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He Y, Heng Y, Qin Z, Wei X, Wu Z, Qu J. Intravital microscopy of satellite cell dynamics and their interaction with myeloid cells during skeletal muscle regeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1891. [PMID: 37851799 PMCID: PMC10584350 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration requires the highly coordinated cooperation of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) with other cellular components. Upon injury, myeloid cells populate the wound site, concomitant with MuSC activation. However, detailed analysis of MuSC-myeloid cell interaction is hindered by the lack of suitable live animal imaging technology. Here, we developed a dual-laser multimodal nonlinear optical microscope platform to study the dynamics of MuSCs and their interaction with nonmyogenic cells during muscle regeneration. Using three-dimensional time-lapse imaging on live reporter mice and taking advantages of the autofluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), we studied the spatiotemporal interaction between nonmyogenic cells and muscle stem/progenitor cells during MuSC activation and proliferation. We discovered that their cell-cell contact was transient in nature. Moreover, MuSCs could activate with notably reduced infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, and their proliferation, although dependent on macrophages, did not require constant contact with them. These findings provide a fresh perspective on myeloid cells' role during muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhu He
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Youshan Heng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhongya Qin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xiuqing Wei
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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2
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Minari ALA, Thomatieli-Santos RV. From skeletal muscle damage and regeneration to the hypertrophy induced by exercise: What is the role of different macrophages subsets? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 322:R41-R54. [PMID: 34786967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00038.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the top players when considering immune cells involved with tissue homeostasis. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that these macrophages could also present two major subsets during tissue healing; proliferative macrophages (M1-like), which are responsible for increasing myogenic cell proliferation, and restorative macrophages (M2-like), which are accountable for the end of the mature muscle myogenesis. The participation and characterization of these macrophage subsets is critical during myogenesis, not only to understand the inflammatory role of macrophages during muscle recovery but also to create supportive strategies that can improve mass muscle maintenance. Indeed, most of our knowledge about macrophage subsets comes from skeletal muscle damage protocols, and we still do not know how these subsets can contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation. This narrative review aims to collect and discuss studies demonstrating the involvement of different macrophage subsets during the skeletal muscle damage/regeneration process, showcasing an essential role of these macrophage subsets during muscle adaptation induced by acute and chronic exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Araujo Minari
- Universidade estadual Paulista, Campus Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psicobiologia, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo V Thomatieli-Santos
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psicobiologia, Brazil
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3
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Luis Araujo Minari A, Avila F, Missae Oyama L, Vagner Thomatieli Dos Santos R. Inflammatory response of the peripheral neuroendocrine system following downhill running. Cytokine 2021; 149:155746. [PMID: 34678553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the relationship between exercise inflammation and the peripheral neuroendocrine system is essential for understanding how acute or repetitive bouts of exercise can contribute to skeletal muscle adaption. In severe damage, some evidence demonstrates that peripheral neuroendocrine receptors might contribute to inflammatory resolution, supporting the muscle healing process through myogenesis. In this sense, the current study aimed to evaluate two classic peripheral neuronal receptors along with skeletal muscle inflammation and adaptation parameters in triceps brachii after exercise. We euthanized C57BL (10 to 12 weeks old) male mice before, and one, two, and three days after a downhill running protocol. The positive Ly6C cells, along with interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), α7 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs), and myonuclei accretion were analyzed. Our main results demonstrated that nAChRs increased with the inflammatory and myonuclei accretion responses regardless of NF-κB and GR protein expression. These results indicate that increased nAChR may contribute to skeletal muscle adaption after downhill running in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Avila
- Departamento de Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Departamento de Fisiologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli Dos Santos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências - Campus da Baixada Santista, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Scala P, Rehak L, Giudice V, Ciaglia E, Puca AA, Selleri C, Della Porta G, Maffulli N. Stem Cell and Macrophage Roles in Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10867. [PMID: 34639203 PMCID: PMC8509639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe muscle injury, skeletal muscle tissue structure and functionality can be repaired through the involvement of several cell types, such as muscle stem cells, and innate immune responses. However, the exact mechanisms behind muscle tissue regeneration, homeostasis, and plasticity are still under investigation, and the discovery of pathways and cell types involved in muscle repair can open the way for novel therapeutic approaches, such as cell-based therapies involving stem cells and peripheral blood mononucleate cells. Indeed, peripheral cell infusions are a new therapy for muscle healing, likely because autologous peripheral blood infusion at the site of injury might enhance innate immune responses, especially those driven by macrophages. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on functions of stem cells and macrophages in skeletal muscle repairs and their roles as components of a promising cell-based therapies for muscle repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Scala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Laura Rehak
- Athena Biomedical innovations, Viale Europa 139, 50126 Florence, Italy;
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Annibale Alessandro Puca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, Largo Città d’Ippocrate 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.S.); (V.G.); (E.C.); (A.A.P.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
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Nash WT, Okusa MD. Chess Not Checkers: Complexities Within the Myeloid Response to the Acute Kidney Injury Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:676688. [PMID: 34124107 PMCID: PMC8187556 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.676688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation in acute kidney injury (AKI) is an area of intense interest which promises to enhance our understanding of the disease and how to manage it. Macrophages are a heterogeneous and dynamic population of immune cells that carry out multiple functions in tissue, ranging from maintenance to inflammation. As key sentinels of their environment and the major immune population in the uninjured kidney, macrophages are poised to play an important role in the establishment and pathogenesis of AKI. These cells have a profound capacity to orchestrate downstream immune responses and likely participate in skewing the kidney environment toward either pathogenic inflammation or injury resolution. A clear understanding of macrophage and myeloid cell dynamics in the development of AKI will provide valuable insight into disease pathogenesis and options for intervention. This review considers evidence in the literature that speaks to the role and regulation of macrophages and myeloid cells in AKI. We also highlight barriers or knowledge gaps that need to be addressed as the field advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Nash
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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6
