strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05490121, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05490121; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05490004, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05490004. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/50864.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kimber
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Baker-Sullivan
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Donna E Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meredith Vanstone
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Russin SE, Stein CH. The Aftermath of Trauma and Abuse and the Impact on Family: A Narrative Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:1288-1301. [PMID: 33653179 DOI: 10.1177/1524838021995990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present narrative review examined quantitative and qualitative research on family members who support survivors of trauma or abuse. Studies included in the present review were found in peer-reviewed journal articles, available in English, published between 1980 and 2019, and focused specifically on the experiences of adult familial supporters of adult trauma and abuse survivors. A search of PsychInfo and Google Scholar identified 136 relevant articles, and analysis of their content generated the following categories: individual-level impacts (i.e., quality of psychological health, burden, secondary traumatic stress, quality of physical health, and positive impacts), interpersonal and environmental level impacts (i.e., quality of relationships with survivors, navigating environment, maltreatment and safety, and social impacts), and other experiences (i.e., social roles, needs, coping strategies, and sociocultural context). Findings indicate that the majority of existing studies examined the experiences of family members of adult survivors of military trauma. Results of the review suggest that family supporters of adult trauma and abuse survivors generally experience physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, social, safety, and relational impacts. Implications of review findings and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Russin
- Department of Psychology, 1888Bowling Green State University, OH, USA
| | - Catherine H Stein
- Department of Psychology, 1888Bowling Green State University, OH, USA
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MacManus D, Short R, Lane R, Jones M, Hull L, Howard LM, Fear NT. Intimate partner violence and abuse experience and perpetration in UK military personnel compared to a general population cohort: A cross-sectional study. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2022; 20:100448. [PMID: 35813966 PMCID: PMC9256655 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research exploring prevalence of, and factors associated with, increased risk of experiencing or perpetrating Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse (IPVA) in military communities is limited. This study aimed to describe IPVA prevalence in a military sample, explore the role of military-specific risk factors, and draw comparisons with a general population cohort. Methods We utilised data from a sample of military personnel participating in a cohort study of the health and wellbeing of UK military personnel who reported having an intimate relationship in the previous 12 months (n = 5557). To allow for comparison with civilian populations, participants from a general population cohort study in England (n = 6075) were matched on age and sex to the military cohort (n = 8093). Findings The 12-month prevalences of IPVA experience and perpetration in the military sample were 12.80% (95% CI 11.72–13.96%) and 9.40% (8.45–10.45%), respectively. Factors associated with both increased IPVA experience and perpetration included childhood adversity, relationship dissatisfaction, military trauma, and recent mental health and alcohol misuse problems. Compared to the civilian cohort, adjusted odds (95% CI) of IPVA experience and perpetration were higher in the military: 2.94 (2.15–4.01) and 3.41 (1.79–6.50), respectively. Interpretation This study found higher prevalences of IPVA experience and perpetration in the military compared to the general population cohort and highlighted both non-military and military factors associated with increased risk of both. Relationship dissatisfaction, military trauma and mental health difficulties mark key areas for IPVA prevention and management efforts to target. Funding Funded by the UK Ministry of Defence and National Institute of Health Research.
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Cowlishaw S, Freijah I, Kartal D, Sbisa A, Mulligan A, Notarianni M, Couineau AL, Forbes D, O’Donnell M, Phelps A, Iverson KM, Heber A, O’Dwyer C, Smith P, Hosseiny F. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Military and Veteran Populations: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Surveys and Population Screening Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148853. [PMID: 35886702 PMCID: PMC9316917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) may be a major concern in military and veteran populations, and the aims of this systematic review were to (1) provide best available estimates of overall prevalence based on studies that are most representative of relevant populations, and (2) contextualise these via examination of IPV types, impacts, and context. An electronic search of PsycINFO, CINHAL, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases identified studies utilising population-based designs or population screening strategies to estimate prevalence of IPV perpetration or victimisation reported by active duty (AD) military personnel or veterans. Random effects meta-analyses were used for quantitative analyses and were supplemented by narrative syntheses of heterogeneous data. Thirty-one studies involving 172,790 participants were included in meta-analyses. These indicated around 13% of all AD personnel and veterans reported any recent IPV perpetration, and around 21% reported any recent victimisation. There were higher rates of IPV perpetration in studies of veterans and health service settings, but no discernible differences were found according to gender, era of service, or country of origin. Psychological IPV was the most common form identified, while there were few studies of IPV impacts, or coercive and controlling behaviours. The findings demonstrate that IPV perpetration and victimisation occur commonly among AD personnel and veterans and highlight a strong need for responses across military and veteran-specific settings. However, there are gaps in understanding of impacts and context for IPV, including coercive and controlling behaviours, which are priority considerations for future research and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabella Freijah
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Dzenana Kartal
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Alyssa Sbisa
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Ashlee Mulligan
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
| | - MaryAnn Notarianni
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Anne-Laure Couineau
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - David Forbes
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Meaghan O’Donnell
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Andrea Phelps
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Katherine M. Iverson
- Women’s Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alexandra Heber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada;
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Charlottetown, PE C1A 8M9, Canada
| | - Carol O’Dwyer
- Phoenix Australia—Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (I.F.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (A.-L.C.); (D.F.); (M.O.); (A.P.); (C.O.)