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VanderVeen BN, Sougiannis AT, Velazquez KT, Carson JA, Fan D, Murphy EA. The Acute Effects of 5 Fluorouracil on Skeletal Muscle Resident and Infiltrating Immune Cells in Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:593468. [PMID: 33364975 PMCID: PMC7750461 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.593468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
5 fluorouracil (5FU) has been a first-choice chemotherapy drug for several cancer types (e.g., colon, breast, head, and neck); however, its efficacy is diminished by patient acquired resistance and pervasive side effects. Leukopenia is a hallmark of 5FU; however, the impact of 5FU-induced leukopenia on healthy tissue is only becoming unearthed. Recently, skeletal muscle has been shown to be impacted by 5FU in clinical and preclinical settings and weakness and fatigue remain among the most consistent complaints in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Monocytes, or more specifically macrophages, are the predominate immune cell in skeletal muscle which regulate turnover and homeostasis through removal of damaged or old materials as well as coordinate skeletal muscle repair and remodeling. Whether 5FU-induced leukopenia extends beyond circulation to impact resident and infiltrating skeletal muscle immune cells has not been examined. The purpose of the study was to examine the acute effects of 5FU on resident and infiltrating skeletal muscle monocytes and inflammatory mediators. Male C57BL/6 mice were given a physiologically translatable dose (35 mg/kg) of 5FU, or PBS, i.p. once daily for 5 days to recapitulate 1 dosing cycle. Our results demonstrate that 5FU reduced circulating leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes while inducing significant body weight loss (>5%). Flow cytometry analysis of the skeletal muscle indicated a reduction in total CD45+ immune cells with a corresponding decrease in total CD45+CD11b+ monocytes. There was a strong relationship between circulating leukocytes and skeletal muscle CD45+ immune cells. Skeletal muscle Ly6cHigh activated monocytes and M1-like macrophages were reduced with 5FU treatment while total M2-like CD206+CD11c- macrophages were unchanged. Interestingly, 5FU reduced bone marrow CD45+ immune cells and CD45+CD11b+ monocytes. Our results demonstrate that 5FU induced body weight loss and decreased skeletal muscle CD45+ immune cells in association with a reduction in infiltrating Ly6cHigh monocytes. Interestingly, the loss of skeletal muscle immune cells occurred with bone marrow cell cycle arrest. Together our results highlight that skeletal muscle is sensitive to 5FU's off-target effects which disrupts both circulating and skeletal muscle immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N. VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Alexander T. Sougiannis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Kandy T. Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - James A. Carson
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professionals, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Daping Fan
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
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7
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VanderVeen BN, Murphy EA, Carson JA. The Impact of Immune Cells on the Skeletal Muscle Microenvironment During Cancer Cachexia. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1037. [PMID: 32982782 PMCID: PMC7489038 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive weight loss combined with skeletal muscle atrophy, termed cachexia, is a common comorbidity associated with cancer that results in adverse consequences for the patient related to decreased chemotherapy responsiveness and increased mortality. Cachexia's complexity has provided a barrier for developing successful therapies to prevent or treat the condition, since a large number of systemic disruptions that can regulate muscle mass are often present. Furthermore, considerable effort has focused on investigating how tumor derived factors and inflammatory mediators directly signal skeletal muscle to disrupt protein turnover regulation. Currently, there is developing appreciation for understanding how cancer alters skeletal muscle's complex microenvironment and the tightly regulated interactions between multiple cell types. Skeletal muscle microenvironment interactions have established functions in muscle response to regeneration from injury, growth, aging, overload-induced hypertrophy, and exercise. This review explores the growing body of evidence for immune cell modulation of the skeletal muscle microenvironment during cancer-induced muscle wasting. Emphasis is placed on the regulatory network that integrates physiological responses between immune cells with other muscle cell types including satellite cells, fibroblast cells, and endothelial cells to regulate myofiber size and plasticity. The overall goal of this review is to provide an understanding of how different cell types that constitute the muscle microenvironment and their signaling mediators contribute to cancer and chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N. VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - James A. Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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8
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Li L, Tuan RS. Mechanism of traumatic heterotopic ossification: In search of injury-induced osteogenic factors. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11046-11055. [PMID: 32853465 PMCID: PMC7576286 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological condition of abnormal bone formation in soft tissue. Three factors have been proposed as required to induce HO: (a) osteogenic precursor cells, (b) osteoinductive agents and (c) an osteoconductive environment. Since Urist's landmark discovery of bone induction in skeletal muscle tissue by demineralized bone matrix, it is generally believed that skeletal muscle itself is a conductive environment for osteogenesis and that resident progenitor cells in skeletal muscle are capable of differentiating into osteoblast to form bone. However, little is known about the naturally occurring osteoinductive agents that triggered this osteogenic response in the first place. This article provides a review of the emerging findings regarding distinct types of HO to summarize the current understanding of HO mechanisms, with special attention to the osteogenic factors that are induced following injury. Specifically, we hypothesize that muscle injury‐induced up‐regulation of local bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) level, combined with glucocorticoid excess‐induced down‐regulation of circulating transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) level, could be an important causative mechanism of traumatic HO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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9
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Lohrmann F, Forde AJ, Merck P, Henneke P. Control of myeloid cell density in barrier tissues. FEBS J 2020; 288:405-426. [PMID: 32502309 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interface between the mammalian host and its environment is formed by barrier tissues, for example, of the skin, and the respiratory and the intestinal tracts. On the one hand, barrier tissues are colonized by site-adapted microbial communities, and on the other hand, they contain specific myeloid cell networks comprising macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. These immune cells are tightly regulated in function and cell number, indicating important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune balance in the presence of commensal microorganisms. The regulation of myeloid cell density and activation involves cell-autonomous 'single-loop circuits' including autocrine mechanisms. However, an array of microenvironmental factors originating from nonimmune cells and the microbiota, as well as the microanatomical structure, impose additional layers of regulation onto resident myeloid cells. This review discusses models integrating these factors into cell-specific programs to instruct differentiation and proliferation best suited for the maintenance and renewal of immune homeostasis in the tissue-specific environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florens Lohrmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,IMM-PACT Clinician Scientist Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron J Forde
- Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, university of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Merck
- Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Bailey K, Furman B, Zeitlin J, Kimmerling K, Wu CL, Guilak F, Olson S. Intra-articular depletion of macrophages increases acute synovitis and alters macrophage polarity in the injured mouse knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:626-638. [PMID: 32044353 PMCID: PMC8963860 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute synovial inflammation following joint trauma is associated with posttraumatic arthritis. Synovial macrophages have been implicated in degenerative changes. In this study, we sought to elucidate the role of intra-articular macrophages in the acute inflammatory response to fracture in the mouse knee. METHOD A closed articular fracture was induced in two models of synovial macrophage depletion: genetically-modified MaFIA mice administered AP20187 to induce programmed macrophage apoptosis, and wild-type C57BL/6 mice administered clodronate liposomes, both via intra-articular injection. Synovial inflammation, bone morphology, and levels of F4/80+ macrophages, NOS2+ M1 macrophages, and CD206+ M2 macrophages were quantified 7 days after fracture using histology and micro-computed tomography. RESULTS Intra-articular macrophage depletion with joint injury did not reduce acute synovitis or the number of synovial macrophages 7 days after fracture in either macrophage-depleted MaFIA mice or in clodronate-treated C57BL/6 mice. In macrophage-depleted MaFIA mice, macrophage polarity shifted to a dominance of M1 macrophages and a reduction of M2 macrophages in the synovial stroma, indicating a shift in M1/M2 macrophage ratio in the joint following injury. Interestingly, MaFIA mice depleted 2 days prior to fracture demonstrated increased synovitis (P = 0.003), reduced bone mineral density (P = 0.0004), higher levels of M1 macrophages (P = 0.013), and lower levels of M2 macrophages (not statistically significant, P=0.084) compared to control-treated MaFIA mice. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that macrophages play a critical immunomodulatory role in the acute inflammatory response surrounding joint injury and suggest that inhibition of macrophage function can have prominent effects on joint inflammation and bone homeostasis after joint trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.N. Bailey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - B.D. Furman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - J. Zeitlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - K.A. Kimmerling
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - C.-L. Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA, Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - F. Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA, Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - S.A. Olson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: S.A. Olson, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3389, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. Tel.: (919) 668 3000; fax: (919) 668 2933. (S.A. Olson)
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11
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Hou Y, Yang D, Xiang R, Wang H, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z, Che X, Liu Y, Gao Y, Yu X, Gao X, Zhang W, Yang J, Wu C. N2 neutrophils may participate in spontaneous recovery after transient cerebral ischemia by inhibiting ischemic neuron injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Bordoni V, Reina G, Orecchioni M, Furesi G, Thiele S, Gardin C, Zavan B, Cuniberti G, Bianco A, Rauner M, Delogu LG. Stimulation of bone formation by monocyte-activator functionalized graphene oxide in vivo. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19408-19421. [PMID: 31386739 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03975a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanosystems are able to enhance bone regeneration, a complex process requiring the mutual interplay between immune and skeletal cells. Activated monocytes can communicate pro-osteogenic signals to mesenchymal stem cells and promote osteogenesis. Thus, the activation of monocytes is a promising strategy to improve bone regeneration. Nanomaterials specifically selected to provoke immune-mediated bone formation are still missing. As a proof of concept, we apply here the intrinsic immune-characteristics of graphene oxide (GO) with the well-recognized osteoinductive capacity of calcium phosphate (CaP) in a biocompatible nanomaterial called maGO-CaP (monocytes activator GO complexed with CaP). In the presence of monocytes, the alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of osteogenic markers increased. Studying the mechanisms of action, we detected an up-regulation of Wnt and BMP signaling, two key osteogenic pathways. The role of the immune activation was evidenced by the over-production of oncostatin M, a pro-osteogenic factor produced by monocytes. Finally, we tested the pro-osteogenic effects of maGO-CaP in vivo. maGO-CaP injected into the tibia of mice enhanced local bone mass and the bone formation rate. Our study suggests that maGO-CaP can activate monocytes to enhance osteogenesis ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giacomo Reina
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | - Giulia Furesi
- University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. and TU Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Chiara Gardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | - Lucia G Delogu
- University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy and Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
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Macrophages Are Key Regulators of Stem Cells during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:4761427. [PMID: 31396285 PMCID: PMC6664695 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4761427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration is a closely regulated process that involves a variety of cell types such as satellite cells, myofibers, fibroadipogenic progenitors, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Among these different cell types, macrophages emerged as a central actor coordinating the different cellular interactions and biological processes. Particularly, the transition of macrophages from their proinflammatory to their anti-inflammatory phenotype was shown to regulate inflammation, myogenesis, fibrosis, vascularization, and return to homeostasis. On the other hand, deregulation of macrophage accumulation or polarization in chronic degenerative muscle disorders was shown to impair muscle regeneration. Considering the key roles of macrophages in skeletal muscle, they represent an attractive target for new therapeutic approaches aiming at mitigating various muscle disorders. This review aims at summarizing the novel insights into macrophage heterogeneity, plasticity, and functions in skeletal muscle homeostasis, regeneration, and disease.
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Local cyclical compression modulates macrophage function in situ and alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2147-2161. [PMID: 30209036 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity gives rise to numerous diseases and organismal dysfunctions, particularly those related to aging. Musculoskeletal disorders including muscle atrophy, which can result from a sedentary lifestyle, aggravate locomotive malfunction and evoke a vicious circle leading to severe functional disruptions of vital organs such as the brain and cardiovascular system. Although the significance of physical activity is evident, molecular mechanisms behind its beneficial effects are poorly understood. Here, we show that massage-like mechanical interventions modulate immobilization-induced pro-inflammatory responses of macrophages in situ and alleviate muscle atrophy. Local cyclical compression (LCC) on mouse calves, which generates intramuscular pressure waves with amplitude of 50 mmHg, partially restores the myofiber thickness and contracting forces of calf muscles that are decreased by hindlimb immobilization. LCC tempers the increase in the number of cells expressing pro-inflammatory proteins, tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), including macrophages in situ The reversing effect of LCC on immobilization-induced thinning of myofibers is almost completely nullified when macrophages recruited from circulating blood are depleted by administration of clodronate liposomes. Furthermore, application of pulsatile fluid shear stress, but not hydrostatic pressure, reduces the expression of MCP-1 in macrophages in vitro Together with the LCC-induced movement of intramuscular interstitial fluid detected by µCT analysis, these results suggest that mechanical modulation of macrophage function is involved in physical inactivity-induced muscle atrophy and inflammation. Our findings uncover the implication of mechanosensory function of macrophages in disuse muscle atrophy, thereby opening a new path to develop a novel therapeutic strategy utilizing mechanical interventions.