| | - Patrick Smith
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Fardous Hosseiny
- Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; (A.M.); (M.N.); (P.S.); (F.H.)
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Bagheri Lankarani K, Hemyari C, Honarvar B, Khaksar E, Shaygani F, Rahmanian Haghighi MR, Shaygani MR. Domestic violence and associated factors during COVID-19 epidemic: an online population-based study in Iran. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:774. [PMID: 35428293 PMCID: PMC9012434 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 has severely affected communities around the world. Fear and stress of being infected, along with pressure caused by lockdown, prevention protocols, and the economic downturn, increased tension among people, which consequently led to the rise of domestic violence (DV). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the rate of change in DV and its associated factors during the COVID-19 epidemic in Shiraz, Iran.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 653 individuals with the age of over 15 years from Shiraz were participated through snowball sampling and filled out an online questionnaire through the WhatsApp platform. A 51-item, self-administered and multidimensional (knowledge, attitude, and practice) questionnaire was designed and assessed 653 participants. The gathered data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 25), and variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
In this study, 64.2% of the respondents were within the age range of 31–50 years, and 72.6% of the subjects were female. Furthermore, 73.8 and 73.0% of the individuals were married and educated for over 12 years, respectively. The DV increased by 37.5% during the quarantine period, compared to before the pandemic. The emotional type was the most common type of violence; the sexual type was the least frequent. Multivariate analysis indicated that infection with COVID-19, drug use, high level of co-living observation of anti-COVID prevention protocols, and lower level of physical activity during the quarantine period had a positive and significant association with the occurrence of DV.
Conclusion
Based on the obtained results, it is required to implement effective harm-reduction policies and measures in the community due to the increasing rate of DV during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Adejimi AA, Sekoni OO, Fawole OI. A Comparative Assessment of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration among Male Military Personnel and Civil Servants in Ibadan, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 37:43-448. [PMID: 35342224 PMCID: PMC8954813 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-020-00235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mode of training and work of the military personnel is different from that of civil servants and may affect their relationships with their intimate partners. This study assessed and compared the prevalence and correlates of self-reported Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetration against female partners by male military personnel and civil servants in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria. A cross sectional survey of 1240 respondents, comprising 631 military personnel and 609 civilians, was conducted using a multistage sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on the respondents' characteristics and the different types of IPV perpetrated by them. Chi square test was used to compare the proportions of the different types of IPV perpetration and logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of IPV perpetration in the two study groups. Military personnel reported significantly more IPV such as physical abuse, psychological abuse and controlling behaviors than the civil servants. Childhood exposure to inter-parental IPV and history of physical fight with another woman significantly increased the odds of perpetration of each type and any form of IPV in the two populations after controlling for other variables. Military personnel were significantly more likely to perpetrate any form of IPV than the civil servants. IPV was prevalent in both groups but was more among the military personnel. There is a need for multidisciplinary interventions such as psycho-education and conflict management skills to address violence against female intimate partners especially among the military population in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebola A. Adejimi
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olutoyin O. Sekoni
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo I. Fawole
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Women Tell All: A Comparative Thematic Analysis of Women's Perspectives on Two Brief Counseling Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052513. [PMID: 35270204 PMCID: PMC8909494 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem that is commonly experienced by women and associated with psychosocial health issues. Recovering from IPV through Strengths and Empowerment (RISE) is a brief, clinician-administered, variable-length (1–6 sessions), modular, individualized psychosocial counseling intervention developed for women experiencing IPV. We present qualitative feedback and quantitative helpfulness ratings from women patients of the Veterans Health Administration who completed a randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing RISE to a clinician-administered advocacy-based Enhanced Care as Usual (ECAU; a single structured session consisting of psychoeducation, safety-planning, resources, and referrals). Methods: 58 participants (Mage = 39.21) completed post-intervention semi-structured qualitative interviews, including helpfulness ratings, at two follow-up assessments (10- and 14-weeks post-enrollment) to assess the acceptability, usefulness, and perceived fit of the interventions for women’s needs. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a hybrid deductive-inductive analytic approach. Results: While both the RISE and ECAU interventions were deemed helpful (interventions were rated as ‘highly helpful’ by 77% of RISE and 52% of ECAU participants), differences were identified in perceived impacts of the intervention, application of content, approach to patient-centeredness, and implementation recommendations. Conclusions: Findings shed light on women Veterans’ experiences and preferences for IPV psychosocial counseling interventions. Such knowledge can inform evidence-based, trauma-informed, and individualized care for women Veterans who experience IPV and may have relevance to other populations of women who experience IPV.