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Bernhardsson M, Aspenberg P. Osteoblast precursors and inflammatory cells arrive simultaneously to sites of a trabecular-bone injury. Acta Orthop 2018; 89:457-461. [PMID: 29865916 PMCID: PMC6066776 DOI: 10.1080/17453674.2018.1481682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose - Fracture healing in the shaft is usually described as a sequence of events, starting with inflammation, which triggers mesenchymal tissue formation in successive steps. Most clinical fractures engage cancellous bone. We here describe fracture healing in cancellous bone, focusing on the timing of inflammatory and mesenchymal cell type appearance at the site of injury Material and methods - Rats received a proximal tibial drill hole. A subgroup received clodronate-containing liposomes before or after surgery. The tibiae were analyzed with micro-CT and immunohistochemistry 1 to 7 days after injury. Results - Granulocytes (myeloperoxidase) appeared in moderate numbers within the hole at day 1 and then gradually disappeared. Macrophage expression (CD68) was seen on day 1, increased until day 3, and then decreased. Mesenchymal cells (vimentin) had already accumulated in the periphery of the hole on day 1. Mesenchymal cells dominated in the entire lesion on day 3, now producing extracellular matrix. A modest number of preosteoblasts (RUNX2) were seen on day 1 and peaked on day 4. Osteoid was seen on day 4 in the traumatized region, with a distinct border to the uninjured surrounding marrow. Clodronate liposomes given before the injury reduced the volume of bone formation at day 7, but no reduction in macrophage numbers could be detected. Interpretation - The typical sequence of events in shaft fractures was not seen. Mesenchymal cells appeared simultaneously with granulocyte and macrophage arrival. Clodronate liposomes, known to reduce macrophage numbers, seemed to be associated with the delineation of the volume of tissue to be replaced by bone. Most fracture healing studies in animal models concern cortical bone in shafts. However, most fractures in patients occur in cancellous bone in the metaphysis, such as the distal radius or in the vertebrae. A growing body of evidence suggests that there are important differences between the healing processes in cortical and cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bernhardsson
- Orthopedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Correspondence:
| | - Per Aspenberg
- Orthopedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Response of macrophages in rat skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:88-95. [PMID: 29550244 PMCID: PMC5911737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Macrophages are known to be important for healing numerous injured tissues depending on their functional phenotypes in response to different stimuli. The objective of this study was to reveal macrophage phenotypic changes involved in exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and regeneration. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats experienced one session of downhill running (16° decline, 16 m/min) for 90 min. After exercise the blood and soleus muscles were collected at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 1 w and 2 w after exercise, separately. RESULTS It was showed that CD68+ M1 macrophages mainly infiltrated into muscle necrotic sites at 1-3 d, while CD163+ M2 macrophages were present in muscles from 0 h to 2 weeks after exercise. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed activated satellite cells 1 d after exercise. Th1-associated transcripts of iNOS and Ccl2 were inhibited post exercise, while COX-2 mRNA was dramatically increased 12 h after running (p < 0.01). M2 phenotype marker Arg-1 increased 12 h and 3 d (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) after exercise, and Clec10a and Mrc2 were up-regulated in muscles 12 h following exercise (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The data demonstrate the dynamic patterns of macrophage phenotype in skeletal muscle upon eccentric exercise stimuli, and M1 and M2 phenotypes perform different functions during exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and recovery.
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Cai J, Feng J, Liu K, Zhou S, Lu F. Early Macrophage Infiltration Improves Fat Graft Survival by Inducing Angiogenesis and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recruitment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 141:376-386. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000004028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Huang J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Cai X, Wang Y. The mutual effects between macrophages and cartilage templates in the process of subcutaneous endochondral bone formation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23679-23687. [PMID: 35540265 PMCID: PMC9081772 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04463e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between implants and the recipient immune environment is key to the long-term effectiveness of bone tissue engineering. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mutual effects between macrophages and cartilage templates in the process of subcutaneous osteogenesis. Primary mice bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were seeded into gelatin sponge and chondrogenically cultured for 4 weeks in vitro to form cartilage templates. The constructs were then implanted subcutaneously in monocyte-depleted mice or normal C57BL/6 mice. Implants harvested at two months showed inferior osteogenic quality in monocyte-depleted mice compared with that of normal mice. In normal mice, the cartilage templates recruited a high ratio of alternatively activated macrophages (CAM or M2) to classically activated macrophages (AAM or M1), compared with empty sponge. In vitro co-culture assay of macrophages with cartilage templates also showed that the cartilage templates polarized macrophages to the M2 phenotype and that these effects were even stronger than those of primary BMSCs. In turn, the co-culture of polarized macrophages with cartilage templates showed that compared to M0 or M2, M1 significantly increased the expressions of osteogenic and angiogenic markers of cartilage templates. These data suggested that macrophages seem to be indispensable in the osteogenesis of cartilage templates and that cartilage templates have a favorable immunomodulatory ability to polarize macrophages to the M2 phenotype. M1 was the contributing phenotype of macrophages that promoted the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of cartilage templates. Macrophages and cartilage templates cooperate to achieve endochondral bone formation. The interplay between implants and the recipient immune environment is key to the long-term effectiveness of bone tissue engineering.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yi Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Xinjie Cai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yining Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
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Schlundt C, El Khassawna T, Serra A, Dienelt A, Wendler S, Schell H, van Rooijen N, Radbruch A, Lucius R, Hartmann S, Duda GN, Schmidt-Bleek K. Macrophages in bone fracture healing: Their essential role in endochondral ossification. Bone 2018; 106:78-89. [PMID: 26529389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In fracture healing, skeletal and immune system are closely interacting through common cell precursors and molecular mediators. It is thought that the initial inflammatory reaction, which involves migration of macrophages into the fracture area, has a major impact on the long term outcome of bone repair. Interestingly, macrophages reside during all stages of fracture healing. Thus, we hypothesized a critical role for macrophages in the subsequent phases of bone regeneration. This study examined the impact of in vivo induced macrophage reduction, using clodronate liposomes, on the different healing phases of bone repair in a murine model of a standard closed femoral fracture. A reduction in macrophages had no obvious effect on the early fracture healing phase, but resulted in a delayed hard callus formation, thus severely altering endochondral ossification. Clodronate treated animals clearly showed delayed bony consolidation of cartilage and enhanced periosteal bone formation. Therefore, we decided to backtrack macrophage distribution during fracture healing in non-treated mice, focusing on the identification of the M1 and M2 subsets. We observed that M2 macrophages were clearly prevalent during the ossification phase. Therefore enhancement of M2 phenotype in macrophages was investigated as a way to further bone healing. Induction of M2 macrophages through interleukin 4 and 13 significantly enhanced bone formation during the 3week investigation period. These cumulative data illustrate their so far unreported highly important role in endochondral ossification and the necessity of a fine balance in M1/M2 macrophage function, which appears mandatory to fracture healing and successful regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schlundt
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thaqif El Khassawna
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Serra
- German Arthritis Research Center (DRFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitestrasse 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anke Dienelt
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Wendler
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanna Schell
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Vrije Universiteit, VUMC, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Arthritis Research Center (DRFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitestrasse 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Lucius
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Muskuloskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Minari ALA, Oyama LM, dos Santos RVT. The Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor mRNA expression is involved with inflammatory control after downhill exercise in the triceps brachii intermediary head in Wistar rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2017; 38:231-239. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-017-9475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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SAK-HV Decreases the Self-Ubiquitination of MEKK1 to Promote Macrophage Proliferation via MAPK/ERK and JNK Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040835. [PMID: 28422048 PMCID: PMC5412419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SAK-HV is an anti-atherosclerosis recombinant fusion protein developed by our lab. Our study determined that SAK-HV promoted macrophage proliferation, of which the mechanism was explored by both RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages. Mass spectrometric analysis and co-immunoprecipitation were combined to screen the SAK-HV-interacting proteins in RAW264.7 cells. Confocal microscopy was adopted to detect the localization of SAK-HV in cells. The results indicated that SAK-HV triggered macrophage proliferation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) pathways by its SAK-mutant functional domain. We screened out Uba1 as the SAK-HV-interacting protein in the RAW264.7 cells and discovered their co-localization in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Inhibiting Uba1 significantly decreased the SAK-HV-induced macrophage proliferation. Thus, we postulated an attractive model of ubiquitination, in which the interactions between Uba1 and specific E2 enzymes are blocked by its interaction with SAK-HV. Based on this model, we detected the decreased self-ubiquitination of MEKK1 after SAK-HV treatment and concluded that SAK-HV inhibits the self-ubiquitination of MEKK1 via its SAK-mutant functional domain to activate MAPK/ERK and JNK pathways, promoting macrophage proliferation. This conclusion highly supported our hypothesized model of ubiquitination at the level of Uba1, which may represent a novel paradigm to promote macrophage proliferation by using the E1 enzyme (Uba1) as a switch.
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22
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Hyzewicz J, Tanihata J, Kuraoka M, Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Beylier T, Ruegg UT, Vater A, Takeda S. Low-Intensity Training and the C5a Complement Antagonist NOX-D21 Rescue the mdx Phenotype through Modulation of Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1147-1161. [PMID: 28315675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory events occurring in dystrophic muscles contribute to the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Low-intensity training (LIT) attenuates the phenotype of mdx mice, an animal model for DMD. Therefore, we postulated that LIT could have anti-inflammatory properties. We assessed levels of inflammatory cytokines and infiltrated immune cells in gastrocnemius muscle of mdx mice after LIT. We detected high levels of complement component C5a, chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, CD68+ monocytes/macrophages, and proinflammatory M1 macrophages in muscles of mdx mice. LIT decreased CCL2 levels, increased CD68+ cell numbers, and shifted the macrophage population to the regenerative M2 type. We investigated whether inhibition of C5a or CCL2 with L-aptamers could mimic the effects of LIT. Although no effect of CCL2 inhibition was detected, treatment with the C5a inhibitor, NOX-D21, rescued the phenotype of nonexercised mdx mice, but not of exercised ones. In both cases, the level of CD68+ cells increased and macrophage populations leaned toward the inflammatory M1 type. In muscles of nonexercised treated mice, the level of IL-1 receptor antagonist increased, damage decreased, and fibers were switched toward the glycolytic fast type; in muscles of exercised mice, fibers were switched to the oxidative slow type. These results reveal the effects of LIT on the inflammatory status of mdx mice and suggest that NOX-D21 could be an anti-inflammatory drug for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janek Hyzewicz
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tanihata
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsuki Kuraoka
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teiva Beylier
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Urs T Ruegg
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Axel Vater
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, NOXXON Pharma, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Martin KS, Kegelman CD, Virgilio KM, Passipieri JA, Christ GJ, Blemker SS, Peirce SM. In Silico and In Vivo Experiments Reveal M-CSF Injections Accelerate Regeneration Following Muscle Laceration. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:747-760. [PMID: 27718091 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have pharmacologically modulated the muscle milieu in the hopes of promoting muscle regeneration; however, the timing and duration of these interventions are difficult to determine. This study utilized a combination of in silico and in vivo experiments to investigate how inflammation manipulation improves muscle recovery following injury. First, we measured macrophage populations following laceration injury in the rat tibialis anterior (TA). Then we calibrated an agent-based model (ABM) of muscle injury to mimic the observed inflammation profiles. The calibrated ABM was used to simulate macrophage and satellite stem cell (SC) dynamics, and suggested that delivering macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) prior to injury would promote SC-mediated injury recovery. Next, we performed an experiment wherein 1 day prior to injury, we injected M-CSF into the rat TA muscle. M-CSF increased the number of macrophages during the first 4 days post-injury. Furthermore, treated muscles experienced a swifter increase in the appearance of PAX7+ SCs and regenerating muscle fibers. Our study suggests that computational models of muscle injury provide novel insights into cellular dynamics during regeneration, and further, that pharmacologically altering inflammation dynamics prior to injury can accelerate the muscle regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Virginia, Health System, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Christopher D Kegelman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Virginia, Health System, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kelley M Virgilio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Virginia, Health System, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Julianna A Passipieri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Virginia, Health System, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - George J Christ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Virginia, Health System, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Silvia S Blemker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Virginia, Health System, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Virginia, Health System, PO Box 800759, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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24