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Relationship conflict and partner violence by UK military personnel following return from deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1795-1805. [PMID: 35661897 PMCID: PMC9167453 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Risk of violence by UK military personnel, both towards non-family and family, has been found to be higher post-deployment. However, no UK research to date has attempted to examine relationship conflict and intimate partner violence (IPV) in this period. This study estimated the prevalence of and risk factors for post-deployment relationship conflict and partner violence in UK military personnel. METHODS We utilised data on military personnel who had deployed to Iraq and/or Afghanistan (n = 5437), drawn from a large cohort study into the health and well-being of UK military personnel. RESULTS 34.7% reported relationship conflict (arguing with partner) and 3.4% reported perpetrating physical IPV post-deployment. Males were more likely than females to report relationship conflict. There were similar rates of self-reported physical IPV perpetration among males and females. Among our male sample, factors associated with both relationship conflict and physical IPV perpetration post-deployment included being in the Army compared with the Royal Air Force, higher levels of childhood adversity, higher levels of military trauma exposure and recent mental health and alcohol misuse problems. Being over 40 at time of deployment (vs being under 25) and having deployed in a combat role were also associated with relationship conflict, but not physical IPV perpetration. CONCLUSIONS Deployment-related variables and mental health and alcohol misuse problems were found to be key factors associated with post-deployment relationship conflict and IPV. Services providing health or welfare support to military personnel must collaborate with mental health services and consider history of deployment, and particularly deployment-related trauma, in their assessments to improve identification and management of intimate partner violence and abuse in military communities.
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Sparrow K, Alves-Costa F, Alves A, Greenberg N, Howard LM, Fear NT, MacManus D. The experience of health and welfare workers in identifying and responding to domestic abuse among military personnel in the UK. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:947. [PMID: 33059688 PMCID: PMC7559780 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Awareness of domestic violence and abuse (DVA) as a problem among military personnel (serving and veterans) has grown in recent years, and there is a need for research to inform improvements in the identification of and response to DVA in this population. This study aimed to explore the experience of health and welfare professionals in identifying and responding to DVA among the UK military population (serving personnel and veterans). Methods Thirty-five semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with health and welfare staff who work with serving UK military personnel and veterans. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Three superordinate themes were identified: i) patterns of DVA observed by health and welfare workers (perceived gender differences in DVA experiences and role of mental health and alcohol); (ii) barriers to identification of and response to DVA (attitudinal/knowledge-based barriers and practical barriers), and iii) resource issues (training needs and access to services). Participants discussed how factors such as a culture of hypermasculinity, under-reporting of DVA, the perception of DVA as a “private matter” among military personnel, and lack of knowledge and awareness of emotional abuse and coercive controlling behaviour as abuse constitute barriers to identification and management of DVA. Healthcare providers highlighted the need for more integrated working between civilian and military services, to increase access to support and provide effective care to both victims and perpetrators. Furthermore, healthcare and welfare staff reflected on their training needs in the screening and management of DVA to improve practice. Conclusions There is a need for increased awareness of DVA, particularly of non-physical forms of abuse, and of male victimisation in the military. Standardised protocols for DVA management and systematic training are required to promote a consistent and appropriate response to DVA. There is a particular training need among healthcare and first-line welfare staff, who are largely relied upon to identify cases of DVA in the military. Employing DVA advocates within military and civilian healthcare settings may be useful in improving DVA awareness, management and access to specialist support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sparrow
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Filipa Alves-Costa
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Ana Alves
- Barnet Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil Greenberg
- King's Centre for Military Health Research (KCMHR) Academic Department of Military Mental Health (ADMMH), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise M Howard
- Section of Women's Mental Health, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Nicola T Fear
- King's Centre for Military Health Research (KCMHR) Academic Department of Military Mental Health (ADMMH), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Deirdre MacManus
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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Sparrow K, Dickson H, Kwan J, Howard L, Fear N, MacManus D. Prevalence of Self-Reported Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Among Military Personnel: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:586-609. [PMID: 29911508 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018782206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on intimate partner violence (IPV) in the military has tended to focus on military personnel as perpetrators and civilian partners/spouses as victims. However, studies have found high levels of IPV victimization among military personnel. This article systematically reviews studies of the prevalence of self-reported IPV victimization among military populations. METHODS Searches of four electronic databases (Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were supplemented by reference list screening. Meta-analyses of the available data were performed, where possible, using the random effects model. RESULTS This review included 28 studies with a combined sample of 69,808 military participants. Overall, similar or higher prevalence rates of physical IPV victimization were found among males compared to females and this was supported by a meta-analytic subgroup analysis: pooled prevalence of 21% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [17.4, 24.6]) among males and 13.6% among females (95% CI [9.5, 17.7]). Psychological IPV was the most prevalent type of abuse, in keeping with findings from the general population. There were no studies on sexual IPV victimization among male personnel. Evidence for the impact of military factors, such as deployment or rank, on IPV victimization was conflicting. DISCUSSION Prevalence rates varied widely, influenced by methodological variation among studies. The review highlighted the lack of research into male IPV victimization in the military and the relative absence of research into impact of IPV. It is recommended that future research disaggregates results by gender and considers the impact of IPV, in order that gender differences can be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sparrow