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Dufresne SS, Frenette J, Dumont NA. [Inflammation and muscle regeneration, a double-edged sword]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:591-7. [PMID: 27406769 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163206022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle injuries are very frequent and are associated with an inflammatory reaction that varies in intensity. Classically the inflammatory process was considered harmful for muscle regeneration and anti-inflammatory agents are still part of a conventional therapy. Over the last decades, it has been demonstrated under some conditions that the inflammatory response could be detrimental for the musculoskeletal tissue. However, accumulating evidence indicate that controlled and efficient inflammatory response is necessary for an optimal muscle recovery. Among the resident and infiltrating leukocytes that participate into the inflammatory process, macrophages play a critical role in muscle regeneration due to their ability to switch from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotypes depending on their microenvironment. The present review synthesizes the recent advances regarding the interactions of the different infiltrating and resident leukocytes on myogenic cell function and muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien S Dufresne
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, 2705 boulevard Laurier, G1V4G2 Québec, QC, Canada - Département de réadaptation, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jérôme Frenette
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, 2705 boulevard Laurier, G1V4G2 Québec, QC, Canada - Département de réadaptation, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas A Dumont
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine. Montréal, QC, Canada - École de réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, 7077 avenue du Parc Montréal, H3N 1X7 Montréal QC, Canada
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25
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Venosa A, Malaviya R, Choi H, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Characterization of Distinct Macrophage Subpopulations during Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Lung Injury and Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:436-46. [PMID: 26273949 PMCID: PMC4821033 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0120oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is an alkylating agent known to cause extensive pulmonary injury progressing to fibrosis. This is accompanied by a persistent macrophage inflammatory response. In these studies, we characterized the phenotype of macrophages accumulating in the lung over time following NM exposure. Treatment of rats with NM (0.125 mg/kg, intratracheally) resulted in an increase in CD11b(+) macrophages in histologic sections. These cells consisted of inducible nitric oxide synthase(+) (iNOS) proinflammatory M1 macrophages, and CD68(+), CD163(+), CD206(+), YM-1(+), and arginase-II(+)antiinflammatory M2 macrophages. Although M1 macrophages were prominent 1-3 days after NM, M2 macrophages were most notable at 28 days. At this time, they were enlarged and vacuolated, consistent with a profibrotic phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis of isolated lung macrophages identified three phenotypically distinct subpopulations: mature CD11b(-), CD43(-), and CD68(+) resident macrophages, which decreased in numbers after NM; and two infiltrating (CD11b(+)) macrophage subsets: immature CD43(+) M1 macrophages and mature CD43(-) M2 macrophages, which increased sequentially. Time-related increases in M1 (iNOS, IL-12α, COX-2, TNF-α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, matrix metalloproteinase-10) and M2 (IL-10, pentraxin-2, connective tissue growth factor, ApoE) genes, as well as chemokines/chemokine receptors associated with trafficking of M1 (CCR2, CCR5, CCL2, CCL5) and M2 (CX3CR1, fractalkine) macrophages to sites of injury, were also noted in macrophages isolated from the lung after NM. The appearance of M1 and M2 macrophages in the lung correlated with NM-induced acute injury and the development of fibrosis, suggesting a potential role of these macrophage subpopulations in the pathogenic response to NM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venosa
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and
| | - Hyejeong Choi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and
| | - Andrew J. Gow
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L. Laskin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and
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Yu E, Goto M, Ueta H, Kitazawa Y, Sawanobori Y, Kariya T, Sasaki M, Matsuno K. Expression of area-specific M2-macrophage phenotype by recruited rat monocytes in duct-ligation pancreatitis. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:659-73. [PMID: 26860866 PMCID: PMC4848343 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis remains a disease of uncertain pathogenesis and no established specific therapy. Previously, we found a predominant increase and active proliferation of macrophages in the inflamed tissues of a rat duct-ligation pancreatitis model. To analyze the origin and possible role of these macrophages, we investigated their in situ cellular kinetics in a rat model of duct-ligation pancreatitis using a recently established method of multicolor immunostaining for macrophage markers and for proliferating cells with ethynyl deoxyuridine. To detect monocyte-derived macrophages, green fluorescent protein-transgenic (GFP+) leukocytes were transferred to monocyte-depleted recipients. In the inflamed pancreas, infiltrating macrophages were mainly two phenotypes, CD68+CD163− round cells and CD68+CD163+ large polygonal cells, both of which showed active proliferation. In the interlobular area, the proportions of CD68+CD163low and CD68+CD163high cells increased over time. Most expressed the M2-macrophage markers CD206 and arginase 1. In contrast, in the interacinar area, CD68+ cells did not upregulate CD163 and CD206, but ~30 % of them expressed the M1 marker nitric oxide synthase 2 on day 4. GFP+-recruited cells were primarily CD68+CD163− monocytes on day 1 and showed phenotypic changes similar to those of the monocyte non-depleted groups. In conclusion, infiltrating macrophages mostly formed two distinct subpopulations in different areas: monocyte-derived macrophages with the M2 phenotype in the interlobular area or non-M2 phenotype in the interacinar area. Involvement of resident macrophages might be minor in this model. These results are the first demonstration of an upregulated M2 phenotype in rat inflammatory monocytes, which may promote tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqiao Yu
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.,Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Wujiang Hospital of Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mataro Goto
- NHO Miyakonojo Medical Center, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueta
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kitazawa
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sawanobori
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Taro Kariya
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Masaru Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Matsuno
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.
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Barnett-Vanes A, Sharrock A, Birrell MA, Rankin S. A Single 9-Colour Flow Cytometric Method to Characterise Major Leukocyte Populations in the Rat: Validation in a Model of LPS-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0142520. [PMID: 26764486 PMCID: PMC4713146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat is a commonly used model for immunological investigation. Yet basic research and characterisation of leukocyte populations and sub-sets lags far behind murine research, with inconsistency on reported leukocyte markers and their overlap. These shortcomings limit the opportunity for more complex and advanced rat immunology research. In this study, we developed a robust 9-colour flow-cytometric protocol to elucidate the major blood and tissue rat leukocyte populations, and validated it in a model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Blood and tissues (lung, BALF, spleen, liver, bone marrow) from naïve Sprague-Dawley rats were collected and analysed by flow cytometry (FCM). Rats were exposed to aerosolised saline or LPS (1 mg/mL), at 3 and 24 hrs thereafter blood, lung and BALF were collected and analysed using FCM and ELISA. Neutrophils, two monocyte subsets, NK Cells, B Cells, CD4+, CD8+ T Cells and alveolar macrophages can be identified simultaneously across different tissues using a 9-colour panel. Neutrophils and monocytes can be distinguished based upon differential expression of CD43 and His48. Neutrophils and CD43Lo/His48Hi monocyte-macrophages are elevated in the lung at 3 and 24 hrs during LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. This validated method for leukocyte enumeration will offer a platform for greater consistency in future rat immunology and inflammation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton Barnett-Vanes
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Sharrock
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Rankin
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Minari ALA, Oyama LM, Dos Santos RVT. Downhill exercise-induced changes in gene expression related with macrophage polarization and myogenic cells in the triceps long head of rats. Inflammation 2015; 38:209-17. [PMID: 25249340 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most heterogenic immune cells involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. After skeletal muscle damage, M1 phenotypes exhibit pro-inflammatory reaction. In a later stage, they are converted to M2 phenotypes with anti-inflammatory properties. To study when gene expressions of macrophage polarization are changed after damage induced by downhill exercise to exhaustion is the objective of this paper. Before (CTRL) and 0 h (G0), 24 h (G24), 48 h (G48) and 72 h (G72) after 18 bouts of downhill exercise, the animals were euthanised, and the triceps were dissected. We measured gene expression of macrophages (CD68 and CD163), myogenic cells (MyoD and myogenin) and quantified cytokine secretion (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)). The CD68 expression was lower in G72 compared with G24 (P = 0.005) while CD163 was higher in G48 compared with G24 (P = 0.04). The MyoD expression was higher in G72 compared with G0 (P = 0.04). The myogenin expression was lower in G24 compared with CTRL (P = 0.01) and restored in G72 compared with G24 (P = 0.007). The TNF-α was significantly higher at all times after 24 h (all compared with CTRL, with P = 0.03). The CD68 and CD163 expressions behaved distinctly after exercise, which indicates macrophage polarization between 24 and 48 h. The distinct expression of myogenin, concomitantly with MyoD elevation in G72, indicates that myogenic cell differentiation and the significant change of TNF-α level show an important role of this cytokine in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Araujo Minari
- Departamento de Biociências, Campus da Baixada Santista, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136,Vila Mathias, Santos/SP-CEP, 11015-020, Brazil
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Mapping the pulmonary environment of animals protected from virulent H1N1 influenza infection using the TLR-2 agonist Pam₂Cys. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:169-76. [PMID: 26272554 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that intranasal administration of the Toll-like receptor-2 agonist, S-(2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl) cysteine (Pam2Cys), provides immediate and antigen independent protection against challenge with influenza virus. Here we characterize the cellular pulmonary environments of mice which had either been treated with Pam2Cys or placebo and then challenged with influenza virus. We show that Pam2Cys treatment results in the influx of innate immune cells into the lungs and that depletion of phagocytic cells from this influx using clodronate-loaded liposomes caused a reduction in the number of interstitial macrophages and monocytes. This resulted in abolition of the protective effect indicating the importance of this cellular subset in Pam2Cys-mediated protection.
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Mojumdar K, Liang F, Giordano C, Lemaire C, Danialou G, Okazaki T, Bourdon J, Rafei M, Galipeau J, Divangahi M, Petrof BJ. Inflammatory monocytes promote progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and can be therapeutically targeted via CCR2. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1476-92. [PMID: 25312642 PMCID: PMC4237472 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201403967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofiber necrosis and fibrosis are hallmarks of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), leading to lethal weakness of the diaphragm. Macrophages (MPs) are required for successful muscle regeneration, but the role of inflammatory monocyte (MO)-derived MPs in either promoting or mitigating DMD is unclear. We show that DMD (mdx) mouse diaphragms exhibit greatly increased expression of CCR2 and its chemokine ligands, along with inflammatory (Ly6C(high)) MO recruitment and accumulation of CD11b(high) MO-derived MPs. Loss-of-function of CCR2 preferentially reduced this CD11b(high) MP population by impeding the release of Ly6C(high) MOs from the bone marrow but not the splenic reservoir. CCR2 deficiency also helped restore the MP polarization balance by preventing excessive skewing of MPs toward a proinflammatory phenotype. These effects were linked to amelioration of histopathological features and increased muscle strength in the diaphragm. Chronic inhibition of CCR2 signaling by mutated CCL2 secreted from implanted mesenchymal stem cells resulted in similar improvements. These data uncover a previously unrecognized role of inflammatory MOs in DMD pathogenesis and indicate that CCR2 inhibition could offer a novel strategy for DMD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalika Mojumdar
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Feng Liang
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Giordano
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Lemaire
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gawiyou Danialou
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tatsuma Okazaki
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johanne Bourdon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Moutih Rafei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Basil J Petrof
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Van Overmeire E, Laoui D, Keirsse J, Bonelli S, Lahmar Q, Van Ginderachter JA. STAT of the union: dynamics of distinct tumor-associated macrophage subsets governed by STAT1. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2238-42. [PMID: 24975396 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor stroma has long been ignored as therapeutic target, but it has become clear that several stromal cell types play a nonredundant role during tumor progression. In particular, macrophages possess the capacity to stimulate tumor growth and metastasis via multiple mechanisms. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study by Tymoszuk et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 2247-2262 demonstrates that both monocyte recruitment and local macrophage proliferation determines the tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) pool size in HER2/Neu-driven mammary carcinomas. These tumors contain two main TAM subsets--MHC class II (MHC-II)(lo) F4/80(hi) and MHC-II(hi) F4/80(lo)--similar to what was observed in other tumor models. Interestingly, only the MHC-II(lo) F4/80(hi) subset is largely absent in a STAT1-deficient background. STAT1 induces the expression of CSF-1, which in turn drives TAM proliferation and possibly also the M2 gene signature of MHC-II(lo) F4/80(hi) TAM. Conversely, STAT1 deficiency upregulates M2 gene expression in MHC-II(hi) F4/80(lo) TAM, demonstrating that both TAM subsets are differentially regulated, probably as a consequence of their distinct intratumoral localization. In this Commentary, we place these findings in the context of current knowledge and propose new avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Herwig MC, Holz FG, Loeffler KU. Distribution and presumed proliferation of macrophages in inflammatory diseases of the ocular adnexae. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:604-10. [PMID: 25111002 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.943909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this article is to investigate whether macrophages show a proliferative activity (as indicated by Ki67 expression) and their distribution at the site of inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six different macrophage-containing lesions from six different patients (four females, two males; age range: 16-58 years) were stained for macrophage markers (CD68, CD163) and Ki67 by immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to investigate dual-labeling of the specimens for CD68, CD163 and Ki67, respectively. RESULTS With immunofluorescence staining, scattered cells in all specimens were dual-labeled for CD68-Ki67 and CD163-Ki67. All lesions were composed of mixed infiltrates of M1 (CD68+CD163-) and M2 (CD68+CD163+) macrophages. The center of epithelioid-cell granulomas and foreign body giant cells was exclusively composed of M1 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that CD68+ and CD163+ cells express Ki67, a marker for proliferative activity at the site of inflammation. Until recently, macrophages were regarded as end-differentiated cells without mitotic activity. Since self-renewal of M1 and M2 macrophages has been described in the literature, staining of macrophages with Ki67 may indicate proliferative activity or at least an activation state. The distribution of macrophages in classic granulomatous lesions with only M1 macrophages in the avascular center represents an immune response to foreign body material, whereas the proangiogenic M2 macrophages are located mostly in the surrounding inflammatory tissue and seem to be mandatory for the vascularization of the inflammatory tissue.