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Dickson
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Kwan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Weston Education Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Howard
- David Goldberg Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Fear
- Department of Military Mental Health, Psychological Medicine, Weston Education Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre MacManus
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
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Kwan J, Sparrow K, Facer-Irwin E, Thandi G, Fear N, MacManus D. Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetration among military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 2020; 53:101419. [PMID: 32714067 PMCID: PMC7375166 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2020.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health issue that impacts both civilian and military populations. Factors associated with military service may result in increased risk of IPV perpetration among Veterans and Active Duty military personnel. Six bibliographic databases were searched to identify studies that estimated the prevalence of IPV perpetration among military populations by sociodemographic and military characteristics. Where possible, random effect meta-analyses were conducted to determine pooled prevalence estimates. 42 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. 28 of these studies met the requirements for inclusion in subsequent meta-analyses. Among studies that measured past-year physical IPV perpetration, the pooled prevalence was higher among men compared to women (26% and 20% respectively). Among Veterans, there were consistently higher prevalences compared to Active Duty samples. Similarly, higher prevalences were found among studies in general military settings compared to clinical settings. Further research that considers the impact of the act(s) of IPV perpetration on the victims is needed. This, along with the use of a consistent measurement tools across studies will help to develop a stronger evidence base to inform prevention and management programs for all types of IPV perpetration among military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kwan
- Psychological Medicine Department, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RJ London, UK
| | - K. Sparrow
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - E. Facer-Irwin
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - G. Thandi
- Psychological Medicine Department, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RJ London, UK
| | - N.T. Fear
- Psychological Medicine Department, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RJ London, UK
| | - D. MacManus
- Psychological Medicine Department, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, SE5 9RJ London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF London, UK
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Postmus JL, Hoge GL, Breckenridge J, Sharp-Jeffs N, Chung D. Economic Abuse as an Invisible Form of Domestic Violence: A Multicountry Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:261-283. [PMID: 29587598 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018764160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The predominant perception of intimate partner violence (IPV) as constituting physical violence can still dominate, particularly in research and media reports, despite research documenting multiple forms of IPV including sexual violence occurring between intimate partners and various forms of psychological and emotional abuse. One frequently hidden or "invisible" form of abuse perpetrated within intimate partner relationships is economic abuse, also referred to as financial abuse in much of the literature. While the links between gendered economic insecurity and economic abuse are emerging, there remains a lack of consistency about definitions within the United States and globally, as there is no agreed upon index with which to measure economic abuse. As such, the purpose of this article is to review and analyze the global literature focused on either economic or financial abuse to determine how it is defined and what measures are used to capture its prevalence and impact. The 46 peer-reviewed articles that met all inclusion criteria for analysis came from a range of countries across six continents. Our review found that there is growing clarity and consistency of terminologies being used in these articles and found some consistency in the use of validated measures. Since this research is in its "infancy," we need to have stronger collaborative efforts to use similar measures and terminology. Part of that collaborative effort is to consider how language and cultural differences may play a part in our understanding of economic abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Postmus
- Center on Violence Against Women and Children, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gretchen L Hoge
- Department of Social Work, Lewis University, Romeoville, IL, USA
| | | | - Nicola Sharp-Jeffs
- Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Donna Chung