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Bruce AC, Kelly-Goss MR, Heuslein JL, Meisner JK, Price RJ, Peirce SM. Monocytes are recruited from venules during arteriogenesis in the murine spinotrapezius ligation model. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2012-22. [PMID: 24969773 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic arterial occlusion results in arteriogenesis of collateral blood vessels. This process has been shown to be dependent on the recruitment of growth-promoting macrophages to remodeling collaterals. However, the potential role of venules in monocyte recruitment during microvascular arteriogenesis is not well demonstrated. First, we aim to document that arteriogenesis occurs in the mouse spinotrapezius ligation model. Then, we investigate the temporal and spatial distribution, as well as proliferation, of monocytes/macrophages recruited to collateral arterioles in response to elevated fluid shear stress. APPROACH AND RESULTS Laser speckle flowmetry confirmed a postligation increase in blood velocity within collateral arterioles but not within venules. After 72 hours post ligation, collateral arteriole diameters were increased, proliferating cells were identified in vessel walls of shear-activated collaterals, and perivascular CD206(+) macrophages demonstrated proliferation. A 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay identified proliferation. CD68(+)CD206(+) cells around collaterals were increased 96%, whereas CX3CR1((+/GFP)) cells were increased 126% in ligated versus sham groups after 72 hours. CX3CR1((+/GFP)) cells were predominately venule associated at 6 hours after ligation; and CX3CR1((+/GFP hi)) cells shifted from venule to arteriole associated between 6 and 72 hours after surgery exclusively in ligated muscle. We report accumulation and extravasation of adhered CX3CR1((+/GFP)) cells in and from venules, but not from arterioles, after ligation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that arteriogenesis occurs in the murine spinotrapezius ligation model and implicate postcapillary venules as the site of tissue entry for circulating monocytes. Local proliferation of macrophages is also documented. These data open up questions about the role of arteriole-venule communication during monocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Bruce
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Molly R Kelly-Goss
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Joshua L Heuslein
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Joshua K Meisner
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Richard J Price
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
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From innate to adaptive immune response in muscular dystrophies and skeletal muscle regeneration: the role of lymphocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:438675. [PMID: 25028653 PMCID: PMC4083765 DOI: 10.1155/2014/438675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is able to restore contractile functionality after injury thanks to its ability to regenerate. Following muscle necrosis, debris is removed by macrophages, and muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), the muscle stem cells, are activated and subsequently proliferate, migrate, and form muscle fibers restoring muscle functionality. In most muscle dystrophies (MDs), MuSCs fail to properly proliferate, differentiate, or replenish the stem cell compartment, leading to fibrotic deposition. However, besides MuSCs, interstitial nonmyogenic cells and inflammatory cells also play a key role in orchestrating muscle repair. A complete understanding of the complexity of these mechanisms should allow the design of interventions to attenuate MDs pathology without disrupting regenerative processes. In this review we will focus on the contribution of immune cells in the onset and progression of MDs, with particular emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We will briefly summarize the current knowledge and recent advances made in our understanding of the involvement of different innate immune cells in MDs and will move on to critically evaluate the possible role of cell populations within the acquired immune response. Revisiting previous observations in the light of recent evidence will likely change our current view of the onset and progression of the disease.
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CCR2 deficiency promotes exacerbated chronic erosive neutrophil-dominated chikungunya virus arthritis. J Virol 2014; 88:6862-72. [PMID: 24696480 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03364-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a member of a globally distributed group of arthritogenic alphaviruses that cause weeks to months of debilitating polyarthritis/arthralgia, which is often poorly managed with current treatments. Arthritic disease is usually characterized by high levels of the chemokine CCL2 and a prodigious monocyte/macrophage infiltrate. Several inhibitors of CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 are in development and may find application for treatment of certain inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune and viral arthritides. Here we used CCR2(-/-) mice to determine the effect of CCR2 deficiency on CHIKV infection and arthritis. Although there were no significant changes in viral load or RNA persistence and only marginal changes in antiviral immunity, arthritic disease was substantially increased and prolonged in CCR2(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. The monocyte/macrophage infiltrate was replaced in CCR2(-/-) mice by a severe neutrophil (followed by an eosinophil) infiltrate and was associated with changes in the expression levels of multiple inflammatory mediators (including CXCL1, CXCL2, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and IL-10). The loss of anti-inflammatory macrophages and their activities (e.g., efferocytosis) was also implicated in exacerbated inflammation. Clear evidence of cartilage damage was also seen in CHIKV-infected CCR2(-/-) mice, a feature not normally associated with alphaviral arthritides. Although recruitment of CCR2(+) monocytes/macrophages can contribute to inflammation, it also appears to be critical for preventing excessive pathology and resolving inflammation following alphavirus infection. Caution might thus be warranted when considering therapeutic targeting of CCR2/CCL2 for the treatment of alphaviral arthritides. IMPORTANCE Here we describe the first analysis of viral arthritis in mice deficient for the chemokine receptor CCR2. CCR2 is thought to be central to the monocyte/macrophage-dominated inflammatory arthritic infiltrates seen after infection with arthritogenic alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus. Surprisingly, the viral arthritis caused by chikungunya virus in CCR2-deficient mice was more severe, prolonged, and erosive and was neutrophil dominated, with viral replication and persistence not being significantly affected. Monocytes/macrophages recruited by CCL2 thus also appear to be important for both preventing even worse pathology mediated by neutrophils and promoting resolution of inflammation. Caution might thus be warranted when considering the use of therapeutic agents that target CCR2/CCL2 or inflammatory monocytes/macrophages for the treatment of alphaviral (and perhaps other viral) arthritides. Individuals with diminished CCR2 responses (due to drug treatment or other reasons) may also be at risk of exacerbated arthritic disease following alphaviral infection.
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