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Kwan J, Jones M, Somaini G, Hull L, Wessely S, Fear NT, MacManus D. Post-deployment family violence among UK military personnel. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2202-2212. [PMID: 29254510 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into violence among military personnel has not differentiated between stranger- and family-directed violence. While military factors (combat exposure and post-deployment mental health problems) are risk factors for general violence, there has been limited research on their impact on violence within the family environment. This study aims to compare the prevalence of family-directed and stranger-directed violence among a deployed sample of UK military personnel and to explore risk factors associated with both family- and stranger-directed violence. METHOD This study utilised data from a large cohort study which collected information by questionnaire from a representative sample of randomly selected deployed UK military personnel (n = 6711). RESULTS The prevalence of family violence immediately following return from deployment was 3.6% and 7.8% for stranger violence. Family violence was significantly associated with having left service, while stranger violence was associated with younger age, male gender, being single, having a history of antisocial behaviour as well as having left service. Deployment in a combat role was significantly associated with both family and stranger violence after adjustment for confounders [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.92 (1.25-2.94), p = 0.003 and aOR = 1.77 (1.31-2.40), p < 0.001, respectively], as was the presence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, common mental disorders and aggression. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to combat and post-deployment mental health problems are risk factors for violence both inside and outside the family environment and should be considered in violence reduction programmes for military personnel. Further research using a validated measurement tool for family violence would improve comparability with other research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Kwan
- Department of Psychological Medicine,Weston Education Centre,10 Cutcombe Road,Denmark Hill,London,SE5 9RJ,UK
| | - Margaret Jones
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Greta Somaini
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences,Institute of Psychiatry,Psychology and Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Lisa Hull
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Simon Wessely
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Nicola T Fear
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Deirdre MacManus
- King's Centre for Military Health Research,King's College London,London,UK
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Misca G, Forgey MA. The Role of PTSD in Bi-directional Intimate Partner Violence in Military and Veteran Populations: A Research Review. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1394. [PMID: 28861023 PMCID: PMC5559770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence supporting the higher prevalence of PTSD linked to combat-related trauma in military personnel and veteran populations is well-established. Consequently, much research has explored the effects that combat related trauma and the subsequent PTSD may have on different aspects of relationship functioning and adjustment. In particular, PTSD in military and veterans has been linked with perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV). New research and theoretical perspectives suggest that in order to respond effectively to IPV, a more accurate understanding of the direction of the violence experienced within each relationship is critical. In both civilian and military populations, research that has examined the direction of IPV's, bi-directional violence have been found to be highly prevalent. Evidence is also emerging as to how these bi-directional violence differ in relation to severity, motivation, physical and psychological consequences and risk factors. Of particular importance within military IPV research is the need to deepen understanding about the role of PTSD in bi-directional IPV not only as a risk factor for perpetration but also as a vulnerability risk factor for victimization, as findings from recent research suggest. This paper provides a timely, critical review of emergent literature to disentangle what is known about bi-directional IPV patterns in military and veteran populations and the roles that military or veterans' PTSD may play within these patterns. Although, this review aimed to identify global research on the topic, the majority of research meeting the inclusion criteria was from US, with only one study identified from outside, from Canada. Strengths and limitations in the extant research are identified. Directions for future research are proposed with a particular focus on the kinds of instruments and designs needed to better capture the complex interplay of PTSD and bi-directional IPV in military populations and further the development of effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Misca
- Institute of Health and Society, University of WorcesterWorcester, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ann Forgey
- Graduate School of Social Services, Fordham UniversityNew York, NY, United States
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16
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Sparrow K, Kwan J, Howard L, Fear N, MacManus D. Systematic review of mental health disorders and intimate partner violence victimisation among military populations. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1059-1080. [PMID: 28748307 PMCID: PMC5581819 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is growing awareness of the problem of intimate partner violence (IPV) among military populations. IPV victimisation has been shown to be associated with mental disorder. A better understanding of the link between IPV and mental disorder is needed to inform service development to meet the needs of military families. We aimed to systematically review the literature on the association between IPV victimisation and mental health disorders among military personnel. METHODS Searches of four electronic databases (Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were supplemented by reference list screening. Heterogeneity among studies precluded a meta-analysis. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included. There was stronger evidence for an association between IPV and depression/alcohol problems than between IPV and PTSD. An association between IPV and mental health problems was more frequently found among veterans compared to active duty personnel. However, the link between IPV and alcohol misuse was more consistently found among active duty samples. Finally, among active duty personnel psychological IPV was more consistently associated with depression/alcohol problems than physical/sexual IPV. The review highlighted the lack of research on male IPV victimisation in the military. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that the burden of mental health need may be significant among military personnel who are victims of IPV. The influence of attitudes towards gender in the military on research in this area is discussed. Further research is needed to inform development of services and policy to reduce IPV victimisation and the mental health consequences among military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sparrow
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Department, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, PO23, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Jamie Kwan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
| | - Louise Howard
- David Goldberg Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Nicola Fear
- King’s Centre for Military Health Research, King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
| | - Deirdre MacManus
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Department, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO23, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Choi EPH, Wong JYH, Fong DYT. The use of social networking applications of smartphone and associated sexual risks in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: a systematic review. AIDS Care 2016; 29:145-155. [DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1211606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Zamorski MA, Bennett RE, Boulos D, Garber BG, Jetly R, Sareen J. The 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey: Background and Methods. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:10S-25S. [PMID: 27270738 PMCID: PMC4800478 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716632731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey (CFMHS) collected detailed information on mental health problems, their impacts, occupational and nonoccupational determinants of mental health, and the use of mental health services from a random sample of 8200 serving personnel. The objective of this article is to provide a firm scientific foundation for understanding and interpreting the CFMHS findings. METHODS This narrative review first provides a snapshot of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), focusing on 2 key determinants of mental health: the deployment of more than 40,000 personnel in support of the mission in Afghanistan and the extensive renewal of the CAF mental health system. The findings of recent population-based CAF mental health research are reviewed, with a focus on findings from the very similar mental health survey done in 2002. Finally, key aspects of the methods of the 2013 CFMHS are presented. RESULTS The findings of 20 peer-reviewed publications using the 2002 mental health survey data are reviewed, along with those of 25 publications from other major CAF mental health research projects executed over the past decade. CONCLUSIONS More than a decade of population-based mental health research in the CAF has provided a detailed picture of its mental health and use of mental health services. This knowledge base and the homology of the 2013 survey with the 2002 CAF survey and general population surveys in 2002 and 2012 will provide an unusual opportunity to use the CFMHS to situate mental health in the CAF in a historical and societal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Zamorski
- Directorate of Mental Health, Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Ottawa, Ontario Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Rachel E Bennett
- Directorate of Mental Health, Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - David Boulos
- Directorate of Mental Health, Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Bryan G Garber
- Directorate of Mental Health, Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Rakesh Jetly
- Directorate of Mental Health, Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
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Trevillion K, Williamson E, Thandi G, Borschmann R, Oram S, Howard LM. A systematic review of mental disorders and perpetration of domestic violence among military populations. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:1329-46. [PMID: 26169988 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Military populations may experience more severe forms of domestic violence than the general population. Although mental disorders are associated with domestic violence perpetration among the general population, it is not clear whether this is the case for military populations. This review aimed to establish the prevalence and odds of domestic violence perpetration among male and female military personnel with mental disorders. METHODS Systematic review: searches of eleven electronic databases were supplemented by hand searches, reference screening, citation tracking and expert recommendations. RESULTS Ten studies were included; nine reporting on partner violence and one on violence against an adult family member. Median prevalence estimates were calculated for partner violence perpetration among male military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); estimates on other disorders were not possible due to lack of data. 27.5 % of men with PTSD reported past year physical violence perpetration against a partner and 91.0 % reported past year psychological violence perpetration against a partner. Due to limited data, no median estimates could be calculated for female military personnel. Data from individual papers indicate increased odds of past year partner violence perpetration among male and female military personnel with depression; inconsistent findings were reported for risk of partner violence perpetration among male and female military personnel with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence that mental disorders among military personnel are associated with past year domestic violence perpetration, though current data cannot confirm direction of causality. Research is needed to inform the development of interventions targeted to reduce domestic violence perpetration among military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee Trevillion
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, PO31 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Emma Williamson
- Centre for Gender and Violence Research, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - Gursimran Thandi
- Academic Department of Military Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 10 Cutcombe Road, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Melbourne, 3010, Australia. .,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052, Australia.
| | - Sian Oram
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, PO31 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Louise M Howard
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, PO31 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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